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Journal articles on the topic 'Focal Depths'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Katch, Lauren, and Andrea Arguelles. "Analysis of Ultrasonic Focusing in Silicon Wafers using the Angular Spectrum Approach and Ray Tracing." Materials Evaluation 83, no. 1 (2025): 50–59. https://doi.org/10.32548/2025.me-04469.

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Understanding ultrasonic beam focusing in anisotropic media is crucial for optimizing nondestructive evaluation techniques, as many advanced materials exhibit anisotropic properties. This study investigates the focusing behavior of ultrasonic beams in silicon, a representative anisotropic material, across three crystallographic orientations (0°, 22.5°, and 45° offsets from the [1 0 0] axis) using the angular spectrum approach (ASA) and ray tracing to understand computational cost trade-offs between the two models while elucidating new focusing behaviors and profiles. The ASA model is used to c

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2

Yun, Sukyoung, Won Sang Lee, Robert P. Dziak, and Haruyoshi Matsumoto. "Numerical Study on the Characteristics of Abyssal T-Wave Envelopes Controlled by Earthquake Source Parameters." Seismological Research Letters 93, no. 4 (2022): 2189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220210264.

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Abstract Hydroacoustics has been successfully applied to detect and locate small-to-intermediate submarine tectonic activities infrequently recorded in land-based seismic arrays. However, to extend the utilization of T waves to extract other important earthquake source parameters, such as source strength, the roles of earthquake focal mechanisms, and source depths in T-wave envelopes must be thoroughly understood. We performed 3D numerical modeling considering anisotropic source radiation and realistic scattering in the oceanic crust for two focal mechanisms (normal and strike-slip faults) and

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3

Szeidovitz, Gy, Z. Bus, and K. Gribovszki. "Focal depths of earthquakes in the Carpathian Basin." Acta Geodaetica et Geophysica Hungarica 39, no. 4 (2004): 447–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/ageod.39.2004.4.13.

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4

Wang, Yaheng, Li Yi, Masayoshi Tonouchi, and Tadao Nagatsuma. "High-Speed 600 GHz-Band Terahertz Imaging Scanner System with Enhanced Focal Depth." Photonics 9, no. 12 (2022): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9120913.

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Lenses/mirrors with fast data acquisition speeds and extended focal depths have practical importance in terahertz (THz) imaging systems. Thus, a high-speed 600 GHz-band THz imaging scanner system with enhanced focal depth is presented in this work. A polygon mirror with a 250 Hz scanning frequency and an integrated off-axis parabolic (OAP) mirror with an ~170 mm focal depth were employed for 2D imaging. The simulation and experimental results show that a spatial resolution of ~2 mm can be achieved as the imaging distance varies from ~85 to 255 mm. The proposed system was applied to image a hid

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5

Shevchenko, Yu V. "Some features of the morphology of the seismic focal zone of the Kamchatka region." Geosystems of Transition Zones 9, no. 1 (2025): 5–21. https://doi.org/10.30730/gtrz.2025.9.1.005-021.

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The object of study in this paper is the structure of the seismic focal zone of the Kamchatka region as a part of the Kuril-Kamchatka transitional convergence zone. When studying the morphology of the focal zone, seven layers were distinguished in accordance with the distribution of seismic energy by depth. Based on instrumental observations over 60 years (1962–2021), the maps of earthquake epicenters in the Kamchatka region were constructed for each layer, and seismicity characteristics were obtained: the number of events, depths of peak energy values, total energy, and the ratio of the total

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6

Palmeri, Mark L., Kristin D. Frinkley, Katherine G. Oldenburg, and Kathryn R. Nightingale. "Characterizing Acoustic Attenuation of Homogeneous Media Using Focused Impulsive Acoustic Radiation Force." Ultrasonic Imaging 28, no. 2 (2006): 114–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016173460602800204.

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A new method to characterize a material's attenuation using acoustic radiation force is proposed. Comparison of displacement magnitudes generated in a homogeneous material by acoustic radiation force excitations can be used to estimate the material's attenuation when the excitations are applied over a range of focal depths while maintaining a constant lateral focal configuration. Acoustic attenuations are related to the inverse of the excitation focal depth that yields the greatest focal zone displacement for this protocol. Experimental studies in calibrated tissue-mimicking phantoms are prese

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7

Nguyen, Thanh Phuoc, Van Tu Nguyen, Sudip Mondal, et al. "Improved Depth-of-Field Photoacoustic Microscopy with a Multifocal Point Transducer for Biomedical Imaging." Sensors 20, no. 7 (2020): 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20072020.

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In this study, a photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) system based on a multifocal point (MFP) transducer was fabricated to produce a large depth-of-field tissue image. The customized MFP transducer has seven focal points, distributed along with the transducer’s axis, fabricated by separate spherically-focused surfaces. These surfaces generate distinct focal zones that are overlapped to extend the depth-of-field. This design allows extending the focal zone of 10 mm for the 11 MHz MFP transducer, which is a great improvement over the 0.48 mm focal zone of the 11 MHz single focal point (SFP) transduce

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8

Ma, Shutian, and Dariush Motazedian. "Focal depth distribution of the 1982 Miramichi earthquake sequence determined by modelling depth phases." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 54, no. 4 (2017): 359–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2016-0111.

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On 9 January 1982, in the Miramichi region of New Brunswick, Canada, an earthquake with body-wave magnitude (mb) 5.7 occurred, and extensive aftershocks followed. The mainshock was felt throughout Eastern Canada and New England, USA. The mainshock and several principal aftershocks were digitally recorded worldwide, but smaller aftershocks were digitally recorded only at regional stations. Digital stations were not yet popular in 1982; therefore, available regional digital waveform records for modelling are very limited. Fortunately, two Eastern Canada Telemetered Network (ECTN) stations, EBN a

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9

Li, Chuan, Wenqi Gao, Youxue Wang, and Songping Yu. "Accurate Redetermination of the Focal Depth by Using the Time Intervals between the Inner Core Phases PKIKP and pPKIKP." Applied Sciences 12, no. 15 (2022): 7669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12157669.

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The hypocenter parameters of an earthquake may give us an insight into the Earth’s structure and tectonic processes. Among the hypocenter parameters, the focal depth is normally more difficult to estimate than the earthquake location (latitude and longitude). We propose to use the pPKIKP-PKIKP arrival time intervals for estimating the focal depth. We analyze the sensitivity of the pPKIKP-PKIKP arrival time interval to the earthquake depth. We measure the pPKIKP-PKIKP arrival time interval on seismograms (the vertical component), and invert the time interval data set using the simulated anneali

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10

González-Salido, Nuria, and Jorge Camacho. "Normalization of Multifocal Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Images." Archives of Acoustics 42, no. 2 (2017): 321–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoa-2017-0034.

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Abstract Imaging the tissue displacements caused by Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) provides qualitative tissue elasticity maps around the focus. To increase imaging range, multi-focus techniques combine several images obtained with different focal depths. Since the acoustic radiation force depends on focus depth, axial distance and steering angle, a normalization process is required before blending multi-focal ARFI images so that changes in the displayed displacements represent true tissue elasticity variations. This work analyzes the sources of displacement variability in multi-focal

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11

Plourde, Alexandre P., and Mladen R. Nedimović. "Earthquake Depths, Focal Mechanisms, and Stress in the Lower St. Lawrence Seismic Zone." Seismological Research Letters 92, no. 4 (2021): 2562–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200429.

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Abstract We examine earthquake hypocenters, focal mechanisms, and the state of tectonic stress in the Lower St. Lawrence Seismic Zone (LSZ), a paleorift zone in eastern Canada. The largest earthquake recorded in the region is the 1999 Côte–Nord MN 5.1, which was followed by ∼80 aftershocks of MN&gt;1. It is not known if the region is capable of producing hazardous Mw&gt;6 earthquakes, similar to the Charlevoix Seismic Zone ∼250 km upriver. Focusing on 2015–2020, we apply a machine-learning-based phase picker to detect 72 earthquakes in addition to the 150 catalog earthquakes in the sam

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12

Hu, Huakui, Fulin Cao, and Yue Zhao. "Extending Focal Depth of Flower-Shaped Optical Vortex with Composited Spiral Zone Plate Grating." Photonics 9, no. 6 (2022): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9060371.

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By combining a spiral zone plate (SZP) and a grating, we propose a single optical element, termed a composited spiral zone plate grating (CSZPG), to generate flower mode vortices with the equicohesive petals and has long focal depths. Theoretical analysis reveals that the CSZPG can generate flower mode vortices with approximately equicohesive petals, and that it has longer focal depths compared with the conventional SZP. Moreover, the performance of the CSZPG on the period, focal length and radius is investigated. The experimental results are also presented, agreeing well with the theoretical

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13

Kulchitsky, V. E., B. G. Pustovitenko, and V. A. Svidlova. "Focal Depths of Earthquakes in the Crimea–Black Sea Region." Seismic Instruments 54, no. 3 (2018): 340–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0747923918030155.

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14

Radziminovich, N. A. "Focal depths of earthquakes in the Baikal region: A review." Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth 46, no. 3 (2010): 216–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1069351310030043.

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15

Dong, Yibing, Sidao Ni, David A. Yuen, and Zhiwei Li. "Crustal rheology from focal depths in the North China Basin." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 497 (September 2018): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.06.018.

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16

Martinez, P., M. Beaulieu, K. Barjot, et al. "Design and manufacturing of a multi-zone phase-shifting coronagraph mask for extremely large telescopes." Astronomy & Astrophysics 635 (March 2020): A126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936903.

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Context. High-contrast imaging of exoplanets around nearby stars with future large-segmented apertures requires starlight suppression systems optimized for complex aperture geometries. Future extremely large telescopes (ELTs) equipped with high-contrast instruments operating as close as possible to the diffraction limit will open a bulk of targets in the habitable zone around M-stars. In this context, the phase-induced amplitude apodization complex mask coronagraph (PIAACMC) is a promising concept for high-efficiency coronagraphic imaging at small angular separations with segmented telescopes.

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17

Alemayehu, Sisay, and Jima Asefa. "A Review of Earthquake Source Parameters in the Main Ethiopian Rift." International Journal of Geophysics 2023 (May 11, 2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8368175.

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We assessed earthquake source parameters compiled from previous studies and international databases. In addition, moment tensor inversion is made from the broadband seismic data of two earthquakes that occurred in the region in 2017 and 2018 with magnitudes Mw 5.0 and 5.1, respectively. As a result, the two events’ reliable source parameters are retrieved. We found that earthquakes are distributed in the rift floor, at margins and adjacent plateaus. Because the majority of earthquakes occur on the rift floor, deformation is most likely caused by strain accumulation transferred from border faul

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18

Poulin, Andrew, Ron Weir, David Eaton, et al. "Focal-time analysis: A new method for stratigraphic depth control of microseismicity and induced seismic events." GEOPHYSICS 84, no. 6 (2019): KS173—KS182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2019-0046.1.

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Focal-time analysis is a straightforward data-driven method to obtain robust stratigraphic depth control for microseismicity or induced seismic events. The method eliminates the necessity to build an explicit, calibrated velocity model for hypocenter depth estimation, although it requires multicomponent 3D seismic data that are colocated with surface or near-surface microseismic observations. Event focal depths are initially expressed in terms of zero-offset focal time (two-way P-P reflection time) to facilitate registration and visualization with 3D seismic data. Application of the focal-time

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19

Wang, Qingdong, and Risheng Chu. "Earthquake Source Parameters in Southwestern China and Their Rheological Implications." Seismological Research Letters 91, no. 2A (2020): 936–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220190193.

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Abstract Earthquake depth distribution provides key information on rheological behavior of the crust, which usually shows a brittle–ductile transition at a depth of about 10 km. In this study, we use the generalized cut-and-paste method to obtain source parameters of 571 earthquakes in the Sichuan–Yunnan region of China between 2009 and 2017. We were able to successfully determine focal mechanisms, moment magnitudes, and centroid depths of 536 earthquakes with a minimum moment magnitude of 3.2. Our moment magnitudes and centroid depths are systematically smaller than the magnitudes (Ms and mb)

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20

Baruah, Saurabh, Ranju Duarah, and Dilip K. Yadav. "Pattern of Seismicity in Shillong-Mikir Plateau and the Orientation of Compressional Axis." Journal Geological Society of India 49, no. 5 (1997): 533–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17491/jgsi/1997/490507.

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Abstract The study of eleven years (1982-1993) of seismicity (focal depths&lt;60km) in the Shillong-Mikir massif of N.E.R., India (25°-27°N) clearly delineates the pattern of activity within this region. The most important feature is a concentration of events in the depth range of 20 to 40 km where 70% of the activity took place. Minor seismicity prevails in the other ranges. The results from the focal mechanism solutions of 12 events of magnitude &gt;5.0 ascertain thrust and strike slip type mechanisms within the depth range of &lt;40km while dip-slip and normal type solutions are

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21

Bai, Qipeng, Sidao Ni, Risheng Chu, and Zhe Jia. "gCAPjoint, A Software Package for Full Moment Tensor Inversion of Moderately Strong Earthquakes with Local and Teleseismic Waveforms." Seismological Research Letters 91, no. 6 (2020): 3550–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200031.

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Abstract Earthquake moment tensors and focal depths are crucial to assessing seismic hazards and studying active tectonic and volcanic processes. Although less powerful than strong earthquakes (M 7+), moderately strong earthquakes (M 5–6.5) occur more frequently and extensively, which can cause severe damages in populated areas. The inversion of moment tensors is usually affected by insufficient local waveform data (epicentral distance &lt;5°) in sparse seismic networks. It would be necessary to combine local and teleseismic data (epicentral distance 30°–90°) for a joint inversion. In this

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22

Bollinger, G. A., M. C. Chapman, M. S. Sibol, and J. K. Costain. "An analysis of earthquake focal depths in the southeastern U. S." Geophysical Research Letters 12, no. 11 (1985): 785–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gl012i011p00785.

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23

Olson, Jean A., and Mary Lou Zoback. "Source character of microseismicity in the San Francisco Bay block, California, and implications for seismic hazard." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 88, no. 2 (1998): 543–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0880020543.

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Abstract We examine relocated seismicity within a 30-km-wide crustal block containing San Francisco Bay and bounded by two major right-lateral strike-slip fault systems, the Hayward and San Andreas faults, to determine seismicity distribution, source character, and possible relationship to proposed faults. Well-located low-level seismicity (Md ≦ 3.0) has occurred persistently within this block throughout the recording interval (1969 to 1995), with the highest levels of activity occurring along or directly adjacent to (within ∼5 km) the bounding faults and falling off toward the long axis of th

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24

DATTATRAYAM, R. S. "Earthquake source parameter estimation using synthetic waveform modelling." MAUSAM 43, no. 4 (2021): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v43i4.3503.

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Fault plane solutions and focal depths for three crustal events occurring in the Himalayan collision zone have been obtained using synthetic waveform modelling. Two crustal events with their epicenters in the Tibetan plateau show large component of normal faulting with east-west trading T-axes. The third event with It’s epicenter north of Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) shows reverse faulting with the nodal planes paralleling the local structural trend. All the three crustal events studied have occurred at shallow focal depths of less than 15 km. The Inferred source parameters of these events are d

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25

Astiz, Luciana, and Hiroo Kanamori. "Interplate coupling and temporal variation of mechanisms of intermediate-depth earthquakes in Chile." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 76, no. 6 (1986): 1614–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0760061614.

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Abstract We investigated the temporal variation of the mechanism of large intraplate earthquakes at intermediate depths in relation to the occurrence of large under-thrusting earthquakes in Chile. Focal mechanisms were determined for three large events (1 March 1934: M = 7.1, d = 120 km; 20 April 1949: M = 7.3, d = 70 km; and 8 May 1971: MW = 7.2, d = 150 km) which occurred down-dip of the great 1960 Chilean earthquake (MW = 9.5) rupture zone. The 1971 event is down-dip compressional: θ (strike) = 12°, δ (dip) = 80°, and λ (rake) = 100°. The 1949 earthquake focal mechanisms is θ = 350°, δ = 70

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26

Tralli, David M., and Lane R. Johnson. "Estimation of slowness-dependent source and receiver corrections for P-wave travel times." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 76, no. 6 (1986): 1718–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0760061718.

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Abstract Tectonically regionalized tau estimates are used to obtain seismic P-wave travel-time corrections for lateral variations in the Earth's crust and shallow-mantle velocity structure. The corrections, in the form of estimates of tau perturbations, are functions of slowness and are assessed for both the source and receiver regions. The functional form is derived analytically and allows interpretations of causative velocity anomalies. Corrections for both ray path endpoints constrain effects typically assigned solely to the receiver, thereby helping assess systematic errors in hypocentral

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27

Mitra, Supriyo, Keith Priestley, Anjan Kr Bhattacharyya, and V. K. Gaur. "Crustal structure and earthquake focal depths beneath northeastern India and southern Tibet." Geophysical Journal International 160, no. 1 (2004): 227–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.2004.02470.x.

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28

Bai, Ling, Guohui Li, Nangyal G. Khan, Junmeng Zhao, and Lin Ding. "Focal depths and mechanisms of shallow earthquakes in the Himalayan–Tibetan region." Gondwana Research 41 (January 2017): 390–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2015.07.009.

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29

Riazi, Naimeh, David W. Eaton, Alemayehu Aklilu, and Andrew Poulin. "Application of focal-time analysis for improved induced seismicity depth control: A case study from the Montney Formation, British Columbia, Canada." GEOPHYSICS 85, no. 6 (2020): KS185—KS196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2019-0833.1.

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Characterization of induced seismicity and associated microseismicity is an important challenge for enhanced oil recovery and development of tight hydrocarbon reservoirs. In particular, accurately correlating hypocenters of induced events to stratigraphic layers plays an important role in understanding the mechanisms of fault activation. Existing methods for estimating focal depth, however, are prone to a high degree of uncertainty. A comprehensive analysis of inferred focal depths is applied to induced events that occurred during completions of horizontal wells targeting the Montney Formation

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30

Frohlich, Cliff. "Does maximum earthquake size depend on focal depth?" Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 88, no. 2 (1998): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0880020329.

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Abstract While the Gutenberg-Richter “law” (GR) with b-value of 1.0 is an inexact description of the earthquake frequency-magnitude distribution, it does provide a convenient statistical basis for identifying when the largest earthquakes in a catalog are either anomalously large or anomalously small. When the largest earthquakes are as predicted by the GR distribution, it is inappropriate to infer that the largest historically known earthquake is the largest possible. Only when the largest observed earthquakes are significantly smaller than predicted can we infer that the largest possible eart

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31

Gultaf, Hikhmadhan, Benyamin Sapiie, Wahyu Triyoso, Meli Hadiana, Yehezkiel Halauwet, and Herlina Almanda Anna Maria Narwadan. "STRESS REGIME ANALYSIS IN THE STRUCTURAL TRANSTITION BETWEEN SUMATRA DAN JAWA." Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas 48, no. 1 (2025): 43–62. https://doi.org/10.29017/scog.v48i1.1687.

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The structural transition between Sumatra and Java presents significant geological challenges due to the change in the orientation of the convergent plate boundary, shifting from NW-SE in western Sumatra to W-E in southern Java. This study focuses on the regions of Lampung (representing Sumatra's tectonics), West Java (representing Java's tectonics), and the Sunda Strait as the boundary between them. The research aims to map tectonic stress conditions using formal stress inversion methods based on earthquake focal mechanism data, constrained to depth intervals of 0-15 km and 15-33 km. Focal me

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32

Yang, Hongfeng, Pengcheng Zhou, Nan Fang, et al. "A Shallow Shock: The 25 February 2019 ML 4.9 Earthquake in the Weiyuan Shale Gas Field in Sichuan, China." Seismological Research Letters 91, no. 6 (2020): 3182–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200202.

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Abstract Earthquakes rarely occur at extremely shallow depths, for example, less than 2 km. Even for induced earthquakes that are typically shallower than tectonic events, only very small ones have been reported in such depths. The ML 4.9 earthquake (Mw 4.3) that struck the Rongxian County, Sichuan, China on 25 February 2019 was an extremely shallow event. Seismological and geodetic data constrained the mainshock depth at ∼1 km with a thrust-faulting mechanism, consistent with the Molin fault orienting northwest. Two foreshocks with magnitudes larger than 4 occurred on an unmapped fault striki

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33

Das, J. D., and A. R. Chandrasekaran. "Determination of Epicenter and Comparison of some Empirical Formulae with Observed Data of Acceleration from Two Events in Himalaya." Journal Geological Society of India 41, no. 5 (1993): 417–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17491/jgsi/1993/410502.

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Abstract Two earthquakes of April 26 and September 10 were recorded by strong motion array's in India during the year 1986 by Kangra and ShilIoog array respectively. Mean peak horizontal accelerations are in the range of 157 to 2217 mm/sec in case of the April event, whereas it is 163 to 1234 rnmlsec2 for the September one. Epicentral information (DEQ) has been derived using P and S wave arrival times of strong motion accelerograph stations and compared with that reported by IMD and USGS. Epicentral distance and focal depth are better indicated by the strong motion array data. Focal parameter

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34

Jaimes, Miguel A., and Adrián D. García-Soto. "Updated ground motion prediction model for Mexican intermediate-depth intraslab earthquakes including V/H ratios." Earthquake Spectra 36, no. 3 (2020): 1298–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8755293019899947.

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This article presents an updated ground motion prediction equation for pseudo acceleration values from Mexican intermediate-depth intraslab earthquakes at rock sites (National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) class B) for the horizontal and the vertical components. The equations were built as functions of magnitude, distance to the fault surface of the earthquake and focal depth, using 23 event recordings (366 records). The database is extended from a previous one used to develop a ground motion prediction equation for intraslab earthquakes, including 7 more events and over 80 acce

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35

Huang, Paul Y., Sean C. Solomon, Eric A. Bergman, and John L. Nabelek. "Focal depths and mechanism of Mid-Atlantic Ridge earthquakes from body waveform inversion." Journal of Geophysical Research 91, B1 (1986): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jb091ib01p00579.

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36

Maggi, A., J. A. Jackson, D. McKenzie, and K. Priestley. "Earthquake focal depths, effective elastic thickness, and the strength of the continental lithosphere." Geology 28, no. 6 (2000): 495–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)028<0495:efdeet>2.3.co;2.

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37

Maggi, A., J. A. Jackson, D. McKenzie, and K. Priestley. "Earthquake focal depths, effective elastic thickness, and the strength of the continental lithosphere." Geology 28, no. 6 (2000): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<495:efdeet>2.0.co;2.

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38

Bai, Ling, Lorena Medina Luna, Eric A. Hetland, and Jeroen Ritsema. "Focal depths and mechanisms of Tohoku-Oki aftershocks from teleseismic P wave modeling." Earthquake Science 27, no. 1 (2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11589-013-0036-x.

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39

Zhakeyev, Adilet, and Jose Marques-Hueso. "Centimeter-Scale Curing Depths in Laser-Assisted 3D Printing of Photopolymers Enabled by Er3+ Upconversion and Green Light-Absorbing Photosensitizer." Photonics 9, no. 7 (2022): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9070498.

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Photopolymer resins used in stereolithographic 3D printing are limited to penetration depths of less than 1 mm. Our approach explores the use of near-infrared (NIR) to visible upconversion (UC) emissions from lanthanide-based phosphors to initiate photopolymer crosslinking at a much higher depth. This concept relies on the use of invisibility windows and non-linear optical effects to achieve selective crosslinking in photopolymers. SLA resin formulation capable of absorbing light in the visible region (420–550 nm) was developed, in order to take advantage of efficient green-UC of Er3+/Yb3+ dop

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40

Umino, Norihito, and Akira Hasegawa. "Aftershock Focal Depths of the 1993 Hokkaido-Nansei-Oki Earthquake Estimated from sP Depth Phase at Small Epicentral Distances." Journal of Physics of the Earth 42, no. 4 (1994): 321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4294/jpe1952.42.321.

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41

Davison, Frederick C., and Melissa J. Bodé. "A Note on the December 1986 - January 1987 Richmond, Virginia, Felt Earthquake Sequence." Seismological Research Letters 58, no. 3 (1987): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.58.3.73.

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Abstract A series of small, felt earthquakes occurred in Richmond, Virginia, during December 1986 and January 1987. Historie records show that such a sequence is unique for Richmond. There were at least 11 felt events, of which six were instrumentally recorded and four were located. Duration magnitudes of these four ranged from 1.5 to 2.2. A focal mechanism solution was calculated and indicates reverse faulting on a plane striking north-northwest and dipping either 45° northeast or 44° southwest. Epicentral intensity reports, up to MMI V, and felt areas do not conform to usual intensity - magn

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Lin, Guoqing. "Waveform Cross-Correlation Relocation and Focal Mechanisms for the 2019 Ridgecrest Earthquake Sequence." Seismological Research Letters 91, no. 4 (2020): 2055–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220190277.

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Abstract I present a high-precision earthquake relocation catalog and first-motion focal mechanisms before and during the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence in eastern California. I obtain phase arrivals, first-motion polarities, and waveform data from the Southern California Earthquake Data Center for more than 24,000 earthquakes with the magnitudes varying between −0.7 and 7.1 from 1 January to 31 July 2019. I first relocate all the earthquakes using phase arrivals through a previously developed 3D seismic-velocity model and then improve relative location accuracies using differential times

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Fan, Gang, Jun Wang, Shunchao Qi, Gongda Lu, Xingguo Yang, and Jiawen Zhou. "Spatiotemporal Evolution of Earthquakes in Longmenshan Fault and Adjacent Area, before and after the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake." Shock and Vibration 2021 (November 24, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9400276.

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Seismicity sequence following a main earthquake usually contains much meaningful information for unveiling the focal mechanism and predicting the reoccurrence interval of large earthquakes. The spatiotemporal evolution of earthquakes before and after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (Ms 8.0) is analysed comprehensively in this study. The frequency-magnitude relation of the 3493 earthquake events retrieved from the database of the International Seismological Centre indicates that the adopted catalogue is complete for magnitudes ≥Ms 3.4. The seismicity during the 10 years before the Wenchuan earthqu

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Yi, Donghui, Fengbin Zhou, Jianyu Hua, Linsen Chen, and Wen Qiao. "Diffractive Achromat with Freeform Slope for Broadband Imaging over a Long Focal Depth." Micromachines 14, no. 7 (2023): 1401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14071401.

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We propose a method for designing a long-focal-depth diffractive achromat (LFDA). By applying rotational symmetric parameterization, an LFDA with a diameter of 10.89 mm is designed over three wavelengths at six focal planes. The smoothly changed slope designed by the binary variable slope search (BVSS) algorithm greatly reduces the discontinuity in depth, thus it is a fabrication-friendly process for grayscale laser direct writing lithography, involving less fabrication error and cost. The deviation between the designed and fabricated profiles amounts to 9.68%. The LFDA operates at multiple wa

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Acree, Steven D., Jill R. Acree, and Pradeep Talwani. "The Lake Keowee, South Carolina Earthquakes of February through July 1986." Seismological Research Letters 59, no. 2 (1987): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.59.2.63.

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Abstract In the early morning of 13 February 1986, an earthquake with a duration magnitude (MD) of 3.2 rumbled through northwestern South Carolina. The event was centered near Lake Keowee in Oconee County in a region of prior low level seismicity. Approximately eighty aftershocks with magnitudes ranging from −1.0 to 2.0 were recorded during the next six days. The locations of five aftershocks were accurately determined, utilizing data from portable seismographs deployed in the epicentral area. Depths of the two earthquakes with a location quality of B or better were between 3 and 4 km. First m

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Yan, Rui, and Chilou Zhou. "Analysis of Focusing Performance in Phased Array Probe Using COMSOL." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2610, no. 1 (2023): 012059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2610/1/012059.

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Abstract To improve the detection ability of ultrasonic phased array detection for hydrogen storage vessel, COMSOL was used to simulate the main parameters of phased array probes. The influence of the number of array elements, array element spacing and excitation frequency on the sound propagation characteristics was analysed. The results showed that the number of array elements has a significant effect on the focused sound field. When the number of array elements is 8, effective focus cannot be formed at the pre-set focus position, and the maximum sound pressure value does not change signific

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Chakrabarti, Surajit, Sanjoy Kumar Pal, and Soumen Sarkar. "An accurate determination of the refractive indices of water and glass by smartphone photography." Physics Education 58, no. 3 (2023): 035010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6552/acb8f9.

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Abstract A smartphone can be used for many physics experiments by using the sensors built into the phone. The complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) (charge-coupled device, CCD) sensor of the camera records the images of objects photographed in pixels. The width of the image can be read off with micron level accuracy with the help of software available freely from the internet. If the dimensions of the object in the direction transverse to the viewing direction of the camera are known, the magnification of the object photographed can be determined accurately. A smartphone camera is a c

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Liu, Chao, Yi Zheng, Nan-Nan Li, Ye-Hao Hou, Zhao Jiang, and Qiong-Hua Wang. "Real scene acquisition and holographic near-eye display system based on a zoom industrial endoscope." Optics Express 30, no. 18 (2022): 33170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.468267.

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In this paper, we propose a real scene acquisition and holographic near-eye display system based on a zoom industrial endoscope. By controlling the driving current of the liquid lens, the working distance and focal length of the zoom industrial endoscope can be tuned accordingly. Thus, the object at different depths can be captured. Then, the sub-sampling algorithm is used to generate the hologram. By adjusting the hologram sampling rate of the objects with different depths, the holographic near-eye 3D display can be realized. Experimental results demonstrate that the working distance of the z

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Allamehzadeh, M., M. Dezvareh, A. M. Farahbod, et al. "Seismological Aspects of the 2003 Bam, Iran, Earthquake and Its Aftershock Analysis." Earthquake Spectra 21, no. 1_suppl (2005): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2098167.

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The source mechanism derived from the inversion of long-period body waves revealed that the earthquake occurred on a north-south trending strike-slip fault with a thrust component. According to the source model estimated in this study, the 2003 Bam, Iran, earthquake was a multiple event formed by two subevents. The rupture following subevent one started at a depth of about 8 km. However, the depth of subevent two is about 10 km. The total seismic moment estimated from inversion processes is 8.34×1018Nm. The pulse duration of subevent one and subevent two was determined from source time functio

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Grimison, Nina L., and Wang-Ping Chen. "The Azores-Gibraltar Plate Boundary: Focal mechanisms, depths of earthquakes, and their tectonic implications." Journal of Geophysical Research 91, B2 (1986): 2029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jb091ib02p02029.

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