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Journal articles on the topic 'Focal item'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Walker, Cindy M., Bo Zhang, Kathleen Banks, and Kevin Cappaert. "Establishing Effect Size Guidelines for Interpreting the Results of Differential Bundle Functioning Analyses Using SIBTEST." Educational and Psychological Measurement 72, no. 3 (2011): 415–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164411422250.

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The purpose of this simulation study was to establish general effect size guidelines for interpreting the results of differential bundle functioning (DBF) analyses using simultaneous item bias test (SIBTEST). Three factors were manipulated: number of items in a bundle, test length, and magnitude of uniform differential item functioning (DIF) against the focal group in each item in a bundle. A secondary purpose was to validate the current effect size guidelines for interpreting the results of single-item DIF analyses using SIBTEST. The results of this study clearly demonstrate that ability esti

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2

Orluwene, Goodness W., and Memory Queensoap. "Using Item Characteristics Curve Approach in Detecting Item Bias in a Chemistry Achievement Test in Nigeria." International Journal of Case Studies 8, no. 3 (2019): 79–103. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3546944.

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this study used Item Response Theory-Item characteristic Curve approach to detect item bias in a 60-item Chemistry Achievement Test (CAT). The CAT was administered to 400 students of senior secondary III in Niger State, Kwara State, Anambra State and Bayelsa State representing Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo and Ijaw ethnic groups. A descriptive-comparative research design was used to describe and compare examinees of the four ethnic groups. The two item parameters-item difficulty and item discrimination were estimated for each group with Proxy Algorithm and Point Biserial correlation methods while Micros

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Ridho, Ali. "Does Multidimensionality Cause DIF?" ANIMA Indonesian Psychological Journal 33, no. 2 (2018): 125–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24123/aipj.v33i2.1583.

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The differential item functioning (DIF) of an item that initially assumed unidimensional is frequently attributed to the assumption of multidimensionality. Therefore, it is important to test the assumption that multidimensionality causes an item to be functionally different between the disadvantaged group (i.e. focal group) and the benefited group (i.e. reference group) on the Aptitude Potential Test for New Student Selection in State Islamic University (AP SPMB-PTAIN). This study aims to: (a) explore and confirm the internal structure of AP SPMB-PTAIN; (b) identify items containing DIF based

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Williams, Marie T., David John, and Peter Frith. "Comparison of the Dyspnoea-12 and Multidimensional Dyspnoea Profile in people with COPD." European Respiratory Journal 49, no. 3 (2016): 1600773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00773-2016.

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We directly compared convergent, discriminant and concurrent validity of the Dyspnoea-12 (D-12) and Multidimensional Dyspnoea Profile (MDP) in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Breathlessness measures (D-12, MDP, visual analogue scales and descriptors) were completed for two focal periods (daily life and end of walk test). Instrument structure (D-12 and MDP item grouping) was assessed with factor analysis. Differences between airflow severity stage and focal periods (ANOVA, t-test and Chi-squared test), associations between D-12 and MDP (r, r2 for static pulmonary function, 6-m

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Özkan, SAATÇİOĞLU. "Validity of Simulation Studies: A Case Research in the Context of Differential Item Functioning Detection." Journal of Psychometric Research 3, no. 1 (2025): 24–40. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15036409.

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The aim of this study is to examine the simulation validity by determining whether the simulation process produces results that are realistically close to expectations, through the generation of artificial data containing Differential Item Functioning (DIF) and assessing whether the data were accurately generated. In the study, which involves one reference group and two focal groups, 2250 different conditions were simulated by considering factors such as the sample size of the reference group, the sample size ratios of the focal groups, the amount of DIF, and the DIF technique. During the data

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Shi, Qingzhou, Stefanie A. Wind, and Joni M. Lakin. "Exploring the Influence of Item Characteristics in a Spatial Reasoning Task." Journal of Intelligence 11, no. 8 (2023): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11080152.

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Well-designed spatial assessments can incorporate multiple sources of complexity that reflect important aspects of spatial reasoning. When these aspects are systematically included in spatial reasoning items, researchers can use psychometric models to examine the impact of each aspect on item difficulty. These methods can then help the researchers to understand the nature and development of spatial reasoning and can also inform the development of new items to better reflect the construct. This study investigated sources of item difficulty for object assembly (OA), a format for the assessment o

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Cuhadar, Ismail, Yanyun Yang, and Insu Paek. "Consequences of Ignoring Guessing Effects on Measurement Invariance Analysis." Applied Psychological Measurement 45, no. 4 (2021): 283–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01466216211013915.

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Pseudo-guessing parameters are present in item response theory applications for many educational assessments. When sample size is not sufficiently large, the guessing parameters may be ignored from the analysis. This study examines the impact of ignoring pseudo-guessing parameters on measurement invariance analysis, specifically, on item difficulty, item discrimination, and mean and variance of ability distribution. Results show that when non-zero guessing parameters are ignored from the measurement invariance analysis, item discrimination estimates tend to decrease particularly for more diffi

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Wykowska, Agnieszka, and Anna Schubö. "On the Temporal Relation of Top–Down and Bottom–Up Mechanisms during Guidance of Attention." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, no. 4 (2010): 640–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21222.

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Two mechanisms are said to be responsible for guiding focal attention in visual selection: bottom–up, saliency-driven capture and top–down control. These mechanisms were examined with a paradigm that combined a visual search task with postdisplay probe detection. Two SOAs between the search display and probe onsets were introduced to investigate how attention was allocated to particular items at different points in time. The dynamic interplay between bottom–up and top–down mechanisms was investigated with ERP methodology. ERPs locked to the search displays showed that top–down control needed t

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Rose, Nathan S., Fergus I. M. Craik, and Bradley R. Buchsbaum. "Levels of Processing in Working Memory: Differential Involvement of Frontotemporal Networks." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27, no. 3 (2015): 522–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00738.

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How does the brain maintain to-be-remembered information in working memory (WM), particularly when the focus of attention is drawn to processing other information? Cognitive models of WM propose that when items are displaced from focal attention recall involves retrieval from long-term memory (LTM). In this fMRI study, we tried to clarify the role of LTM in performance on a WM task and the type of representation that is used to maintain an item in WM during rehearsal-filled versus distractor-filled delays. Participants made a deep or shallow levels-of-processing (LOP) decision about a single w

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Uttaro, Thomas. "Influences on the Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square in Detection of Differential Item Functioning under Rasch Conditions." Perceptual and Motor Skills 80, no. 3_suppl (1995): 1071–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.80.3c.1071.

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The Mantel-Haenszel chi-square (χ2MH) is widely used to detect differential item functioning (item bias) between ethnic and gender-based subgroups on educational and psychological tests. The empirical behavior of χ2MH has been incompletely understood; previous research is inconclusive. The present simulation study explored the effects of sample size, number of items, and trait distributions on the power of χ2MH to detect modeled differential item functioning. A significant effect was obtained for sample size with unacceptably low power for 250 subjects each in the focal and reference groups. T

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Duden Saepuzaman, Edi Istiyono, and Haryanto Haryanto. "Differential item functioning detection in fundamental physics test." Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences 17, no. 12 (2022): 4530–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v17i12.7642.

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The study's objective was to identify the differential item functioning (DIF) or bias using item response theory. This research is exploratory research with a quantitative approach. In this study, the data used is a fundamental physics test, specifically motion one and two dimensions, dynamics and work and energy concept, with 25 items in the two-tier multiple choices in form. Two hundred and fifty-four prospective physics teachers at West Java and Banten provinces, Indonesia, consisting of 103 males (reference group) and 151 females (focal group). The data analysis includes two stages: confor

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Rome, Logan, and Bo Zhang. "Investigating the Effects of Differential Item Functioning on Proficiency Classification." Applied Psychological Measurement 42, no. 4 (2017): 259–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146621617726789.

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This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of differential item functioning (DIF) on proficiency classification. Using Monte Carlo simulation, item- and test-level DIF magnitudes were varied systematically to investigate their impact on proficiency classification at multiple decision points. Findings from this study clearly show that the presence of DIF affects proficiency classification not by lowering the overall correct classification rates but by affecting classification error rates differently for reference and focal group members. The study also reveals that multiple i

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Roussos, Louis A., Deborah L. Schnipke, and Peter J. Pashley. "A Generalized Formula for the Mantel-Haenszel Differential Item Functioning Parameter." Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics 24, no. 3 (1999): 293–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/10769986024003293.

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The present study derives a general formula for the population parameter being estimated by the Mantel-Haenszel (MH) differential item functioning (DIF) statistic. Because the formula is general, it is appropriate for either uniform DIF (defined as a difference in item response theory item difficulty values) or nonuniform DIF; and it can be used regardless of the form of the item response function. In the case of uniform DIF modeled with two-parameter-logistic response functions, the parameter is well known to be linearly related to the difference in item difficulty between the focal and refer

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Lu, An-Wen, Ya-Hua Chang, and Hsin-Hung Wu. "Analyzing Service Quality and Satisfaction by Multivariate Analysis of Variance." International Journal of Information Systems in the Service Sector 13, no. 4 (2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijisss.2021100101.

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Due to the market openness for the competitive tobacco and liquor market, Taiwan Tobacco and Liquor Corporation has to pay attention to service quality and customer satisfaction more than before for its retailers in order to maintain its marketplace and even increase its sales. In this research, a case study at South Branch Office in Taichung City, Taiwan is conducted with the effective sample of size of 178 retailing customers through phone purchase by multivariate analysis of variance. The results show that Item 20 has the lowest satisfaction and is the only item less than the value of 3 in

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Yadav, Krishna. "Online Shopping and Product Return." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 09, no. 05 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem49051.

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ABSTRACT: The fast development of e-commerce stages has revolutionized the way customers shop, with Myntra developing as a driving design and way of life commercial center in India. Myntra offers a endless determination of items, from attire and footwear to embellishments and excellence things, catering to assorted shopper inclinations. In any case, with the comfort of online shopping comes the challenge of item returns, an necessarily viewpoint of the online retail experience. This theoretical investigates the online shopping environment on Myntra, centering on buyer behavior, item revelation

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Assadsangabi, R., S. Baldassano, A. Gibson, et al. "Update on Adult Epilepsy: What Neuroradiologists Should Know." Neurographics 10, no. 3 (2020): 103–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3174/ng.1900048.

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Neuroimaging is an important component of diagnosis and presurgical planning for localization-related epilepsy. The evaluation and treatment of medication-refractory epilepsy are changing as clinicians move toward less invasive and more selective and adaptive approaches. This article reviews concepts and terms, including the International League Against Epilepsy 2017 revised classification of seizures; presents common lesions and approaches to finding them; and provides updates in advanced structural and functional imaging. Finally, we summarize current less invasive therapies for focal epilep

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Finch, W. Holmes. "The MIMIC Model as a Tool for Differential Bundle Functioning Detection." Applied Psychological Measurement 36, no. 1 (2012): 40–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146621611432863.

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Increasingly, researchers interested in identifying potentially biased test items are encouraged to use a confirmatory, rather than exploratory, approach. One such method for confirmatory testing is rooted in differential bundle functioning (DBF), where hypotheses regarding potential differential item functioning (DIF) for sets of items (bundles) are developed based on the substantive nature of the items and expected differences in group performance. Most often, analyses of these bundles for DBF have been conducted using simultaneous item bias test (SIBTEST). The goal of the current study was

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Wang, Mian, and Carol M. Woods. "Anchor Selection Using the Wald Test Anchor-All-Test-All Procedure." Applied Psychological Measurement 41, no. 1 (2016): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146621616668014.

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Methods for testing differential item functioning (DIF) require that the reference and focal groups are linked on a common scale using group-invariant anchor items. Several anchor-selection strategies have been introduced in an item response theory framework. However, popular strategies often utilize likelihood ratio testing with all-others-as-anchors that requires multiple model fittings. The current study explored alternative anchor-selection strategies based on a modified version of the Wald χ2 test that is implemented in flexMIRT and IRTPRO, and made comparisons with methods based on the p

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Allahyari, Elahe, Peyman Jafari, and Zahra Bagheri. "A Simulation Study to Assess the Effect of the Number of Response Categories on the Power of Ordinal Logistic Regression for Differential Item Functioning Analysis in Rating Scales." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5080826.

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Objective.The present study uses simulated data to find what the optimal number of response categories is to achieve adequate power in ordinal logistic regression (OLR) model for differential item functioning (DIF) analysis in psychometric research.Methods.A hypothetical ten-item quality of life scale with three, four, and five response categories was simulated. The power and type I error rates of OLR model for detecting uniform DIF were investigated under different combinations of ability distribution (θ), sample size, sample size ratio, and the magnitude of uniform DIF across reference and f

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Hicks, Jason L., Bryan A. Franks, and Samantha N. Spitler. "Prior Task Experience and Comparable Stimulus Exposure Nullify Focal and Nonfocal Prospective Memory Retrieval Differences." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 70, no. 10 (2017): 1997–2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2016.1217891.

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We explored the nature of focal versus nonfocal event-based prospective memory retrieval. In the context of a lexical decision task, people received an intention to respond to a single word (focal) in one condition and to a category label (nonfocal) for the other condition. Participants experienced both conditions, and their order was manipulated. The focal instruction condition was a single word presented multiple times. In Experiment 1, the stimuli in the nonfocal condition were different exemplars from a category, each presented once. In the nonfocal condition retrieval was poorer and react

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Daşçıoğlu, Selim, and Tuncay Öğretmen. "Detection of differential item functioning with latent class analysis: PISA 2018 mathematical literacy test." International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education 11, no. 2 (2024): 249–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21449/ijate.1387041.

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The purpose of this research is to determine whether PISA 2018 mathematical literacy test items show a differential item functioning across countries. For this purpose, only the items in booklet number three were examined using the MIMIC method with Latent Class Analysis (LCA) approach. PISA 2018 tests are mostly developed in English. Therefore, in DIF analyses, the reference group is the UK, while the focal groups consist of the other countries examined in the research (Türkiye, Finland, Japan, and the USA). According to the results, of the 23 test items, statistically significant DIF was obs

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Lee, Soo, Okan Bulut, and Youngsuk Suh. "Multidimensional Extension of Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes Models to Detect DIF." Educational and Psychological Measurement 77, no. 4 (2016): 545–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164416651116.

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A number of studies have found multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC) models to be an effective tool in detecting uniform differential item functioning (DIF) for individual items and item bundles. A recently developed MIMIC-interaction model is capable of detecting both uniform and nonuniform DIF in the unidimensional item response theory (IRT) framework. The goal of the current study is to extend the MIMIC-interaction model for detecting DIF in the context of multidimensional IRT modelling and examine the performance of the multidimensional MIMIC-interaction model under various simulatio

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Shanmugam, S. Kanageswari Suppiah. "Determining Gender Differential Item Functioning for Mathematics in Coeducational School Culture." Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction 15, Number 2 (2018): 83–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/mjli2018.15.2.4.

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Purpose - In an attempt to explore item characteristics that behave differently between boys and girls, this comparative study examines gender Differential Item Functioning in a school culture that is noted to be ‘thriving’ mathematically. Methodology - Some 24 grade eight mathematics items from TIMSS 2003 and TIMSS 2007 released items, with equal number of computation and word problem items were administered on 460 boys and 445 girls studying in Grade Eight from three secondary Chinese-medium coeducational schools. Word problem items were defined as items set in a real-world context. Content

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Luck, Steven J., Silu Fan, and Steven A. Hillyard. "Attention-Related Modulation of Sensory-Evoked Brain Activity in a Visual Search Task." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 5, no. 2 (1993): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1993.5.2.188.

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When subjects are explicitly cued to focus attention on a particular location in visual space, targets presented at that location have been shown to elicit enhanced sensory-evoked activity in recordings of event-related brain potentials (ERPs). The present study sought to determine if this type of sensory facilitation also occurs during visual search tasks in which a feature conjunction target must be identified, presumably by means of focal attention, within an array of distractor items. In this experiment, subjects were required to discriminate the shape of a distinctively colored target ite

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Cucina, Jeffrey M., Philip T. Walmsley, Ilene F. Gast, Nicholas R. Martin, and Patrick Curtin. "Survey Key Driver Analysis: Are We Driving Down the Right Road?" Industrial and Organizational Psychology 10, no. 2 (2017): 234–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/iop.2016.97.

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One of the typical roles of industrial–organizational (I-O) psychologists working as practitioners is administering employee surveys measuring job satisfaction/engagement. Traditionally, this work has involved developing (or choosing) the items for the survey, administering the items to employees, analyzing the data, and providing stakeholders with summary results (e.g., percentages of positive responses, item means). In recent years, I-O psychologists moved into uncharted territory via the use of survey key driver analysis (SKDA), which aims to identify the most critical items in a survey for

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Aliyev, Bakhtiyar, Elnur Rustamov, Ulviyya Nahmatova, et al. "Adaptation of the Children and Adolescents Psychological Distress Scale to Azerbaijani: Exploring its Relationship with Psychological Distress, Wellbeing, and Life Satisfaction." Journal of Education Culture and Society 16, no. 1 (2025): 599–613. https://doi.org/10.15503/jecs2025.2.599.613.

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Aim. In recent years, the concept of psychological distress among children and adolescents has emerged as a novel focal point in mental health research, garnering significant scholarly attention. This paper presents an investigation into the Children and Adolescents Psychological Distress Scale (CAPDS), including its adaptation to the Azerbaijani language. Methods. Data was collected from 2217 adolescents for the adaptation study. During the adaptation process, confirmatory factor analysis, item response theory, network analysis, reliability coefficients, and predictive validity were examined.

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Estañ, Teresa, Natividad Llorca, Ricardo Martínez, and Joaquín Sánchez-Soriano. "On the Difficulty of Budget Allocation in Claims Problems with Indivisible Items and Prices." Group Decision and Negotiation 30, no. 5 (2021): 1133–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10726-021-09750-1.

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AbstractIn this paper we study the class of claims problems where the amount to be divided is perfectly divisible and claims are made on indivisible units of several items. Each item has a price, and the available amount falls short to be able to cover all the claims at the given prices. We propose several properties that may be of interest in this particular framework. These properties represent the common principles of fairness, efficiency, and non-manipulability by merging or splitting. Efficiency is our focal principle, which is formalized by means of two axioms: non-wastefulness and Paret

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Curelariu, Valentina. "CLEFTING: A STEREOTYPICAL BUT RESOURCEFUL AND HANDY TRANSFORMATION OF THE ENGLISH SIMPLE SENTENCE." Messages, Sages and Ages 6, 2019, no. 2 (2019): 31–37. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3556801.

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Starting from our experience as a teacher of the English language interested in the Syntax of the sentence and our familiarity with the EFL methodology, in the present paper we approach the concept of <strong>Clefting</strong> in English with of view to addressing both philologists and non-philologists. Each category of readers will find theoretical explanations and examples of <strong>cleft sentences</strong> that are easy to understand and follow in everyday life, whenever necessary, especially in writing. This is so as we have selected accessible definitions from the literature in the

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Kara, Nuriye Şeyma, Mehmet Kara, and Emre Bülent Öğraş. "The Scale of Observing the Opponent in Sport: Validity and Reliability Study." Research in Sport Education and Sciences 27, no. 1 (2025): 61–76. https://doi.org/10.62425/rses.1543259.

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This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool, the Scale of Observing the Opponent in Sport (SRAS), to identify focal points athletes consider when observing their competitors. Combining qualitative and quantitative steps, the scale's development included focus group interviews, essay writing, expert review (Lawshe technique), assumption analyses, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. The initial 36-item pool was expanded to 46 items based on expert feedback, and a 5-point Likert-type (5=Always, 1=Never) trial form was administered to 508 active athletes. Explor

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Joo, Seang-Hwane, Philseok Lee, and Stephen Stark. "Bayesian Approaches for Detecting Differential Item Functioning Using the Generalized Graded Unfolding Model." Applied Psychological Measurement 46, no. 2 (2022): 98–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01466216211066606.

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Differential item functioning (DIF) analysis is one of the most important applications of item response theory (IRT) in psychological assessment. This study examined the performance of two Bayesian DIF methods, Bayes factor (BF) and deviance information criterion (DIC), with the generalized graded unfolding model (GGUM). The Type I error and power were investigated in a Monte Carlo simulation that manipulated sample size, DIF source, DIF size, DIF location, subpopulation trait distribution, and type of baseline model. We also examined the performance of two likelihood-based methods, the likeli

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Mandeville, Ross, Arvin Wali, Charlie Park, Erik Groessl, Francis O. Walker, and Michael S. Cartwright. "Cost-effectiveness of neuromuscular ultrasound in focal neuropathies." Neurology 92, no. 23 (2019): e2674-e2678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000007602.

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ObjectiveTo evaluate the cost-effectiveness of neuromuscular ultrasound (NMUS) for the evaluation of focal neuropathies.MethodsA prior prospective, randomized, double-blind controlled trial demonstrated that NMUS, when added to electrodiagnostic testing, resulted in improved clinical outcomes after 6 months of follow-up. From this study, we abstracted quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) from the 36-item Short Form Health Survey and entered this health-utility estimate into a mixed trial and model-based cost-effectiveness analysis from the societal perspective. Costs of intervention (NMUS) were

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Komboz, Basil, Carolin Strobl, and Achim Zeileis. "Tree-Based Global Model Tests for Polytomous Rasch Models." Educational and Psychological Measurement 78, no. 1 (2016): 128–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164416664394.

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Psychometric measurement models are only valid if measurement invariance holds between test takers of different groups. Global model tests, such as the well-established likelihood ratio (LR) test, are sensitive to violations of measurement invariance, such as differential item functioning and differential step functioning. However, these traditional approaches are only applicable when comparing previously specified reference and focal groups, such as males and females. Here, we propose a new framework for global model tests for polytomous Rasch models based on a model-based recursive partition

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Villa-García, Julio. "TP-ellipsis with a polarity particle in multiple-complementizer contexts in Spanish: on topical remnants and focal licensors." Borealis – An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 5, no. 2 (2016): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/1.5.2.3781.

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This paper investigates TP-ellipsis in Spanish in the context of multiple-complementizer clauses (i.e., … que XP que ellipsis licensor ellipsis site). The paper argues for a standard ΣP-account of TP ellipsis, with the polarity/focal item (e.g., también/tampoco/sí/no) crucially involved in the licensing of ellipsis. It is argued that the XP-que sequence is hosted in TopicP. The XP is a contrastive topic functioning as the remnant of TP-ellipsis and que is an instance of recomplementation que –a topic marker. The ellipsis licensor, for its part, sits in a CP-related projection that follows Topi

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Okyay, Savas, and Sercan Aygun. "Experimental interpretation of adequate weight-metric combination for dynamic user-based collaborative filtering." PeerJ Computer Science 7 (December 9, 2021): e784. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.784.

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Recommender systems include a broad scope of applications and are associated with subjective preferences, indicating variations in recommendations. As a field of data science and machine learning, recommender systems require both statistical perspectives and sufficient performance monitoring. In this paper, we propose diversified similarity measurements by observing recommendation performance using generic metrics. Considering user-based collaborative filtering, the probability of an item being preferred by any user is measured. Having examined the best neighbor counts, we verified the test it

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Yinggan Zheng, Mark J. Gierl, and Ying Cui. "Using Cochran’s Z Statistic to Test the Kernel-Smoothed Item Response Function Differences Between Focal and Reference Groups." Educational and Psychological Measurement 70, no. 4 (2010): 541–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164410366683.

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Queensoap, M. "Construction and Standardization of Academic-Corruption- Sensitivity-Test Instrument on Secondary School Students in Bayelsa State, Nigeria." Zamfara International Journal of Education 4, no. 5 (2024): 397–403. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15255441.

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The purpose of the study was to construct and standardize an instrument called Academic Corruption Sensitivity Test (ACST) for measuring academic corruption among students in secondary schools in Bayelsa State. The study used instrumentation research design. The investigation was conducted in Bayelsa State.  A population of 10,170 senior secondar class three (SSIII) students during the 2023/2024 academic session were studied in the 126 senior secondary school in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. A sample of 500 SS III students were drawn, in 23 schools out of 126 secondary schools, through cluster

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Hess, Justin L., and Johannes Strobel. "Indigenous Ways of Doing: Synthesizing the Literature on Ethno-Engineering." International Journal of Engineering, Social Justice, and Peace 2, no. 2 (2013): 55–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ijesjp.v2i2.4333.

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This paper synthesizes the literature on indigenous ways of doing, what we call ethno-engineering. Indigenous societies have faced countless years of oppression at the hands of Western colonization and assimilation. Western literature on indigenous knowledge is expansive, yet a deliberate focal point on ethno-engineering in indigenous literature is missing. In this paper, we have collected literature on indigenous knowledge and synthesized articles specifically on ethno-engineering, setting the papers in contrast to Western-engineering praxis. Our literature review methods proceeded in two ph

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Jamali, Jamshid, Seyyed Mohammad Taghi Ayatollahi, and Peyman Jafari. "The Effect of Small Sample Size on Measurement Equivalence of Psychometric Questionnaires in MIMIC Model: A Simulation Study." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7596101.

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Evaluating measurement equivalence (also known as differential item functioning (DIF)) is an important part of the process of validating psychometric questionnaires. This study aimed at evaluating the multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC) model for DIF detection when latent construct distribution is nonnormal and the focal group sample size is small. In this simulation-based study, Type I error rates and power of MIMIC model for detecting uniform-DIF were investigated under different combinations of reference to focal group sample size ratio, magnitude of the uniform-DIF effect, scale le

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Furrati, Cheila, Rafaela Hartmann Kasper, Flavio Renato Reis de Moura, Rossano André Dal-Farra, Myrian Christina Correa da Camara Hewson Brew, and Caren Serra Bavaresco. "Adaptação do item Integralidade do PCATool - saúde da criança à saúde bucal: construção de consenso através de grupo focal." Brazilian Journal of Development 6, no. 7 (2020): 50852–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv6n7-650.

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Hodges, John R., and Kim S. Graham. "Episodic memory: insights from semantic dementia." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 356, no. 1413 (2001): 1423–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.0943.

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Semantic dementia, also known as the temporal lobe variant of fronto– temporal dementia, results in a progressive yet relatively pure loss of semantic knowledge about words, objects and people, and is associated with asymmetric, focal atrophy of the antero–lateral temporal lobes. Semantic dementia provides a unique opportunity to study the organization of long–term memory particularly since initial observations suggested sparing of episodic memory. Recent studies reveal, however, a more complex but theoretically revealing pattern. On tests of autobiographical memory, patients with semantic dem

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Armstrong, T. S., T. Mendoza, I. Gning, et al. "Validation of the M. D. Anderson symptom inventory (MDASI-BT)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, no. 18_suppl (2006): 1546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.1546.

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1546 Background: The occurrence of symptoms has been shown to predict treatment course and survival in a number of solid tumor patients. Primary brain tumor patients are unique in the neurologic symptoms that occur. Currently, no instrument exists that measures both neurologic and cancer-related symptoms. Methods: Patients diagnosed with Primary Brain Tumors (PBT) participated in this study. Data collection tools included a patient completed demographic data sheet, an investigator completed clinician checklist, and the core M.D. Anderson Symptom Inventory to which 18 neurologic symptoms were a

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Kalinowski, Steven T. "A Graphical Method for Displaying the Model Fit of Item Response Theory Trace Lines." Educational and Psychological Measurement 79, no. 6 (2019): 1064–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013164419846234.

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Item response theory (IRT) is a statistical paradigm for developing educational tests and assessing students. IRT, however, currently lacks an established graphical method for examining model fit for the three-parameter logistic model, the most flexible and popular IRT model in educational testing. A method is presented here to do this. The graph, which is referred to herein as a “bin plot,” is the IRT equivalent of a scatterplot for linear regression. Bin plots display a conventional IRT trace line (with ability on the horizontal axis and probability correct on the vertical axis). Students ar

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Doebler, Anna. "Looking at DIF From a New Perspective: A Structure-Based Approach Acknowledging Inherent Indefinability." Applied Psychological Measurement 43, no. 4 (2018): 303–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146621618795727.

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Differential item functioning (DIF), although highly relevant for psychometric assessment in various fields of psychology, is mathematically not well-defined. Especially the impact, the difference between the means of the person parameters in the focal and the reference group, is a parameter that is not identified without further assumptions. Common DIF detection methods necessarily impose such assumptions, however, in most cases the specific constraints remain quite vague and are implicit in the mathematical algorithms. As an alternative, a structure-based approach is proposed that is indepen

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Öztekin, Ilke, Brian McElree, Bernhard P. Staresina, and Lila Davachi. "Working Memory Retrieval: Contributions of the Left Prefrontal Cortex, the Left Posterior Parietal Cortex, and the Hippocampus." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 3 (2009): 581–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.21016.

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Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to identify regions involved in working memory (WM) retrieval. Neural activation was examined in two WM tasks: an item recognition task, which can be mediated by a direct-access retrieval process, and a judgment of recency task that requires a serial search. Dissociations were found in the activation patterns in the hippocampus and in the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) when the probe contained the most recently studied serial position (where a test probe can be matched to the contents of focal attention) compared to when it contained all other

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Khalaf NAJM, Hussein. "MORPHO-CONSTRUCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MODALITY IN ARABIC WITH REFERENCE TO ENGLISH." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 05, no. 06 (2023): 280–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.26.17.

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It focuses on the way modality is realized in Arabic. the syntactic aspect is the focal point that carries out this study as the lexical realization of this study.in this concern, It falls into pure lexical realization and grammatico lexical realization.as for pure realization , it shows how a single lexical word could carry the realization tendency of modal formation. Regarding the grammatical lexical realization, it is seen how the lexical item comes with a grammatical word in a definite semi fixed structure to provide the modal realization. Concerning negation, it is regarded as another syn

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Clemmer, Jennifer H., and Jessica E. Rettig. "Native bluegill influence the foraging and aggressive behavior of invasive mosquitofish." PeerJ 7 (January 10, 2019): e6203. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6203.

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Two fish species that are common invaders of aquatic ecosystems world-wide are Gambusia affinis and G. holbrooki, commonly known as mosquitofish. In North America, introduced G. affinis are thought to have contributed to the population decline of several native fish species. Sunfish (family Centrarchidae) naturally occur across much of North American, thus mosquitofish and sunfish are likely to come into contact and interact more frequently as mosquitofish spread. However, the nature of this interaction is not well known. We used a lab experiment to explore whether and how the aggressive and f

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Olesen, Stephansen, Alst, and Vollertsen. "Microplastics in a Stormwater Pond." Water 11, no. 7 (2019): 1466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071466.

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Large amounts of microplastics (MPs) enter our environment through runoff from urban areas. This study presents results for MPs in stormwater from a wet retention pond in terms of its water, sediments, and vertebrate fauna. The analysis was done for the size range 10–500 μm, applying a focal-plane array-based µFourier transform infrared (FPA-µFTIR) imaging technique with automated data analysis. Sample preparation protocols were optimized towards this analytical method. The study revealed 270 item L−1 in the pond water, corresponding to 4.2 µg L−1. The MPs in the pond were highly concentrated

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Laxmi, Dewangan*1 &. Prof. Anish Lazrus2. "A REVIEW ON SOFTWARE PRONE DETECTION AND ITS PREVENTION TECHNIQUES." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 7, no. 1 (2018): 598–603. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1161695.

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The need of distributed and complex business applications in big business requests error free and quality application frameworks. This makes it critical in programming improvement to create quality and fault free programming. It is likewise critical to outline dependable and simple to keep up as it includes a great deal of human endeavors, cost and time amid programming life cycle. A software advancement process performs different exercises to limit the faults, for example, fault prediction, defect localization, prevention and amendment. This paper shows a study on current practices for progra

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Barros, RAM, CA Costa, and MC Pascotto. "Diet and feeding behavior of the White-naped Jay, Cyanocorax cyanopogon (Wied, 1821) (Aves, Passeriformes, Corvidae) in a disturbed environment in central Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Biology 74, no. 4 (2014): 899–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.09313.

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The White-naped Jay Cyanocorax cyanopogon (Wied, 1821) is an omnivorous and opportunistic species, with a multifarious diet. In view of the scarcity of available data in the literature, the aim was to investigate and describe the bird's diet, location of food items, foraging tactics, actual feeding behavior and intraspecific interactions, as a means of defining the items consumed. The study was carried out in a Cerrado area in the Araguaia Campus of the Federal University of Mato Grosso – UFMT, in Pontal do Araguaia, Mato Grosso State, Brazil, from August to December, 2006, and from April to O

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Liu, Ai-ju, Liang Song, Yan Li, et al. "Active Compounds of Rhubarb Root and Rhizome in Animal Model Experiments of Focal Cerebral Ischemia." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/210546.

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Rhubarb root and rhizome (RRR) has been clinically used for stroke at least 2000 years and is still used in modern times in both China and elsewhere worldwide. The objective of present study was to evaluate the efficacy of active compounds of RRR (ACRRR) for experimental ischemic stroke. Studies of ACRRR in animal models of ischemic stroke were identified from 5 databases until April 2014. Study quality for each included article was evaluated according to the CAMARADES 10-item checklist. Outcome measures were neurological deficit score and infarct size. All the data were analyzed using RevMan

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