Relevant bibliographies by topics / Focal item

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Focal item'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2025
Last updated: 1 August 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Focal item"

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Walker, Cindy M., Bo Zhang, Kathleen Banks, and Kevin Cappaert. "Establishing Effect Size Guidelines for Interpreting the Results of Differential Bundle Functioning Analyses Using SIBTEST." Educational and Psychological Measurement 72, no. 3 (2011): 415–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164411422250.

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The purpose of this simulation study was to establish general effect size guidelines for interpreting the results of differential bundle functioning (DBF) analyses using simultaneous item bias test (SIBTEST). Three factors were manipulated: number of items in a bundle, test length, and magnitude of uniform differential item functioning (DIF) against the focal group in each item in a bundle. A secondary purpose was to validate the current effect size guidelines for interpreting the results of single-item DIF analyses using SIBTEST. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that ability esti
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Orluwene, Goodness W., and Memory Queensoap. "Using Item Characteristics Curve Approach in Detecting Item Bias in a Chemistry Achievement Test in Nigeria." International Journal of Case Studies 8, no. 3 (2019): 79–103. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3546944.

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this study used Item Response Theory-Item characteristic Curve approach to detect item bias in a 60-item Chemistry Achievement Test (CAT). The CAT was administered to 400 students of senior secondary III in Niger State, Kwara State, Anambra State and Bayelsa State representing Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo and Ijaw ethnic groups. A descriptive-comparative research design was used to describe and compare examinees of the four ethnic groups. The two item parameters-item difficulty and item discrimination were estimated for each group with Proxy Algorithm and Point Biserial correlation methods while Micros
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Ridho, Ali. "Does Multidimensionality Cause DIF?" ANIMA Indonesian Psychological Journal 33, no. 2 (2018): 125–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24123/aipj.v33i2.1583.

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The differential item functioning (DIF) of an item that initially assumed unidimensional is frequently attributed to the assumption of multidimensionality. Therefore, it is important to test the assumption that multidimensionality causes an item to be functionally different between the disadvantaged group (i.e. focal group) and the benefited group (i.e. reference group) on the Aptitude Potential Test for New Student Selection in State Islamic University (AP SPMB-PTAIN). This study aims to: (a) explore and confirm the internal structure of AP SPMB-PTAIN; (b) identify items containing DIF based
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Williams, Marie T., David John, and Peter Frith. "Comparison of the Dyspnoea-12 and Multidimensional Dyspnoea Profile in people with COPD." European Respiratory Journal 49, no. 3 (2016): 1600773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00773-2016.

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We directly compared convergent, discriminant and concurrent validity of the Dyspnoea-12 (D-12) and Multidimensional Dyspnoea Profile (MDP) in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Breathlessness measures (D-12, MDP, visual analogue scales and descriptors) were completed for two focal periods (daily life and end of walk test). Instrument structure (D-12 and MDP item grouping) was assessed with factor analysis. Differences between airflow severity stage and focal periods (ANOVA, t-test and Chi-squared test), associations between D-12 and MDP (r, r2 for static pulmonary function, 6-m
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Özkan, SAATÇİOĞLU. "Validity of Simulation Studies: A Case Research in the Context of Differential Item Functioning Detection." Journal of Psychometric Research 3, no. 1 (2025): 24–40. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15036409.

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The aim of this study is to examine the simulation validity by determining whether the simulation process produces results that are realistically close to expectations, through the generation of artificial data containing Differential Item Functioning (DIF) and assessing whether the data were accurately generated. In the study, which involves one reference group and two focal groups, 2250 different conditions were simulated by considering factors such as the sample size of the reference group, the sample size ratios of the focal groups, the amount of DIF, and the DIF technique. During the data
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Shi, Qingzhou, Stefanie A. Wind, and Joni M. Lakin. "Exploring the Influence of Item Characteristics in a Spatial Reasoning Task." Journal of Intelligence 11, no. 8 (2023): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11080152.

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Well-designed spatial assessments can incorporate multiple sources of complexity that reflect important aspects of spatial reasoning. When these aspects are systematically included in spatial reasoning items, researchers can use psychometric models to examine the impact of each aspect on item difficulty. These methods can then help the researchers to understand the nature and development of spatial reasoning and can also inform the development of new items to better reflect the construct. This study investigated sources of item difficulty for object assembly (OA), a format for the assessment o
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Cuhadar, Ismail, Yanyun Yang, and Insu Paek. "Consequences of Ignoring Guessing Effects on Measurement Invariance Analysis." Applied Psychological Measurement 45, no. 4 (2021): 283–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01466216211013915.

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Pseudo-guessing parameters are present in item response theory applications for many educational assessments. When sample size is not sufficiently large, the guessing parameters may be ignored from the analysis. This study examines the impact of ignoring pseudo-guessing parameters on measurement invariance analysis, specifically, on item difficulty, item discrimination, and mean and variance of ability distribution. Results show that when non-zero guessing parameters are ignored from the measurement invariance analysis, item discrimination estimates tend to decrease particularly for more diffi
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Wykowska, Agnieszka, and Anna Schubö. "On the Temporal Relation of Top–Down and Bottom–Up Mechanisms during Guidance of Attention." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, no. 4 (2010): 640–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21222.

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Two mechanisms are said to be responsible for guiding focal attention in visual selection: bottom–up, saliency-driven capture and top–down control. These mechanisms were examined with a paradigm that combined a visual search task with postdisplay probe detection. Two SOAs between the search display and probe onsets were introduced to investigate how attention was allocated to particular items at different points in time. The dynamic interplay between bottom–up and top–down mechanisms was investigated with ERP methodology. ERPs locked to the search displays showed that top–down control needed t
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Rose, Nathan S., Fergus I. M. Craik, and Bradley R. Buchsbaum. "Levels of Processing in Working Memory: Differential Involvement of Frontotemporal Networks." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27, no. 3 (2015): 522–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00738.

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How does the brain maintain to-be-remembered information in working memory (WM), particularly when the focus of attention is drawn to processing other information? Cognitive models of WM propose that when items are displaced from focal attention recall involves retrieval from long-term memory (LTM). In this fMRI study, we tried to clarify the role of LTM in performance on a WM task and the type of representation that is used to maintain an item in WM during rehearsal-filled versus distractor-filled delays. Participants made a deep or shallow levels-of-processing (LOP) decision about a single w
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Uttaro, Thomas. "Influences on the Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square in Detection of Differential Item Functioning under Rasch Conditions." Perceptual and Motor Skills 80, no. 3_suppl (1995): 1071–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.80.3c.1071.

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The Mantel-Haenszel chi-square (χ2MH) is widely used to detect differential item functioning (item bias) between ethnic and gender-based subgroups on educational and psychological tests. The empirical behavior of χ2MH has been incompletely understood; previous research is inconclusive. The present simulation study explored the effects of sample size, number of items, and trait distributions on the power of χ2MH to detect modeled differential item functioning. A significant effect was obtained for sample size with unacceptably low power for 250 subjects each in the focal and reference groups. T
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Focal item"

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Papadovassilakis, Nicolas. "Investigations of the focal properties and magnification of multielement electrostatic lenses." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1988. http://repository.royalholloway.ac.uk/items/2de906ae-4b96-4d4d-9af0-3c0973b1bd62/1/.

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We developed a technique for measuring the focal properties and the magnification behaviour oi electrostatic lenses with cylindrical geometry. We applied the method to the study of three-element lenses of various proportions, and we found excellent agreement between our experimental results and a simple theoretical model of lenses with centre elements longer than 1.25 internal lens diameters. We extended our study to lenses with centre element 1 and 0.5 lens diameters where the simple theoretical model is inappropriate but there are detailed calculations on the focal properties and the magnifi
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Sarri, Margarita. "Factors predictive of emotional and behavioural difficulties in children with refractory focal epilepsy." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2014. http://digirep.rhul.ac.uk/items/e1e081c7-3d68-8a76-2a43-b294e1dd7dad/1/.

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Focal epilepsy in childhood is associated with increased risk for developing behavioral, emotional, cognitive and social–adaptive impairments. The present thesis focused on mental health difficulties in paediatric refractory focal epilepsy. It undertook a detailed evaluation of the predictive power of several demographic (gender, age at assessment), clinical (age at onset and duration of epilepsy, seizure frequency), localization (lobe and lateralization of pathology) and cognitive variables (performance in intellectual, memory and academic attainment measures) for mood, conduct, inattention/h
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Books on the topic "Focal item"

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Choi, Mihwa. Burial. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190459765.003.0006.

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Burials had become a focal point of some Confucian efforts to build a socio-moral order based on Confucian norms. “Simple burial,” idealized by scholar-officials, used a simple pit tomb with minimal burial items, based on the mainstream Confucian tradition of rejecting literary and material expression of the concrete social imaginaries of the world-beyond. Its focus rested with a tomb inscription tablet highlighting the public accomplishments and virtue of the deceased. On the other hand, many rich merchants were able to conduct a “lavish burial,” believing that the material furnishing of the
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Book chapters on the topic "Focal item"

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Olusoga, Yinka, and Catherine Bannister. "18. What’s behind the Mask? Family, Fandoms and Playful Caring around Children’s Masks during the Covid-19 Pandemic." In Play in a Covid Frame. Open Book Publishers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0326.18.

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Recognition of Covid-19 as an airborne, respiratory virus introduced mask wearing suddenly, and potentially disruptively, into many children and young people’s everyday lives in the UK. Guidance, and later regulations, requiring mask wearing for older children in communal spaces, and the uptake in families of masks for younger children despite age-related exemptions, meant that many families swiftly began developing habitual practices around mask wearing. This chapter goes ‘behind the mask’ as a physical, material object representative of the pandemic, and mask wearing as a focal pandemic prac
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Austin, James H. "Paradox: The Maple Leaf Way Up in Ambient Space." In Living Zen Remindfully. The MIT Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262035088.003.0016.

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This chapter re-examines some of the phenomena that occurred during an experience of internal absorption. Chapters 5, 6, and 15 have indicated that if the functions of neurons in the parahippocampus and inferior temporal cortex were enhanced, the result could blend these focal and global functions so as to enable an item in the far periphery to be “seen,” in clear focus, in a paradoxical manner.
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Griffin, Roger. "David Irving , Laying It On The Line." In Fascism. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192892492.003.0190.

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Abstract The true position of Irving on the Final Solution can be gleaned from this item in Focal Point, the organ of the Focus Policy Group, which he formed as an abortive attempt to create a broad-based international network of ultra-nationalists in the early 1980s. The cover of this issue featured a bronze head of Hitler and bore the headline ‘The Voice from beyond Valhalla’. This passage is taken from the transcript, ‘never before published’, of a stenographer’s record of the clarification ofhis long-term policy which Hitler made in private to ‘one ofhis financial backers’ on 21 December 1
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Saravanan, A. "Recent advances in Photocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation." In Materials Research Foundations. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901359-6.

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Nitrogen fixation is a standout amongst the most significant concoction responses in the biological system of our planet. Under the regularly pressure of the petroleum product exhaustion emergency and anthropogenic worldwide environmental change with ceaseless CO2 emanation in the 21st century, examine focusing on the union of NH3 under gentle conditions in an economical and condition agreeable way is lively and flourishing. Thusly, the focal point of this survey is the cutting edge designing of effective photocatalysts for dinitrogen (N2) obsession toward NH3 amalgamation. Creating green and
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Vale, John Henry de Oliveira, Mariana dos Anjos Furtado de Sá, Marcela Godinho Miranda do Vale, et al. "A síndrome de burnout e o trabalho docente: Análise de um grupo de professores de uma universidade pública na Amazônia." In RUMO AO FUTURO DA EDUCAÇÃO: PESQUISAS CIENTÍFICAS PARA A TRANSFORMAÇÃO EDUCACIONAL. Seven Editora, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/futuroeducpesqutrans-001.

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A síndrome de Burnout afeta milhares de pessoas no mundo, especialmente grupos de professores. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar a ocorrência da Síndrome de Burnout nos servidores docentes de uma universidade na Amazônia e o nível de satisfação em seu trabalho. A pesquisa utilizou como metodologia uma abordagem quali-quantitativa, sendo aplicado na etapa quantitativa o CESQT e na etapa qualitativa um grupo focal com análise de conteúdo. Participaram deste estudo 17 professores do total de 21 elegíveis. Não foi constatada a ocorrência da síndorme de burnout em nenhum dos participant
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Corbett, Greville G. "The Russian Adjective: A Pervasive yet Elusive Category’." In Adjective Classes. Oxford University PressOxford, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199270934.003.0008.

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Abstract Russian undoubtedly has a class of adjectives, and several properties converge to define the category. While adjectives are numerous, few lexical items have all the defining properties. There is considerable overlapping with noun and verb, and adjectives expand out to cover typologically unusual areas. We shall see that Russian adjectives form a category with two focal points.
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Rathore, Shubhangini. "What Emotional Intelligence Does to Organizational Stress." In Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Human Capital and Information Technology Professionals. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5297-0.ch003.

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The acknowledgement to develop emotional competencies of the workforce is a focal point of concern for human resource practitioners today. This chapter attempts to explore the relationship between organizational role stress and emotional intelligence in the Indian IT industry. Data was collected from a total of 250 employees, both managers and non-managers working in the Delhi NCR region. Emotional intelligence was measured by developing a scale consisting of 27 items. Stress was measured using the organizational role stress questionnaire comprising of 50 items. The results show a strong corre
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Harris, James C., and Joseph T. Coyle. "Language." In Harris' Developmental Neuropsychiatry: The Interface with Cognitive and Social Neuroscience, 2nd ed., edited by James C. Harris and Joseph T. Coyle. Oxford University PressNew York, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199928118.003.0006.

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Abstract This chapter reviews current issues in language development regarding two perspectives: Whether language is an innate system with specialized language centers in the brain that involves the reconfiguration of mental and neural systems which are present in other species and continue to serve a nonlinguistic function in the human species, or whether it is an emergent function that results from competition between lexical items, phonological forms, and syntactic patterning. The chapter also reviews the anatomy of language, discusses simulated language learning in neural networks, conside
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Luttrell, Wendy. "The everyday politics of belonging/s." In Children Framing Childhoods. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447352853.003.0003.

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This chapter examines belongings as markers of belonging. It offers a way of seeing the children's photographs of prized possessions as a means to position themselves as the objects of others' care and as agile navigators of social and cultural differences. The children used their cameras in multiple ways: to traverse home and school cultures; to engage in the politics of belonging, both building and tearing down social divisions, including boundaries between public and private housing; and to manage difficult emotions and anxieties about care and belonging. Whether they were endeavoring to sh
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Kabasakal, İnanç. "Understanding Shopping Behaviors With Category- and Brand-Level Market Basket Analysis." In Tools and Techniques for Implementing International E-Trading Tactics for Competitive Advantage. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0035-4.ch012.

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In a digital transformation environment, most businesses shift towards e-business and encounter businesses and customer interaction on digital channels. Information Technology renders data access and processing more efficient, and use of customer data in decision making has become a focal interest area that attracts researchers. Customer data is a relevant subject for numerous studies in Data Mining. In this chapter, Association Rule Mining has been utilized to extract purchase behavior patterns with a multilevel approach. Basket data obtained from an online retailer was analyzed to discover p
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Conference papers on the topic "Focal item"

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Li, Zhi, Bo Wu, Qi Liu, Likang Wu, Hongke Zhao, and Tao Mei. "Learning the Compositional Visual Coherence for Complementary Recommendations." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/489.

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Complementary recommendations, which aim at providing users product suggestions that are supplementary and compatible with their obtained items, have become a hot topic in both academia and industry in recent years. Existing work mainly focused on modeling the co-purchased relations between two items, but the compositional associations of item collections are largely unexplored. Actually, when a user chooses the complementary items for the purchased products, it is intuitive that she will consider the visual semantic coherence (such as color collocations, texture compatibilities) in addition t
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Morien, Roy. "Insights into Using Agile Development Methods in Student Final Year Projects." In InSITE 2004: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2786.

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The paper will report upon the experiences and reflections of undergraduate students undertaking industrial development projects, as part of their curriculum, in the situation where they have been required to utilize a prototyping / agile / lightweight methodology. The paper is partly evangelistic (demonstrating the author’s enthusiasm for a particular development methodological viewpoint), and partly methodological (discussing the characteristics of, and success in using, a particular methodological approach). A clear position in support of agile development methods is taken, and a particular
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Xu, Ying, Han Ye, Ning Zhang, and Guodong Du. "Leveraging Autoencoder and Focal Loss for Imbalanced Data Classification." In 2022 12th International Conference on Information Technology in Medicine and Education (ITME). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itme56794.2022.00110.

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Ginter, Marshall L., and Charles M. Brown. "New high resolution VUV spectroscopic facility at SURF II." In OSA Annual Meeting. Optica Publishing Group, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1986.thj3.

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We describe a new spectroscopic facility at SURF II (Gaithersburg, MD) established for use in high resolution (Δλ < 0.004 Å at 800 Å) research requiring light from an electron storage ring. The project is a joint effort by the University of Maryland, the National Science Foundation, the Naval Research Laboratory, and the National Bureau of Standards which involved (a) the conversion of a 6.65-m off-plane Eagle spectrograph to a focal- plane scanning spectrometer, (b) the construction of a beam line with a polarization-enhancing optical system and differential pumping capability, (c) the acq
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Jadrić, Mario. "EXPLORING SMART CITY RESEARCH FROM INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVES." In Fourth International Scientific Conference ITEMA Recent Advances in Information Technology, Tourism, Economics, Management and Agriculture. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/itema.s.p.2020.1.

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Research in the smart city domain is characterised by distinct multidisciplinarity. The reason for this is the broadness of the domain, classified into six key categories: smart governance, smart people, smart living, smart mobility, smart economy, and smart environment, all focal points of research in separate scientific fields. Also, many researchers argue about the best approach and steps in the development of smart cities highlighting different technological, economic, or sociological aspects of research. This paper aims to explore and clarify the differences in smart city research from tw
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Orlandi, Rachele, Martina Pucciarelli, Giacomo Ragni, Angela Serra, and Francesco Fantozzi. "A Carbon Footprint Comparison Through LCA of Forging vs. Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) Processes for the Internal Casing of a Gas Turbine." In ASME Turbo Expo 2024: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2024-123183.

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Abstract The European Commission is increasingly investing efforts on regulating and standardizing Environmental Footprint (EF) assessment for both Products and Organizations. In the framework of UN Agenda 2030, proactivity in performing Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) on products is becoming of vital importance for companies, as well as having internal initiatives for carbon reduction and implementation of eco-design practices. Energy and turbomachinery industries are focal points in this context, and these industries should pioneer such initiatives. For such consolidated industries, it is import
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Lemmens, Karel, Marc Aertsens, Ve´ra Pirlet, Norbert Maes, Hugo Moors, and Piere Van Iseghem. "Measurement of Glass Corrosion in Boom Clay Disposal Conditions: First Results of the Experimental Programme 2000-2003 of SCK•CEN." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4774.

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To estimate the lifetime of vitrified high level waste (HLW-glass) in Boom Clay disposal conditions, the dissolution behaviour of waste glass has been studied with experiments performed in surface laboratories and in the HADES underground research facility of SCK·CEN since 1980. We present the main topics and first results of the SCK·CEN programme 2000–2003. This programme focuses on the following items: (1) the diffusion/sorption/precipitation of silica in Boom clay or backfill clay, (2) demonstration of glass dissolution behaviour in realistic test conditions, (3) the effect of presaturation
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Mariano, Lunizia Mattos, Guilherme dos Santos Sousa, Lucas Barbosa Napolitano de Moraes, et al. "Use of lamotrigine in impulse control and social cognition in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy." In XIV Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.141s1.654.

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Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a type of focal epilepsy that can begin in one or more regions of the temporal lobe and spread to adjacent brain tissue via neural connections and can be divided into two types according to the Classification of Epileptic Syndromes (ILAE 2017). The most common is mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, which affects temporal regions such as the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, amygdala, and parahippocampal gyrus. The second type is lateral or neocortical, where seizures occur in the temporal neocortex (superior, medial and inferior temporal, temporooccipital and temporopa
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Reports on the topic "Focal item"

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MORELLI, D. Long-distance transport of live animals: WOAH’s standards and best practices including societal perception and communication aspects. O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/tt.3334.

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During the 88th General Session held virtually in May 2021, the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH: founded as OIE) Regional Commission for Europe agreed “Long-distance transport of live animals: WOAH’s standards and best practices including societal perception and communication aspects” as the Technical Item I to be presented during the 30th Conference of the Regional Commission in Catania (Italy), from 3 to 7 October 2022. An online questionnaire was designed and distributed to WOAH Members of the Regional Commission for Europe from 21 June to 8 July 2022 (with minor finalisations by
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