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1
Šamonil, Pavel, Barbora Šebková, Jan Douda, and Tomáš Vrška. "Role of position within the windthrow in forest floor chemistry in the flysch zone of the Carpathians." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 6 (June 2008): 1646–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x08-004.
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A hypothesis was verified that forest floor chemistry varies according to position within the windthrow (mound, pit, or control). A parallel assessment was made of differences in the chemistry of horizons and their forms. A total number of 1720 windthrows were studied in the fir–beech primeval forest in the flysch zone of the Western Carpathians. A total of 100 samples were taken on three positions from the following horizons and their forms (in brackets): litter, fermented (amphigenous, zoogenous, or mycogenous), humification (unresolved, zoogenous, residues, or humic), and mineral. A random sampling eliminated the effect of correlation between the horizons and positions. Parameters assessed were Q4/6, HA/FA, C-forms, total N, P, K, and Mg contents, soil reaction, and cation-exchange capacity. The positions exhibited a significant difference in the forest floor chemistry even at a level of horizon forms. The position’s significance decreased with the horizon depth. Organic horizons in the pit, in particular, exhibited the lowest content of total humic substances, fulvic acids, and the lowest colour coefficient values. However, the mineral horizon showed no significant differences between the positions within the windthrow. Compared with other humus types, the decomposing wood mass did not exhibit a different ratio of humic and fulvic acids.
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ΣΚΟΥΡΤΣΟΣ, Ε., Α. ΑΛΕΞΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ, Α. ΖΑΜΠΕΤΑΚΗ-ΛΕΚΚΑ, and Σ. ΛΕΚΚΑΣ. "The occurrence of the Internal Hellenides on Parnon mountain range, Centraleastern Peloponnesus." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16942.
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Detailed mapping of the Parnon mountain range (centraleastern Peloponnesus) showed that over the already well-identified alpine units, which consist the principal mass of Peloponnesus, lies a clastic flysch-type formation, named by the authors as Glypia unit (nappe). This unit encounters in the broader area of Paleochori-Ag. Vasilios, west to the town of Leonidio. The northern margin of the exposure overlies tectonically the Upper Cretaceous limestones of Pindos unit whereas at the eastern, southern and western margins it overlies the Upper Cretaceous - Eocene limestones and the transitional to flysch formation of Tripolis unit through an normal fault. The principal flysch mass is consisted of reddish to brownish and greenish alterations of pelitic horizons, yellowish marly limestones and greenish coarse-grained sandstones. The grains of the latter have been derived from the erosion of a metamorphic exposure, most probably corresponding to 'Pelagonian' zone. After fossil determination, which took place on some of the horizons of the marly limestones, they turn out to be of Danian age. The occurrence of exotic blocks within the flysch matrix of the Glypia unit is quite often. They have derived from carbonate formations of Upper Cretaceous age with either pelagic or neritic character, carbonate formations of Permian age with a neritic character, dolomitic breccias, radiolarites, basaltic lavas along with reddish or greenish pelites and microbrecciated limestones of Upper Creataceous age and, coming to the end, serpentinites along with greenish pelites, sandstones and microbrecciated limestones of unknown age. The study of the tectonic fabric of the Glypia unit reveals an early compressional tectonic event, which has been overprinted by an intense extensional episode of NE-SW orientation. The latter has caused a significant thinning of the unit. The combination of the above mentioned data provides strong evidence, which integrates to the conclusion that the Glypia unit represents a similar unit either to the Ermioni complex in Argolis or to the nappe of Arvi and Miamou in Crete.
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Zambetakis - Lekkas, A., and A. Kemeridou. "LOFTUSIA CF. ANATOLICA HORIZON IN UPPER MAASTRICHTIAN LIMESTONES OF THE EASTERN GREECE PLATFORM (MOUNT PTOON, BOEOTIA, GREECE): PALAEOBIOGEOGRAPHICAL REMARKS." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 36, no. 2 (July 23, 2018): 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16818.
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Researches on upper Cretaceous limestones from the Eastern Greece platform in the area between Kokkinon and Akrefnion (Boeotia, Greece) revealed the presence of a horizon rich in Loftusia cf. anatolica (foraminifer). In this horizon, of late Maastrichtian age, L. cf. anatolica is associated with debris of Rudists, Orbitoides media, O. apiculata, O. gensacicus, Siderolites calcitrapoides, Omphalocyclus macroporus, Hellenocyclina beotica, Miliolidae, Dasycladaceae and echinoderms. It is found in an undisturbed sequence of limestones, where both the underlying and the overlying horizons are of the same facies and contain debris of Rudists, Hellenocyclina beotica, Orbitoides media, Siderolites calcitrapoides, Sulcoperculina sp., Rotaliidae, Mélobesiées,Nummofallotia sp., echinoderms. L. cf. anatolica is confined in the above mentioned horizon and it is found neither in the underlying nor in the overlying beds. This fades reflects an outer shelf environment in front of the rudist reefs. It is the first time that this species is reported in situ in Greece in an undisturbed stratigraphie sequence of upper Cretaceous limestones up to Paleocene flysch.
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Samec, Pavel, Tomáš Mikita, and Aleš Bajer. "Catenas of Grain Size and Chemical Forest Soil Properties in Outer Western Carpathians of the Czech Republic Characterized by Principal Component Analysis." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 67, no. 3 (2019): 733–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201967030733.
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More frequent occurence of hillwashes in altitudinal‑differentiated landscapes causes changes of relationships among terrain, bedrock and soils. The aim of the study was to characterize catenas of the terrain‑bedrock‑soil relationships by PCA of forest soil properties generalized into 2 × 2 km grid in Outer Western Carpathians (OWC) of the Czech Republic. The spatial relationships of the soil catenas with terrain and rocks were verified by ANOVA. Typification of the catenas was carried out by frequencies in the presented terrain and bedrock types according to biogeographical division system. Base saturation, CaO and P2O5 divide forest soils in OWC to ten catenas. The catenas characterized by moderate correspondence of soils and bedrock are concentrated in Outer Depressions, while catenas with moderate correspondence of soils and terrain are concentrated in Flysch Range. The Outer Carpathian Depressions are covered predominantly by floodplains, flat waterlogged, loess‑covered and luvic hillycountries (67% of the grid). The Flysch Range is covered predominantly by proluvial slopes, broken hillcountries and submountain to mountain slopes (65% of the grid). The Floodplains, broken nutrient‑medium hillycountries and mountain slopes have medium to marked soil horizon properties heterogeneity. The flat landforms, proluvial and submountain slopes have moderate soil properties heterogeneity. The statistical significant differences between values of properties at A and B horizons suggest rate of an surface matter translocation effect on the soil catena heterogeneity.
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Błońska, Ewa, Kazimierz Januszek, Stanisław Małek, and Tomasz Wanic. "Effects of serpentinite fertilizer on the chemical properties and enzyme activity of young spruce soils." International Agrophysics 30, no. 4 (October 1, 2016): 401–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/intag-2016-0015.
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AbstractThe experimental plots used in the study were located in the middle forest zone (elevation: 900-950 m a.s.l.) on two nappes of the flysch Carpathians in southern Poland. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of serpentinite in combination with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers on selected chemical properties of the soil and activity of dehydrogenase and urease in the studied soils. All fertilizer treatments significantly enriched the tested soils in magnesium. The use of serpentinite as a fertilizer reduced the molar ratio of exchangeable calcium to magnesium, which facilitated the uptake of magnesium by tree roots due to competition between calcium and magnesium. After one year of fertilization on the Wisła experimental plot, the pH of the Ofh horizon increased, while the pH of the mineral horizons significantly decreased. Enrichment of serpentinite with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers stimulated the dehydrogenase activity in the studied organic horizon. The lack of a negative effect of the serpentinite fertilizer on enzyme activity in the spruce stand soil showed that the concentrations of the heavy metals added to the soil were not high enough to be toxic and indicated the feasibility of using this fertilizer in forestry.
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Karmis, P. D., P. Giannoulopoulos, and P. Tsombos. "GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT NAFPLION CITY, GREECE. HYDROGEOLOGICAL IMPLICATION." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 43, no. 3 (January 24, 2017): 1447. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11319.
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The application of selected geophysical methods within the framework of an Urban Geology investigation program performed by IGME at Nafplion city, contributed to the overall geo-scientific characterization of the study area. The methodology adopted included the application of Time Domain Electromagnetic, Electrical resistivity tomography, Gravity and Seismic Crosshole surveys. The results of the geophysical investigation provided quantitative information regarding the distribution of seawater intrusion in the area and determined factors controlling its extent within the investigated region. The intrusion may occur in three distinct horizons. The first within the shallow unconfined aquifer within the top 12 meters of fluvial deposits showing values of electrical conductivity in the range of 1 and 4 Siemens/m, corresponding to TDS values between 5000 and 20000 mg/L, as determined by the TEM surveys. Lower conductivity values between 0.3 and 1 Siemens/m are found within the second aquifer occurring between 15 and 45 meters. Similar order of conductivity values are found within the deeper horizon, lying below 45 meters depth, attributed also to seawater intrusion mainly in carbonate formations. Areas of fresh groundwater, were delineated by a combination of TEM, ERT and gravity methods. These areas are structurally controlled by faults and the presence of impermeable flysch overlying the limestone formation.
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Miechówka, Anna, Tomasz Zaleski, and Elżbieta Kowalczyk. "Profilowe zróżnicowanie form żelaza i glinu w glebach pod świerczyn górnoreglową Plagiothecio-Piccetum tatricum w Gorcach jako wskaźnik aktualnych procesów glebotwórczych / Distribution of Iron and Aluminum Forms as an Indicator of Present-Day Soil-Forming Processes in Soil Profiles under Wooded Spruce Plagiothecio-Piccetum Tatricum in the Gorce Mts. (Southern Poland)." Soil Science Annual 66, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ssa-2015-0028.
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AbstractThe aim of the study was to determine soil-forming processes in soils formed from the Magura sandstones (Carpathian flysch) under wooded spruce Plagiothecio-Piccetum tatricum in the Gorce Mts., southern Poland. The research focused on distribution of non-silicate forms of iron and aluminum in soil profiles. The content of pyrophosphate, oxalate, and dithionite phases of iron and aluminum in the genetic horizons of four soil profiles was measured and selected pedogenic factors were calculated. Based on the obtained results podzolization and brunification are dominant soil-forming processes in the studied soils. The brunification effect was more common in the soils under the large share of Athyrium distentifolium, whereas podzolization predominates in the soils where Vaccinium myrtillus prevails in forest floor. Studied soils were classified as Dystric Endoskeletic Cambisol (Loamic, Humic), Dystric Cambisol (Siltic, Humic) and Skeletic Folic Albic Podzol (Arenic).
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Μαρίνος, Π., T. Χριστοδουλοπούλου, and Β. Περλέρος. "SHEARD CLAYEY SHALES OF FLYSCH. THEIR BEHAVIOR DURING THE EXCAVATION OF THE DIVERSION TUNNEL OF GADOURA DAM IN RHODES (GREECE)." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 36, no. 4 (January 1, 2004): 1773. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16637.
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This paper deals with the particular geological-geotechnical conditions that predominate in the construction area of the diversion tunnel of Gadoura dam (in Rhodes) and the way these conditions were taken under consideration during the construction of the temporary support system. The intensely sheared geological formation of flysch that is encountered in the construction area of the tunnel, is characterised by the predomination of clayey shales against siltstones and other lithological members (sandstone horizons, occasional gypsum lenses and limited limestone intercalations) and by the absence of a groundwater table. The main features of this argillaceous facies of flysch are: the schistosity-foliation due to tectonic compression and the chaotic structure, in places where it occurs in alternations with sandstone and siltstone, due to differential deformation of the strata. As a result, squeezing phenomena occured during the tunnel advance. According to the engineering geology model, which was proposed after the first excavation works, sheared clayey shales compose a "soil type" rockmass specified by very low geotechnical parameters (GSI=15-20, ITIJ=6, Oci=5-10 MPa, E m =30r>500 MPa, c'=150+250 kPa, φ=13°+18° και oCm=0,400,60 MPa). Performing a declined surface on the tunnel face, shotcrete and fiber glass anchoring, this weak rockmass was behaved well on the face. The applying of a light forpoling system has contributed to the stabilization of the face and of the cylindrical "core" of rock immediately ahead of the advancing face, although it was a conservative measure. Steel ribs incorporated into shotcrete were used for the support of the tunnel behind the face. Lateral forces were further stabilized by the closure of the invert using reinforced concrete. Weep holes were locally opened for the pore pressure relief.
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Khomyn, V., V. Tsyomko, N. Goptarova, N. Bronitska, and A. Trubenko. "GEOLOGICAL AND INDUSTRIAL FEATURES OF DISCLOSURE AND TESTING OF LOW-PERMEABLE GAS-SATURATED SEDIMENTS." Visnyk of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geology, no. 1 (84) (2019): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2713.84.06.
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The relevance of research is attributed to the scientific justification of the features of disclosure and testing of low-permeable gas perspective deposits. Under the low-permeable gas perspective deposits in the Carpathian region of Western Ukraine, we consider the rocks of the Cretaceous system (based on previous works). Deposits of the Cretaceous system in the cross section of the Carpathian region occupy more than half the volume of the rock mass within the boundaries of the flysch strata, and the bulk in the depth interval 1.5–3.5 km corresponds to the sediments of the Stryiska suite of the upper section of the Cretaceous system. That is, the object of research is quite significant in its volume. In selecting the perforation intervals and methods of secondary action on the productive layer in wells drilled in regions where low-permeable thin-layered flysch formations (thin interlayering sandstones, siltstones and mudstones) are observed, we propose a method by which the choice of methods of secondary action on the layer, the intervals of mudstone is justified. In this case, the gas perspective deposits (due to the increase in the permeability of the mudstone layers during their perforation, and later also during the hydraulic fracturing of the layer) are combined into one significant in thickness gas-bearing exploitation object, which increases the flow of gas into the wells. Target disclosure of the gas horizons and increase of their gas output to optimal geological and economic parameters require the use of new technologies, similar to those used in the extraction of gas from shale rock. The simulation of the hydraulic fracturing process of the sand-mudstone pack of Upper Cretaceous deposits in the range 3260–3330 m in the well 2-Tarasivka with the Meer MFrac program proved an increase of the fixed crack opening (in this case, from 0.02 to 0.22 cm), which will contribute to significant increase in the conductivity of the crack from 668 to 6000 mD·m, and it is an important factor in the extraction of hydrocarbon gas from low-permeable deposits, which will increase the productivity of wells. And this will contribute to a significant increase in the fuel and energy supply of Ukraine by its own hydrocarbon raw material.
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Putiš, Soták, Li, Ondrejka, Li, Hu, Ling, Nemec, Németh, and Ružička. "Origin and Age Determination of the Neotethys Meliata Basin Ophiolite Fragments in the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous Accretionary Wedge Mélange (Inner Western Carpathians, Slovakia)." Minerals 9, no. 11 (October 23, 2019): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9110652.
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This study reports the Neotethyan Meliata Basin ophiolite fragments in the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous accretionary wedge mélange in the southern part of the Inner Western Carpathians (IWC). Here we present new lithostratigraphical, petrographical, geochemical, and geochronological data obtained from the mélange blocks used to reconstruct the Meliaticum paleotectonic zones in a tentative evolutionary model of this accretionary wedge. The Dobšiná mélange block continental margin carbonatic and siliciclastic sediments have calc-alkaline basalt intercalations. The basalt Concordia age dated to 245.5 ± 3.3 Ma by U–Pb SIMS on zircon most likely indicates the pre-oceanic advanced early Middle Triassic continental rifting stage. The evolving marginal oceanic crust is composed of Middle to Upper Triassic cherty shales to radiolarites. The detrital zircon U–Pb SIMS Concordia ages of 247 ± 4 Ma and 243 ± 4 Ma from a cherty shale, and the xenocryst zircon population Concordia age of 266 ± 3 Ma from a 0.5 m thick “normal” mid-ocean ridge (N-MOR) basalt layer in this cherty shale reveal the connection of the oceanic basin to the adjacent rifting continental margin. The chertified reddish limestone transition to radiolarite indicates syn-rift basin deepening. Upwards, regular alternating N-MOR basalts and radiolarites are often disturbed by peperite breccia horizons. The Nd isotope values of these basalts (εNd240 = 7–8) are consistent with their chondrite normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns and indicate a depleted mantle source. The Triassic ophiolitic suite also comprises rare ocean island (OI) basalts (εNd240 = 5) and serpentinized subduction unrelated peridotites. The Middle to Late Jurassic shortening and southward intra-oceanic and continental margin subduction at approximately 170–150 Ma enhanced the formation of the trench-like Jurassic flysch succession which preceded the closure of the Meliata Basin. The flysch sediments form a mélange matrix of olistolithic unsubducted, obducted, and MP–HP/LT metamorphosed exhumed blocks of the Triassic to Lower Jurassic successions. Blocks of peridotites, rodingites, blueschists, greenschists, rare amphibolites, deep-water shaly sediments and shallow- to deep-water carbonates are typical members of the mélange. The Meliatic accretionary wedge mélange nappe outliers were incorporated in the IWC orogenic wedge in the late Early Cretaceous according to metamorphic rutile U–Pb SIMS ages of 100 ± 10 Ma determined from a Jaklovce metabasalt.
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Paul, Zbigniew, Stanislaw Halas, and Artur Wójtowicz. "New Data on the Post-Impact Material in Radiolarian Horizons in Outer Flysh Carpathians and Search for a Source Crater." Geochronometria 27, no. -1 (July 1, 2007): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10003-007-0017-y.
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New Data on the Post-Impact Material in Radiolarian Horizons in Outer Flysh Carpathians and Search for a Source Crater In the Outer Carpathians in Barnasiówka radiolarian shale formation, there is an intercalation underlied by bentonite. There were found very rare elements and minerals in this intercalation. It was recognized that this horizon has been filled with products of a big object collision with Earth. The age of the manganese-iron intercalation was determined by potassium-argon (K-Ar) dating of illites to be (89.3±1.2) Ma. Similar age, (85.2±0.6) Ma, was found for the post-impact glass from the Boltysh crater in Ukraine. It was concluded that the formation of this intercalation was synchronous with the Boltysh crater formation at the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary. The research for the K-Ar age of the crater creation in Logoisk (Belarus) established its formation to (124.2±1.2) Ma ago.
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Voitkiv, Petro S., and Yevhen A. Ivanov. "Specifics of bulk chemical composition of virgin forest cambisols within the Ukrainian Carpathians." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 29, no. 2 (July 10, 2020): 422–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/112038.
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Material composition is one of the most vital components of soil analysis and it which allows to determine the bulk or elemental composition, to get an insight into the total content of chemical elements per the genetic horizons of a soil profile against the soilforming rock, and to identify the direction of soil formation processes, that is, to establish the genesis of soils. The study objective supposed both the identification of bulk chemical composition (BCC) specifics peculiar to cambisols (acc. the WRB) located beneath different virgin forest ecosystems and the change caused by the composition of soil-forming rock, specifics of mountainous terrain and climatic conditions. The study subject is cambisol of virgin (beech and coniferous) ecosystems formed at the eluvium-deluvium flysch with prevailing sandstones, argillites and siltstones. The study scope is bulk chemical composition of beech and coniferous forest cambisols within the Ukrainian Carpathians and its transformation. Comparative-geographical, comparative-profile, analytical and statistical methods have been used accounting for the above objective. The bulk chemical composition has been determined under the method devised by E.V. Arinushkina. Recalculations and ratios have been used to analyse data on the bulk chemical composition of soils. Our article provides the results of the study of bulk chemical composition of cambisols located beneath beech and the coniferous virgin forests. Changes occurred in this, one of the most conservative, soil substance, under the influence of phytocenotic diversity of virgin forest ecosystems and soil species, are analysed, the nature and direction of changes as well as their main regularities are identified. Molecular ratios for the genetic soil horizons are calculated since they testify the removal of elements outside the soil profile boundaries and are the main factor used to assess the direction of cambisols soil-forming process. The article considers the content of constitutional water and the ratio of change in the siliceous soil part. Results obtained allow suggesting intrinsic weathering in the soils under study. Major reasons of changes in the bulk chemical composition of virgin forest cambisols are caused by the character of vegetation, its aggressiveness with respect to the soil mineral content, by climatic features that affect processes of soil formation in mountainous areas depending on the vertical zonality, and by the composition of soil-forming rocks being the substrate for the studied soils. SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3 oxides form the predominant bulk chemical composition of virgin forest cambisols in the Ukrainian Carpathians. Their total content ranges from 65.59 to 87.56 %. The mineral base of virgin forest cambisols is SiO2 and its content in virgin forest cambisols amounts up to 63.46 - 75.03 %, Al2O3 sesquioxide content is 13.16 - 17.14 %, Fe2O3 content is 4.25 - 6.83 %. Molecular ratios in cambisols located beneath the beech virgin forests postulate the removal of sesquioxides out from a soil profile. For instance, the ratios of SiO2/Fe2O3 in beech virgin forests cambisols are 42.8 - 44.61 and they decrease sharply at the soil profile bottom to 26.35, i.e. the removal of Fe2O3 sesquioxide out from a soil profile is observed. The molar ratio of SiO2/R2O3 in cambisols located beneath coniferous virgin forests is narrower than in beech virgin forest cambisols and amounts up to 5.64 - 5.81, which is due to the lower content of SiO2 oxide and higher number of Fe2O3 and Al2O3 sesquioxides. The analysis of leach factor indices shows that leaching of Calcium and Magnesium oxides is observed in these soils. However, leaching in cambisols located beneath the beech virgin forests is less intense than in cambisols located beneath the coniferous virgin forests. Leaching of Sodium and Potassium oxides in cambisols located beneath the beech virgin forests is minor, and in cambisols located beneath the coniferous virgin forests is weakly expressed.
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Gregou, Sophia, Nikolaos Solakius, and Fotini Pomoni-Papaioannou. "The carbonate-flysch transition (late Maastrichtian-late Palaeocene) in the Arachova sequence of the Parnassus-Ghiona Zone, central Greece." Geological Magazine 131, no. 6 (November 1994): 819–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800012887.
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AbstractThe transition from the carbonate to the flysch facies in the Arachova sequence of the Parnassus-Ghiona Zone is represented by argillaceous limestone beds with flaser structures deposited during latest Maastrichtian-Palaeocene time in a pelagic carbonate environment with a periodic clastic influx. Deposition was continuous except for a short interruption during the K/T boundary interval and the earliest Palaeocene when the area was subaerially exposed. This interruption gave rise to the development of a brecciated carbonate horizon through soil-forming processes. The mineralogical composition of the clastic influx (i.e. quartz, feldspars, clay minerals, amorphous iron oxides, amorphous phosphatic compounds), in particular the clay mineral assemblages (i.e. illite, chlorite, irregularly interstratified illite-vermiculite), shows that the clastic supply represents erosional material that originated from a tectonically active continental setting of both carbonate and clastic rocks, presumably the Pelagonian Zone, as for the flysch of the Beotian and Sub-Pelagonian Zones. The arrival of the first clastic material in the Arachova area as early as latest Maastrichtian time, its Pelagonian origin and the persistence of pelagic conditions of sedimentation throughout the Palaeocene, indicate that the Arachova area was situated along the northeastern margin of the Parnassus platform and that it subsided into the Beotian basin. While the central areas of the platform remained tectonically stable during middle Palaeocene times and there was an extensive development of stromatolites, the northeastern marginal areas transitional to the Beotian basin continued to subside allowing pelagic carbonate sedimentation with periods of clastic influx. The total collapse of the platform in the late Palaeocene gave rise to the deposition of the flysch over the entire zone.
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Hnylko, Oleh, Svitlana Hnylko, Maria Kulyanda, and Romana Marchenko. "Tectonic-sedimentary evolution of the frontal part of the Ukrainian Carpathian nappe structure." Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals 1-2, no. 183-184 (2021): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2021.01-02.045.
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For the first time in the Ukrainian Carpathians, the depths and tectono-sedimentation processes in the north-eastern part of the Outer Carpathian Basin (Skyba and Boryslav-Pokuttya units) have been restored on the base of sedimentological and microfaunistic studies. It was established that in the Cretaceous-Eocene time, the deep-water (near Calcite Compensation Depth) turbidite and similar sedimentation (turbidites with Bouma textures, grainites, debris-flow deposits), which periodically alternated with (hemi)pelagic sedimentation (red, green and black shales) was dominant here. Sedimentation took place on the continental margin of the the Carpathian branch of the Tethys, where deep-water fans were formed. Cretaceous-Eocene background red and green shales are enriched in buried in situ benthic foraminifera which are similar in taxonomic composition and morphological features to the microfauna of the Carpathian-Alpine and Atlantic regions (deep-water agglutinated foraminifera), which indicate lower bathyal – abyssal depths of flysch sedimentation. Latest Eocene Globigerina Marl horizon contains the foraminiferal assemblage with plankton dominance, which indicates a general shallowing of the Outer Carpathian Basin (middle-upper bathyal conditions above a calcite compensation depth). Oligocene – lowermost Miocene Menilite-Krosno and Polyanytsia formations were accumulated in the Skyba and Boryslav-Pokuttya sub-basins. In the Miocene, shallow-water molasses were accumulated here. Probably, the tectonic uproot of flysch deposits from its substrate and their synsedymentary thrusting towards the platform caused a significant shallowing of the Skyba and Boryslav-Pokuttya sub-basins starting from the latest Eocene. These processes reflected the growth of the Carpathian frontal nappes at the final orogen formation stage.
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González Clavijo, Emilio, Ícaro Dias da Silva, José R. Martínez Catalán, Juan Gómez Barreiro, Gabriel Gutiérrez-Alonso, Alejandro Díez Montes, Mandy Hofmann, Andreas Gärtner, and Ulf Linnemann. "A tectonic carpet of Variscan flysch at the base of a rootless accretionary prism in northwestern Iberia: U–Pb zircon age constrains from sediments and volcanic olistoliths." Solid Earth 12, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): 835–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-12-835-2021.
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Abstract. The allochthonous complexes of Galicia–Trás-os-Montes Zone (NW Iberia) are part of a rootless tectonic stack which preserves part of a Variscan accretionary prism. They are formed by individual tectonic slices marked by specific tectonometamorphic evolutions, which were piled up in a piggy-back mode onto its relative autochthon, the Central Iberian Zone (CIZ). Allochthony decreases from the structurally upper thrust sheets towards the lower ones. The lowermost unit of the stack is known as the Parautochthon or Schistose Domain. It is characterized by a low metamorphic grade in contrast with higher temperatures and/or pressures estimated for the overlying allochthonous units and shares the stratigraphic sequence with the underlying autochthon. The Parautochthon is divided in two structural and stratigraphic sub-units: (i) the Lower Parautochthon (LPa) is made of synorogenic flysch-type sediments with varied turbiditic units and olistostrome bodies, showing Upper Devonian–lower Carboniferous age according to the youngest zircon populations and fossiliferous content; (ii) the Upper Parautochthon (UPa) is composed of highly deformed preorogenic upper Cambrian–Silurian volcano-sedimentary sequence comparable with the nearby autochthon and to some extent, also with the high-P and low-T Lower Allochthon laying structurally above. The UPa was emplaced onto the LPa along the Main-Trás-os-Montes Thrust, and the LPa became detached from the CIZ relative autochthon by a regional-scale structure, the Basal Lower Parautochthon Detachment, which follows a weak horizon of Silurian carbonaceous slates. A review on the detrital zircon studies on the synorogenic LPa complemented by zircon dating of 17 new samples is presented here. The results support the extension of the LPa underneath the NW Iberian allochthonous complexes, from Cabo Ortegal, to Bragança and Morais massifs. Its current exposure follows the lowermost tectonic boundary between the Galicia–Trás-os-Montes (allochthon) and Central Iberian (autochthon) zones. The youngest zircon age populations point to a maximum sedimentation age for the LPa formations ranging from Famennian to Serpukhovian and supports the piggy-back mode of emplacement of the Galicia–Trás-os-Montes Zone, of which it represents the latest imbricate. The zircon age populations in the LPa allow the sedimentary provenance areas to be constrained, showing the intervention of nearby sources (mostly the UPa) and/or multiply recycled and long-transport sediments with a typically north-central Gondwana age fingerprint, also found in the Lower Allochthon, UPa and Autochthon. Complementary geochronology of volcanic olistoliths trapped in the LPa sediments and of late Cambrian to Upper Ordovician rhyolites from the UPa is also presented. It shows a direct relationship between the major blocks source area (UPa) and the setting place (LPa). Old zircon age patterns show that the LPa sedimentary rocks were recycled from detrital rocks of the allochthon (advancing wedge) and the nearby autochthon (peripheral bulge).
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SHLAPINSKYI, Volodymyr, Myroslav PAVLYUK, Albert МEDVEDEV, and Myroslav TERNAVSKY. "OLISTOSTROME IN OLIGOCENE OF THE KROSNO (TURKA SUBNAPPE) AND THE DUKLYA-CHORNOHORA NAPPES OF THE UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS." Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals 1, no. 178 (August 27, 2019): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2019.01.005.
Full textAbstract:
Olistostrome horizons in the Oligocene deposits of the south-western part in the Bytlya-Svydovets subcover of the Krosno nappe or in so-called Pre-Duklya folds are described in a number of works. There is not enough information about olistostrome in the northern part of the Krosno nappe in its Turka subcover and in the outer part of the Duklya-Chornohora nappe (Stavniany subcover). In the mentioned tectonic units olistostrome is localized in the Lower Verkhovynian deposits of Oligocene above the marker bed of stripped limestones in the region of the Smozhe populated area of the Skole district of the Lviv Region, Torun and Lopushna of the Mizhgirria region of the Transcarpathian Region as well as near Lyuta Village of the same region. Matrix is mainly composed by the grey carbonate flysh of the Krosno lithotype. Olistostrome horizons are presented by strongly crumped chaotic non-sorted formations. In its composition also are present more ancient rocks than matrix, olistolites of the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Oligocene age as well as redeposited rocks formed as a result of washout of more ancient deposits. Some geologists consider, according, to M. G. Leonov hypothesis (1978), that olistolites came off the front part of the Duklya nappe during its overthrusting to the north-east. Materials collected during geological surveys and later observations deny such a mechanism. This is proved by the following: a) overthrust of the Duklya nappe couldn’t cause the formation of the Krosno olistostrome. Because olistostrome is also fixed in Oligocene of the Stavniany subcover of the given nappe of the Lyuta Village and the Mlaky ravine in the section of the Lyuta River. b) Olistostrome is traced at the strathigraphic level at a relatively narrow time interval. It means that sources of removal of olistolites were functioning not so long that contradicts the thesis on the permanent overthrusting movement. c) If olistostrome was caused by the given overthrust, so it would (and olistolites) be observed continuously, but not discretely. d) In sandstones of-the Lower Verkhovynian subsuite the presence of nummulites was fixed, and in argillites of Oligocene the microfauna of Cretaceous-Eocene age – this in the evidence of the washout event. e) Over olistostrome are developed normal bedded high sections of-the Lower Verkhovynian subsuite, thus the overthrusting of the scales in Oligocene was absent. f) In the composition of the Bytlya olistostrome are present rocks that are absent in the composition of Duklya-Chornohora nappe. In the light of data mentioned above, the alternative thesis about cordillera as a source of removal of olistolites is rather grounded and non-alternative. It is possible that as sources of removal was a number of islands that were uplifted higher that sea level at the beginning of the Upper Verkhovynian time. In places the tongues of olistostromes into the Turka sub cove olistolites in the Smozhe and Torun Village possibly due to the presence of long alluvial fans. It is probable that cordillera occurred at the boundary between the Krosno and Dusynian basins of sedimentation that differed by the conditions of sediment forming that was manifested by the presence of two lithotypes of Oligocene of Krosno and Dusynian.
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Dmytruk, Y. M. "The soils of the river valleys with an active erosive downcutting (on the example of the Prut river basin, Precarpathians)." Fundamental and Applied Soil Science 15, no. 3-4 (September 17, 2014): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/041415.
Full textAbstract:
Disaster floods on the Carpathian rivers and surrounding areas as a result of radial and lateral erosion have predetermined to significant changes in geomorphological levels: the rivers bottom in some areas deepened to 100 cm or more, the coastline has shifted to 15–20 m, landslide processes first of all on the shores was invigorated. Due to the flooding in 2008 the soil and vegetation cover of the floodplains was completely destroyed, where the surface alluvial sediments and, often, the bedrock of the river valley went out. To prevent the river influence on the floodplain, the floodplain has become a terrace, so from this moment the alluvial soils have changed their place in the classification system. Pedogenesis in the river valley is certainly correlates with the specified geological and geomorphological processes, and therefore one question arises: in which taxonomic of soil classification the soil is, which now is located outside of floodplain, but the time that has passed from this moment is too short for the genesis of the first terrace soil (formed before our eyes). Shall we talk about the ancient age of alluvial deposits if they were formed in the last 100–1000 years? It is apparently that we need to consider the simultaneous genesis of thesediments, the landforms and the soils under the influence of the geological processes. We have studied the valley of the river Lyuchka, belonging to Prut River basin. We have described the soils that are placed on the ecotopes that have a direct contact with a coastline of the river, on different height levels above the top of watercourse, as well as the cuts of zonal soils which were not under the influence of the river during of the historical time. Soil samples for analytical studies have also been selected. We have studied the cuts of such soils: 1) В-6, К-1 and К-2 – zonal; 2) В-1, В-2, В-5 and В-7 – soils placed on the first terrace; 3) В-3, В-4, В-2а and В-3а – soils placed on the floodplains. The results obtained are summarized as follows. Soils of Lyuchka valley are developing on the alluvial deposits under which the bedrock are placed that in the area of research is clayey flysch; all these soils are on the development stage. Soils of the first terraces are Fluvisols on the complex alluvial deposits, mostly they have the average thickness and the soils are characterized of such morphometric features: humus horizon is from 33 to 66 % of the thickness of profile and transitional horizon is from 34 to 67 % of the thickness of profile. The problem of their selection is establishing of the age, because for alluvium is not specified definitions of "old, ancient". It really could be aged of alluvial deposits are a hundred-thousand years or even as whole Holocene. Another problem is a quick output time of the floodplain from the influence of the river and the formation of the first terrace. This requires a change of the name of the soil (maybe the output from Fluvisols). It remains an open question whether this change of belonging of classification reflects the inner essence, and whether all the soils of river valleys should be admitted young, genetically related (monogenesis) and therefore whether they should occupy one position in the classification system.
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Kováček, Martin, and Tomáš Lehotský. "SPODNOKARBONŠTÍ MLŽI DRAHANSKÉ VRCHOVINY (KULMSKÁ FACIE) A JEJICH STRATIGRAFICKÝ VÝZNAM." Geologické výzkumy na Moravě a ve Slezsku 20, no. 1-2 (November 30, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/gvms2013-1-2-126.
Full textAbstract:
The Drahany Upland is built of a flysch sequence of Lower Carboniferous age (shale, greywackes, conglomerates), and a preflysch sequence of Devonian to Lower Carboniferous age (spilites, carbonates, shales). Lower Carboniferous black shales are known by goniatites and bivalvian assemblages, also fossil traces. According to the Żakowa (1971) methodology were determined species of bivalves of the genus Posidonia and Septimyalina. Amler (1994) describes the morphology of the bivalve genus Streblochondria. So far was from the Culm sites od Drahany Upland determined 18 kinds of Lower Carboniferous bivalves represented by following species: Posidonia becheri, Posidonia corrugata, Posidonia kochi, Posidonia trapezoedra, Posidonia radiata, Septimyalina sublamellosa, Septimyalina lamellosa, Septimyalina cf. minor, Dunbarella mosensis, Streblochondria patteiskyi, Streblochondria praetenuis, Sanguinolites sp., Janeia böhmi, Polidevcia cf. sharmani, Anthraconeilo oblongum, Palaeoneilo luciniforme and Edmondia sp. These genera originated from localities of Myslejovice Formation (i. e. Opatovice, Dědice, Pístovice, Nemojany, Ježkovice, Radslavice and Myslejovice). Lower Carboniferous marine bivalves can be also used for correlation of goniatites zones in the Upper Viséan of Myslejovice Formation. Correlation table is adapted from Amler (2004). Correlation of bivalve zones to goniatite zones has proven to be useful. Due to the very variable conditions of the various locations the deviations can be partly caused by incompleteness of the fossil record from the specifi ed horizons.