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Gargi, S. Panchal, S. Mehta Anju, Nair Geeta, Kaur S. Dani Jagdeep, R. Panchal Jigar, and J.M.Jadeja. "A Comparative Study Of Color Perception In Young Males And Females." International Journal of Basic and Applied Physiology 2, no. 1 (2013): 177–82. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4490721.
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It is a well known fact that there is a significant difference in the color perception amongst the people. This study was done to compare color perception in males and females. Method: It is a cross-sectional, interventional study conducted at Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad. Total 100 healthy medical students (50 males and 50 females) were taken. Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test was used to assess color perception. Result: Mean age of males was19.16 with 1.085 SD and mean age of females was 19.86 with 1.83 SD. Favoritecolor in males was blue (40%) and in females was pink (33%).Mean result of FM 100 hue color perception test in males was 43.8 with SD of 28.524 and in females 28.38 with SD of 22.616 with P value 0.0035 indicating a better color perception in females. The mean and SD for myopes were 46.96, 29.309 respectively and for non myopes 25.2, 18.58 respectively with p value <0.0001. So a better color perception in non-myopes. Conclusion: The test value of FM 100 HUE COLOUR PERCEPTION test is more in the males and myopes. So females and non-myopic has better color perception.
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Almutairi, Nawaf M., Saad M. Aljohani, John Hayes, James Kundart, and Muteb K. Alanazi. "Evaluation of the Efficacy of Enchroma Filters for Correcting Color Vision Impairment." Journal of Pioneering Medical Science 13, no. 2 (2024): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.61091/jpms202413218.
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Objective: This study examined the effectiveness of Enchroma Cx-14 filters on individuals with Red-Green color vision deficiency (CVD). Methods: ColorDx and the Farnsworth-Munsell (FM) 100-Hue test were used to assess subjective reactions to Enchroma. The ColorDx and FM, 100 Hue test error scores were computed and contrasted using Placebo (untinted glasses) and Enchroma CX-14, red, and green filters. Results: The findings demonstrated that while enchroma filters improved the mistake score in only two patients, they had no discernible impact on any CVD subject's performance. In one protan participant and all deutan individuals, colour discrimination was greatly enhanced by the red filter. Green filters and Enchroma did not raise mean error scores. Conclusion: Enchroma filters had limited effectiveness in improving color perception for individuals with Red-Green CVD.
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Lee, Gyeong Sun, Chang Jin Kim, Yong Gwon Kim, and Eun Jung Choi. "Color Perception under Standard Illuminants D65, TL84, and A with Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test." Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society 22, no. 1 (2017): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14479/jkoos.2017.22.1.51.
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Kovalevskaya, M. A., and V. B. Antonyan. "Analysis of color perception in students with refractive errors." Modern technologies in ophtalmology, no. 3 (June 1, 2022): 216–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.25276/2312-4911-2022-3-216-220.
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There are more than 1.6 billion people in the world with various types of refraction. Dysfunction of the eye color function is a consequence of the pathology of the retina and optic nerve. Myopia ranks first among the types of refractive errors, accompanied by a high probability of complications. Thanks to the early screening of students, we were able to identify changes in refractive errors, and as a result, to form an exemplary algorithm for preventive and typed treatment. Purpous.To assess the role of timely diagnosis in the detection of diseases of the organ of vision. Timely predict the likelihood of diseases of the optic nerve and retina. Material and methods. The study involved 53 people, 20 female students (79 %), 7 male students (21 %). In young men, the right eye is myopia 60 %, emmetropia 20 %, hyperopia 20 %, left eye myopia 60 %, emmetropia 20 %, hyperopia 20 %. In girls, the left eye: myopia 73 %, emmetropia 22 %, hyperopia 5 %, right eye: myopia 75 %, emmetropia 20 %, hyperopia 5 %. Results. The analysis showed that the number of errors (right eye) had no statistically significant changes (p = 0.686), visual acuity (right eye) showed statistically significant changes (p = 0.029), and visual acuity (left eye) had statistically significant changes (p = 0.008), the number of errors (left eye) did not show statistically significant changes (p = 0.154). Conclusions. Today, the problem of violation of refractive in young people is a significant problem. Introspection-based functional tests such as the FM 100 make it possible to monitor disorders at the retinal and optic nerve levels. Keywords: violation of refraction, color perception, Farnsworth-Munsell test (Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue Test).
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Zhang, Yinjuan, Jin Ma, Shan Cheng, and Wendong Hu. "A Computer-Based Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue (CFM-100) Test in Pilots’ Medical Assessments." Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 93, no. 4 (2022): 362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/amhp.5943.2022.
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OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the effectiveness and identified the cutoff values of the computer-based Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue (CFM-100) test for screening color vision deficiencies in the pre-employment examination of civil aviators in China.METHODS: Firstly, subjects were stratified into normal, color weakness, and color blindness with the Ishihara pseudoisochromatic plate test (IPPT) by two ophthalmologists. Then they randomly completed CFM-100 and Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue (FM-100) tests. Total error scores (TES) and the time taken for the CFM-100 and FM-100 were analyzed and the cutoff values for the CFM-100 were determined.RESULTS: Of 218 subjects, 159 were normal while 59 were diagnosed with dyschromatopsia. The TES of the CFM-100 were congruent with those of the FM-100 (20.0 ± 18.8 vs. 20.6 ± 17.7, 160.9 ± 66.0 vs. 151.1 ± 66.4). The testing time for the CFM-100, however, was less than the FM-100 (10.3 ± 2.8 min vs. 12.9 ± 2.9 min, 7.8 ± 2.5 min vs. 12.6 ± 3.3 min). The correlation coefficient R was 0.93 and Cohen’s kappa was 0.89 for the two methods. Further analyses defined 34 as the cutoff value to differentiate excellent from fair color discrimination (sensitivity 58.0%, specificity 94.7%) and 101 as the cutoff value to judge fair vs. poor (sensitivity and specificity both 98.8%) for the CFM-100. The cut-off value was 72 for distinguishing normal from defective color vision (sensitivity 96.6%, specificity 98.7%) and 110 was for distinguishing color weakness from color blindness (sensitivity 97.6%, specificity 97.7%) for the CFM-100.CONCLUSIONS: The CFM-100 is an effective method for the diagnosis of dyschromatopsia with high sensitivity in screening airline pilots.Zhang Y, Ma J, Cheng S, Hu W. A computer-based Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue (CFM-100) test in pilots’ medical assessments. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2022; 93(4):362–367.
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TIUAJ, Yanto, and Michael Hizkia Wicaksono. "A Preliminary Survey of Color Discrimination Among Indonesia Female Subjects Using Farnsworth-Munsell Hue Color Test." Jurnal Elektro 15, no. 2 (2024): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.25170/jurnalelektro.v16i2.5138.
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This study aimed to conduct a preliminary survey of the color discrimination test among Indonesian samples. The study involved 26 participants of university students and office workers. To test the ability of color discrimination, the Farnsworth-Munsell (FM) 100 Hue Color Vision Test was used. Farnsworth-Munsell test scoring software was also used to obtain the total score of each participant. Using the FM 100-hue test, the participants were classified into superior, average and low color discrimination ability. The results showed that that 19.2% female participants were classified as superior for color discrimination ability. Majority of participants were classified as average. Meanwhile for low classification, only 3.9% were classified as low color discrimination ability. Currently, many companies and industries have great need for workers with good characterized and accurate color vision. However, the study of color discrimination is still limited and unknown in Indonesia. Through this study, hopefully attention for a broader study with a larger scale could be obtained.
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Fanlo-Zarazaga, Alvaro, José Ignacio Echevarría, Juan Pinilla, et al. "Validation of a New Digital and Automated Color Perception Test." Diagnostics 14, no. 4 (2024): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14040396.
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Although color vision deficiencies are very prevalent, there are no ideal methods for assessing color vision in all environments. We compared a new digital and automated method that quantifies color perception for the three protan, deutan, and tritan axes with two of the most commonly used color tests in daily practice: the Ishihara 38 plates test and the Farnsworth–Munsell 100-Hue test. One hundred patients underwent a triple examination composed of the new DIVE Color Test, the Ishihara test, and the Farnsworth–Munsell 100-Hue test. The DIVE Color Test was performed twice in forty participants to assess its repeatability. In the trichromatic group, the mean age stood at 20.57 ± 9.22 years compared with 25.99 ± 15.86 years in the dyschromatic group. The DIVE and Ishihara tests exhibited excellent agreement in identifying participants with color deficiency (Cohen’s kappa = 1.00), while it was 0.81 when comparing DIVE and Farnsworth. The correlation between the global perception values of Farnsworth (TES) and DIVE (GCS) was 0.80. The repeatability of the DIVE Color Test was high according to Bland–Altman analysis with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.83. According to Ishihara, the DIVE Color Test proved to be an effective and reproducible tool for red–green color vision deficiency detection, capable of determining the severity of the defect in each of the three axes faster and more accurately than both Ishihara and Farnsworth.
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Cwierz, Halina C., Francisco Diaz-Barrancas, Pedro J. Pardo, Angel Luis Perez, and Maria Isabel Suero. "Application of spectral computing technics for color vision testing using virtual reality devices." Electronic Imaging 2020, no. 15 (2020): 260–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2020.15.color-237.
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Color deficiency tests are well known all over the world. However, there are not applications that attempt to simulate these tests with total color accuracy in virtual reality using spectral color computing. In this work a study has been made of the tools that exist in the market in VR environments to simulate the experience of users suffering from color vision deficiencies (CVD) and the VR tools that detect CVD. A description of these tools is provided and a new proposal is presented, developed using Unity Game Engine software and HTC Vive VR glasses as Head Mounted Display (HMD). The objective of this work is to assess the ability of normal and defective observers to discriminate color by means of a color arrangement test in a virtual reality environment. The virtual environment that has been generated allows observers to perform a virtual version of the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue (FM 100) color arrangement test. In order to test the effectiveness of the virtual reality test, experiments have been carried out with real users, the results of which we will see in this paper.
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Coren, Stanley, and A. Ralph Hakstian. "Testing Color Discrimination without the Use of Special Stimuli or Technical Equipment." Perceptual and Motor Skills 81, no. 3 (1995): 931–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.81.3.931.
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Recently a number of self-report inventories have been developed to provide quick, valid, and reliable measures of sensory function without the use of technical equipment. One such measure, the 10–item Color Screening Inventory, was developed to detect individuals with deficient color perception. In the present study we used a sample of 268 subjects who were tested on both the Farnsworth-Munsell 100–hue test and the Color Screening Inventory. Analysis showed that inventory scores also predict continuous variations in and individuals' ability to discriminate colors, with an eta of .69, which explains 48% of the predictive variance. It was possible to describe the data using a quadratic regression equation which has a corrected correlation of .52. Using this, a conversion table was generated to allow rapid estimation of 100–hue test scores from the inventory. On the basis of the results, the Color Screening Inventory appears to be a quick and effective means of testing color discrimination without requiring special stimuli, technical equipment, or controlled testing environments.
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Piñero, David P., Begoña Monllor, Vicenta Moncho, Vicent J. Camps, and Dolores de Fez. "Visual function alterations in essential tremor: A case report." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 08, no. 05 (2015): 1550040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545815500406.
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Our purpose is to report alterations in contrast sensitivity function (CSF) and in the magno, parvo and koniocellular visual pathways by means of a multichannel perimeter in case of an essential tremor (ET). A complete evaluation of the visual function was performed in a 69-year old patient, including the analysis of the chromatic discrimination by the Fansworth–Munsell 100 hue test, the measurement of the CSF by the CSV-1000E test, and the detection of potential alteration patterns in the magno, parvo and koniocellular visual pathways by means of a multichannel perimeter. Visual acuity and intraocular pressure (IOP) were within the ranges of normality in both eyes. No abnormalities were detected in the fundoscopic examination and in the optical coherence tomography (OCT) exam. The results of the color vision examination were also within the ranges of normality. A significant decrease in the achromatic CSFs for right eye (RE) and left eye (LE) was detected for all spatial frequencies. The statistical global values provided by the multichannel perimeter confirms that there were significant absolute sensitivity losses compared to the normal pattern in RE. In the LE, only a statistically significant decrease in sensitivity was detected for the blue-yellow (BY) channel. The pattern standard deviation (PSD) values obtained in our patient indicated that there were significant localized losses compared to the normality pattern in the achromatic channel of the RE and in the red-green (RG) channel of the LE. Some color vision alterations may be present in ET that cannot be detected with conventional color vision tests, such as the FM 100 Hue.
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Nadolska, Krystyna, and Roman Goś. "Evaluation of color perception in individuals addicted to narcotic substances in the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test." Medycyna Pracy 67, no. 6 (2016): 777–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.13075/mp.5893.00469.
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Griber, Yulia Alexandrovna, Aleksey Alekseevich Delov, and Pavel Sergeevich Kovalev. "Color vision of people with headaches." Психология и Психотехника, no. 2 (February 2024): 66–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0722.2024.2.70470.
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The aim of the study is to obtain new data on possible changes in color vision of people with headaches. The object of the study is people who periodically experience primary headaches of different nature. The subject of the study is the specificity of perception of chromatic parameters of the environment and color sensitivity of people with headaches of different nature, quality, intensity and frequency. The data were collected using the Farnsworth-Munsell standard clinical color vision test (FM-100). The study involved 65 people aged 17 to 66 years. The results of the assessment of color vision in the experimental group were compared with the normative indicators and data obtained in the age-matched control group (N=40). Special attention was paid to discussing the possible causes of the identified disorders and analyzing the correlation between various aspects of headache with individual indicators of color sensitivity. The data analysis included calculating the total error (TES), as well as partial errors (PES) along the blue-yellow (B-Y) and red-green (R-G) axes. We also identified partial errors for individual tones. The study revealed a noticeable specificity in the perception of blue-green and blue shades of patients with severe, chronic and non-localized headaches. Since the detected color vision disorders appear to be temporary and are most likely typical of the premonitory phase of headaches, the results of this study may contribute to understanding of headache predictors. Since the identified changes relate to only one group of (blue) shades, the findings of the study can be used in the development of alternative treatment methods. In particular, in choosing the optimal color of tinted lenses, which are offered to patients to relieve headaches and reduce their frequency.
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Sun, Lijia, Shining Ma, Yong Tao, et al. "A Physiologically‐Based Simulation Model of Color Appearance for Red‐Green Color Vision Deficiency." Color Research & Application, May 30, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1002/col.22992.
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ABSTRACTVarious simulation methods of color appearance for dichromats or anomalous trichromats have been proposed over the years. To further improve the performance of the simulation model and extend the application range to both dichromats and anomalous trichromats, we have proposed a simulation model of cone fundamentals specifically designed for individuals with red–green type color vision deficiency (CVD) based on the CIE 2006 physiological observer model. By utilizing the simulated cone fundamentals, it becomes possible to predict the color appearance of real scenes and digital images for CVD. The fundamental premise of the new model is rooted in the hypothesis that CVD arises from a shift in the peak wavelength of the photopigment absorption spectrum of the L‐ or M‐cone. Instead of simply maintaining the waveform without alteration as observed in prior studies, we altered waveforms of the absorption spectra of anomalous L‐/M‐cone photopigments when adjusting their peak wavelengths. Regarding different shapes in the absorption spectrum between the L‐ and M‐cones, the absorption spectrum of the anomalous L‐/M‐cone was obtained by combining the peak wavenumber shift and linear interpolation of spectral quantal absorption curves between L‐ and M‐photopigments in the wavenumber domain. The performance of the proposed model was substantiated through experimental validation by the pseudoisochromatic plates and Farnsworth Munsell 100 Hue test (FM‐100). The findings revealed a high level of consistency between the model prediction and the actual perception reported by individuals with CVD.
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Liu, Xin, Xinwei Guo, Zhimin Zhang, Huang Wu, Yu Zhang, and Hongyan Zhao. "The effect of color vision resolution on intra-oral shade-selection accuracy." Technology and Health Care, March 23, 2023, 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/thc-220344.
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BACKGROUND: Dentists must be able to identify subtle color changes as shade-matching is crucial in aesthetic dentistry. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether color discrimination ability is related to shade-matching accuracy among dentists. METHODS: The sensitivity of the normal-color vision population to different colors was investigated using Farnsworth Munsell 100 Hue (FM-100) test results. The FM-100 test was administered to 37 dentists at the Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University. Sensitivity of dentists with normal-color vision to different colors was investigated using the FM-100 test. Participants were instructed to arrange color caps of various colors according to the gradual change in colors and the results were scored. Visual shade matching test using Vita 3D-MASTER shade guide was performed to determine shade-matching accuracy. The relationship between color discrimination ability and shade-matching accuracy was analyzed. The number of misplaced color caps in the FM-100 test was also calculated. RESULTS: The FM-100 test revealed that 16 and 21 participants had excellent and average color discrimination ability, respectively, and their shade-matching accuracies were 68.75% and 66.67%, respectively. No significant difference was observed in the shade-matching accuracy between the two groups. No significant correlation was observed between the color discrimination ability and shade-matching accuracy. In addition, the number of wrong color caps on the 43–63 color tray with the transition from blue-green to blue-purple was the highest according to Friedman’s test. CONCLUSION: Color discrimination ability of dentists does not affect their visual shade-matching accuracy. Additionally, people with normal color vision are not sensitive to the transition from blue-green to blue-purple.
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Post, Titiaan E., Jan Schmitz, Cayla Denney, et al. "Oral fructose intake does not improve exercise, visual, or cognitive performance during acute normobaric hypoxia in healthy humans." Frontiers in Nutrition 10 (July 21, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1170873.
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IntroductionThe ability to metabolize fructose to bypass the glucose pathway in near-anaerobic conditions appears to contribute to the extreme hypoxia tolerance of the naked-mole rats. Therefore, we hypothesized that exogenous fructose could improve endurance capacity and cognitive performance in humans exposed to hypoxia.MethodsIn a randomized, double-blind, crossover study, 26 healthy adults (9 women, 17 men; 28.8 ± 8.1 (SD) years) ingested 75 g fructose, 82.5 g glucose, or placebo during acute hypoxia exposure (13% oxygen in a normobaric hypoxia chamber, corresponding to oxygen partial pressure at altitude of ~3,800 m) on separate days. We measured exercise duration, heart rate, SpO2, blood gasses, and perceived exertion during a 30-min incremental load test followed by Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue (FM-100) color vision testing and the unstable tracking task (UTT) to probe eye-hand coordination performance.ResultsExercise duration in hypoxia was 21.13 ± 0.29 (SEM) min on fructose, 21.35 ± 0.29 min on glucose, and 21.35 ± 0.29 min on placebo (p = 0.86). Heart rate responses and perceived exertion did not differ between treatments. Total error score (TES) during the FM-100 was 47.1 ± 8.0 on fructose, 45.6 ± 7.6 on glucose and 53.3 ± 9.6 on placebo (p = 0.35) and root mean square error (RMSE) during the UTT was 15.1 ± 1.0, 15.1 ± 1.0 and 15.3 ± 0.9 (p = 0.87).DiscussionWe conclude that oral fructose intake in non-acclimatized healthy humans does not acutely improve exercise performance and cognitive performance during moderate hypoxia. Thus, hypoxia tolerance in naked mole-rats resulting from oxygen-conserving fructose utilization, cannot be easily reproduced in humans.