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Journal articles on the topic 'Foam analysis'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Stevenson, Paul. "Dimensional analysis of foam drainage." Chemical Engineering Science 61, no. 14 (July 2006): 4503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2006.02.026.

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2

Qin, Zipeng. "Optimization of preparation process and performance analysis of fly ash foam glass." Functional materials 25, no. 3 (September 27, 2018): 554–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fm25.03.554.

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3

Kang, Juseok. "Nonliear vibration analysis of polyurethane foam." Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society 15, no. 6 (June 30, 2014): 3435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5762/kais.2014.15.6.3435.

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4

Hobbs, Michael L., and Vicente J. Romero. "Uncertainty analysis of decomposing polyurethane foam." Thermochimica Acta 384, no. 1-2 (February 2002): 393–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6031(01)00797-3.

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5

Wang, Wei, Xiaolei Huang, and Ali Esmaili. "Texture-Based Foam Segmentation and Analysis." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 50, no. 10 (May 18, 2011): 6071–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie1017833.

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6

ZHANG, NIANMEI, and GUITONG YANG. "PENETRATION ANALYSIS OF ALUMINUM ALLOY FOAM." International Journal of Modern Physics B 22, no. 31n32 (December 30, 2008): 6185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979208051777.

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Aluminum alloy foam offers a unique combination of good characteristics, for example, low density, high strength and energy absorption. During penetration, the foam materials exhibit significant nonlinear deformation. The penetration of aluminum alloy foam struck transversely by cone-nosed projectiles has been theoretically investigated. The dynamic cavity-expansion model is used to study the penetration resistance of the projectiles, which can be taken as two parts. One is due to the elasto-plastic deformation of the aluminum alloy foam materials. The other is dynamic resistance force coming from the energy of the projectiles. The penetration resistance expression is derived and applied to analyze the penetration depth of cone-nosed projectiles into the aluminum alloy foam target. The effect of initial velocity, the geometry of the projectiles on the penetration depth is investigated.
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7

Mohan, S. B., L. Smith, W. Kemp, and A. Lyddiatt. "AN IMMUNOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF BEER FOAM." Journal of the Institute of Brewing 98, no. 3 (May 6, 1992): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2050-0416.1992.tb01103.x.

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8

Surov, V. S. "Comparative analysis of two foam models." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 31, no. 3 (1995): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00742673.

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9

Guo, Sy-Jye, and Hsiu-Fen Tsai. "Analysis on Thermal Hazard of Foam Decoration Materials." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/168143.

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The occurrence and spread of fire often result from the flammables in interior decoration materials, which mostly contain fireproof foam to avoid fire damage. In this study, the foams with reportedly fire resistance, such as general foam, PU foam, melamine foam, and rubber foam, are compared via thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis to build a thermal parameter database of decoration materials of fireproof foams and provide green building materials, technologies, and fire preventive measures to the industry or consumers.
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10

van der Walt, Jan Harm. "Singularities in space-time foam algebras." Applicable Analysis 90, no. 11 (September 21, 2010): 1763–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036811.2010.507198.

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11

Varga, Tamás Antal, and Tamás Mankovits. "Metal Foam Analysis Based on CT Layers." Acta Materialia Transilvanica 1, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amt-2018-0020.

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Abstract The geometrical modelling of metal foams remains one of the greatest challenges facing researchers in the field. In this paper the analysis of the inner structure of closed-cell aluminium foam - an essential part of the construction of an idealized foam model - is presented. With the application of special purpose software the properties of the foam cells can be mapped precisely and the results applied to the development of idealized foam geometry constructed in CAD applications.
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12

Cheng, Long Fei, Ya Nan Fu, and Ting Qiang Zhou. "Strength Model Analysis of the Foam Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 450-451 (January 2012): 610–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.450-451.610.

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Foam concrete aggregates and inclusions have greater strength, but the pore almost has no compression resistance; hydrated cements and pores are the weak links in the pressure cross-section of the foam concrete. As for unit volume of foam concrete, cement accounts for a large space and the pore occupies less, so the block intensity will be larger. Considering mechanical properties of the aggregates and hydrous cements are different, the volume ratio of hydrous cements to the sum of cements and pores is used to build the strength model of foam concrete, which can be simple and feasible. It can response the foam concrete strength characteristics more accurately.
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13

Kadela, Marta, Andrzej Cińcio, and Marcin Kozlowski. "Degradation Analysis of Notched Foam Concrete Beam." Applied Mechanics and Materials 797 (November 2015): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.797.96.

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Nowadays, lightweight foamed concrete (LFC) is increasingly being used for structural purposes. Physical and mechanical properties of LFC are unlike the properties of traditional concrete thus constitutive models for concrete may not be used directly to describe its the fracture behavior. The paper presents an attempt to adapt the elastoplastic model with degradation known as Barcelona model for this purpose. The constitutive model is traditionally used for non-linear analyses of concrete and masonry structures. However, when it is used to describe behavior of non-traditional material such as foamed concrete, its parameters must be calibrated. Moreover, the results from Barcelona model are compared with XFEM method of modeling discontinuities in materials. The results of numerical simulations of three-point bending foamed beam with an initial notch are presented.
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14

Cheng, Long Fei, Ya Nan Fu, and Ting Qiang Zhou. "Strength Model Analysis of the Foam Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 450-451 (January 2012): 610–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/scientific5/amr.450-451.610.

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15

SARKER, DIPAK K., DOMINIQUE BERTRAND, YOUNÈS CHTIOUI, and YVES POPINEAU. "CHARACTERISATION OF FOAM PROPERTIES USING IMAGE ANALYSIS." Journal of Texture Studies 29, no. 1 (March 1998): 15–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4603.1998.tb00151.x.

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16

Hatchett, David W., Gayani Kodippili, John M. Kinyanjui, Flocerfida Benincasa, and Linda Sapochak. "FTIR analysis of thermally processed PU foam." Polymer Degradation and Stability 87, no. 3 (March 2005): 555–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.10.012.

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17

., K. Sadesh. "TRANSIENT ANALYSIS ON GREY CAST IRON FOAM." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 03, no. 23 (June 25, 2014): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2014.0323033.

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18

Ma, G. W., and Z. Q. Ye. "Analysis of foam claddings for blast alleviation." International Journal of Impact Engineering 34, no. 1 (January 2007): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2005.10.005.

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19

NG, Y. JACK. "SPACETIME FOAM." International Journal of Modern Physics D 11, no. 10 (December 2002): 1585–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271802002931.

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Spacetime is composed of a fluctuating arrangement of bubbles or loops called spacetime foam, or quantum foam. We use the holographic principle to deduce its structure, and show that the result is consistent with gedanken experiments involving spacetime measurements. We propose to use laser-based atom interferometry techniques to look for spacetime fluctuations. Our analysis makes it clear that the physics of quantum foam is inextricably linked to that of black holes. A negative experimental result, therefore, might have non-trivial ramifications for semiclassical gravity and black hole physics.
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20

Nagler, Michaela, Michael Thor, Peter Peyrer, Gernot Schneiderbauer, Franz M. Sendner, Markus Wolfahrt, and Roland Hinterhölzl. "Analysis of the Macroscopic Behaviour of PMI Foam." Key Engineering Materials 809 (June 2019): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.809.285.

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o accurately simulate the foam core in composite parts on a macroscopic scale the morphology, the characterisation, and the nonlinear behaviour of thefoam must be understood properly. Accounting for the heterogeneity and the mechanical properties of the foam core affects the dimensioning of the final part.In the present study the microstructure of the foam samples were characterized using scanning electron microscopy. To determine the bulk material behavior and the strength limitations of the nonlinear foam, shear and compressions tests are performed. All numerical calculations were carried out on the macroscopic level.A basic challenge in the finite element modelling of hyperelastic materials by means of test data is the identification of material model coefficients which are appropriate to describe the behaviour of the considered foam.
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21

Dirgantara, Tatacipta, Annisa Jusuf, Eka Oktavia Kurniati, Leonardo Gunawan, and Ichsan Setya Putra. "Crashworthiness analysis of foam–filled square column considering strain rate effect of the foam." Thin-Walled Structures 129 (August 2018): 365–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2018.04.004.

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22

Neugrodda, Christoph, Martina Gastl, and Thomas Becker. "Comparison of Foam Analysis Methods and the Impact of Beer Components on Foam Stability." Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 73, no. 2 (April 2015): 170–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/asbcj-2015-0129-01a.

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23

Lu, W., C. Y. Zhao, and S. A. Tassou. "Thermal analysis on metal-foam filled heat exchangers. Part I: Metal-foam filled pipes." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 49, no. 15-16 (July 2006): 2751–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2005.12.012.

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24

Monin, David, Alexandre Espert, and Annie Colin. "A New Analysis of Foam Coalescence: From Isolated Films to Three-Dimensional Foams." Langmuir 16, no. 8 (April 2000): 3873–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la981733o.

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25

García-Moreno, F., P. H. Kamm, T. Neu, K. Heim, A. Rack, and J. Banhart. "In situ X-ray tomography of aqueous foams: Analysis of columnar foam generation." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 534 (December 2017): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.03.011.

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26

Kurusa, Árpád. "Can you see the bubbles in a foam?" Acta Scientiarum Mathematicarum 82, no. 34 (2016): 663–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/actasm-015-299-1.

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27

Sopegin, Georgiy V., Diana Ch Rustamova, and Sergey M. Fedoseev. "Analysis of existing technological solutions of foam glass production." Vestnik MGSU, no. 12 (December 2019): 1584–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2019.12.1584-1609.

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Introduction. Foam glass is often represented as a thermal insulation, a sound insulation and a sound absorbing material in the form of blocks (slabs), granules and shaped products. Cellular glass is characterized by durability, incombustibility, biostability and sufficient strength. Among the main properties, it is also possible to mark out low thermal conductivity of foam glass which makes it a promising thermal insulation material. Materials and methods. A complex of general scientific logical methods of research is used in this work. The complex is based on a theoretical analysis of technological solutions for the foam glass production described in the scientific and technical literature, patents as well as scientific papers. Results. Possible classifications of foam glass products are marked out; an authors’ classification is suggested depending on the field of foam glass application. The main foam glass properties are considered. The advantages and disadvantages of the foam glass charge mixture are identified in the course of analysis of possible raw components as well as their influence on the foam glass production technology and properties of the finished product are examined. Comparison of blowing agents is conducted depending on the foaming temperature and pore character that affect the field of material application. A comparative table of the foam glass production technologies is proposed, the merits and demerits of each technological solution are revealed as well as variants of the obtained products and needed equipment are considered. Conclusions. Allowing for the consumer demand for thermal insulation materials and strict requirements for them, it is most expedient to produce granulated foam glass with a wet method. The advantages of this technology are the accelerated grinding of glass in liquid media, lowering the foaming temperature, expanding the temperature range of structure formation, eliminating dust emission that permits reducing the finished product cost.
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28

Goncalves, Juan Jose, and Rakesh Govind. "Analysis of Biofilters Using Synthetic Macroporous Foam Media." Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 59, no. 7 (July 2009): 834–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.59.7.834.

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29

Potluri., Rakesh, A. Eswara kumar, M. Naga Raju, and K. Ravi Prakash Babu. "Finite Element Analysis ofCellular Foam Core Sandwich Structures." Materials Today: Proceedings 4, no. 2 (2017): 2501–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.02.103.

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30

Zhang, Li Juan, Xian Zheng Gong, Ying Liang Tian, Zhi Hong Wang, Feng Gao, Yu Liu, and Xiao Qing Li. "Analysis of the Environmental Impact of Foam Glass." Materials Science Forum 847 (March 2016): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.847.315.

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Foam glass was widely used as a green energy saving material with good performances of light, thermal insulation and sound absorption. Using waste glass as raw material for foam glass production, can not only turn waste into treasure and reduce resource consumption, but also protect the environment. In this article, the foam glass which produced in Jiaxing, China was studied based on the method of life cycle assessment (LCA), and the resources, the energy consumption and the emission of pollutants at the same time were evaluated. The results show that the characterization value of GWP is the largest. The foaming stage is the main contributor which accounts for 79.7%. Similarly, the foaming stage is the major contributor to AP, POCP, EP and HTP .The characterization value of ADP is the smallest. The foaming stage and annealing stage is the main contributor to ADP which account for 43.0%, 49.7% respectively. It has been found that the foaming stage makes the most contribution to the environmental impact. AP, GWP, POCP and EP of the foaming stage are extremely prominent compared to other stages. The authors used the methods of equal weight coefficient and AHP to weight the single indicator. The results show that the environment impact caused by the foaming stage is the largest, then grinding stage and cutting stage follow behind. The environment impact caused by the transportation stage is the smallest.
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31

Koblischka, Michael R., Anjela Koblischka-Veneva, Crosby Soon Chang, Thomas Hauet, E. Sudhakar Reddy, and Georg J. Schmitz. "Flux Pinning Analysis of Superconducting YBCO Foam Struts." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 29, no. 3 (April 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2018.2880334.

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32

Yu, Chuan. "Foam Concrete Performance Study Based on Experimental Analysis." MATEC Web of Conferences 25 (2015): 04005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20152504005.

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33

Wang, Dongwei, ,Xiaoxian Zhang, Song Luo, and Sai Li. "Preparation and Property Analysis of Melamine Formaldehyde Foam." Advances in Materials Physics and Chemistry 02, no. 04 (2012): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ampc.2012.24b018.

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34

Xu, Bing, Zhi Geng Fan, Shao Rong Yu, and Wei Niu. "Stress Relaxation Analysis of Polyurethane Foam Preloaded Structures." Advanced Materials Research 97-101 (March 2010): 871–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.97-101.871.

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Based on the nonlinear finite element analysis method, FEA models which describe the viscoelastic friction contact state of the polyurethane foam preloaded structures are created. In the simulations, the general Maxwell viscoelastic constitutive relation is introduced and a seven-parameter general Maxwell viscoelastic model is used to fit the experimental stress relaxation curve of polyurethane foam. During the nonlinear contact analysis, coulomb friction law is adopted, and the effects of the coulomb friction coefficient on the reaction force in the axial direction are analyzed. The FE results show that the change tendencies of relation curves of the structures are similar to which of the polyurethane foams. In the end, the influences of stiffness ratio of polyurethane foam to the outer component on the structural relaxed force are discussed, and the FE results indicate that the stiffness ratios affect the stress (force) relaxation degree remarkably. That is to say a good structure design could optimize the mechanical performance of the complicated structures greatly.
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35

YASUTAKA, Hiroki, Ryuya SHIMAZU, and Akihiro MATSUDA. "2D homogenization analysis of polyurethane foam considering microstructure." Proceedings of The Computational Mechanics Conference 2014.27 (2014): 434–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmecmd.2014.27.434.

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36

Azimi, Amir H. "Analysis of Slump Test for Sand–Foam Mixtures." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 29, no. 9 (September 2017): 04017109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0001971.

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37

Li, Jingde, Guowei Ma, Hongyuan Zhou, and Xiuli Du. "Energy Absorption Analysis of Density Graded Aluminium Foam." International Journal of Protective Structures 2, no. 3 (September 2011): 333–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/2041-4196.2.3.333.

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38

Wu, Chengqing, Ling Yu, and Yun Zhou. "Numerical Analysis of Metallic Foam Using Microstructure Model." International Journal of Protective Structures 2, no. 4 (December 2011): 499–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/2041-4196.2.4.499.

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39

Kimura, Yuki, Akihiro Matsuda, Sho Oketani, Kazuhito Kato, and Kunio Asobe. "Homogenization finite element analysis of flexible polyurethane foam." Proceedings of The Computational Mechanics Conference 2017.30 (2017): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmecmd.2017.30.182.

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40

Zbicinski, Ireneusz, and Julia Rabaeva. "Analysis of Gas Admixing Foam Spray–Drying Process." Drying Technology 28, no. 1 (December 31, 2009): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373930903430850.

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41

Xu, Zhen, Lihong Zhao, and Kai Tan. "Analysis of Alkaline Foam to Water Temperature Model." World Journal of Engineering and Technology 04, no. 03 (2016): 433–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wjet.2016.43043.

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42

Thomas, P. D., R. C. Darton, and P. B. Whalley. "Liquid foam structure analysis by visible light tomography." Chemical Engineering Journal and the Biochemical Engineering Journal 56, no. 3 (February 1995): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0923-0467(94)02915-6.

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43

NOORDIA, Anna, Yetty Septiani MUSTAR, and Nining Widyah KUSNANIK. "Foam mat drying of banana juice: varieties of ripe banana analysis and egg albumen foam." Food Science and Technology 40, no. 2 (June 2020): 465–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/fst.24918.

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44

Firuz, Z., Ahmad Sahrim, Rozaidi Rasid, and S. A. Syed Nuzul Fadzli. "Flexural Analysis of Polyurethane Foam and Sandwich Composite Foam via Experimental and Finite Element CMethods." Advanced Materials Research 795 (September 2013): 526–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.795.526.

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Polyurethane (PU)/montmorillonite (MMT) composite foam were synthesized with reaction of diisocyanate with polyester polyol by a batch process. In this research, water was used as the blowing agent with TEGOSTAB B8407 and TEGOAMIN PMDETA as the surfactant and catalyst, respectively. Clay was used as filler for composite PU foam with the percentages varied from 0 wt% to 5 wt%. Polyurethane foam (Al-PU) sandwich composite was prepared using hand-lay up method where Al sheet was stacked onto PU foam using adhesive. The samples were characterized using flexural test analysis. Observations showed that PU foam has better failure deformation with flexural extension increased up to 9.44 mm. However, flexural stress and optimum load for sandwich composite are up to 3.63MPa and 410.78N respectively. Furthermore, Al sheet act as ductile skin to PU foam and prevent samples from rupture rapidly or avoiding the existence of brittle fracture. Modeling of composite using finite element software shows the ductile-like failure behavior in sandwich composite Al-PU foam even though the core itself is a rigid brittle foam.
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45

Xu, A., T. Vodenitcharova, K. Kabir, E. A. Flores-Johnson, and M. Hoffman. "Finite element analysis of indentation of aluminium foam and sandwich panels with aluminium foam core." Materials Science and Engineering: A 599 (April 2014): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2014.01.080.

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46

Lu, C., H. Liu, and Z. Pang. "Characteristics Analysis of Cold Foam and Hot Foam During Steam Flooding in Heavy Oil Reservoirs." Petroleum Science and Technology 32, no. 19 (July 24, 2014): 2321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2013.812114.

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47

Charnyi, D. V., and Yu A. Onanko. "ANALYSIS OF ELECTROSTATIC PROPERTIES OF POLYSTYRENE FOAM FILTRATION MEDIA." Міжвідомчий тематичний науковий збірник "Меліорація і водне господарство", no. 2 (December 12, 2019): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/mivg201902-183.

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The relevance of research. The analysis of the aqueous suspension filtration initial stage through clean polystyrene foam filtration media carried out. Such feature of its work as hydro-sorting is considered. The degree of imbalance and interaction with other electrostatic systems in aqueous suspension determines the layer of potential-forming ions, which is formed around the core of the system. It determines system’s sign and most of the electrical double layer charge. It is usually determined using a physical quantity such as electrostatic or ζ-potential. The aim of this work is to determine the electrostatic properties of polystyrene foam granules and the degree of influence on the process of retaining various nature colloidal particles on their surface when filtering an aqueous suspension through them. Research results. The relationship between the sizes of polystyrene foam granules and the concentrations of electrostatic charge on their surface analyzed. Using the Poison-Boltzmann theory, a relationship between an electrostatic charge and an electric double layer of polystyrene foam granules in aqueous suspension showed. The importance of the ζ-potential researching for controlling of colloidal suspensions filtering process substantiated. The electrostatic properties of different morphology colloids studied. Analysis of research data confirms the hypothesis of a very close connection between the various morphologies colloids ζ-potential magnitude and their electric double layer interaction force with electric double layer of polystyrene foam granules in an aqueous suspension. This means that the polystyrene foam filter “charging” time is closely connected to the values of colloids ζ-potential in the filtered aqueous suspension. Conclusions. The initial filtration stage through clean polystyrene foam media is significantly different from the main stage of filtration due to the electrostatic interaction forces predominance. The time difference of the colloidal crusts complete formation completion on polystyrene foam granules of different diameters is so insignificant that it can be neglected and this time is considered the same for polystyrene foam granules of different diameters. Regardless of the origin nature, the retention intensity of the colloids by polystyrene foam filtration media granules and, consequently, the polystyrene filter “charging” time is directly depends on their z-potential value.
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48

Fan, Hongwei, Yongliang Chen, Dongmei Huang, and Guoqin Wang. "Kinetic Analysis of the Thermal Decomposition of Latex Foam according to Thermogravimetric Analysis." International Journal of Polymer Science 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8620879.

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The thermal decomposition of latex foam was investigated under nonisothermal conditions. Pieces of commercial mattress samples were subjected to thermogravimetric analysis (TG) over a heating range from 5°C min−1 to 20°C min−1. The morphology of the latex foam before and after combustion was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the primary chemical composition was investigated via infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The kinetic mechanism and relevant parameters were calculated. Results indicate that the decomposition of latex foam in the three major degradation phases is controlled by third-order reaction (F3) and by Zhuravlev’s diffusion equation (D5). The mean E values of each phase as calculated according to a single heating rate nonisothermal method are equal to 41.91 ± 0.06 kJ mol−1, 86.32 ± 1.04 kJ mol−1, and 19.53 ± 0.11 kJ mol−1, respectively. Correspondingly, the preexponential factors of each phase are equal to 300.39 s−1, 2355.65 s−1, and 27.90 s−1, respectively. The mean activation energy E and preexponential factor A of latex foam estimated according to multiple heating rates and a nonisothermal method are 92.82 kJ mol−1 and 1.12 × 10−3 s−1, respectively.
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49

Shi, J. X., and W. R. Rossen. "Simulation and Dimensional Analysis of Foam Processes in Porous Media." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 1, no. 02 (April 1, 1998): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/35166-pa.

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Abstract Foam can improve sweep efficiency in gas-injection improved-oil-recovery processes. The success of continuous-injection foam processes in overcoming gravity override in homogeneous, anisotropic (kx kz) radial or rectangular reservoirs depends on a single dimensionless number first proposed by Stone and Jenkins for gas flooding without foam. Their model fits foam simulation results remarkably well over a wide range in reservoir properties and geometry, flow rates, foam quality and foam strength, density difference between phases, initial reservoir pressure, and model for the mechanisms of foam collapse. This approach leads to optimal design strategies for such processes. It may be impossible, however, for a continuous-injection foam process to suppress gravity override in some cases, due to limitations on injection-well pressure. The possibility of gravity override within the foam bank should be considered in evaluating foam propagation in field trials of foam processes Introduction Gases, such as steam, carbon dioxide, natural gas, and nitrogen, are used as driving fluids in improved-oil-recovery (IOR) processes. However, these gases have high mobilities compared with oil and, thus, tend to finger through oil as well as to channel selectively through zones of high permeability. Also, because they are less dense than oil, these gases tend to migrate to the top of the reservoir, overriding oil-rich zones. Gas channeling and gravity override lead to poor sweep efficiency. Foam can significantly reduce gas mobility and overcome these problems under certain conditions, and therefore, improve sweep efficiency. This paper examines the ability of foam to overcome gravity override in homogeneous reservoirs. By inspectional analysis, Shook et al. obtain five scaling numbers rigorously sufficient to characterize a two-phase immiscible displacement process, given certain assumptions. These assumptions include incompressible, completely immiscible phases; a homogeneous, rectangular, horizontal, possibly anisotropic (kx kz) reservoir; absence of dispersion; and relative permeabilities that fit Corey expressions. (Six groups are required to characterize a process in a tilted reservoir.) For a foam process, the number of groups required would be much larger, due to the complexities of representing foam behavior. However, though a complete characterization is not guaranteed with fewer groups, it is possible that only a portion of these groups effectively govern behavior under many conditions. Shook et al. for instance, found that only three groups are needed to characterize waterfloods under a wide range of conditions, and Craig correlated waterflood sweep efficiency in terms of a gravity number and a reservoir aspect ratio. Suitable definitions for these two parameters for foam processes would be [1] [2] where Ng is gravity number, the ratio of the vertical driving force for segregation to horizontal pressure gradient; RL is reservoir aspect ratio; Pf is the lateral pressure gradient within the foam bank in the absence of gravity segregation; is the difference in densities between gas and liquid; g is gravitational acceleration; L and H are reservoir length and height, respectively; and kx and kz are absolute horizontal and vertical permeabilities. Note that Eq. 2 uses the first power of the ratio of horizontal to vertical permeability rather than the square root of this ratio as proposed by Shook et al. and Rossen et al.; the reason is discussed below. Others have noted the importance of the relative magnitude of viscous and gravity forces in foam processes and other processes. A similar analysis may apply to capillary crossflow with foam.
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50

Gylys, J., S. Sinkunas, and T. Zdankus. "ANALYSIS OF TUBE BUNDLE HEAT TRANSFER TO VERTICAL FOAM FLOW." Revista de Engenharia Térmica 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2005): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v4i2.5038.

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Phenomena of foam flow and associated heat transfer are rather complex. Foam is a two–phase flow, which structure changes while it passes an obstacle: bubbles divide into smaller bubbles and liquid drains down from flow. Due to these peculiarities, an application of analytical methods for their study is a complex subject. Thus experimental method of investigation was selected in our work. The investigation apparatus consisted of foam generator, vertical channel and staggered bank of horizontal tubes. The cross section of the channel had square profile with side dimension 140 mm. Tubes in the bank were located in three vertical rows with five tubes in each of them. Experiments were performed within Reynolds number diapason for gas from 190 to 450 and foam void volumetric fraction – from 0.996 to 0.998. Direction of foam motion in vertical channels also influences heat transfer intensity. Investigations of heat transfer process of upward and downward moving statically stable foam flow from horizontal tube bank were performed. Experimental heat transfer results of tube bundle in vertical cross foam flow were summarized by criterion equations, which enable determination of heat transfer intensity of the entire bundle or of a separate tube of the bundle for different values of void volumetric fractions and regime parameters of statically stable foam flow.
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