Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'FNA technique'

This dissertation describes a new simulation technique for an automatic test generation system, SCIRTSS version 4.0 (Sequential Circuit Test Sequence System). This test generation system is driven by the hardware compiler AHPL, a Hardware Programming Language, and an intelligent heuristic-based search for test vector generation. Using a fault-injection gate-level simulator and the generated test vector, all the faulty states of the circuit are simulated in parallel and the simulator is thus able to find all detected faults by a particular input sequence. The major objective of this research was to develop a faster replacement for the existing simulation process. The philosophy of divide and conquer is used in the development of the new simulation technique. Sequential networks are divided into combinational sub-networks, and, if necessary, the combinational sub-networks are further reduced into fan-out free regions. Thus, the problem is reduced to a relatively simple combinational one. In addition to the classical faults, the new simulator attempts to detect CMOS stuck-open faults. Several circuits were tested under SCIRTSS 4.0 using both the existing and the new simulation techniques. The results are listed in this paper to verify superiority of the new simulation technique.

The goal of this thesis was to improve the energy efficiency of building ventilation systems by exploring new methods of applying natural ventilation concepts. Strictly natural systems have limitations in which climates they can function or can provide optimal performance; these limitations lead to the use of mechanical or hybrid ventilation. This study looked at methods of combining the operation of the systems, such that the natural components improve the efficiency of the mechanical system.

Soil organic carbon represents the largest constituent of the global C pool and carbon budgets are studied by researchers and modelers in C cycling, global climate change, and soil quality studies. Pedon and soil interpretation record databases are used with soil and ecological maps to estimate regional SOC even though these databases are rarely complete for surface litter and mineral subsurface horizons. The first main objective of the project is to improve the ability to produce soil organic carbon estimates from existing spatial soils datasets, such as STATSGO. All records in the STATSGO Layer table that were incomplete or appeared to be incorrectly filled with a null or zero value were considered invalid. Data sorting procedures and texture lookup tables were used to identify exiting correct (valid) data entries that were used to substitute invalid records. STATSGO soil property data were grouped by soil order, MLRA, layer number, and texture to produce replacement values for all invalid data used to calculate mass SOC. Grouping criteria was specific to each variable and was based on texture designations. The resulting filled and unfilled tables were used with procedures assuming Normal and Lognormal distribution of parameters in order to analyze variation of mass SOC estimates caused by using different computation techniques. We estimated mass SOC to 2 m in Maine and Minnesota using filled and unfilled STATSGO data tables. Up to 54% of the records in Maine and up to 80% of the records in Minnesota contained null or zero values (mostly in fields related to rock fragments) that were replaced. After filling, the database resulted in 1.5 times higher area-weighted SOC. SOC calculated using the Normal distribution assumption were 1.2 to 1.5 times higher than those using the Lognormal transformation. SOC maps using the filled tables had more logical geographic SOC distribution than those using unfilled tables. The USDA Forest Service collects and maintains detailed inventory data for the condition and trends of all forested lands in the United States. A wide range of researchers and landowners use the resulting Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) database for analytical and decision making tasks. FIA data is available to the public in transformed or aggregate format in order to ensure confidentiality of data suppliers. The second main objective of this project was to compute SOC (kg m-2) results by FIA forest type and forest type group for three depth categories (25 cm, 1 m, and 2 m) at a regional scale for the 48 contiguous United States. There were four sets of results derived from the filled STATSGO and FIA datasets for each depth class by region: (1) SOC computed by the Lognormal distribution approach for (1a) all soil orders, (1b) without Histosols; and (2) SOC computed by the Normal distribution approach for (2a) all soil orders, (2b) without Histosols. Two spatial forest cover datasets were relevant to this project, FIA and AVHRR. We investigated the effects of FIA inventory data masking for Maine and Minnesota, such as plot coordinates rounding to the nearest 100 arc-second, and the use of 1 km resolution satellite-derived forest cover classes from AVHRR data, on SOC estimates to 2 m by forest type group. SOC estimates by soil mapping unit were derived from fixed STATSGO database tables and were computed by the Lognormal distribution approach including all soil orders. The methods in this study can be used for a variety of ecological and resource inventory assessments and the automated procedures can be easily updated and improved for future uses. The procedures in this study point out areas that could benefit the most during future revisions of STATSGO. The resulting SOC maps are dynamic and can be rapidly redrawn using GIS whenever STATSGO spatial or tabular data undergo updating. Use of pedon data to define representative values for all properties in all STATSGO layers and correlation of STATSGO layers to soil horizons will lead to vast improvement of the STATSGO Layer table and promote its use for mass SOC estimation over large regions.<br>Master of Science

This Thesis deals with the fans, their properties and characteristics. The Project part is about design of the HVAC equipment in the centralised and decentralised option for the assigned building. The Project part is focused on the design and evaluation of the fans more specifically. The Experimental part is about measurement of parameters and characteristics of the fans. The results are analyzed and compared. The results are compared with current energy efficiency reguirements for fans.

Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.<br>Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

Four dimensional imaging has become part of the standard of care for diagnosing and treating non-small cell lung cancer. In radiotherapy applications 4D fan-beam computed tomography (4D-CT) and 4D cone-beam computed tomography (4D-CBCT) are two advanced imaging modalities that afford clinical practitioners knowledge of the underlying kinematics and structural dynamics of diseased tissues and provide insight into the effects of regular organ motion and the nature of tissue deformation over time. While these imaging techniques can facilitate the use of more targeted radiotherapies, issues surrounding image quality and accuracy currently limit the utility of these images clinically. The purpose of this project is to develop methods that retrospectively compensate for anatomical motion in 4D-CBCT and correct motion artifacts present in 4D-CT to improve the image quality of reconstructed volume and assist in localizing respiration-influenced, diseased tissue and mobile structures of interest. In the first half of the project, a series of motion compensation (MoCo) workflow methods incorporating groupwise deformable image registration and projection-warped reconstruction were developed for use with 4D-CBCT imaging. In the latter half of the project, novel motion artifact observation and artifact- weighted groupwise registration-based image correction algorithms were designed and tested. Both deliverable components of this project were evaluated for their ability to enhance image quality when applied to clinical patient datasets and demonstrated qualitative and quantitative improvements over current state-of-the-art.

Different techniques were studied to evaluate the presence of different microorganisms that played important roles in decay processes of historic stones. In that scope, limestones and sandstones from Nemrut Mount Monument, and marbles and andesites from Temple of Augustus were studied. For measurement of enzymatic activity, fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis method previously applied to assess soil microbial activity was carried out. Total microflora method based on countings of colony number was conducted for determination of the level of bacterial and fungal activity of stones. ATP bioluminescence method, developed for the field of hygiene monitoring, was carried out in order to detect global metabolic activity degree in historic stones. Most probable number (MPN) method was carried out to detect the number of microbial cells, namely nitrifying and sulphur oxidising bacteria which could take part in the decay processes. Moreover, fungi identification was done for determining occurance of detrimental species. Presence of lichenic and algal zones existed on stones of Nemrut Mount Monument and the presence of black discolorations on stones of Temple of Augustus was common. Results have shown that the bacterial and fungal activity was low, however considerable quantity of FDA hydrolyses has shown the importance of algal population in the stones of two studied historical sites. This study has proved that FDA hydrolyses, total microflora and MPN method were efficient for the evaluation of biodeterioration in historic stones.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a Punção Aspirativa por Agulha Fina (PAAF) em diferentes técnicas de coloração, em lesões nodulares de cavidade oral e região de cabeça e pescoço, quanto a sua sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia, nas colorações de Panótico, Papanicolau e Hematoxilina-Eosina . Foram selecionados 46 pacientes consecutivamente que procuraram a Clínica da Disciplina de Estomatologia Clínica da FOUSP, portadores de lesões nodulares em cavidade oral e região de cabeça e pescoço. Como critérios de inclusão foram selecionados pacientes de ambos os sexos, todas as etnias, acima dos 5 anos de idade, sem restrição de comorbidades e que foram realizadas PAAF com confirmação diagnóstica pela biópsia. Como critérios de exclusão da pesquisa estão os pacientes abaixo dos 5 anos de idade e pacientes que foram somente submetidos a PAAF sem confirmação diagnóstica pela biópsia. O material obtido pela PAAF foi enviado em 6 lâminas diferentes, corados pelo método de Panótico, Papanicolau e Hematoxilina-Eosina a um mesmo patologista apenas com o diagnóstico clínico. Após a emissão do laudo da PAAF, o laudo do anátomo patológico era emitido, servindo como padrão ouro. Após os cálculos, o resultado da sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia para o método de coloração com o Panótico foram de 28,6%, 76%, 15,4, respectivamente, para o método de coloração com o Papanicolau foram de 71,4%, 76,7%, 23,3%, respectivamente e para o método de coloração com a Hematoxilina-Eosina foram de 82,1%, 23,3%, 28,6%, respectivamente. Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa na proporção de sensibilidade, especificidade e acurácia entre as diferentes técnicas de coloração (X2 13,27, p=0,01). Podemos concluir que, na metodologia do presente estudo, as colorações de Hematoxilina-Eosina e Papanicolau demonstraram a mesma sensibilidade, para diagnosticar neoplasias malignas. A coloração de Hematoxilina-Eosina demonstrou uma melhor especificidade para diagnosticar neoplasias benignas, quando comparadas com a colorações de Papanicolau e Panótico. A coloração de Hematoxilina-Eosina demonstrou uma melhor acurácia, para dar diagnóstico definitivo, seguida das colorações de Papanicolau e Panótico.<br>The present study aimed to evaluate the Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy in different staining techniques in nodular lesions of the oral cavity and head and neck region, as their sensitivity, specificity and accuracy, staining with Panoptic, Papanicolaou and Hematoxylin-Eosin. 46 patients who sought the Clinic of the Discipline of Clinical Stomatology at FOUSP were selected consecutively, with nodular lesions in the oral cavity and head and neck region. Inclusion criteria were patients of both sexes, all ethnicities, above 5 years-old, with no restriction of comorbidities and FNAB performed with confirmation by biopsy. Exclusion criteria were patients under 5 years-old and patients who only underwent FNAB without confirmation by biopsy. The material obtained by FNAB was sent on 6 different slides, stained by the method of Panoptic, Papanicolaou and Hematoxylin-Eosin, to the same pathologist only with the clinical diagnosis. After the final report of FNAB, the biopsy report was issued, serving as gold standard. After the calculations, the results of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for Panoptic staining were 28.6%, 76% and 15.4%, respectively. The result of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for Papanicolaou staining were 71,4%, 76.7% and 23.3%, respectively. The result of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for Hematoxylin-Eosin staining were 82.1%, 23.3%, 28.6%, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the proportion of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy between the different staining techniques (X2 13.27, p = 0.01). We can conclude, in the methodology of this study that, Hematoxylin-Eosin and Papanicolaou stains showed the same sensitivity of diagnosing malignant neoplasms. The Hematoxylin-Eosin stain showed a better specificity for diagnosing benign neoplasms, compared with Papanicolaou and Panoptic stains. Hematoxylin-eosin stain showed better accuracy, to give definitive diagnosis, followed by Papanicolaou and Panoptic stains.

Artificial intelligence techniques have been widely used for prediction in various areas of sciences and engineering. In the thesis, applications of AI techniques are studied to predict the dilution of industrial outfall discharges. The discharge of industrial effluents from the outfall systems is broadly divided into two categories on the basis of density. The effluent with density higher than the water receiving will sink and called as negatively buoyant jet. The effluent with density lower than the receiving water will rise and called as positively buoyant jet. The effluent discharge in the water body creates major environmental threats. In this work, negatively buoyant jet is considered. For the study, ANFIS model is taken into consideration and incorporated with algorithms such as GA, PSO and FFA to determine the suitable model for the discharge prediction. The training and test dataset for the ANFIS-type models are obtained by simulating the jet using the realizable k-ε turbulence model over a wide range of Froude numbers i.e. from 5 to 60 and discharge angles from 20 to 72.5 degrees employing OpenFOAM platform. Froude number and angles are taken as input parameters for the ANFIS-type models. The output parameters were peak salinity (Sm), return salinity (Sr), return point in x direction (xr) and peak salinity coordinates in x and y directions (xm and ym). Multivariate regression analysis has also been done to verify the linearity of the data using the same input and output parameters. To evaluate the performance of ANFIS, ANFIS-GA, ANFIS-PSO, ANFIS-FFA and multivariate regression model, some statistical parameters such as coefficient of determination (R2), root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and average absolute deviation in percentage are determined. It has been observed that ANFIS-PSO is better in predicting the discharge characteristics.

La toxicite d'un element ne depend pas seulement de sa concentration totale mais egalement de sa forme chimique et/ou de son degre d'oxydation. La necessite d'identifier mais aussi de quantifier les especes chimiques a des teneurs inferieures ou egales au ng/ml a conduit a developper diverses methodologies appropriees. Le couplage fia/icp-aes apparait comme un outil simple et interessant pour repondre a ces besoins. Le passage de l'echantillon sur une microcolonne avant detection permet d'une part de preconcentrer et/ou de separer les elements a l'etat de trace des elements majeurs de la matrice, d'autre part de realiser la speciation de plusieurs especes. Le present travail decrit la mise au point de trois applications dans ce domaine: 1) la preconcentration du plomb dans l'eau potable: comparaison de deux colonnes; 2) la preconcentration multielementaire; 3) la speciation de differentes especes de l'arsenic. Les deux premieres etudes ont montre que par cette methode, la sensibilite de detection est amelioree d'un facteur compris entre 10 et 50 par rapport a une nebulisation en continu de l'echantillon pour une douzaine d'elements (cd, co, cr, fe, mn, mo, ni, pb, ti, v, zn). Enfin dans la troisieme application, avec deux resines echangeuses d'anions, nous avons mis au point les separations: 1) a ph=4 de l'arsenite et de l'arseniate; 2) a ph=11 des especes les plus toxiques (arsenite et arseniate) des especes non toxiques (arsenobetaine et arsenocholine)

Le bruit tonal d’interaction rotor-stator, généré par l’impact des sillages issus des pales d’un rotorsur la grille d’aubes d’un stator redresseur, contribue de manière déterminante au bruit d’origineaérodynamique des turbomachines axiales carénées, qui équipent une large part des systèmes de propulsionaéronautique et de conditionnement d’air. La prédiction du bruit par l’utilisation de simulationsnumériques demeure onéreuse, notamment dans les premières phases de conception lorsque de nombreusesconfigurations doivent être testées. Dans cette optique, l’approche analytique choisie dans cettethèse apporte une alternative tout à fait appropriée. Les modèles analytiques basés sur une fonctionde réponse aéroacoustique de profil isolé ne permettent pas de reproduire l’effet de grille engendrépar le nombre important d’aubes de stator. Inversement, de fortes approximations sont nécessairespour décliner les fonctions de réponse de grilles d’aubes existantes dans des configurations tridimensionnelles.Le formalisme proposé, basé sur la méthode de raccordement modal, permet d’introduiresimplement l’effet de grille dans une géométrie annulaire d’étage rotor-stator. Un modèle de réponse degrille rectilinéaire bidimensionnel est tout d’abord présenté pour la transmission d’ondes acoustiques àtravers le stator ainsi que pour la génération de bruit par l’impact de rafales hydrodynamiques. Dansce cadre, une analyse linéaire et non visqueuse est considérée, pour laquelle les modes acoustique ettourbillonnaire d’un gaz sont couplés par le biais des frontières rigides. Les perturbations de vitessesliées aux sillages sont modélisées comme des rafales convectées. Leur impact sur la grille de statorgénère des ondes acoustiques se propageant en amont, en aval ainsi que dans les espaces inter-aubesdu stator, vu comme un réseau périodique de guides d’ondes. Les sections de bords d’attaque et defuite des aubes sont considérées comme des interfaces sur lesquelles la continuité des fluctuations depression, de vitesse axiale et de vorticité est vérifiée. Un système d’équations est ainsi obtenu, puisrésolu par des projections sur les bases modales du conduit et des inversions matricielles. Le champacoustique rayonné est ainsi déterminé uniformément dans tout le domaine. Les résultats issus de cesmodélisations sont comparés à ceux des fonctions de réponse de grilles d’aubes rectilinéaires issues dela littérature, montrant un très bon accord avec les modèles basés sur la technique de Wiener-Hopf. Leformalisme est par la suite étendu aux grilles annulaires par l’ajout de fonctions de Bessel comme fonctionsde forme radiale exprimant les effets tridimensionnels. Finalement, une procédure est présentéepour rendre compte de l’hétérogénéité des aubes de stator, caractéristique des nouvelles architecturesde turbomachines. Cette méthodologie est basée sur l’emploi conjoint du principe du dipôle de bordd’attaque et de la fonction de réponse aéracoustique de la grille de stator à l’aide de la technique deraccordement modal. Le principe de dipôle de bord identifie le chargement instationnaire des aubesinduit par l’impact de rafales hydrodynamiques, calculé par le formalisme d’Amiet, avec la trace duchamp de pression acoustique produit par un dipôle placé au voisinage du bord de l’aube. Les prédictionsissues de ce modèle, appliqué dans un cadre bidimensionnel, sont ensuite comparées à des mesuresobtenues pendant la campagne d’essais du projet SEMAFOR<br>The rotor-stator wake-interaction tonal noise, generated by the impingement of rotor wakes onoutlet guide vanes, plays a crucial role in the aerodynamic noise of axial-flow ducted fan stages. Thelatter are widely used in most aeronautic propulsion and air-conditioning systems. The noise predictionby means of numerical simulations remains expensive, especially at the preliminary design stage whennumerous configurations must be tested. In this respect, the analytical approach chosen in this thesisprovides a well suited alternative. The analytical modeling based on an isolated-airfoil response functioncan not reproduce the cascade effect introduced by the large number of stator vanes. Conversely, drasticapproximations are required to extend the current cascade response functions to three-dimensionalconfigurations. The proposed modeling based on the mode-matching technique simply introduces thecascade effect in an annular rotor-stator stage. A rectilinear cascade response function is firstly presentedto account for the acoustic transmission through the stator along with the wake-interaction noise.In this context, a linearized and non-viscous analysis is carried out, in which the acoustic and vorticalmodes of a gas are coupled at rigid physical boundaries. The velocity perturbations issued from thewakes are written as a sum of convected gusts. Their impingement on the cascade of vanes generatesacoustic waves propagating upstream, downstream of the cascade, as well as inside the inter-vane channelsof the stator, seen as a periodic array of bifurcated waveguides. The duct cross sections at theleading-edge and the trailing-edge of the vanes are seen as interfaces on which the continuity of thefluctuating pressure, axial velocity and vorticity is fulfilled. A system of linear equations is obtained,then solved by means of modal projections and matrix inversions. The acoustic field is then uniformlycalculated in the whole domain. Comparisons with rectilinear cascade response functions show a verygood agreement with predictions based on the Wiener-Hopf technique. The configuration of an annularcascade is addressed by introducing the Bessel functions as radial shape functions, expressing threedimensionaleffects. Finally, a procedure is presented to account for the heterogeneity of the statorvanes, typical of modern fan architectures. This approach is based on the combinaison of the leadingedgedipole principle and the cascade response function derived from the mode-matching technique.The edge-dipole principle identifies Amiet’s solution for the unsteady loading and the radiation of adipole approached very close to the edge of a half plane. The predictions provided by this modeling,applied in a two-dimensional configuration, are finaly compared to measurements performed in the testcampaign of the SEMAFOR project

Des membranes ionosensibles de capteurs isfet peuvent etre obtenues par greffage chimique de fonctions organiques sur l'isolant. La fabrication de ces membranes doit etre optimisee. La taille reduite de la partie sensible des isfet (1. 10##8 m#2) limite le choix des techniques et oblige a utiliser des substrats modeles: heterostructures si/sio#2 et silicium poreux oxyde. Trois techniques d'analyse ont ete utilisees: la spectroscopie de photoelectrons x (xps), l'analyse par activation neutronique (naa) et la chromatographie en phase gazeuse. Nous avons pu definir ainsi: 1) le protocole de preparation et de decontamination de l'oxyde, 2) la cinetique de formation des groupes -oh, a la surface de la silice, 3) les parametres qui determinent l'obtention des couches denses et reproductibles (temperature de greffage, volatilite et type de reactif), 4) une relation entre la reponse electrique v#b#p/ph en fonction du nombre de sites -oh disponibles a la surface et de l'hydrophobicite de la phase greffee. Enfin, au niveau des applications, l'adaptation d'un isfet ph comme detecteur a ete realisee pour un systeme d'analyse en flux continu (f. I. A. ) pour la mesure du ph et le dosage des ions ammoniums dans l'eau des rivieres

This thesis is focused on the use of the Diffusive Gradient in thin film (DGT) technique for the analysis of bioavailable mercury and other trace metals in water and soil. Homemade DGT devices using a selective ion-exchange resin, and a polyacrylamide gel as the diffusive layer using an open resin (>5 nm), have been used to determine the labile Hg in different aquatic systems, concretely in the Ebro river (Spain) and Tully river (Australia). Besides, a new design of DGT using a bis-acrylamide as a restricted layer (<1 nm) has been performed to determine different species of Hg in agricultural soils. On the other hand, using Chelex-100 as the resin in the DGT devices allowed the analysis of bioavailable trace metals and further correlation with the plant uptake, specifically by lettuces (Lactuca sativa)<br>Aquesta tesi està basada en l’aplicació de la tècnica de Gradient de Difusió en capa fina (DGT) per a l’avaluació de la biodisponibilitat del mercuri i altres metalls en agua i sòl. Es van realitzar dispositius DGT al laboratori basats en una resina selectiva, juntament amb poliacrilamida com la capa de difusió, anomenat de “capa oberta” (>5 nm), utilitzats per a la determinació de mercuri biodisponible en diferents sistemes aquàtics, concretament en el riu Ebre (Espanya) i el riu Tully (Austràlia). A més, es va dur a terme un nou disseny de dispositiu DGT utilitzant bis-acrilamida, anomenat de “capa restringida” (<1 nm), per a la determinació d’espècies inorgàniques de mercuri en sistemes agrícoles. Per altra banda, s’ha utilitzat la resina Chelex-100 per a l’estudi de la biodisponibilitat d’altres metalls a més de correlacionar els resultats obtinguts amb l’absorció de metalls en planta, concretament en enciams (Lactuca sativa)

La thèse s’axe sur l’identification des propriétés mécaniques des artères faciales. Elle s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet FlowFace, qui porte sur l’étude du réseau artériel facial par Imagerie de Résonance Magnétique (IRM). Elle s’appuie sur une campagne de mesures effectuées sur un échantillon de 30 témoins au CHU d’Amiens, qui a permis d’obtenir de manière non invasive l’évolution de la déformation des vaisseaux, ainsi que la mesure des débits les parcourant. Des pressions diastoliques et systoliques ont été mesurées au niveau du bras, indépendamment des mesures IRM. L’objectif de la thèse a été de modéliser la déformation patient-spécifique des vaisseaux sanguins et de mettre en place une technique d’optimisation, afin de déterminer leurs propriétés mécaniques par analyse inverse. Des simulations du comportement des vaisseaux sanguins ont été réalisées au moyen des logiciels d’ANSYS Inc., en modélisant les interactions fluide-structure aussi bien en couplage fort que faible. L’objectif a été de déterminer les déformations pariétales induites par les conditions hémodynamiques, ainsi que les pertes de charge dans les vaisseaux considérés. Les simulations ont mis en jeu des modèles hyperélastiques grande déformation pour simuler le comportement des parois. Les déplacements prédits par le modèle numérique ont été comparés aux déplacements expérimentaux mesurés par IRM. Les propriétés mécaniques des vaisseaux ont été identifiées au moyen de la technique d’optimisation proposée dans la suite ANSYS et basée sur les algorithmes de gradient et algorithmes génétiques. La méthode d’identification a été validée sur des fantômes de vaisseaux, consistant en des tubes cylindriques en élastomère, et pour lesquelles des mesures de déformation sous écoulement pulsé ont été acquises par imagerie IRM. Les valeurs des propriétés mécaniques ainsi déterminées ont été comparées à celles obtenues par tests de traction et tests de dilatation. Un des points cruciaux de l’identification a consisté en la détermination de l’état non pré-contraint. S’il est un paramètre connu pour les fantômes de vaisseaux, il est à déterminer pour les vaisseaux natifs. Le challenge de cette thèse a aussi été de déterminer les propriétés hyperélastiques des vaisseaux sanguins à partir des valeurs systoliques et diastoliques de pression et déformation. La méthode a permis de conclure que le module tangent en diastole avoisine 200 KPa alors que celui en systole se trouve dans un intervalle entre 300 KPa et 1 MPa<br>This thesis is based on identifying the mechanical properties of facial arteries. It is part of FlowFace project, which focuses on the study of the facial arterial system by MRI imaging. It is based on a measurement campaign conducted on a sample of 30 people at the Hospital of Amiens, which allowed obtaining noninvasively the evolution of the blood vessel deformation and the measurement of the flow. Diastolic and systolic pressures were measured at the arm independently of the MRI measurements. The aim of the thesis was to model the deformation of blood vessels and to implement an optimization technique to determine their mechanical properties by inverse analysis using MRI measurements of deformation. Simulations of the behavior of the blood vessels were performed, using ANSYS Inc. software, modeling fluid-structure interactions both strong and weak coupling. The objective was to determine the parietal deformations induced by hemodynamic conditions and pressure drops in the vessels concerned. The simulations involved hyperelastic and large deflection models to simulate the behavior of the wall. They allow calculate the numerical displacements that we compared with experimental displacements measured by MRI, the aim is that the difference between numerical and experimental be as low as possible to deduce the adequate mechanical parameters for the artery. To identify the mechanical properties of the vessels, the optimization technique proposed in ANSYS based on genetic algorithms or gradient algorithms was used. The identification method was validated on cylindrical tubes (elastomer), for which deformation measurements were acquired by MRI imaging under pulsating flow. The values of mechanical properties determined were compared with those obtained by traction tests and dilatation tests. One of the crucial points of identification involves the determination of the non-stress state. If it is a known parameter for the elastic tube, it has to be determining for blood vessels. The challenge of this thesis is to determine from a "minimum" quantity of pressure and deformation information, the hyper-elastic properties of blood vessels. The method based on a patient-specific geometry deformation concluded that the tangent modulus in diastole is approximately 200kPa while that in systole is in a range of 300 kPa to 1 MPa

Reflective antennas equipped with phase array feeds (PAFs) have been proposed as part of the Square Kilometre Array reference design, since they offer a wide Field of View (FoV) and large collecting area. To achieve a contiguous FoV, and to cancel spill-over radiation, the Focal Plane Array (FPA) must sample the focal field of the reflector at least every half-wavelength at the upper operating frequency. Low-noise operation over a wide bandwidth requires appropriate impedance matching to the low-noise amplifiers, and this is a challenging research problem since the input impedance of the FPA elements can vary strongly with frequency.Advanced broadband design techniques for antenna arrays have resulted in antenna shapes getting more complex. Modelling of these antennas can only be carried out using numerical computational electromagnetic methods (CEM), and accurate modelling of complex antennas demand the full-wave analysis with fields and currents that vary in three dimensional space. The Frequency Domain Integral Equation model is adopted in this study and used via the Method of Moments (MoM) technique for simulation and modelling of the FPA. The "MoM Antenna Development Toolbox" (MoMADT), 64 bit version of the modelling software, is specifically developed in this study for designing, building and modelling of complex antenna and electromagnetic structures. MoMADT utilizes surface and volume integral equations and provides functions for generating precise meshes and accurate method of moments solutions. MoMADT enables structures to be assembled in an array formation to consist of conductive or dielectric materials, or a combination of both.Study of the wide bandwidth FPA receiver was achieved through analysis of broadband planar antenna structures. This research investigates a unique design solution for a FPA utilizing the diamond planar strip antenna elements arranged to provide three vectors of polarization (triple-polarized FPA). The most promising FPA identified is the 77 Hexagonal Diamond Tripole (HDT) array. This array yields an operating frequency range of 550 to 2100 MHz, providing bandwidth ratio of 3.8:1. It is shown that adequate impedance match can be achieved across the indicated frequency range with desired directivity and gain. In addition, the 77 HDT array offers optimized efficiency and allows the polarization to be distinguished at any angle about the axis normal to the antenna plane to within a theoretical uncertainty of ± 2.2°. This is also true for any function of the FoV allowed by the surface area of the FPA.

Orientador: Felippe Bevilacqua Prado<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T09:49:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ChavezSevillano_ManuelGustavo_M.pdf: 1186393 bytes, checksum: 63db972779fb61b2324263a1b5e39826 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015<br>Resumo: A Técnica de Expansão Palatina é usada frequentemente para corrigir a mordida cruzada posterior, atresia transversal maxilar e aumentar o perímetro da arcada dentária. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar pela análise de elementos finitos o efeito simulado da expansão palatina sobre o processo pterigoide, sincondrose esfeno-occipital e sela turca em dois crânios com relação esquelética tipo Classe II e Classe III, identificando a distribuição das tensões mecânicas nessas estruturas anatômicas. Para isso, foram selecionadas duas Tomografias Computorizadas Cone Beam de dois crânios de 13 anos de idade e com atresia transversal da maxila. Um modelo de elemento finito de cada crânio foi gerado usando os dados extraídos das imagens digitalizadas tipo DICOM. Foram obtidas imagens espiraladas em cortes de 0,25 mm. de espessura por 1mm. de intervalo das estruturas craniofaciais. Uma força de 100 Newton transversal e paralela ao plano oclusal foi aplicada ao nível do primeiro molar e primeiro pré-molar permanente superior do modelo, simulando uma situação clínica da expansão palatina. As imagens scaneadas foram visualizadas com o software Mimics V.17 para a construção dos modelos de referência em formato STL (Stereolitografia). A posterior construção das geometrias em modelos Bio-CAD foram efetuado com a ajuda do software Rhinoceros 3D 5.0. A malha de elementos finitos dos modelos foi construída no software Ansys V.14. Foram incorporadas as propriedades mecânicas do osso, sutura palatina mediana e a sincondrose esfeno-occipital em cada malha dos crânios. Para uma melhor análise dos efeitos biomecânicos os modelos de elementos finitos foram cortados sagitalmente e logo identificados pontos craniométricos para sua avaliação. A tensão equivalente de Von Mises e a Tensão máxima principal foram avaliadas e comparadas em ambos os crânios. Os resultados mostraram que a Técnica de Expansão Palatina teve um efeito direito sobre o processo pterigoide, sincondrose esfeno-occipital e sela turca na Classe II esquelética por protrusão da maxila e na Classe III esquelética por retrusão da maxila. Em geral nós observamos que o modelo Classe III mostrou maiores valores de tensões do que o modelo Classe II especialmente nas estruturas como a sincondrose esfeno-occipital e a sela turca<br>Abstract: The Palatal Expansion Technique is often used to correct the posterior cross bite, maxillary transversal colapse and increase the perimeter of the dental arch. The objective of this study was evaluate by Finite Element Analysis the biomechanics effect on the Pterygoid processes, the Spheno-occipital synchondrosis and the Sella turcica in two skulls with Class II and Class III skeletal relationship, identifying the distribution of mechanical stresses in these anatomical structures. For this, we selected two Computerized Tomography Cone Beam of skulls with 13 years old and maxillary transversal collapse. A finite element model of craniofacial structure of each skull was generated using data extracted from scanned images DICOM type. Spiral images were obtained at 0.25 mm thick by 1 mm slices range of craniofacial structures. A force of 100 Newton horizontal and parallel to the occlusal plane was applied at the level of the first molar and upper first permanent premolar model, simulating a clinical situation of the Palatal Expansion. Images scanned were viewed with Mimics V.17 software for the construction of the reference models in STL format (Stereolithography). The subsequent construction of the geometries of Bio-CAD models were made with the help of Rhinoceros 3D software 5.0. The finite element mesh of the models was built in Ansys V.14 software. The mechanical properties of bone, sutures and the spheno-occipital synchondrosis were incorporated in each mesh of skulls. In order to observe with bigger clarity the biomechanical effects, the finite-elements models were cut sagittally and then identified craniometrics points for the evaluation. The Von-Mises stress and maximum principal stress were evaluated and compared in both skulls. The results revealed that the Palatal Expansion Technique had a direct effect on the the Pterygoid processes, the Spheno-occipital synchondrosis and the Sella turcica in the Class II skeletal relationship by maxillary protrusion and in the Class III skeletal relationship by maxillary hypoplasia. In general, we observed that the Class III model presented higher values stress than the Class II model, especially in the Spheno-occipital synchondrosis and the Sella turcica structures<br>Mestrado<br>Anatomia<br>Mestre em Biologia Buco-Dental

Pour une variete algebrique v, on cherche ici a caracteriser ceux parmi les diviseurs exceptionnels d'une desingularisation de v qui apparaissent aussi sur toutes les autres. Ils sont dits essentiels relativement a v. On se pose egalement le probleme de l'existence d'une desingularisation essentielle de v, dont les diviseurs exceptionnels sont les diviseurs exceptionnels sont tous essentiels. Une variete v torique et affine est associee a un semi-groupe dans un reseau; on en etudie le systeme generateur minimal g. On montre que les diviseurs essentiels pour les desingularisations equivariantes de v sont les orbites de codimension 1 du tore determinees par les elements de g. Si v est de dimension 3, on construit une desingularisation essentielle equivariante, ou g desingularisation, a partir d'un modele terminal minimal quelconque de v. En fait, une g-desingularisation se factorise toujours par un modele terminal minimal et elle est unique lorsque v est elle-meme terminale et q-factorielle. Les demonstrations portent sur la combinatoire des eventails. Dans le cas ou le corps de base est c, on utilise des resultats dus a mori pour etablir que les diviseurs essentiels equivariants restent essentiels pour les desingularisations non equivariantes. On donne aussi les exemples d'une variete torique de dimension 4, puis d'une variete de dimension 3 terminale d'indice 1, qui ne possedent pas de desingularisation essentielle

Thesis deals with determination of layerwise mechanical properties of composite ceramics by indirect method, namely Youngs modulus. Based on literature review, it was found that a method to determine elastic properties of one or more components of multi layered composites based on experimental modal analysis and finite element modal analysis, or analytical approach exists. Method based on FE modal analysis was applied to ceramic laminate, where it was attempt to determine youngs modulus of one component. Beyond that, it was attempt to determine Youngs moduli of both components using first two bending resonant frequencies. Results were unsatisfying. Sensitivity analysis showed that layers with unknown Youngs modulus were overly sensitive to small changes in input parameters due to their small relative thickness with respect to thickness of laminate and due to location in laminate. Based on this conclusion, recommendations were made with respect to suitable geometry of test specimens.

Дисертаційну роботу присвячено вирішенню науково-прикладної задачі підвищення ефективності дворядних лопаткових вінців вентиляторів двоконтурних турбореактивних двигунів шляхом застосування решітчастих дворядних робочих коліс. Вперше отримано характеристики решітчастого дворядного робочого колеса вентилятора ТРДД методом чисельного експерименту. Показано, що застосування решітчастих дворядних РК забезпечує підвищення ефективності вентилятора, збільшує його напірність. Ступінь підвищення тиску в діапазоні режимів обертання ротору від 2202…3010 об/хв збільшується до 10 % в порівнянні з дворядним РК. Представлено дослідження частотних характеристик власних коливань однорядної, еквівалентної дворядної та решітчастих дворядних лопаток робочих коліс вентилятора ТРДД. Показано, що застосування дворядних лопаток у дослідженому вентиляторі без перегородок недопустимо у зв’язку з наявністю власних форм коливань, де відбувається перетинання лопаток першого і другого ряду. Показано, що застосування решітчастих дворядних робочих лопаток дозволяє покращити жорсткість та забезпечити надійну роботу вентилятора. Удосконалено методику вибору параметрів решітчастого дворядного робочого колеса вентилятора ТРДД з урахуванням спектру частот власних коливань. Отримала подальший розвиток теорія дворядних лопаткових вінців в частині дослідження решітчастих дворядних лопаткових вінців з великим подовженням.<br>The thesis is devoted to solving the scientific and applied problem of increasing the efficiency of tandem blade rows of fans of turbofan engines by using grid tandem impellers. For the first time, the characteristics of a grid tandem impeller are obtained by the method of numerical experiment. It is shown that the use of grid tandem impellers provides an increase in the efficiency of the fan, increases its loading. The pressure ratio increases in the range of rotor rotation speed from 2202 ... 3010 rpm increases up to 10 % compared to a tandem impellers. Investigations of the frequency characteristics of natural vibrations of a singlerow, equivalent to tandem row and grid tandem blades of the turbofan engine fan impellers are presented. It is shown that the use of tandem blades in the investigated fan without partitions is unacceptable due to the presence of natural vibration modes, in which the blades of the first and second rows intersect. It is shown that the use of grid tandem rotor blades improves rigidity and ensures reliable operation of the fan. The technique for selecting the parameters of a grid tandem turbofan engine fan impeller has been improved, taking into account the spectrum of natural vibration frequencies. The theory of tandem blade rows was further developed in terms of the study of grid tandem blade rows with a large elongation.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Medicine) in the branch of Anatomical Pathology Johannesburg, 2012<br>Objective To determine the effectiveness of the cell block technique for immunocytochemical diagnosis by comparing cytomorphologic preservation and immunocytochemistry (ICC) stains in paired cell block and conventional fine needle aspiration (FNA) samples. Study Design This was a prospective study. Material for both conventional smears and cell blocks were collected simultaneously during fine needle aspiration of 50 lesions comprising lymph node, lung and liver masses. Grading of cellularity, morphological preservation, architectural preservation, immunocytochemical staining intensity and presence of background staining were compared on paired FNA smears and cell block samples derived from the same case. Each arm of the paired analysis was performed blindly without knowledge of the grading outcome of the other. The Kappa statistic (Κ) was used to measure inter-rater agreement. Results The fifty samples evaluated included FNAs from the lung, 24/50 (48%); liver, 23/50 (46%) and lymph node, 3/50 (6%). The immunocytochemistry stains consisted of 44/50 (88%) CK7, 44/50 (88%) CK20, 18/50 (36%) TTF1, 10/50 (20%) synaptophysin, 10/50 (20%) Hepar-1 and 7/50 (14%) AE1/3. There was no overall agreement in preservation of cytomorphological detail and ICC staining between the two methods. The Papanicolaou stained conventional FNA smears fared better then cell block for the vi evaluation of nuclear and cytomorphologic characteristics; cells in the cell block were poorly preserved in many cases. The ICC stains worked better on the cell block samples due to lack of background and aberrant staining. Conclusion Conventional FNA smears and cell blocks complement each other. Our results indicate that it would be optimal to use both modalities in the diagnostic work-up of mass lesions amenable to FNA diagnosis; the former to assess morphology, and the latter for optimal immunocytochemistry results. In resource constrained settings, the cost implications of performing both conventional and blocked smears on all FNA material warrants further evaluation.

碩士<br>中原大學<br>電機工程研究所<br>106<br>This thesis presents the developments of Active Noise Control (ANC) system for reducing the noise from centrifugal fans and axial fans. By integrating several loudspeakers and microphones, using digital signal processer (DSP) to realize the single channel feedback ANC and multiple channel feedback ANC structure with Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter and Filtered-X Least Mean Square (FXLMS) algorithm, the ANC system for fans is created. To prove that there is feasibility in real products with fan and to solve the realistic fan noise problems, this thesis also presents the system integrated in real cooling fan and breathing machine. Real-time experimental results show that the proposed systems not only reduces the narrowband noise of fans but also achieves global cancellation. Then, in the end of this thesis, the method to optimize the error signal of feedback ANC system using adaptive predictor which can remain the stability of feedback ANC system with disturbance is proposed.

碩士<br>義守大學<br>機械與自動化工程學系碩士班<br>98<br>The industry, medical industry, military branches and research facilities have an increasing need for the reproducing of original part or manufacturing mock-up through reverse engineering. Applying reverse engineering technique to reconstruct the CAD models is an important part in the product development. By that we can get some experiences about the techniques of the product design and manufacturing. The axial fan simple geometric shape however to obtained the surfaces reconstruction of the CAD models for them is a difficult work, which requires experienced CAD skills. The purpose of this research is present the reverse engineering technique for the reconstruction of the CAD models for axial fan, focusing on the issues of surface reconstruction. There are three software including Trid2000, Geomagic Studio and Solidworks or Pro/E, are applied for the investigation of the surface reconstruction technique in this study. The quality of the reconstruction surfaces are discussed also with several inspection tools available in the CFD Fluent software. The availability and characteristic of all tools, including surface reconstruction and surface inspection, will be analyzed, discussed and develop detail for this research.

碩士<br>國立高雄應用科技大學<br>模具工程系<br>98<br>The characteristics of piezoelectric fans are very small, ultra lightweight, simple structure, and sensitivity that can be applied in a tiny space by cooling application. The alternating current applied across piezoelectric material and the piezoelectric effect causing the blade vibrating of mechanical strain. In this experiment, the first part is focus on the piezoelectric fan characteristics testing with various voltage and frequency parameters to measure the blade amplitude. The profile of the relationship between voltage and blade displacement had been discussed. The power consumption with the parameters is also mentioned. The flow visualization technique (PIV System) is used for second part to capture the instant air flow vector changes in a short time. It is also discover the flow phenomena of blade vibration under different piezoelectric fan drive parameters. In the experimental results, the best drive frequency of this piezoelectric fan is 60Hz, as name as system natural frequency. Thin blade will obtain the maximum tip displacement by this frequency. In the experiment of flow visualization, the blade amplitude affects air flow velocity directly. The more amplitude increase the more region of flow influence, and the maximum flow velocity attain 1.7m/s in this work. The blade vibrate induce a pair of vortices around blade tip. The blade inhaled and propulsion air flow induce jet-like at tip during a cycle. Its fast blade motion will forced to reach thermal cooling.

碩士<br>朝陽科技大學<br>資訊管理系碩士班<br>96<br>Many different contents and structures exist in constructed ontologies, including those that exist in the same domain. If extant domain ontologies can be used, time and money can be saved. However, domain knowledge changes fast. In addition, the extant domain ontologies may require updates to solve domain problems. The reuse of extant ontologies is an important topic for their application. Thus, the integration of extant domain ontologies is of considerable importance. In this paper, we propose a new method for combining the WordNet and Fuzzy Formal Concept Analysis (FFCA) techniques for merging ontologies with the same domain, called FFCA-Merge. Through the method, two extant ontologies can be converted into a fuzzy ontology. The new fuzzy ontology is more flexible than a general ontology. The experimental results indicate that our method can merge domain ontologies effectively.

碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>控制工程系<br>84<br>The purpose of this thesis is aimed at reducing the noise of air conditionerby applying the methods of active noise control (ANC) and utilizing some experiment results. In general, this thesis can be divided into three parts :First part of the thesis is a brief introduction of ANC theorem and its historical review. Besides, a summary account about the main problems that ANCencounters is presented .The second part contains mathematical formulas and algorithms used in this thesis.Internal-model principle, adaptive feedforward algorithm and adaptive internal-model algorithm are the main topics in this part. Internal-model principle is applicable to cancel noises if the noises consist of narrow-band signals with fixed frequencies.If a good coherence feedforward signal is available, then adaptive feedfword structure can attain the broad-band noise cancellation. The adaptive internal-model algorithm in combination with Youla parametrization can ensure the adaptive controller to keep up the internal stability and cancel narrow-band noises with slowly time-varying properties. Experiment results and conclusions are embodied in thethird part. Experiment results are listed in order for different experiment structures , including the in-door and out- door part of the air conditioner. Moreover,according to cancellation results, methods of further improvement arediscussed.

碩士<br>國立臺灣科技大學<br>機械工程研究所<br>83<br>This study is to investigate the sound characteristics and noise attenuation methods of the backward inclined (B.I.) centrifugal fans. To ensure a reliable experiment, a semi- anechoic chamber is set up according to ISO-3745, and all the sound intensity measurements are carried out by the procedure described in ISO-9614-1. At first, with the aid of discrete-point grid enclosing the fan housing and driving motor, the 3-D sound intensity measurement is executed to identify the noise distribution and propagation path of the whole system. The result shows that the noise contribution of motor is not significant and can be ignored. Also, most of the noise generated by the fan radiate through the openings of fan housing, such as inlet and outlet, to the surrounding. Based on this conclusion, a plenum chamber, including the multilayer insulator, absorptive lined ducts, and interference attenuator is designed to reduce the noise issuing from the auxiliary fan of the AMCA test chamber. It is found that a 24 dBA improvement is obtained for the blade passing frequency, and the broad band frequency is also reduced by 10 to 15 dBA. In addition, through experiments the noise variations of five geometric parameters of the centrifugal fan was studied. These parameters considered are: (1) cut-off clearance, (2) number of blades, (3) attachment of center body on the back plate of impeller, (4) radius clearance between inlet cone and impeller, and (5) the conical angle of inlet cone. Next, the computation of sound power and the analysis of noise spectrum are carried out. In summary, increasing the cut-off clearance is the dominant method to diminish the narrow band frequency. Besides, the attachment of center body enhances the total efficiency by 3﹪, while no obvious improvement on noise level is observed. Moreover, an extensive discussion for the influence on other parameters is provided.

碩士<br>義守大學<br>機械與自動化工程學系碩士班<br>95<br>This research demonstrates an integration of Reverse Engineering/Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Engineering/Rapid Prototyping techniques to improve the flow of design for an axial fan. The developed model has been validated to be capable to reduce the R&D time and cut-down the cost by drawing down the experiments or replacing processes. The reverse engineering (RE) technique is originally developed to reproduce the geometric model of axial fan. From theoretical view, RE technique includes two stages, which is first obtained the point clouds of outline and follow-by reproducing the CAD solid model. Both the contact and non-contact measurement schemes for point clouds of shape are properly conducted in this research. A non-contact optical instrument was introduced in this research. The contact Coordinate Measure Machine (CMM) is employed to obtain the outline point data, which are manipulated by a self-developed program designed by Visual Basic and OpenGL. From point measurement to line fitting to surface amendment and then to solid model establishment, the reverse engineering technology is an alternative to establish solid model and complicate surface that is hardly drawn by any CAD software. The difficulties encountered in this research are also concluded for further study. The performance curve of axial fan in wind tunnel simulation can then be predicted through finite volume based CFD software Fluent. A series of parametric study were performed to determine the volume distributions and the pressure distributions for overall structural of axial fan. In order to validate the original design the last analysis in this research is that fabrication of the physical prototype by a RP machine. The procedure that integrated computer aided techniques in this work has been presented and the results dramatically improve the process and reduce the time to market. This would be very useful for R&D engineers for further developments and applications on other products.

碩士<br>國立臺灣科技大學<br>機械工程系<br>93<br>This study uses the particle tracking flow visualization method (PTFV) and the particle image velocimeter (PIV) to obtain the dynamic flow patterns and quantitative velocity distributions of the exit flows of axial fan and the flow structures between neighboring fins of the CPU cooler with an axial fan installed at the top of the heat sink. Both the flow fields at the exit of the fan and between neighboring fins of the CPU heat sink are characterized by a pair of counter-rotating vortices. The existence of the vortex pair makes the flow recirculate and retard in the gap between the fins so that the heat transfer rate from the fin surfaces to the flow is phenomenologically deteriorated. In order to reduce the negative effect of the flow patterns on the heat transfer rate, various means of flow conditioners are developed, e.g., the elongated plenum chamber, the cone at exit, and the guide vanes. The PTFV and PIV are again employed to diagnose the flow patterns after application of the flow conditioners. It is found that the methods of adding a plenum chamber and installing a cone-shaped extension section behind the fan hub are not substantially effective. The recirculation bubble would not disappear in a limited length of the plenum chamber. The recirculating flow does disappear in the flow conditioner with a long cone attached behind the fan hub. However, the flow velocity around the cone becomes drastically low so that the heat transfer performance would be down-graded. The guide-van flow conditioner is the only way that can achieve the goal of straightening the flow and cause insignificant head loss. A specially designed van arrangement pattern is successfully developed. The recirculation bubble between the neighboring fins almost diminishes and the pressure drop across the conditioner is optimized. The standard test methods applied to both of the natural and the flow-conditioned cooling modules show that the currently developed flow conditioner can effectively reduce the temperature of the CPU simulator. At its optimized cases, it is possible to use a guide-van flow conditioner of only 3 mm height to decrease the temperature of the CPU simulator by around 11% when compared with its natural situation.

碩士<br>國立臺灣科技大學<br>電機工程系<br>93<br>An embedded control system (ECS) provides a specific control function to a larger system where the ECS is embedded. In distributed control applications, it is often desired to enable an ECS with communication capability for the purpose of central monitoring at the user operational side and remote control at the physical controlled plant side. This paper addresses the communication enabling technique for a Modbus-enabled fan coil unit controller geared to the HVAC systems in medium to large air conditioning spaces. Communication enabling technique studied here includes: (1) design of two separate modules of user interface and control mechanism to suit communication application context, (2) definition of communication compliant functions based on application syntax, and (3) implementation of designated communication drivers through software, thus reducing the otherwise required hardware cost. With a proposed architecture that separates user interface panel from the embedded control core, the Modbus-enabled fan coil unit controller makes it possible to control up to 256 ceiling mounted fan coil controller modules through Modbus network by just one wall mounted user interface module

博士<br>國立清華大學<br>動力機械工程學系<br>96<br>在本論文研究中，針對四種熱移除模組應用於電子冷卻上之流阻與熱傳特性作一系列理論與實驗的探討。這四種熱移除模組包含：(一)在風扇噴流衝擊下之散熱座模組(二)在風扇噴流衝擊下之散熱座結合熱電致冷器模組(三)在水冷卻下之冷板模組(四)在水冷卻下之冷板結合熱電致冷器模組。在風扇噴流衝擊下之散熱座或散熱座結合熱電致冷器模組的熱流性能之相關影響參數分別如下：穩態葛雷雪夫數(GrH)、風扇與散熱座之間隙與散熱座底部特徵長度之比值(s/Lb)、風扇噴流雷諾數(Rein)與熱電致冷器輸入電流(I)，這些參數的探討範圍是GrH=3.94x1010~ 1.54x1011，s/Lb=0~0.38，Rein=4060~7152 與 I=2~10A。在水冷卻下之冷板或冷板結合熱電致冷器模組的熱流性能之相關影響參數分別如下：穩態葛雷雪夫數(GrH)、冷板雷諾數(Recp)與熱電致冷器輸入電流(I)，這些參數的探討範圍是GrH =2606~5538，Recp=256~3205 與 I=2~10A。在研究中亦針對上述之參數在四種熱移除模組之流阻與熱傳特性上的影響作有系統地探討。 在風扇噴流衝擊冷卻部分，空氣衝擊入散熱座的流量會隨著風扇與散熱座的間隙增加而遞減，而由間隙四周流失的流量則會隨著間隙增加而遞增。在水冷卻之冷板模組研究中，本文針對其總壓降、等效摩擦因子(fe)與熱傳效能因子(j)提出了相關之新的經驗公式；在本研究中之j/fe比值則維持在0.078。局部等效熱傳係數在風扇噴流衝擊冷卻下之散熱座或散熱座結合熱電致冷器模組是呈現均勻分佈；而在水冷卻下之冷板或冷板結合熱電致冷器模組局部等效熱傳係數則是在垂直流體流動方向呈現均勻分佈，而在流體流動方向呈現遞減趨勢。在研究中亦發現在局部等效紐塞數、局部外界熱導與局部總熱導也有相同的分佈趨勢。局部和平均等效熱傳係數在風扇噴流衝擊冷卻下之散熱座或散熱座結合熱電致冷器模組會隨著風扇流速增加或是風散與散熱座的間隙減少而增加，但是與對流熱通量無關；而在水冷卻下之冷板或冷板結合熱電致冷器模組局部和平均等效熱傳係數則會隨著流體質量流率增加而增加，但是與對流熱通量無關。在研究中亦發現局部和平均等效紐塞數以及局部和平均外界熱導變化也是有相同的趨勢。對於散熱座與冷板模組之平均總熱阻是受平均外界熱阻所主導；然而對散熱座結合熱電致冷器模組與冷板結合熱電致冷器模組而言，外界平均熱阻、模組總散熱量與熱電致冷器輸入電流都是影響其平均總熱阻之重要參數。相較於散熱座模組之散熱性能，散熱座結合熱電致冷器模組最多可降低平均總熱阻達67%，而其模組最大散熱量可達29瓦；而冷板結合熱電致冷器模組相較於冷板模組，其散熱性能最多可降低平均總熱阻達76%，而模組最大散熱量則達72瓦。另外，本研究亦針對此四種散熱模組之平均等效熱傳係數、平均等效紐塞數、平均外界熱阻與平均總熱阻分別提出了新的實驗經驗公式以及新的反應曲面公式。 本研究中進一步地建立一個結合熱網路理論模型及經驗公式的半經驗方法來評估在下列三種散熱型態下散熱模組中加入熱電致冷器之熱傳性能增益效果：(一)已知模組總散熱量與最大晶片溫升之最大可應用之外界熱阻，(二)已知最大晶片溫升與外界熱阻之最大模組總散熱量，及(三)已知模組總散熱量與外界熱阻之最大晶片溫降。更值得一提的乃是在研究中針對此三種散熱型態分別提出了經驗公式來界定使用熱電致冷器而能有效提升模組熱傳效能之設計範圍。最後，本研究更成功地建立了一套有效且系統化之多設計目標與多限制條件下的最佳化方法(RSM-SQP)，來針對此四種散熱模組做一系列的散熱最佳化設計探討。

Questo studio prende il via dalla necessità in ambito industriale di evitare o perlomeno limitare il fenomeno dello stallo e i suoi effetti nocivi sulla vita delle turbomacchine rotanti. L'importanza di questo fenomeno dipende dalle problematiche che insorgono a seguito del continuo operare della macchina in zone instabili della curva caratteristica, oltre il limite di stallo per periodi prolungati o in maniera oscillatoria persistente (passando frequentemente dalla zona instabile alla zona stabile del campo operativo). Durante lo stallo la cella di stallo che si forma a ridosso della palettatura, spostandosi da una pala alla successiva, in direzione opposta al senso di rotazione, oltre a comportare una diminuzione delle prestazioni a causa dell'ingombro nell'annulus e quindi della riduzione di portata elaborata, induce delle vibrazioni all'interno del sistema. Tali vibrazioni indotte dallo stallo costituiscono una limitazione di importanza fondamentale sulle performance delle turbomacchine rotanti, in particolare nei compressori e nei ventilatori, per i quali lo stallo rappresenta una problematica persistente nella loro progettazione e sviluppo. La comprensione dei fenomeni fisici chiave che si manifestano durante lo stallo e prima, durante lo stall inception, hanno un ruolo critico nel tentativo di contenere o evitare lo stallo già in fase di progettazione o attraverso metodi di controllo attivo e passivo. Tradizionalmente i metodi di contrasto dello stallo impiegati si basano sulle tecniche di controllo passivo, e questo è vero in particolare in ambiente industriale. Queste tecniche di controllo applicate vanno a contrastare lo stallo, influenzando il flusso intervenendo su diversi fattori che possono condurre ad un recupero. In tempi più recenti per merito dello sviluppo tecnologico, le tecniche di controllo passivo stanno cedendo il passo alle tecniche di controllo attivo. Queste ultime con l'ausilio di sensori ad alta risposta e alta sensitività in combinazione con le aumentate capacità computazionali a disposizione, hanno permesso di sviluppare sistemi di controllo, di early detection e di warning che hanno l'ambizione di prevenire fenomeni dannosi legati al insorgere dello stallo, se non addirittura prevenire lo stallo stesso, andando a riconoscere i segnali che ne annunciano l'incombere. I costi economici e computazionali elevati, legati alle alte prestazioni di strumentazione e analisi, rendono queste più moderne tecnologie meno appetibili a livello industriale. Da qui è nata l'idea di implementare una catena di misura per lo stallo che fosse basata su sensori DIY (Do It Yourself). I sensori non convenzionali sono stati usati per misurare le instabilità di pressione nel campo vicino, a bordo di un ventilatore assiale a bassa velocità, su cui veniva forzato lo stallo. Si è tentato quindi di sviluppare e testare un sistema di misura che fosse in grado di acquisire i segnali a bassa frequenza tipici dello stallo, con dei sensori che hanno tipicamente un range di frequenza di acquisizione limitato rispetto a soluzioni tecnologiche più avanzate ed evolute. L'obiettivo finale era la realizzazione di un sistema di stall warning affidabile e robusto. I dati acquisiti durante lo stallo sono quindi stati analizzati con i metodi più tradizionali della auto-correlazione spettrale che, nonostante i limiti dei sensori rispetto alle frequenze di acquisizione, hanno fornito una prima validazione della bontà del sistema di misura impiegato. In aggiunta si è voluto impiegare un sistema di analisi basato sul confronto dei pattern forniti da una tecnica ispirata alla ricostruzione dello spazio delle fasi, una metodologia molto impiegata nello studio dei sistemi dinamici caotici, categoria in cui lo stallo rotante rientra pienamente. Si è infine voluta indagare l'influenza di un fenomeno secondario, quale il fouling della palettatura, rispetto allo stallo, sempre ricorrendo alla catena di misura realizzata con i sensori DIY e con i sistemi di analisi sopracitati. Il fouling è dovuto alla presenza nel flusso elaborato di particelle di polvere, polline o sporcizia. Queste particelle aderiscono alla palettatura fino a formare uno strato di deposito che è di ostacolo a regolare passaggio del flusso e altera la geometria del rotore, creando problemi di sbilanciamenti, instabilità e spostando il limite di stallo. Con il sistema di stall detection realizzato, è stato possibile identificare lo stallo e riconoscere il caso in cui fosse presente lo sporcamento sulla palettatura, in quanto si è dimostrata una variazione della dinamica dello stallo e sono stati identificati dei precursori dello stallo. Le prove sperimentali hanno confermato che il sistema realizzato rappresenta una possibile soluzione per l'individuazione dei pattern tipici dello stallo rotante e del fouling nelle turbomacchine.<br>This project starts from the need, in the industrial field, to avoid or at least limit, the stall phenomena and its harmful effects on the lifespan of rotating turbomachines. The significance of the stall phenomena depends by the issues rising as a result of the machine continuous working in the unsteady areas of the characteristic curve plane, beyond the stall limit, for prolonged periods or in a persistently oscillating way. During stall the stall cell formed on the blades, moves from a blade to the next in the opposite direction in respect to the blades rotating direction. The moving stall cell, besides leading to a reduction of the performance due to the annulus obstruction (and flow rate reduction) induces vibrations that are transmitted to the whole system. Such vibrations induced by the rotting stall represent a limit of fundamental importance on the performance of the rotating turbomachines, especially on compressors and fans, for whom the rotating stall is a persistent issue in design and development. The comprehension of the key physical phenomena that manifest during stall and before (stall inception) have a critical role in the attempt to contain and avoid stall, already in the design phase or through active and passive control methods. Traditionally the methods used to contrast stall are based on the passive control techniques. This is true especially in the industrial field. The passive control techniques operate a contrast to rotating stall by influencing the flow, since they intervene on the various factors that may lead to a stall recovery. In more recent years, thanks to the technological progress, the passive control techniques are giving way to the active control techniques. These last with the aid of high-response, high-sensitivity sensors, combined with the available increased computational power, have allowed to develop systems of control, early detection and warning, that have the ambition of preventing the damaging phenomena bound to the stall occurrence, if not even prevent the stall itself, recognizing the signals that announce its impending. The high economical and computational cost related to the high performance of instrumentation and analysis methods makes these technologies less attractive, industrially speaking. From these considerations is born the idea to develop a measurement chain for stall detection based on DIY (Do It Yourself) sensors. The unconventional sensors have been used to measure the pressure instabilities as pseudo-sound signals in the near field, on board of an industrial axial fan on which stall was forced. The aim was to develop and set-up a measurement system able to acquire the low frequency signals typical of stall with the aid of sensors that have typically a narrow range of acquiring frequency, if compared with more advanced and evolved technical solutions. The final aim was the realization of robust and reliable stall warning system. The data acquired during stall have been analysed with the traditional methods of the spectral auto-correlation, that although the sensors limits about the acquisition frequency, provided a first validation of the goodness of the used measurement system. In addition it has been used an analysis system based on the comparison of the patterns provided by a phase space reconstruction inspired technique. The reconstructed phase space is a widely used technique in the study of chaotic dynamic systems, and the rotating stall totally fits in this class. Finally it has been investigated the possibility to detect a secondary phenomena, such as fouling, and its influence on the rotating stall, again using the same DIY measurement chain and the above mentioned analysis methods. The fouling on the rotating blades is caused by the presence, in the flow passing through the machine, of particles of dust, pollen or dirt that adhere to the blades forming a deposit on them. This deposit is an obstacle to the passing flow and alters the rotor geometry leading to unbalance problems, instabilities and moving the stall limit. By means of the realized stall detection system it has been possible to identify the rotating stall and recognize the presence of fouling, since there was a modification in the stall dynamic and stall precursors were identified. The experimental test demonstrated that the realized system represent a candidate solution for the detection of patterns typical of rotating stall and fouling in turbomachines.

碩士<br>國立陽明大學<br>生物醫學影像暨放射科學系<br>105<br>Introduction: Radiation therapy is an important component in the multimodality treatment for esophageal cancer. Radiation pneumonitis (RP) is an acute complication for radiotherapy of esophageal cancer and is associated with the cumulative low dose in lung tissue. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between the fan-shaped complete block (FSCB) and lung dose, and to predict the proportion of the lung volume receiving 5 Gy (V5) utilizing various designs of the FSCB in helical tomotherapy. In addition, we analyze the dosimetric parameters for organs at risk (OARs) and evaluate the appropriate FSCB angles. Material and Methods: We simulated virtual esophageal tumor treated by Tomotherapy on an anthropomorphic body phantom. The FSCB was defined as the fan-shaped radiation restricted area located in both lungs and the volume of FSCB formed the non-irradiated volume (VNR). The proportion of the VNR in lung (VNR ratio) was used to predict the V5. Our study included two parts.In the first part, sixteen treatment plans were performed with non-block design and FSCB with different fan angles (from 10ﾟto 150ﾟ, with increment of 10ﾟ). The association between FSCB angle, VNR ratio and lung dose were evaluated using Pearson correlation analysis. The actual value and predictive value of V5 were compared. In the second part, the homogeneous index (HI) and conformal number (CN) of PTV and the dosimetric quality for lung, heart, and spinal cord were determined for each treatment scheme with FSCB 70ﾟto 150ﾟ to evaluate the FSCB angles suitable for use. Result: First, in the right lung, FSCB angle was highly correlated to reduced mean dose (r＝-0.988, P < 0.05) and V5 (r＝-0.994, P < 0.05), and moderately correlated to reduced V20 (r = -0.616, P < 0.05).VNR ratio was also highly correlated to reduced mean dose (r＝-0.997, P < 0.05) and V5 (r＝-0.999, P < 0.05), and moderately correlated to reduced V20 (r = -0.660, P < 0.05). In the left lung, FSCB angle was highly correlated to reduced mean dose (r = -0.989, P < 0.05), V20 (r = -0.979, P < 0.05) and V5 (r = -0.991, P < 0.05). VNR ratio was also highly correlated to reduced mean dose (r = -0.997, P < 0.05), V20 (r = -0.982, P < 0.05) and V5 (r = -0.998, P < 0.05).The difference between the actual value and predictive value of V5 was within 3.7%. Second, we found the V5, V10, V15, V20 and mean dose for the lungs were lower when the FSCB angle increased, with simultaneous increase of the maximum dose of spinal cord, mean dose, and V30 of the heart. Treatment plans with FSCB 80ﾟto 140ﾟdesigns could reach the dose constraints of OARs. Discussion and conclusion: Helical tomotherapy using FSCB plans provided reduction of the mean dose, V5 and V20 to lungs for esophageal cancer. The FSCB angle and VNR ratio were highly associated with reduction of mean dose and V5. In addition, treatment plans with FSCB 80ﾟto 140ﾟ in helical tomotherapy were a feasible protective method for reducing complications from radiotherapy of esophageal cancer.

This research attempts to develop and to study the effects of the change in the same type of belt models on the injury criteria. To study the effects, total of six MADYMO models with three different belt models are generated. The models consist of MADYMO generated belt segments, finite element belt, and finite element belt without belt joining buckle. These models are studied on the basis of the Federal Aviation Regulations FAR Part 25.562 general and emergency landing conditions. The Hybrid III 50th percentile FAA dummy is used for the study as it is more compatible than Hybrid III 50th percentile dummy for the aviation purpose. To create the belts, various types of software and approaches are used and their results then are compared with the mechanical test or standards written by Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) or National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). This research attempts to find out how the belt models affects the injury level of an occupant during frontal crash impact in aviation accident. To support the results in validation process, the data of four actual crash lab testing carried out at National Institute for Aviation Research is used. The validations are carried out on the basis of the statistical test and comparison of the dummy kinematics of the actual mechanical tests and simulation. The methods of correlation coefficient and peak value measurement of the acceleration, forces and moments experienced by the occupant are used to validate the models. The injury levels obtained by the simulation models are also compared with the critical values regulated by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).<br>Thesis (M.S.)--Wichita State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering<br>"December 2006."

Text in Afrikaans<br>Hoewel die retorika bykans 26 eeue oud is, word die relevansie daarvan vir ons eie tyd toenemend besef - as 'n sleutel tot die wyse waarop mense dinkargumenteer en oorreed. Hierdie studie ondersoek retoriese (oorredende) strategiee in Afrikaanse historiese romantekste, binne 'n historiese konteks en teen die agtergrond van eietydse historiografiese insigte. Die aspekte van die kommunikasiesituasie wat saamhang met die retorika, word verbind met die vernuwende denke daaroor binne die hedendaagse literatuurteorie en historiografie. Die konteks van die outeur en roman word telkens bestudeer, gevolg deur 'n retoriese analise. Aristoteles se idees oor die retorika kry hierby voorrang, vanwee sy nadruk op die inventio of vinding, maar die retorika word eerder geassosieer met 'n dinamiese metode as met rigiede kategorisering. Aandag word veral bestee aan retoriese strategies in S.J. du Toit se Di koningin fan Skeba (1898) en Andre P. Brink se Houd-den-bek (1982), maar ook aan resente historiese romans wat hedendaagse historiografiese en retoriese opvattinge en konvensies ontgin en problematiseer. Beide S.J. du Toit, wat kennelik 'n goeie kennis van die antieke retorika gehad het en Andre P. Brink, met sy romanonderwerp wat aansluit by die geregtelike rede, betree die retoriese terrain op sodanige wyse dat hul romans tipiese produkte van hul eie tyd genoem kan word. Beide die geskiedskrywing en die historiese roman is gemedieerde weergawes, gekenmerk deur 'n subjektiewe seleksie (inventio) van gegewens en die kombinasie daarvan binne eie verbale strukture (dispositio). Dit kan in verband gebring word met nie-tegniese oorredingsmiddele, waar die sender sy informasie van buite kry. Hy gebruik dan sogenaamde empiries-verifieerbare feite as retoriese strategie ten einde 'n waarheids- en I of werklikheidsillusie te skep wat bydra tot die roman se oorredingsskrag. Die keuse vir die skryf van 'n historiese roman, impliseer reeds ook 'n keuse vir die bakens van die geskiedskrywing, maar 'n skeppende skrywer is, anders as 'n historikus, eties vry om nie-tegniese bewysmiddele te transformeer tot tegniese bewysmiddele, in aanpassing by 'n nuutgeskepte argumentatio en 'n eie causa. Na aanleiding van die tekste kom die ontvanger op sy beurt tot 'n eie seleksie en skep sy eie kousale en argumentatiewe strukture<br>While rhetoric has been part of the history of mankind for nearly 26 centuries, it is increasingly regarded as extremely relevant for our time - as a key to the way in which people think, argue and persuade. This study investigates rhetorical (persuasive) strategies in Afrikaans historical novels. The novels and their authors are first situated in their historical contexts and against the background of contemporary historiographical inquiry, and then analyzed by means of rhetorical concepts. Aspects of communication, which coincide with rhetorical categories, are combined with recent developments in the field of literary theory and historiography. Aristotle's views on persuasion and rhetoric are used as point of departure, but rhetoric is regarded as a dynamic method rather than a rigid categorization. Attention is given to rhetorical strategies in the novel Di konlngin fan Skeba [The queen of Sheba] by S.J. du Toit (1898) and Andre P. Brink's Houd-denbek [translated into English by the author as A chain of voices], but also to recent Afrikaans historical novels which exploit contemporary historiographical and rhetorical conventions. In S.J. du Toit's novel (which illustrates his knowledge of ancient rhetoric) as well as Andre P. Brink's (where the topic can be linked to litigation) rhetorical strategies are employed in such a manner that their texts can be regarded as products of their historical contexts. Both historiography and historical novels are mediated representations, characterized by a subjective selection (inventio) of data and its combination in verbal structures (dispositio). This can be related to 'extrinsic' or 'inartificial' proofs, which are not contrived by the author. The author exploits the so-called empirically verifiable facts as rhetorical strategies to create an illusion of truth or verisimilitude, which greatly contributes to the persuasiveness of the novel. The decision to write a historical novel implies a choice to keep to the historical 'facts', but the writer, in contrast to the historiographer, is ethically free to transform the inartificial proofs into artificial proofs, in combination with his own invented argumentatio and causa. Prompted by these texts the reader, in his turn, makes his own selection and creates his own causal and argumentative structures<br>Afrikaans & Theory of Literature<br>D. Litt. et Phil. (Afrikaans)