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Academic literature on the topic 'FM 100 Hue color perception test'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2025
Last updated: 23 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "FM 100 Hue color perception test"

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Gargi, S. Panchal, S. Mehta Anju, Nair Geeta, Kaur S. Dani Jagdeep, R. Panchal Jigar, and J.M.Jadeja. "A Comparative Study Of Color Perception In Young Males And Females." International Journal of Basic and Applied Physiology 2, no. 1 (2013): 177–82. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4490721.

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It is a well known fact that there is a significant difference in the color perception amongst the people. This study was done to compare color perception in males and females. Method: It is a cross-sectional, interventional study conducted at Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad. Total 100 healthy medical students (50 males and 50 females) were taken. Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test was used to assess color perception. Result: Mean age of males was19.16 with 1.085 SD and mean age of females was 19.86 with 1.83 SD. Favoritecolor in males was blue (40%) and in females was pink (33%).Mean result of FM 100 hue color perception test in males was 43.8 with SD of 28.524 and in females 28.38 with SD of 22.616 with P value 0.0035 indicating a better color perception in females. The mean and SD for myopes were 46.96, 29.309 respectively and for non myopes 25.2, 18.58 respectively with p value <0.0001. So a better color perception in non-myopes. Conclusion: The test value of FM 100 HUE COLOUR PERCEPTION test is more in the males and myopes. So females and non-myopic has better color perception.
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Almutairi, Nawaf M., Saad M. Aljohani, John Hayes, James Kundart, and Muteb K. Alanazi. "Evaluation of the Efficacy of Enchroma Filters for Correcting Color Vision Impairment." Journal of Pioneering Medical Science 13, no. 2 (2024): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.61091/jpms202413218.

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Objective: This study examined the effectiveness of Enchroma Cx-14 filters on individuals with Red-Green color vision deficiency (CVD). Methods: ColorDx and the Farnsworth-Munsell (FM) 100-Hue test were used to assess subjective reactions to Enchroma. The ColorDx and FM, 100 Hue test error scores were computed and contrasted using Placebo (untinted glasses) and Enchroma CX-14, red, and green filters. Results: The findings demonstrated that while enchroma filters improved the mistake score in only two patients, they had no discernible impact on any CVD subject's performance. In one protan participant and all deutan individuals, colour discrimination was greatly enhanced by the red filter. Green filters and Enchroma did not raise mean error scores. Conclusion: Enchroma filters had limited effectiveness in improving color perception for individuals with Red-Green CVD.
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Lee, Gyeong Sun, Chang Jin Kim, Yong Gwon Kim, and Eun Jung Choi. "Color Perception under Standard Illuminants D65, TL84, and A with Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test." Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society 22, no. 1 (2017): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14479/jkoos.2017.22.1.51.

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Kovalevskaya, M. A., and V. B. Antonyan. "Analysis of color perception in students with refractive errors." Modern technologies in ophtalmology, no. 3 (June 1, 2022): 216–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.25276/2312-4911-2022-3-216-220.

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There are more than 1.6 billion people in the world with various types of refraction. Dysfunction of the eye color function is a consequence of the pathology of the retina and optic nerve. Myopia ranks first among the types of refractive errors, accompanied by a high probability of complications. Thanks to the early screening of students, we were able to identify changes in refractive errors, and as a result, to form an exemplary algorithm for preventive and typed treatment. Purpous.To assess the role of timely diagnosis in the detection of diseases of the organ of vision. Timely predict the likelihood of diseases of the optic nerve and retina. Material and methods. The study involved 53 people, 20 female students (79 %), 7 male students (21 %). In young men, the right eye is myopia 60 %, emmetropia 20 %, hyperopia 20 %, left eye myopia 60 %, emmetropia 20 %, hyperopia 20 %. In girls, the left eye: myopia 73 %, emmetropia 22 %, hyperopia 5 %, right eye: myopia 75 %, emmetropia 20 %, hyperopia 5 %. Results. The analysis showed that the number of errors (right eye) had no statistically significant changes (p = 0.686), visual acuity (right eye) showed statistically significant changes (p = 0.029), and visual acuity (left eye) had statistically significant changes (p = 0.008), the number of errors (left eye) did not show statistically significant changes (p = 0.154). Conclusions. Today, the problem of violation of refractive in young people is a significant problem. Introspection-based functional tests such as the FM 100 make it possible to monitor disorders at the retinal and optic nerve levels. Keywords: violation of refraction, color perception, Farnsworth-Munsell test (Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test).
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Zhang, Yinjuan, Jin Ma, Shan Cheng, and Wendong Hu. "A Computer-Based Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue (CFM-100) Test in Pilots’ Medical Assessments." Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 93, no. 4 (2022): 362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/amhp.5943.2022.

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OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the effectiveness and identified the cutoff values of the computer-based Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue (CFM-100) test for screening color vision deficiencies in the pre-employment examination of civil aviators in China.METHODS: Firstly, subjects were stratified into normal, color weakness, and color blindness with the Ishihara pseudoisochromatic plate test (IPPT) by two ophthalmologists. Then they randomly completed CFM-100 and Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue (FM-100) tests. Total error scores (TES) and the time taken for the CFM-100 and FM-100 were analyzed and the cutoff values for the CFM-100 were determined.RESULTS: Of 218 subjects, 159 were normal while 59 were diagnosed with dyschromatopsia. The TES of the CFM-100 were congruent with those of the FM-100 (20.0 ± 18.8 vs. 20.6 ± 17.7, 160.9 ± 66.0 vs. 151.1 ± 66.4). The testing time for the CFM-100, however, was less than the FM-100 (10.3 ± 2.8 min vs. 12.9 ± 2.9 min, 7.8 ± 2.5 min vs. 12.6 ± 3.3 min). The correlation coefficient R was 0.93 and Cohen’s kappa was 0.89 for the two methods. Further analyses defined 34 as the cutoff value to differentiate excellent from fair color discrimination (sensitivity 58.0%, specificity 94.7%) and 101 as the cutoff value to judge fair vs. poor (sensitivity and specificity both 98.8%) for the CFM-100. The cut-off value was 72 for distinguishing normal from defective color vision (sensitivity 96.6%, specificity 98.7%) and 110 was for distinguishing color weakness from color blindness (sensitivity 97.6%, specificity 97.7%) for the CFM-100.CONCLUSIONS: The CFM-100 is an effective method for the diagnosis of dyschromatopsia with high sensitivity in screening airline pilots.Zhang Y, Ma J, Cheng S, Hu W. A computer-based Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue (CFM-100) test in pilots’ medical assessments. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2022; 93(4):362–367.
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TIUAJ, Yanto, and Michael Hizkia Wicaksono. "A Preliminary Survey of Color Discrimination Among Indonesia Female Subjects Using Farnsworth-Munsell Hue Color Test." Jurnal Elektro 15, no. 2 (2024): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.25170/jurnalelektro.v16i2.5138.

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This study aimed to conduct a preliminary survey of the color discrimination test among Indonesian samples. The study involved 26 participants of university students and office workers. To test the ability of color discrimination, the Farnsworth-Munsell (FM) 100 Hue Color Vision Test was used. Farnsworth-Munsell test scoring software was also used to obtain the total score of each participant. Using the FM 100-hue test, the participants were classified into superior, average and low color discrimination ability. The results showed that that 19.2% female participants were classified as superior for color discrimination ability. Majority of participants were classified as average. Meanwhile for low classification, only 3.9% were classified as low color discrimination ability. Currently, many companies and industries have great need for workers with good characterized and accurate color vision. However, the study of color discrimination is still limited and unknown in Indonesia. Through this study, hopefully attention for a broader study with a larger scale could be obtained.
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Fanlo-Zarazaga, Alvaro, José Ignacio Echevarría, Juan Pinilla, et al. "Validation of a New Digital and Automated Color Perception Test." Diagnostics 14, no. 4 (2024): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14040396.

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Although color vision deficiencies are very prevalent, there are no ideal methods for assessing color vision in all environments. We compared a new digital and automated method that quantifies color perception for the three protan, deutan, and tritan axes with two of the most commonly used color tests in daily practice: the Ishihara 38 plates test and the Farnsworth–Munsell 100-Hue test. One hundred patients underwent a triple examination composed of the new DIVE Color Test, the Ishihara test, and the Farnsworth–Munsell 100-Hue test. The DIVE Color Test was performed twice in forty participants to assess its repeatability. In the trichromatic group, the mean age stood at 20.57 ± 9.22 years compared with 25.99 ± 15.86 years in the dyschromatic group. The DIVE and Ishihara tests exhibited excellent agreement in identifying participants with color deficiency (Cohen’s kappa = 1.00), while it was 0.81 when comparing DIVE and Farnsworth. The correlation between the global perception values of Farnsworth (TES) and DIVE (GCS) was 0.80. The repeatability of the DIVE Color Test was high according to Bland–Altman analysis with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.83. According to Ishihara, the DIVE Color Test proved to be an effective and reproducible tool for red–green color vision deficiency detection, capable of determining the severity of the defect in each of the three axes faster and more accurately than both Ishihara and Farnsworth.
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Cwierz, Halina C., Francisco Diaz-Barrancas, Pedro J. Pardo, Angel Luis Perez, and Maria Isabel Suero. "Application of spectral computing technics for color vision testing using virtual reality devices." Electronic Imaging 2020, no. 15 (2020): 260–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2020.15.color-237.

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Color deficiency tests are well known all over the world. However, there are not applications that attempt to simulate these tests with total color accuracy in virtual reality using spectral color computing. In this work a study has been made of the tools that exist in the market in VR environments to simulate the experience of users suffering from color vision deficiencies (CVD) and the VR tools that detect CVD. A description of these tools is provided and a new proposal is presented, developed using Unity Game Engine software and HTC Vive VR glasses as Head Mounted Display (HMD). The objective of this work is to assess the ability of normal and defective observers to discriminate color by means of a color arrangement test in a virtual reality environment. The virtual environment that has been generated allows observers to perform a virtual version of the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue (FM 100) color arrangement test. In order to test the effectiveness of the virtual reality test, experiments have been carried out with real users, the results of which we will see in this paper.
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Coren, Stanley, and A. Ralph Hakstian. "Testing Color Discrimination without the Use of Special Stimuli or Technical Equipment." Perceptual and Motor Skills 81, no. 3 (1995): 931–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.81.3.931.

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Recently a number of self-report inventories have been developed to provide quick, valid, and reliable measures of sensory function without the use of technical equipment. One such measure, the 10–item Color Screening Inventory, was developed to detect individuals with deficient color perception. In the present study we used a sample of 268 subjects who were tested on both the Farnsworth-Munsell 100–hue test and the Color Screening Inventory. Analysis showed that inventory scores also predict continuous variations in and individuals' ability to discriminate colors, with an eta of .69, which explains 48% of the predictive variance. It was possible to describe the data using a quadratic regression equation which has a corrected correlation of .52. Using this, a conversion table was generated to allow rapid estimation of 100–hue test scores from the inventory. On the basis of the results, the Color Screening Inventory appears to be a quick and effective means of testing color discrimination without requiring special stimuli, technical equipment, or controlled testing environments.
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Piñero, David P., Begoña Monllor, Vicenta Moncho, Vicent J. Camps, and Dolores de Fez. "Visual function alterations in essential tremor: A case report." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 08, no. 05 (2015): 1550040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545815500406.

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Our purpose is to report alterations in contrast sensitivity function (CSF) and in the magno, parvo and koniocellular visual pathways by means of a multichannel perimeter in case of an essential tremor (ET). A complete evaluation of the visual function was performed in a 69-year old patient, including the analysis of the chromatic discrimination by the Fansworth–Munsell 100 hue test, the measurement of the CSF by the CSV-1000E test, and the detection of potential alteration patterns in the magno, parvo and koniocellular visual pathways by means of a multichannel perimeter. Visual acuity and intraocular pressure (IOP) were within the ranges of normality in both eyes. No abnormalities were detected in the fundoscopic examination and in the optical coherence tomography (OCT) exam. The results of the color vision examination were also within the ranges of normality. A significant decrease in the achromatic CSFs for right eye (RE) and left eye (LE) was detected for all spatial frequencies. The statistical global values provided by the multichannel perimeter confirms that there were significant absolute sensitivity losses compared to the normal pattern in RE. In the LE, only a statistically significant decrease in sensitivity was detected for the blue-yellow (BY) channel. The pattern standard deviation (PSD) values obtained in our patient indicated that there were significant localized losses compared to the normality pattern in the achromatic channel of the RE and in the red-green (RG) channel of the LE. Some color vision alterations may be present in ET that cannot be detected with conventional color vision tests, such as the FM 100 Hue.
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Book chapters on the topic "FM 100 Hue color perception test"

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Marré, Marion, E. Marré, P. Mierdel, and T. Eckardt. "Computerized assessment of the FM 100-hue test in acquired color vision defects." In Documenta Ophthalmologica Proceedings Series. Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3774-4_29.

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Klingaman, Roger L., and M. Baier. "Loss of Color Opponency and Concomitant Changes in FM-100 Hue Test in a Case of Cone-Rod Dystrophy." In Colour Vision Deficiencies IX. Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2695-0_50.

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Conference papers on the topic "FM 100 Hue color perception test"

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Pechová, M., and M. Vik. "COLOR DISCRIMINATION AT LOW ADAPTATION LUMINANCE." In CIE 2023 Conference. International Commission on Illumination, CIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25039/x50.2023.po131.

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The colour perception and discrimination are influenced by various aspects. We know from previous studies that one of the biggest influences on colour discrimination is adaptation luminance, or rather its level. The adaptation of the eye itself is also connected with this. As adaptation luminance gradually decreases, we lose the ability to distinguish colours, and the visual system is oriented to distinguish brightness contrast. Various tests of colour discrimination have been and are used to determine whether the observer is able to distinguish colours. All tests are primarily designed to test in the photopic region of luminance. The results of one of these tests, the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue test (FM 100 Hue test), are discussed in this paper. The aim of this work was to determine if and how observers are able to discriminate colours at low adaptation luminance on the border of the mesopic and the scotopic region of luminance.
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Seungji Yang, Yong Man Ro, E. K. Wong, and Jin-Hak Lee. "Color Compensation for Anomalous Trichromats Based on Error Score of FM-100 Hue Test." In 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iembs.2005.1616006.

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Smith, Vivianne C., Joel Pokorny, and Arlene Pass. "Development of blue-yellow discrimination loss with age." In Noninvasive Assessment of Visual Function. Optica Publishing Group, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/navf.1985.tua6.

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The Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue (FM 100-hue) test is a sensitive test for clinical evaluation of color vision discrimination. Norms both for total error scores in the population and for inter-eye comparisons as a function of age have been published (Verriest, J. Opt. Soc. Amer. 53:185, 1963; Verriest, van Laethem & Uvijls, Amer. J. Ophthal. 93: 635, 1982). However there are no data describing the development of a color axis with age.
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Haegerstrom-Portnoy, G., and B. Brown. "Two-color increment thresholds in early age-related maculopathy." In Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System. Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/navs.1986.mc1.

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Age-related maculopathy (ARM) also referred to as senile macular degeneration (SMD) is one of the most common eye diseases in the western world, particularly among older persons. The clinical signs include reduced visual acuity, alterations in color vision and central visual field loss in the advanced stages of the disease. The most commonly reported color vision defect is a blue-yellow defect found on tests such as the AO HRR plate test, the D15 and the FM 100 Hue test (Campbell and Rittler, 1972; Francois and Verriest, 1968)
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Pokomy, Joel, Vivianne C. Smith, and Tsaiyao Yeh. "Analysis of tritan detection thresholds and discrimination errors." In Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System. Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/navs.1990.tub2.

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The Type III acquired blue yellow color vision defect is characterized by failure of screening plates (e.g. the Standard Pseudo-isochromatic Plates, Part II) and an accumulation of errors on the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test. Recent studies of acquired color vision defects have included specialized tests of increment detection for the isolated S (Short Wavelength Sensitive) cone system. A puzzling aspect in at least one such study was the lack of correlation between evidence of S cone loss on increment detection and evidence of S cone loss on the FM-100-hue test1. The purpose of this paper is to attempt to reconcile these findings, and to provide a unified framework for analyzing detection and discrimination data.
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Smith, Vivianne C., Joel Pokorny, and Tsaiyao Yeh. "L-cone discrimination and pigment tests." In Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System. Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/navs.1992.suc2.

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We have previously discussed how to express FM 100-hue test data in an S-cone discrimination space (Pokorny et al, 1990; Yeh et al, 1991). Here we extend this endeavor to L- and M-cone mediated discriminations. Additionally, we now include a variety of arrangement tests, including the FM 100-hue test, the Farnsworth Panel D-15, the desaturated Panel D-15d, and the Lanthony New Color Test. The rationale for this work lies in the observation that chromaticity discrimination is economically described (Boynton & Kambe, 1980) within the framework of the MacLeod & Boynton (1979) cone excitation space. Physiological studies in the macaque indicate that at the retinal ganglion and lateral geniculate level, chromatic processing is organized in the Parvocellular processing stream. Two major classes of cells show discrimination on two independent "cardinal axes" (Derrington et al, 1984). The macaque Parvocellular and the human cardinal axes are closely similar (Krauskopf et al, 1982). The majority of acquired color defects seen by clinicians arise from retinal or optic nerve disorders. Thus errors should develop along the major axes of cone excitation space. The purpose of this talk is to describe how the error scores on arrangement tests can be related to chromaticity discrimination mediated by relative L-cone discrimination.
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Sanocki, E., D. T. Lindsey, S. Deeb, and A. Motulsky. "Deuteranomalous trichromacy in a subject revealing only an L-cone pigment gene." In OSA Annual Meeting. Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1990.fm4.

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A 19-year-old male was shown to have a deutan defect when he was examined with the FM-100 hue test (186 errors). The subject's performance on the Nagel anomaloscope was consistent with that of a person with deuteranomalous trichromacy: His match point was broad and shifted towards the green end of the red/green scale (10-40). However, southern blot analysis of the subject's DNA by means of probes for the X-linked photopigment genes revealed an absence of the restriction fragments characteristic of M-cone pigment genes. By this analysis, the subject should have deuteranopia. The differences between the psychophysical and molecular genetic results cannot be accounted for by rod intrusion into the subject's color matches: The quantal match predicted by rod and L-cone pigments falls outside the subject's anomaloscope match range. These results suggest that there are M-cone photopigment genes that are missed by conventional molecular genetic analysis.
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