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1
Wang, Dingyang, Sungwon Yoo, and Sung Ho Cho. "Experimental Comparison of IR-UWB Radar and FMCW Radar for Vital Signs." Sensors 20, no. 22 (November 23, 2020): 6695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20226695.
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In this paper, we compare the performances of impulse radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) and frequency modulation continuous wave (FMCW) radars in measuring noncontact vital signs such as respiration rate and heart rate. These two type radars have been widely used in various fields and have shown their applicability to extract vital signs in noncontact ways. IR-UWB radar can extract vital signs using distance information. On the other hand, FMCW radar requires phase information to estimate vital signs, and the result can be enhanced with Multi-input Multi-output (MIMO) antenna topologies. By using commercial radar chipsets, the operation of radars under different conditions and frequency bands will also affect the performance of vital sign detection capabilities. We compared the accuracy and signal-to-noise (SNR) ratios of IR-UWB and FMCW radars in various scenarios, such as distance, orientation, carotid pulse, harmonics, and obstacle penetration. In general, the IR-UWB radars offer a slightly better accuracy and higher SNR in comparison to FMCW radar. However, each radar system has its own unique advantages, with IR-UWB exhibiting fewer harmonics and a higher SNR, while FMCW can combine the results from each channel.
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Cha, Kyuho, Sooyoung Oh, Hayoung Hong, Hongsoo Park, and Sun K. Hong. "Detection of Electronic Devices Using FMCW Nonlinear Radar." Sensors 22, no. 16 (August 15, 2022): 6086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22166086.
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Nonlinear radars can be utilized to detect electronic devices, which are difficult to detect with conventional radars due to their small radar cross sections (RCS). Since the receiver in a nonlinear radar is designed to only receive harmonic or intermodulated echoes from electronic devices, it is able to separate electronic devices from non-electronic scatters (clutter) by rejecting their echoes at fundamental frequencies. This paper presents a harmonic-based nonlinear radar scheme utilizing frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) signals for the detection of various electronic devices at short range. Using a laboratory experiment setup for FMCW radar at S-band for Tx (C-band for Rx), measurements are carried out to detect electronic devices of various sizes. The results show that the detection of small electronic devices is possible with nonlinear FMCW radar when appropriate system parameters are selected. Furthermore, we also discuss the maximum detectable range estimation for electronic targets using the radar range equation for FMCW nonlinear radar.
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Caffa, Mattia, Francesco Biletta, and Riccardo Maggiora. "Binary-Phase vs. Frequency Modulated Radar Measured Performances for Automotive Applications." Sensors 23, no. 11 (June 1, 2023): 5271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23115271.
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Radars have been widely deployed in cars in recent years, for advanced driving assistance systems. The most popular and studied modulated waveform for automotive radar is the frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW), due to FMCW radar technology’s ease of implementation and low power consumption. However, FMCW radars have several limitations, such as low interference resilience, range-Doppler coupling, limited maximum velocity with time-division multiplexing (TDM), and high-range sidelobes that reduce high-contrast resolution (HCR). These issues can be tackled by adopting other modulated waveforms. The most interesting modulated waveform for automotive radar, which has been the focus of research in recent years, is the phase-modulated continuous wave (PMCW): this modulated waveform has a better HCR, allows large maximum velocity, permits interference mitigation, thanks to codes orthogonality, and eases integration of communication and sensing. Despite the growing interest in PMCW technology, and while simulations have been extensively performed to analyze and compare its performance to FMCW, there are still only limited real-world measured data available for automotive applications. In this paper, the realization of a 1 Tx/1 Rx binary PMCW radar, assembled with connectorized modules and an FPGA, is presented. Its captured data were compared to the captured data of an off-the-shelf system-on-chip (SoC) FMCW radar. The radar processing firmware of both radars were fully developed and optimized for the tests. The measured performances in real-world conditions showed that PMCW radars manifest better behavior than FMCW radars, regarding the above-mentioned issues. Our analysis demonstrates that PMCW radars can be successfully adopted by future automotive radars.
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Bhutani, Akanksha, Sören Marahrens, Michael Gehringer, Benjamin Göttel, Mario Pauli, and Thomas Zwick. "The Role of Millimeter-Waves in the Distance Measurement Accuracy of an FMCW Radar Sensor." Sensors 19, no. 18 (September 12, 2019): 3938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19183938.
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High-accuracy, short-range distance measurement is required in a variety of industrial applications e.g., positioning of robots in a fully automated production process, level measurement of liquids in small containers. An FMCW radar sensor is suitable for this purpose, since many of these applications involve harsh environments. Due to the progress in the field of semiconductor technology, FMCW radar sensors operating in different millimeter-wave frequency bands are available today. An important question in this context, which has not been investigated so far is how does a millimeter-wave frequency band influence the sensor accuracy, when thousands of distance measurements are performed with a sensor. This topic has been dealt with for the first time in this paper. The method used for analyzing the FMCW radar signal combines a frequency- and phase-estimation algorithm. The frequency-estimation algorithm based on the fast Fourier transform and the chirp-z transform provides a coarse estimate of the target distance. Subsequently, the phase-estimation algorithm based on a cross-correlation function provides a fine estimate of the target distance. The novel aspects of this paper are as follows. First, the estimation theory concept of Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB) has been used to compare the accuracy of two millimeter-wave FMCW radars operating at 60 GHz and 122 GHz. In this comparison, the measurement parameters (e.g., bandwidth, signal-to-noise ratio) as well as the signal-processing algorithm used for both the radars are the same, thus ensuring an unbiased comparison of the FMCW radars, solely based on the choice of millimeter-wave frequency band. Second, the improvement in distance measurement accuracy obtained after each step of the combined frequency- and phase-estimation algorithm has been experimentally demonstrated for both the radars. A total of 5100 short-range distance measurements are made using the 60 GHz and 122 GHz FMCW radar. The measurement results are analyzed at various stages of the frequency- and phase-estimation algorithm and the measurement error is calculated using a nanometer-precision linear motor. At every stage, the mean error values measured with the 60 GHz and 122 GHz FMCW radars are compared. The final accuracy achieved using both radars is of the order of a few micrometers. The measured standard deviation values of the 60 GHz and 122 GHz FMCW radar have been compared against the CRLB. As predicted by the CRLB, this paper experimentally validates for the first time that the 122 GHz FMCW radar provides a higher repeatability of micrometer-accuracy distance measurements than the 60 GHz FMCW radar.
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Park, Kyungeun, Jeongpyo Lee, and Youngok Kim. "Deep Learning-Based Indoor Two-Dimensional Localization Scheme Using a Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave Radar." Electronics 10, no. 17 (September 5, 2021): 2166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10172166.
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In this paper, we propose a deep learning-based indoor two-dimensional (2D) localization scheme using a 24 GHz frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar. In the proposed scheme, deep neural network and convolutional neural network (CNN) models that use different numbers of FMCW radars were employed to overcome the limitations of the conventional 2D localization scheme that is based on multilateration methods. The performance of the proposed scheme was evaluated experimentally and compared with the conventional scheme under the same conditions. According to the results, the 2D location of the target could be estimated with a proposed single radar scheme, whereas two FMCW radars were required by the conventional scheme. Furthermore, the proposed CNN scheme with two FMCW radars produced an average localization error of 0.23 m, while the error of the conventional scheme with two FMCW radars was 0.53 m.
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Zhao, Hangyu, Yeping Lai, Yuhao Wang, and Hao Zhou. "High-Frequency Radar Cross Section of Ocean Surface for an FMICW Source." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9040427.
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The frequency-modulated interrupted continuous waveform (FMICW) has been widely used in remotely sensing sea surface states by high-frequency ground wave radar (HFGWR). However, the radar cross section model of the sea surface for this waveform has not yet been presented. Therefore, the first- and second-order cross section models of the sea surface about this waveform are derived in this study. The derivation begins with the general electric field equations. Subsequently, the FMICW source is introduced as the radar transmitted signal to obtain the FMICW-incorporated backscattered electric field equations. These equations are used to calculate range spectra by Fourier transforming. Therefore, Fourier transformation of the range spectra calculated from successive sweep intervals gives the Doppler spectra or the power spectral densities. The radar cross section model is obtained by directly comparing the Doppler spectra with the standard radar range equation. Moreover, the derived first- and second-order radar cross section models for an FMICW source are simulated and compared with those for a frequency-modulated continuous waveform (FMCW) source. Results show that the cross section models for the FMICW and FMCW cases have different analytical expressions but almost the same numerical results.
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Pal, Surendra. "FMCW – Radar Design." IETE Journal of Research 65, no. 4 (June 11, 2019): 576–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03772063.2019.1615392.
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Bhutani, Akanksha, Sören Marahrens, Marius Kretschmann, Serdal Ayhan, Steffen Scherr, Benjamin Göttel, Mario Pauli, and Thomas Zwick. "Applications of radar measurement technology using 24 GHz, 61 GHz, 80 GHz and 122 GHz FMCW radar sensors." tm - Technisches Messen 89, no. 2 (December 2, 2021): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/teme-2021-0034.
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Abstract This paper presents a review of radar applications in high-accuracy distance measurement of a target. The radars included in this review are frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar sensors operating in four different millimeter-wave frequency bands, namely 24 GHz, 61 GHz, 80 GHz and 122 GHz. The radar sensors are used to measure the distance of standard and complex targets in a short range of a few meters, thus indicating that the choice of target and the medium used for radar signal propagation also play a key role in determining the distance measurement accuracy of an FMCW radar. The standard target is a trihedral corner reflector in a laboratory-based free space measurement setup and the complex targets include a piston in an oil-filled hydraulic cylinder and a planar positioning stage used in micromachining. In each of these measurement scenarios, a distance measurement accuracy in micrometer range is achieved due to the use of a sophisticated signal processing algorithm that is based on a combined frequency and phase estimation method. The paper is concluded with a technical comparison of the accuracy achieved by the FMCW radars reviewed in this article with other related works.
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Gu, Shanshan, Guangrong Xi, Lingyu Ge, Zhong Yang, Yizhi Wang, Weina Chen, and Zhenzhong Yu. "Compressed Sensing for THz FMCW Radar 3D Imaging." Complexity 2021 (August 26, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5576782.
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A terahertz (THz) frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) imaging radar system is developed for high-resolution 3D imaging recently. Aiming at the problems of long data acquisition periods and large sample sizes for the developed imaging system, an algorithm based on compressed sensing is proposed for THz FMCW radar 3D imaging in this paper. Firstly, the FMCW radar signal model is built, and the conventional range migration algorithm is introduced for THz FMCW radar imaging. Then, compressed sensing is extended for THz FMCW radar 3D imaging, and the Newton smooth L0-norm (NSL0) algorithm is presented for sparse measurement data reconstruction. Both simulation and measurement experiments demonstrate the feasibility of reconstructing THz images from measurements even at the sparsity rate of 20%.
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Milovanovic, Vladimir. "On fundamental operating principles and range-doppler estimation in monolithic frequency-modulated continuous-wave radar sensors." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 31, no. 4 (2018): 547–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee1804547m.
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The diverse application areas of emerging monolithic noncontact radar sensors that are able to measure object?s distance and velocity is expected to grow in the near future to scales that are now nearly inconceivable. A classical concept of frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar, tailored to operate in the millimeter-wave (mm-wave) band, is well-suited to be implemented in the baseline CMOS or BiCMOS process technologies. High volume production could radically cut the cost and decrease the form factor of such sensing devices thus enabling their omnipresence in virtually every field. This introductory paper explains the key concepts of mm-wave sensing starting from a chirp as an essential signal in linear FMCW radars. It further sketches the fundamental operating principles and block structure of contemporary fully integrated homodyne FMCW radars. Crucial radar parameters like the maximum unambiguously measurable distance and speed, as well as range and velocity resolutions are specified and derived. The importance of both beat tones in the intermediate frequency (IF) signal and the phase in resolving small spatial perturbations and obtaining the 2-D range-Doppler plot is pointed out. Radar system-level trade-offs and chirp/frame design strategies are explained. Finally, the nonideal and second-order effects are commented and the examples of practical FMCW transmitter and receiver implementations are summarized.
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Stove, A. G. "Linear FMCW radar techniques." IEE Proceedings F Radar and Signal Processing 139, no. 5 (1992): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-f-2.1992.0048.
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Huang, Lidong, Xianpeng Wang, Mengxing Huang, Liangtian Wan, Zhiguang Han, and Yongqin Yang. "An Implementation Scheme of Range and Angular Measurements for FMCW MIMO Radar via Sparse Spectrum Fitting." Electronics 9, no. 3 (February 27, 2020): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9030389.
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The work presented in this paper is about implementing a frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) positioning radar and a sparse spectrum fitting (SpSF) algorithm for range and angular measurements. First, we designed a coherent FMCW MIMO radar system working in the S-band with low power consumption that consists of four transmitter and four receiver antennas and has the ability to extend its virtual aperture; thus, this system can achieve a higher resolution than conventional phased array radars. Then, the SpSF algorithm was designed for estimating the distance and angle of the targets in the FMCW MIMO radar. Due to the fact that the SpSF algorithm can exploit the spatial sparsity diversity of a signal, the SpSF algorithm that is applied in the designed MIMO radar system can achieve a better estimation performance than the multiple signal classification (MUSIC) and Capon algorithms, especially in the context of small snapshots and low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). The simulated and experimental results are used to prove the effectiveness of the designed MIMO radar and the superior performance of the algorithm.
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Geiger, Martin, Christian Wegner, Winfried Mayer, and Christian Waldschmidt. "A Wideband Dielectric Waveguide-Based 160-GHz Radar Target Generator." Sensors 19, no. 12 (June 22, 2019): 2801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19122801.
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The increasing number of radar sensors in commercial and industrial products leads to a growing demand for system functionality tests. Conventional test procedures require expensive anechoic chambers to provide a defined test environment for radar sensors. In this paper, a compact and low cost dielectric waveguide radar target generator for level probing radars is presented. The radar target generator principle is based on a long dielectric waveguide as a one-target scenery. By manipulating the field distribution of the waveguide, a specific reflection of a radar target is generated. Two realistic scenarios for a tank level probing radar are investigated and suitable targets are designed with full wave simulations. Target distances from 13 cm to at least 9 m are realized with an extruded dielectric waveguide with dielectric losses of 2 dB/m at 160 GHz. Low loss (0.5 dB) and low reflection holders are used to fix the waveguide. Due to the dispersion of the dielectric waveguide, a detailed analysis of its impact on frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radars is given and compared to free-space propagation. The functionality of the radar target generator is verified with a 160-GHz FMCW radar prototype.
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Tang, Taiwen, Chen Wu, and Janaka Elangage. "A Signal Processing Algorithm of Two-Phase Staggered PRI and Slow Time Signal Integration for MTI Triangular FMCW Multi-Target Tracking Radars." Sensors 21, no. 7 (March 25, 2021): 2296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21072296.
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In this paper, a novel signal processing algorithm for mitigating the radar blind speed problem of moving target indication (MTI) for frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) multi-target tracking radars is proposed. A two-phase staggered pulse repetition interval (PRI) solution is introduced to the FMCW radar system. It is implemented as a time-varying MTI filter using twice the hardware resources as compared to a uniform PRI MTI filter. The two-phase staggered PRI FMCW waveform is still periodic with a little more than twice the period of the uniform PRI radar. We also propose a slow time signal integration scheme for the radar detector using the post-fast Fourier transformation Doppler tracking loop. This scheme introduces 4.77 dB of extra signal processing gain to the signal before the radar detector compared with the original uniform PRI FMCW radar. The validation of the algorithm is done on the field programmable logic array in the loop test bed, which accurately models and emulates the target movement, line of sight propagation and radar signal processing. A simulation run of tracking 16 s of the target movement near or at the radar blind speed shows that the total degradation from the raw post-fast Fourier transformation received signal to noise ratio is about 2 dB. With a 20 dB post-processing signal to noise ratio of the proposed algorithm for the moving target at around a 20 km range and with about a −3.5 dB m2 radar cross section at a 1.5 GHz carrier frequency, the tracking errors of the two-dimensional angles with a 4×4 digital phased array are less than 0.2 degree. The range tracking error is about 28 m.
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Huang, Tongxing, Chaoyang Zhang, Dun Lu, Qiuyu Zeng, Wenjie Fu, and Yang Yan. "Improving FMCW GPR Precision through the CZT Algorithm for Pavement Thickness Measurements." Electronics 11, no. 21 (October 29, 2022): 3524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11213524.
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Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) application in road surface detection has been greatly developed in the past few decades, which enables rapid and economical estimation of pavement thickness and other physical properties in non-destructive testing (NDT) and non-contact testing (NCT). In recent years, with the rapid development of microwave and millimeter-wave solid-state devices and digital signal processors, the cost of Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave (FMCW) radar has dropped significantly, with smaller size and lighter weight. Thereafter, FMCW GPR is considered to be applied during pavement inspection. To improve the precision of FMCW GPR for NDT and NCT of pavement thickness, a Chirp Z-transform (CZT) algorithm is introduced to FMCW GPR and investigated in this paper. A FMCW + CZT GPR at 2.5 GHz with a bandwidth of 1 GHz was built, and laboratory and field experiments were carried out. The experimental results demonstrate that the FMCW + CZT GPR radar can obtain the sample thickness with low error and recognize subtle thickness variations. This method realizes the high precision thickness measurement of shallow asphalt pavement by FMCW radar with a narrow bandwidth pulse signal and would provide a promising low-cost measurement solution for GPR.
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Ma, Yue, Weimin Huang, and Eric W. Gill. "Bistatic High Frequency Radar Ocean Surface Cross Section for an FMCW Source with an Antenna on a Floating Platform." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8675964.
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The first- and second-order bistatic high frequency radar cross sections of the ocean surface with an antenna on a floating platform are derived for a frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) source. Based on previous work, the derivation begins with the general bistatic electric field in the frequency domain for the case of a floating antenna. Demodulation and range transformation are used to obtain the range information, distinguishing the process from that used for a pulsed radar. After Fourier-transforming the autocorrelation and comparing the result with the radar range equation, the radar cross sections are derived. The new first- and second-order antenna-motion-incorporated bistatic radar cross section models for an FMCW source are simulated and compared with those for a pulsed source. Results show that, for the same radar operating parameters, the first-order radar cross section for the FMCW waveform is a little lower than that for a pulsed source. The second-order radar cross section for the FMCW waveform reduces to that for the pulsed waveform when the scattering patch limit approaches infinity. The effect of platform motion on the radar cross sections for an FMCW waveform is investigated for a variety of sea states and operating frequencies and, in general, is found to be similar to that for a pulsed waveform.
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Xu, Zhihuo, Shuaikang Xue, and Yuexia Wang. "Incoherent Interference Detection and Mitigation for Millimeter-Wave FMCW Radars." Remote Sensing 14, no. 19 (September 27, 2022): 4817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14194817.
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Current automotive radar technology is almost exclusively implemented using frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar in the millimeter wave bands. Unfortunately, incoherent interference is becoming a serious problem due to the increasing number of automotive radars in dense traffic situations. To address this issue, this article presents a sparsity-based technique for mitigating the incoherent interference between FMCW radars. First, a low-pass filter-based technique is developed to detect the envelope of the interference. Next, the labeled regions where interference is present are considered as missing data. In this way, the problem of mitigating interference is further formulated as the restoration of the echo using L1 norm-regularized least squares. Finally, the alternating direction method of the multipliers-based technique is applied to restore the radar echoes. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the effective performance of the proposed approach. Compared to state-of-the-art interference mitigation methods, the proposed method remarkably improves the quality of radar targets.
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Luttamaguzi, Jamiiru, Akbar Eslami, Dwayne M. Brooks, Ehsan Sheybani, Giti Javidi, and Philip M. Gabriel. "Using Simulations and Computational Analyses to Study a Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave Radar." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 9, no. 1 (January 2017): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitn.2017010104.
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This paper describes a method for simulating Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave (FMCW) radar. The developments presented target classroom lectures and can form the basis of student projects. Computational analysis and simulation are critical elements of science and engineering education in which students need to acquire these competencies. FMCW radar system simulations are an example of a real-world application, invested in rich mathematical/physical content that exercise these competencies. Unlike conventional radars that operate in the time domain, FMCW radars operate in the frequency domain. Spectral and phase analyses are required to infer range and the range resolved velocity of meteorological targets such as rain or drizzle. Hence to proceed with simulations, students are first introduced to signals processing topics such as discretization and sampling of signals, Fourier Transforms, Z-transforms, and filters. Computations and the display of results are subsequently performed using Elanix System Vue and Matlab software. To aid the interpretation of the results, a brief description of FMCW physical principles of operation is provided. The computational technique is general and efficient, allowing the range-resolved radial velocity component of precipitation to be computed in real-time. Simulations of range are in excellent agreement with field test measurements of experimental, operational X-band radar currently being evaluated at NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center while computations of the range-resolved velocity component of precipitation agree with the setup conditions of the simulations.
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Samijayani, Octarina Nur, Suci Rahmatia, Vita Nur Septiyani, and Ibrahim Ibrahim. "Perancangan Software Defined Radar Untuk Radar Pulsa dan Radar FMCW." JURNAL Al-AZHAR INDONESIA SERI SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI 3, no. 3 (December 20, 2017): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.36722/sst.v3i3.220.
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<p><em>Abstrak</em> - <strong>Software Defined Radio (SDR) merupakan sistem komunikasi radio berbasis software yang saat ini mulai banyak diimplementasikan dan menunjukkan potensi yang besar. Tingginya efisiensi dalam hal biaya dibandingkan dengan sistem konvensional berbasis perangkat menjadi motivasi bagi berkembangnya konsep ini diberbagai aplikasi. Salah satu aplikasi yang dapat diterapkan menggunakan konsep SDR adalah sistem komunikasi Radar, Software Defined Radar (SDRadar). Radar berbasis software diharapkan dapat menurunkan biaya pembuatan hardware, serta dapat mendukung perancangan Radar yang dapat melakukan banyak fungsi dan lebih flexible untuk melakukan konfigurasi ulang. Radar multifungsi dapat dibangun dengan berbasis software yakni mulai dari pengaturan jenis sinyal, frekuensi operasi, hingga pada tahap pemrosesan sinyal radar. Penelitian ini merancang FMCW Radar menggunakan platform SDR. Simulasi dilakukan dengan mencoba posisi objek yang berbeda, dengan nilai SNR yang berbeda. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan implementasi konsep SDR untuk Radar dapat mendukung fleksibilitas rekonfigurasi parameter Radar. Untuk spesifik radar yang disimulasikan diperoleh bahwa SNR yang baik untuk dapat mendeteksi jarak object dengan baik (error <11%) ialah diatas 20dB. Radar dengan SNR dibawah 20 dB tidak dapat mendeteksi jarak objek dengan baik, dimana error melebihi 50%. Radar Pulsa disimulasikan menggunakan pernagkat USRP dengan factor pengkoreksi/kalibrasi 1.376, sedangkan untuk Radar FMCW masih terdapat error sebsar 70.8%.</strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong><em>Kata Kunci : </em></strong><em>SDR, SDRadar, FMCW Radar</em></p><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><em>Absract - </em><strong>Software Defined Radio (SDR) is a software-based radio communication system that is currently implemented and show great potential to be developed. The efficiency in terms of cost as compared to conventional systems which based on devices is a motivation for the development of this concept in various applications. One of the applications that can be implemented utilizing the concept of SDR is Software Defined Radar (SDRadar). Radar with software based is expected to have lower cost and support the feasibility of Radar to perform in many functions and more flexible to be reconfigured. This research implement the FMCW Radar using SDR platform. Simulations carried out by trying different object positions, with different SNR values. The simulation results show the implementation concept of SDR's Radar can support the flexibility of Radar parameter reconfiguration. For specific simulated radar shows that a suitable SNR value to detect the distance of object (error <11%) is above 20dB. Radar with SNR under 20 dB could not detect the distance of objects well, where the error exceeds 50%. Radar Pulse also simulated using USRP with factor correction or calibration factor of 1,376, while for FMCW with USRP still obtain high error of about 70.8%.</strong></p><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p><p><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong> <em>SDR, SDRadar, FMCW Radar</em>.</p>
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Schubert, Karsten, Jens Werner, and Fabian Schwartau. "Experimentelles FMCW-Radar zur hochfrequenten Charakterisierung von Windenergieanlagen." Advances in Radio Science 15 (September 21, 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-15-1-2017.
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Abstract. During the increasing dissemination of renewable energy sources the potential and actual interference effects of wind turbine plants became obvious. Turbines reflect the signals of weather radar and other radar systems. In addition to the static radar echoes, in particular the Doppler echoes are to be mentioned as an undesirable impairment Keränen (2014). As a result, building permit is refused for numerous new wind turbines, as the potential interference can not be reliably predicted. As a contribution to the improvement of this predictability, measurements are planned which aim at the high-frequency characterisation of wind energy installations. In this paper, a cost-effective FMCW radar is presented, which is operated in the same frequency band (C-band) as the weather radars of the German weather service. Here, the focus is on the description of the hardware design including the considerations used for its dimensioning.
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Okoń-Fąfara, Marta, Piotr Serafin, and Adam Kawalec. "An analysis of Chosen Image Formation Algorithms for Synthetic Aperture Radar with FMCW." International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eletel-2016-0044.
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Abstract The modelling of FMCW SAR systems, due to long signal duration time, commonly used start-stop approximation for pulsed radars causes errors in the image. Continuous motion of the radar platform results in additional range-azimuth couplings and range walk term that should be considered in processing of signal from this type of radar. The paper presents an analysis of the following algorithms: Time Domain Correlation (TDC), Range Doppler Algorithm (RDA), and Range Migration Algorithm (RMA). The comparison of the algorithms is based on theoretical estimation of their computation complexity and the quality of images obtained on the basis of real signals of FMCW SAR systems.
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Eum, Soung-Hyun, and Woo-Jin Oh. "High Resolution FMCW Level Gauge with Narrowband FMCW Radar." Journal of the Korean Institute of Information and Communication Engineering 16, no. 5 (May 31, 2012): 899–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.6109/jkiice.2012.16.5.899.
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Li, Yingchun, Qi Long, Zhongjie Wu, and Zhiquan Zhou. "Low-Complexity Joint 3D Super-Resolution Estimation of Range Velocity and Angle of Multi-Targets Based on FMCW Radar." Sensors 22, no. 17 (August 28, 2022): 6474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22176474.
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Multi-dimensional parameters joint estimation of multi-targets is introduced to implement super-resolution sensing in range, velocity, azimuth angle, and elevation angle for frequency-modulated continuous waveform (FMCW) radar systems. In this paper, a low complexity joint 3D super-resolution estimation of range, velocity, and angle of multi-targets is proposed for an FMCW radar with a uniform linear array. The proposed method firstly constructs the size-reduced 3D matrix in the frequency domain for the system model of an FMCW radar system. Secondly, the size-reduced 3D matrix is established, and low complexity three-level cascaded 1D spectrum estimation implemented by applying the Lagrange multiplier method is developed. Finally, the low complexity joint 3D super-resolution algorithms are validated by numerical experiments and with a 77 GHz FMCW radar built by Texas Instruments, with the proposed algorithm achieving significant estimation performance compared to conventional algorithms.
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Zhang, Yongqiang, Xiaopeng Li, Guilei Ma, Jinlong Ma, Menghua Man, and Shanghe Liu. "A New Model for Human Running Micro-Doppler FMCW Radar Features." Applied Sciences 13, no. 12 (June 15, 2023): 7190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13127190.
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Human body detection is very important in the research of automotive safety technology. The extraction and analysis of human micro-motion based on frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar is gradually receiving attention. Aimed at the modulation effect of human micro-motion on FMCW radar, a human running model is proposed to study human radar characteristics. According to the scattering characteristics of rigid bodies, the analytical expression of human running radar echoes is established. By using time–frequency analysis, the micro-Doppler features in the radar echoes are extracted during the running period. Under running conditions, the micro-Doppler characteristics of key components are studied. This model is applied to the real FMCW radar verification platform, and the runners are measured at a distance of 10 m. The fit rate of all parts of the human body can reach above 90%. The overall fit rate of the human model can reach up to 90.6%. The model proposed is a realistic and simple human kinematic model. This model, which can realize the real simulation of a running human body and provide strong support for human target radar echo analysis, can fill the deficiency of FMCW radar technology in the complex motion model.
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Jahn, Martin, and Andreas Stelzer. "A 120 GHz FMCW radar frontend demonstrator based on a SiGe chipset." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 4, no. 3 (April 19, 2012): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078712000323.
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This paper presents a frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar operating at 120 GHz, which features silicon–germanium (SiGe) chips that employ HBTs with 320 GHz fmax. The chipset comprises a fundamental-wave signal-generation chip with a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) that provides frequencies between 114 and 130 GHz and a corresponding dual–transceiver (TRX) chip that supports monostatic and quasi-monostatic radar configurations. The cascode amplifiers used in the TRX chip were characterized in separate test chips and yielded peak small-signal gains of approximately 15 dB. Finally, a quasi-monostatic two-channel FMCW radar frontend with on-board differential microstrip antennas was built on an RF substrate. FMCW radar measurements with frequency chirps from 116 to 123 GHz verified the functionality of the designed radar sensor.
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Stove, A. G. "Erratum: Linear FMCW radar techniques." IEE Proceedings F Radar and Signal Processing 140, no. 2 (1993): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-f-2.1993.0019.
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Yang, Lewei. "Real-time gesture-based control of UAVs using multimodal fusion of FMCW radar and vision." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2664, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2664/1/012002.
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Abstract Gesture-based control has gained prominence as an intuitive and natural means of interaction with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). This paper presents a real-time gesture-based control system for UAVs that leverages the multimodal fusion of Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar and vision sensors, aiming to enhance user experience through precise and responsive UAV control via hand gestures. The research focuses on developing an effective fusion framework that combines the complementary advantages of FMCW radar and vision sensors. FMCW radar provides robust range and velocity measurements, while vision sensors capture fine-grained visual information. By integrating data from these modalities, the system achieves a comprehensive understanding of hand gestures, resulting in improved gesture recognition accuracy and robustness. The proposed system comprises three main stages: data acquisition, gesture recognition, and multimodal fusion. In the data acquisition stage, synchronized data streams from FMCW radar and vision sensors are captured. Then, machine learning algorithms are employed in the gesture recognition stage to classify and interpret hand gestures. Finally, the multimodal fusion stage aligns and fuses the data, creating a unified representation that captures the spatial and temporal aspects of hand gestures, enabling real-time control commands for the UAV. Experimental results demonstrate the system‘s effectiveness in accurately recognizing and responding to hand gestures. The multimodal fusion of FMCW radar and vision sensors enables a robust and versatile gesture-based control interface.
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Kuptsov, V. D., S. I. Ivanov, A. A. Fedotov, and V. L. Badenko. "Radar range in multi-target mode." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2094, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 022059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2094/2/022059.
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Abstract The paper presents the theoretical simulation results of mmWave frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radars in multi-target mode. The speed of objects is determined by a segment of constant frequency, and the ranges are determined twice - by the first and second chirps of long duration, but with different deviations and frequency rise steepness. The method consists in the fact that the proposed functional with the correct speed-range pair has a minimum, which allows you to select the correct speed-range pair from the sets of speeds and ranges of all targets. The dependence of probability of multiple targets speed and range correct determination in the multi-target mode on the range of the FMCW radar has been investigated. The results can be used by developers to design optimized radars.
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Delanoë, Julien, Alain Protat, Jean-Paul Vinson, Williams Brett, Christophe Caudoux, Fabrice Bertrand, Jacques Parent du Chatelet, et al. "BASTA: A 95-GHz FMCW Doppler Radar for Cloud and Fog Studies." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 33, no. 5 (May 2016): 1023–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-15-0104.1.
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AbstractDoppler cloud radars are amazing tools to characterize cloud and fog properties and to improve their representation in models. However, commercially available cloud radars (35 and 95 GHz) are still very expensive, which hinders their widespread deployment. This study presents the development of a lower-cost semioperational 95-GHz Doppler cloud radar called the Bistatic Radar System for Atmospheric Studies (BASTA). To drastically reduce the cost of the instrument, a different approach is used compared to traditional pulsed radars: instead of transmitting a large amount of energy for a very short time period (as a pulse), a lower amount of energy is transmitted continuously. By using a specific signal processing technique, the radar can challenge expensive radars and provide high-quality measurements of cloud and fog. The latest version of the instrument has a sensitivity of about −50 dBZ at 1 km for 3-s integration and a vertical resolution of 25 m. The BASTA radar currently uses four successive modes for specific applications: the 12.5-m vertical resolution mode is dedicated to fog and low clouds, the 25-m mode is for liquid and ice midtropospheric clouds, and the 100- and 200-m modes are ideal for optically thin high-level ice clouds. The advantages of such a radar for calibration procedures and field operations are also highlighted. The radar comes with a set of products dedicated to cloud and fog studies. For instance, cloud mask, corrected Doppler velocity, and multimode products combining the high-sensitivity mode and high-resolution modes are provided.
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Yang, Xiuzhu, Xinyue Zhang, Yi Ding, and Lin Zhang. "Indoor Activity and Vital Sign Monitoring for Moving People with Multiple Radar Data Fusion." Remote Sensing 13, no. 18 (September 21, 2021): 3791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13183791.
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The monitoring of human activity and vital signs plays a significant role in remote health-care. Radar provides a non-contact monitoring approach without privacy and illumination concerns. However, multiple people in a narrow indoor environment bring dense multipaths for activity monitoring, and the received vital sign signals are heavily distorted with body movements. This paper proposes a framework based on Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) and Impulse Radio Ultra-Wideband (IR-UWB) radars to address these challenges, designing intelligent spatial-temporal information fusion for activity and vital sign monitoring. First, a local binary pattern (LBP) and energy features are extracted from FMCW radar, combined with the wavelet packet transform (WPT) features on IR-UWB radar for activity monitoring. Then the additional information guided fusing network (A-FuseNet) is proposed with a modified generative and adversarial structure for vital sign monitoring. A Cascaded Convolutional Neural Network (CCNN) module and a Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) module are designed as the fusion sub-network for vital sign information extraction and multisensory data fusion, while a discrimination sub-network is constructed to optimize the fused heartbeat signal. In addition, the activity and movement characteristics are introduced as additional information to guide the fusion and optimization. A multi-radar dataset with an FMCW and two IR-UWB radars in a cotton tent, a small room and a wide lobby is constructed, and the accuracies of activity and vital sign monitoring achieve 99.9% and 92.3% respectively. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority and robustness of the proposed framework.
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Kim, Sangdong, Bongseok Kim, Youngseok Jin, and Jonghun Lee. "Human Identification by Measuring Respiration Patterns Using Vital FMCW Radar." Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 20, no. 4 (October 31, 2020): 302–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.26866/jees.2020.20.4.302.
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This letter proposes a method of human identification that measures respiration patterns using frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar. We exploit the fact that respiration signal patterns are unique to each individual, and FMCW radar is employed to obtain the respiration information. Based on the strengths of FMCW radar, the proposed algorithm compensates for the inability to distinguish the respiration signals of multiple users, which are difficult for continuous wave radar to measure. The proposed algorithm also employs a deep neural network algorithm instead of the K-nearest neighbor algorithm that was used in a previous study. The proposed algorithm further improves the performance by using a least mean square filter in the input signal of the DNN. The experimental results show that the proposed human identification method successfully classified four persons.
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Hinz, J. O., and U. Zölzer. "A MIMO FMCW radar approach to HFSWR." Advances in Radio Science 9 (July 29, 2011): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-9-159-2011.
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Abstract. In this paper we propose one possible approach how to apply the concept of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) to monostatic Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) High-Frequency Surface Wave Radar (HFSWR) in a maritime environment. Common tasks for a HFSWR are sea-state monitoring and ship detection, where our focus is on ship detection. A limiting factor in HFSWR is the available bandwidth, which is inversely proportional to the range resolution capability of the radar and typical below 100 kHz. The question is how to extend or combine a conventional single-input multiple-output (SIMO) FMCW phased-array type radar with stretch processing and the colocated MIMO concept to "reuse" the very limited HF radar band resources. Another important question to answer is how MIMO FMCW waveforms can be separated at the receiver.
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Seo, Jiho, Jonghyeok Lee, Jaehyun Park, Hyungju Kim, and Sungjin You. "Distributed Two-Dimensional MUSIC for Joint Range and Angle Estimation with Distributed FMCW MIMO Radars." Sensors 21, no. 22 (November 16, 2021): 7618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21227618.
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To estimate range and angle information of multiple targets, FMCW MIMO radars have been exploited with 2D MUSIC algorithms. To improve estimation accuracy, received signals from multiple FMCW MIMO radars are collected at the data fusion center and processed coherently, which increases data communication overhead and implementation complexity. To resolve them, we propose the distributed 2D MUSIC algorithm with coordinate transformation, in which 2D MUSIC algorithm is operated with respect to the reference radar’s coordinate at each radar in a distributed way. Rather than forwarding the raw data of received signal to the fusion center, each radar performs 2D MUSIC with its own received signal in the transformed coordinates. Accordingly, the distributed radars do not need to report all their measured signals to the data fusion center, but they forward their local cost function values of 2D MUSIC for the radar image region of interest. The data fusion center can then estimate the range and angle information of targets jointly from the aggregated cost function. By applying the proposed scheme to the experimentally measured data, its performance is verified in the real environment test.
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Baek, Seongmin, Yunho Jung, and Seongjoo Lee. "Signal Expansion Method in Indoor FMCW Radar Systems for Improving Range Resolution." Sensors 21, no. 12 (June 20, 2021): 4226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21124226.
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As various unmanned autonomous driving technologies such as autonomous vehicles and autonomous driving drones are being developed, research on FMCW radar, a sensor related to these technologies, is actively being conducted. The range resolution, which is a parameter for accurately detecting an object in the FMCW radar system, depends on the modulation bandwidth. Expensive radars have a large modulation bandwidth, use the band above 77 GHz, and are mainly used as in-vehicle radar sensors. However, these high-performance radars have the disadvantage of being expensive and burdensome for use in areas that require precise sensors, such as indoor environment motion detection and autonomous drones. In this paper, the range resolution is improved beyond the limited modulation bandwidth by extending the beat frequency signal in the time domain through the proposed Adaptive Mirror Padding and Phase Correction Padding. The proposed algorithm has similar performance in the existing Zero Padding, Mirror Padding, and Range RMSE, but improved results were confirmed through the ρs indicating the size of the side lobe compared to the main lobe and the accurate detection rate of the OS CFAR. In the case of ρs, it was confirmed that with single targets, Adaptive Mirror Padding was improved by about 3 times and Phase Correct Padding was improved by about 6 times compared to the existing algorithm. The results of the OS CFAR were divided into single targets and multiple targets to confirm the performance. In single targets, Adaptive Mirror Padding improved by about 10% and Phase Correct Padding by about 20% compared to the existing algorithm. In multiple targets, Phase Correct Padding improved by about 20% compared to the existing algorithm. The proposed algorithm was verified through the MATLAB Tool and the actual FMCW radar. As the results were similar in the two experimental environments, it was verified that the algorithm works in real radar as well.
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PRAMUDITA, ALOYSIUS ADYA, ALDI RIFALDI DWINANDA, BAMBANG SETIA NUGRAHA, and HARFAN HIAN RYANU. "Metode Reduksi Clutter Dinamis pada Sistem Radar-Drone untuk Deteksi Tanda Vital Pernafasan." ELKOMIKA: Jurnal Teknik Energi Elektrik, Teknik Telekomunikasi, & Teknik Elektronika 12, no. 1 (January 17, 2024): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/elkomika.v12i1.148.
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ABSTRAKPengembangan radar pendeteksi tanda vital yang dikombinasikan dengan kemampuan deteksi di balik penghalang diarahkan untuk menghasilkan teknologi pencarian korban selamat di bawah reruntuhan. Elaborasi teknologi drone untuk membawa radar dalam menjangkau area yang sulit akan mendukung efektifitas penggunaan teknologi tersebut. Namun fluktuasi ketinggian terbang memungkinkan munculnya clutter dinamis. Clutter dinamis berpengaruh signifikan pada hasil deteksi. Metode untuk mengurangi clutter dinamis diperlukan dan pada paper ini diusulkan metode reduksi clutter dengan penggunaan data fluktuasi ketinggian untuk mengidentifikasi respons doppler tambahan akibat clutter dinamis. Hasil digunakan untuk mengendalikan pemfilteran akhir dari hasil deteksi fasa sinyal radar. Simulasi dan eksperimen laboratoriun dengan radar Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) telah dilakukan dan hasil menunjukkan bahwa metode usulan secara signifikan dapat memperbaiki hasil deteksi.Kata kunci: Radar, Drone, Reruntuhan, Tanda Vital, FMCW. ABSTRACTThe development of a radar for detecting vital signs combined with the ability to detect an object behind obstacles is aimed at producing technology to search for survivors buried under the rubble. Elaboration of drones for conveying a radar to reach difficult areas will support the effective use of this technology. However, fluctuations in flight altitude allow dynamic clutter to emerge. The existence of dynamic clutter has a significant influence on the detection results. A method to reduce dynamic clutter in radar altitude is needed, and this paper proposes a dynamic clutter reduction method that consists of utilizing the altitude fluctuation data itself to identify additional Doppler responses due to dynamic clutter and then used to control the post-filtering of the phase detection results. Laboratory simulations and experiments with FMCW radar have been carried out, showing that the proposed method can significantly improve the detection results.Keywords: Radar, Drone, Rubble, Vital Sign, FMCW.
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Park, Hwesoo, Minji Kim, Yunho Jung, and Seongjoo Lee. "Method for Improving Range Resolution of Indoor FMCW Radar Systems Using DNN." Sensors 22, no. 21 (November 3, 2022): 8461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218461.
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Various studies on object detection are being conducted, and in this regard, research on frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) RADAR is being actively conducted. FMCW RADAR requires high-distance resolution to accurately detect objects. However, if the distance resolution is high, a high-modulation bandwidth is required, which has a prohibitively high cost. To address this issue, we propose a two-step algorithm to detect the location of an object through DNN using many low-cost FMCW RADARs. The algorithm first infers the sector by measuring the distance to the object for each FMCW RADAR and then measures the position through the grid according to the inferred sector. This improves the distance resolution beyond the modulation bandwidth. Additionally, to detect multiple targets, we propose a Gaussian filter. Multiple targets are detected through an ordered-statistic constant false-alarm rate (OS-CFAR), and there is an 11% probability that multiple targets cannot be detected. In the lattice structure proposed in this paper, the performance of the proposed algorithm compared to those in existing works was confirmed with respect to the cost function. The difference in performance versus complexity was also confirmed when the proposed algorithm had the same complexity and the same performance, and it was confirmed that there was a performance improvement of up to five-fold compared to those in previous papers. In addition, multi-target detection was shown in this paper. Through MATLAB simulation and actual measurement on a single target, RMSEs were 0.3542 and 0.41002 m, respectively, and through MATLAB simulation and actual measurement on multiple targets, RMSEs were confirmed to be 0.548265 and 0.762542 m, respectively. Through this, it was confirmed that this algorithm works in real RADAR.
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Chen, Zhe, Debin Hou, Ji-Xin Chen, Pinpin Yan, Lei Bao, Zheying Hong, and Yuanye Zheng. "A K-Band FMCW Frequency Synthesizer Using Q-Boosted Switched Inductor VCO in SiGe BiCMOS for 77 GHz Radar Applications." Electronics 9, no. 11 (November 17, 2020): 1933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9111933.
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In this article, a fractional-N phase-locked loop (PLL) with integrated chirp generation circuit block for a 76~81 GHz frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar system is presented. Thanks to the switched inductor voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) topology, the linearity, phase noise, chirp bandwidth, and chirp rate of the FMCW synthesizer can be optimized for the short-range radar (SRR) and long-range radar (LRR) applications, with switch at ON/OFF states, respectively, according to different requirements and concerns. In this way, the proposed FMCW synthesizer shows improved phase noise for switch OFF-state, good for LRR applications, compared to the conventional single-varactor VCOs or cap-bank VCOs. The switch loss at ON-state is further decreased with the Q-boosting technique, which helps the FMCW synthesizer to simultaneously obtain a wide chirp bandwidth, steep modulation rates and good phase noise for SRR applications. The FMCW synthesizer is fabricated in 0.13 µm SiGe BiCMOS technology, occupies an area of 1.7 × 1.9 mm2, and consumes 330 mW from a 3.3 V voltage supply. Measured results show that the FMCW synthesizer can cover 25.3~27 GHz (with a frequency tripler to fully cover 76~81 GHz band), showing optimized phase noise, chirp bandwidth, linearity, and modulation rates performance. The measured K-band phase noise is −110.5 dBc/Hz for switch OFF-state, and −106 dBc/Hz for switch ON-state at 1 MHz offset. The normalized root mean square (RMS) frequency error is 518 kHz for chirp rate of ±14.6 MHz/μs and 1.44 MHz for chirp rate of ±39 MHz/μs for the 77 GHz band. Moreover, the integrated waveform generator offers fully programmability in chirp rate, duration and bandwidth, which supports multi-slope chirp generations. With a frequency tripler, the chip is well suited for the 76~81 GHz FMCW radar system.
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Yoo, Young-Keun, Chae-Won Jung, and Hyun-Chool Shin. "Unsupervised Detection of Multiple Sleep Stages Using a Single FMCW Radar." Applied Sciences 13, no. 7 (March 31, 2023): 4468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13074468.
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The paper proposes a unsupervised method for detecting the three stages of sleep—wake, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and non-REM sleep—using biosignals obtained from a 61 GHz single frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar. To detect the subject’s sleep stages based on non-learning techniques, the breathing and movement information characteristic of each sleep stage was extracted from the radar signals of the subject acquired in the sleep state and used as the feature factor tailored to the research objective. The experimental results derived from the clinical data obtained in the actual polysomnography (PSG) environment using FMCW radar show an average of 68% similarity to the actual three sleep stages observed in PSG. These results indicate the feasibility of using the FMCW radar sensor as an alternative to the conventional PSG-based method that poses multiple limitations to sleep-stage detection.
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Yoo, Kyung Ha, Jun Young Yoo, Myung Chul Park, and Yun Seong Eo. "Single Antenna Radar Sensor with FMCW Radar Transceiver IC." Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 29, no. 8 (August 2018): 632–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2018.29.8.632.
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Wu, Zibo, Yue Song, Jishun Liu, Yongyi Chen, Hongbo Sha, Mengjie Shi, Hao Zhang, et al. "Advancements in Key Parameters of Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave Light Detection and Ranging: A Research Review." Applied Sciences 14, no. 17 (September 3, 2024): 7810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14177810.
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As LiDAR technology progressively advances, the capability of radar in detecting targets has become increasingly vital across diverse domains, including industrial, military, and automotive sectors. Frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) LiDAR in particular has garnered substantial interest due to its efficient direct velocity measurement and excellent anti-interference characteristics. It is widely recognized for its significant potential within radar technology. This study begins by elucidating the operational mechanism of FMCW LiDAR and delves into its basic principles. It discuss, in depth, the influence of various parameters on FMCW LiDAR’s performance and reviews the latest progress in the field. This paper proposes that future studies should focus on the synergistic optimization of key parameters to promote the miniaturization, weight reduction, cost-effectiveness, and longevity of FMCW LiDAR systems. This approach aims at the comprehensive development of FMCW LiDAR, striving for significant improvements in system performance. By optimizing these key parameters, the goal is to promote FMCW LiDAR technology, ensuring more reliable and accurate applications in automated driving and environmental sensing.
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Shui, Hanyue, Haoran Geng, Qiong Li, Li Du, and Yuan Du. "A Low-Power High-Accuracy Urban Waterlogging Depth Sensor Based on Millimeter-Wave FMCW Radar." Sensors 22, no. 3 (February 6, 2022): 1236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22031236.
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The method of making precise measurements of remote water depth using mmWave technology has great potential for preventing urban waterlogging. To achieve waterlogging prevention, the mmWave system needs to measure the water depth change accurately with a short acquisition time. This paper demonstrates a new accurate mmWave water depth measurement system based on Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) Radar with a center frequency of 77 GHz. To improve distance resolution and lower acquisition time, the Swept Frequency-Cross Correlation (SFCC) algorithm is proposed for the first time to improve the distance computation resolution by 9× and lower time complexity from O(n·logn) to O(n) compared to traditional FFT-based FMCW radar distance computation. A prototype system equipped with a humidity sensor, a processor module and TI’s FMCW radar module is designed for monitoring urban floods in cities. Using the prototype system with the proposed SFCC, the depth measurement error is reduced from 4.5 cm to less than 5 mm, compared to the default radar post-processing algorithm embedded in the radar module.
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Jung, Chaewon, Youngkeun Yoo, Hyun-Woo Kim, and Hyun-Chool Shin. "Detecting Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders Using FMCW Radar." Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 23, no. 5 (September 30, 2023): 437–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26866/jees.2023.5.r.189.
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Polysomnography (PSG) is currently the sole method for detecting breathing disorders that occur during sleep, such as apnea and hypopnea. However, PSG monitoring is quite inconvenient for test subjects. This study proposes a non-contact method for detecting sleep-related breathing disorders that uses frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar. The proposed method effectively extracts respiratory signals from radar signals and uses the degree of reduction in the amplitude of the respiratory signals and the duration of the reduction interval as data to detect breathing disorder intervals. The experimental results show that the respiratory signals extracted using the proposed method are similar to the actual respiratory signals. Furthermore, the breathing disorder intervals detected during sleep using FMCW radar are consistent with the actual apnea and hypopnea intervals as confirmed by the PSG results. These results demonstrate that the proposed method is suitable for non-contact detection of breathing disorders during sleep using FMCW radar.
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Choi, Ho-Ik, Woo-Jin Song, Heemang Song, and Hyun-Chool Shin. "Selecting Target Range with Accurate Vital Sign Using Spatial Phase Coherency of FMCW Radar." Applied Sciences 11, no. 10 (May 15, 2021): 4514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104514.
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Respiration and heartbeat are basic indicators of the physiological state of human beings. Frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar can sense micro-displacement in the human body surface without contact, and is used for vital-sign (respiration and heartbeat) monitoring. For the extraction of vital-sign, it is essential to select the target range containing vital-sign information. In this paper, we exploit the coherency of phase in different range-bins of FMCW radar to effectively select the range-bins that contain accurate signals for remote monitoring of human respiration and heartbeat. To quantify coherency, the spatial phase coherency (SPC) index is introduced. The experimental results show that the SPC can select a range-bin containing more accurate vital-sign signals than conventional methods. This result demonstrates that the proposed method is accurate for monitoring of vital signs by using FMCW radar.
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Cho, Yong-Ho, Dae-Young Cho, and Hak-lim Ko. "Compressed Sensing-Based FMCW Radar Detector." Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences 43, no. 5 (May 31, 2018): 866–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.7840/kics.2018.43.5.866.
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Bouhlel, Nizar, Stephane Meric, Claude Moullec, and Christian Brousseau. "FMCW RADAR SYSTEM FOR TRANSPONDER IDENTIFICATION." Progress In Electromagnetics Research B 81 (2018): 101–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierb18032007.
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Lees, M. L. "Digital beamforming calibration for FMCW radar." IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 25, no. 2 (March 1989): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/7.18690.
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Kenefic, R. J. "Performance of an FMCW radar sensor." IEEE Transactions on Communications 40, no. 11 (1992): 1675–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/26.179929.
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Siddiq, Kashif, Mervyn K. Hobden, Steve R. Pennock, and Robert J. Watson. "Phase Noise in FMCW Radar Systems." IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 55, no. 1 (February 2019): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taes.2018.2847999.
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Jaud, Marion, Raphaël Rouveure, Patrice Faure, and Marie-Odile Monod. "Methods for FMCW radar map georeferencing." ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 84 (October 2013): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2013.07.002.
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Olver, A. D., and L. G. Cuthbert. "FMCW radar for hidden object detection." IEE Proceedings F Communications, Radar and Signal Processing 135, no. 4 (1988): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-f-1.1988.0042.
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