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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Focal sampling

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Academic literature on the topic 'Focal sampling'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Focal sampling"

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Rose, Lisa. "BEHAVIORAL SAMPLING IN THE FIELD: CONTINUOUS FOCAL VERSUS FOCAL INTERVAL SAMPLING." Behaviour 137, no. 2 (2000): 153–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853900502006.

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AbstractI compared data collection rates for continuous and interval focal samples during a two-year, single-observer field study of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) in Costa Rica. I also compared the basic activity budgets generated by the two sampling methods, estimates of numbers in proximity, and rates at which additional ad libitum observations could be recorded. I collected 1238 hours of focal data (620 hr continuous, 618 hr interval). I found focal interval sampling to be 25% more time efficient, despite higher rate of sample loss, partly because interval samples are easier to obtain in difficult conditions. I found no evidence that interval sampling provided better opportunities for ad libitum observation than continuous sampling. Overall, the two methods yielded similar estimates of activity budgets. However, continuous sampling resulted in somewhat higher estimates of time spent eating, while interval data gave somewhat lower estimates of time spent foraging (looking for or handling food items) and moving, resulting in lower estimates of foraging success. Interval sampling also yielded slightly lower estimates of time spent vigilant. I attribute these patterns to two major effects: (1) errors of omission (missing rare behaviors of short duration) during interval samples and (2) a greater tendency toward conditional sampling bias (under-representing behaviors due to difficult sampling conditions such as rapid travel) under a continuous sampling regime.

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Maniati-Christidis, Maria, Fotini Psychou, and Claire Nihoul-Fekete. "Persistent hyperinsulinemic neonatal hypoglycemia caused by focal nesidioblastosis. Preoperative diagnosis by pancreatic venous sampling." HORMONES 2, no. 1 (January 15, 2003): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14310/horm.2002.1185.

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Florkiewicz, Brittany N., and Matthew W. Campbell. "A Comparison of Focal and Opportunistic Sampling Methods when Studying Chimpanzee Facial and Gestural Communication." Folia Primatologica 92, no. 3 (2021): 164–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000516315.

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Researchers frequently use focal individual sampling to study primate communication. Recent studies of primate gestures have shown that opportunistic sampling offers benefits not found in focal individual sampling, such as the collection of larger sample sizes. What is not known is whether the opportunistic method is biased towards certain signal types or signalers. Our goal was to assess the validity of the opportunistic method by comparing focal individual sampling to opportunistic sampling of facial and gestural communication in a group of captive chimpanzees (<i>Pan troglodytes</i>). We compared: (1) the number of observed facial and gestural signals per signal type and (2) the number of observed facial and gestural signals produced by each signaler. Both methods identified facial signals, gesture signals, and gesture signalers at similar relative rates, but the opportunistic sampling method yielded a more even distribution of signalers and signal types than the focal individual sampling method. In addition, the opportunistic sampling method resulted in larger sample sizes for both facial and gestural communication. However, the opportunistic method did not allow us to calculate the signals per time for each individual, which is easily done with the focal individual method. These results suggest that the opportunistic sampling method is (1) comparable to the focal individual sampling method in multiple important measures, (2) associated with additional sampling benefits, and (3) limited in measuring some variables. Thus, we recommend that future studies use a mixed-methods approach, as focal individual and opportunistic sampling have distinct strengths that complement each other’s limitations.

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Fisher, Gwenith G., and Kyle Sandell. "Sampling in Industrial–Organizational Psychology Research: Now What?" Industrial and Organizational Psychology 8, no. 2 (June 2015): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/iop.2015.31.

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We agree with the authors of the focal article that too little attention is paid to sampling in industrial–organizational (I-O) psychology research. Upon reflection and in response to the focal article by Landers and Behrend (2015), we answer three primary questions: (a) What is it about our training, science, and practice as I-O psychologists that has led to less focus on sampling issues? (b) Does it matter? (c) If so, then what should we do about it?

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CHEN, Qi-Ke, Yong FAN, Liang-Chao LI, Jian-Yu YANG, and Yong-Hong ZHANG. "Design of W-band 16 elements full sampling focal plane linear array." Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves 32, no. 1 (2013): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1010.2013.00023.

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Oktiansyah, Rian. "Daily Activity of Male Mice (Mus musculus) in Laboratory." Jurnal Biota 5, no. 2 (December 5, 2019): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.19109/biota.v5i2.3359.

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The importance of observing the behavior of mice in the laboratory is additional information to compare with their behavior in nature and an effort to increase the welfare of mice (animal welfare) through alleviating the pain and suffering associated with scientific procedures. This study aims to study the daily activities of male mice in the laboratory. The method used was ad libitum and focal animal sampling. Based on the ad libitum sampling method, the daily activities of male mice in the laboratory were divided into 9 activities, namely locomotion, grooming, eating, foraging, social, exploration, resting, making nests, and drinking. Based on the focal animal sampling method, the main activity carried out by male mice in the laboratory was locomotion.

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Ismail, Dunia, Virpi V. Smith, Pascale de Lonlay, Maria-Joao Ribeiro, Jacques Rahier, Oliver Blankenstein, Sarah E. Flanagan, et al. "Familial Focal Congenital Hyperinsulinism." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 96, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-1524.

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Background: Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is a cause of persistent hypoglycemia. Histologically, there are two subgroups, diffuse and focal. Focal CHI is a consequence of two independent events, inheritance of a paternal mutation in ABCC8/KCNJ11 and paternal uniparental isodisomy of chromosome 11p15 within the embryonic pancreas, leading to an imbalance in the expression of imprinted genes. The probability of both events occurring within siblings is rare. Aim: We describe the first familial form of focal CHI in two siblings. Patients and Methods: The proband presented with medically unresponsive CHI. He underwent pancreatic venous sampling and Fluorine-18-L-dihydroxyphenylalanine positron emission tomography scan, which localized a 5-mm focal lesion in the isthmus of the pancreas. The sibling presented 8 yr later also with medically unresponsive CHI. An Fluorine-18-L-dihydroxyphenylalanine positron emission-computerised tomography scan showed a 7-mm focal lesion in the posterior section of the head of the pancreas. Both siblings were found to be heterozygous for two paternally inherited ABCC8 mutations, A355T and R1494W. Surgical removal of the focal lesions in both siblings cured the Hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia. Conclusion: This is the first report of focal CHI occurring in siblings. Genetic counseling for families of patients with focal CHI should be recommended, despite the rare risk of recurrence of this disease.

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Winchell, Jane M., and Thomas H. Kunz. "Sampling protocols for estimating time budgets of roosting bats." Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, no. 11 (November 1, 1993): 2244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-315.

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This study was designed to evaluate sampling protocols for estimating time-activity budgets of colonial roosting bats during the day-roosting period, based on data collected from roosting activities of adult eastern pipistrelles (Pipistrellus subflavus) at a maternity colony in eastern Massachussetts. A comparison of three different scan-sampling protocols was used to quantify day-roosting activities (LONG, 72 scans at 60-min intervals; SHORT, 20 scans at 15-min intervals; and BRIEF, 10 scans at 15-min intervals) relative to a standardized protocol (HOUR, continuous replicate scans over a 60-min session). These analyses indicate that day-roosting activity is most reliably quantified using the SHORT and BRIEF sampling protocols (those with the highest sampling frequencies). The rarity of some activities (e.g., crawling) may not warrant an increased frequency of sampling to quantify daily time budgets of roosting bats. Comparisons of an intensive version of SHORT (20 scans at 10-min intervals) and focal sampling protocols used during the two most active periods of day-roosting (immediately following return to the roost before dawn and just prior to departure before dusk) suggest that these sampling methods provide comparable estimates of roosting activity. We suggest that frequent short scan-sampling protocols may be used to reliably quantify day-roosting activities of bats both during active and inactive periods, although focal sampling may be more appropriate if individual behavior is of interest during intense periods of activity (postfeeding return and pre-emergence periods).

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Wei, Wei, Li-yun Fu, and Gerrit Blacquière. "Fast multifrequency focal beam analysis for 3D seismic acquisition geometry." GEOPHYSICS 77, no. 2 (March 2012): P11—P21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2010-0327.1.

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A method for the efficient computation of multifrequency focal beams for 3D seismic acquisition geometry analysis has been developed. By computing them for all the frequency components of seismic data, single-frequency focal beams can be extended to multifrequency focal beams. However, this straightforward method involves considerable computer time and memory requirements, especially in complex media settings. Therefore, we propose a rapid 3D multifrequency focal beam method in which only a few single-frequency focal beam computations are followed by a number of smart interpolations. The 3D wavefield extrapolation in the focal beam analysis is conducted by the combined applications of a 3D degenerate Fourier migrator and a 3D Born-Kirchhoff interpolation operator, a process that reduces the computational cost for complex media. The multifrequency focal beam analysis is applied to a 3D model from an oil field of China, demonstrating how spatial sampling differences affect seismic imaging.

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Samy, Chander N., and Joy Hirsch. "Comparison of human and monkey retinal photoreceptor sampling mosaics." Visual Neuroscience 3, no. 3 (September 1989): 281–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800010038.

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AbstractWe test the hypothesis that the diameters of foveal and near-foveal rods and cones for one well-studied human photoreceptor mosaic and one well-studied monkey photoreceptor mosaic (Macaca fascicularis) a scaled relative to focal length. We conclude that this hypothesis is not supported. Rather than being scali proportionally, the sizes of the rods and cones, respectively, are nearly equivalent for both the human ar monkey resulting in an effectively finer retinal grain for the larger human eye. Furthermore, the human density exceeds the monkey rod density beyond about 1 deg of retinal eccentricity. These results suggest variation across primate species is reflected in retinal sampling strategies.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Focal sampling"

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Slater, Kerry. "The functional significance of grooming behaviour in higher primates the case of free-living chimpanzees /." Thesis, Pretoria : [s. n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10172009-103324/.

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Christensen, Pernilla. "The long-term decline of the grey-sided vole (Clethrionomys rufocanus) in boreal Sweden: importance of focal forest patch and matrix." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå Univ, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-876.

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Books on the topic "Focal sampling"

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Gimpel, James G. Sampling for Studying Context. Edited by Lonna Rae Atkeson and R. Michael Alvarez. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213299.013.23.

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Using the example of Ohio and its media markets, this chapter discusses the geographic distribution of respondents resulting from alternative sampling schemes. Traditional survey research designs for gathering information on voter attitudes and behavior usually ignore variability in context in favor of representation of a target population. When sample sizes are large, these polls also provide reasonably accurate estimates for focal subgroups of the electoral population. As the examples here show, conventional polls frequently lack the variations in geographic context likely to matter most to understanding social environments and the interdependence among voters, limiting variation on such continua as urban and rural, economic equality and inequality, occupational differences, exposure to physical environmental conditions, and a variety of other factors that exhibit spatial variation. The chapter calls for more surveys that represent exposure to a broader range of social and physical environments than researchers have produced up to now.

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Schomer, Andrew, Margitta Seeck, Andres M. Kanner, and Donald L. Schomer. Anterotemporal, Basal Temporal, Nasopharyngeal, and Sphenoidal Electrodes and High-Density Arrays. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0006.

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Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most frequent type of epilepsy of focal origin in adults. Electroencephalographic evaluation for surgical treatment requires accurate localization of epileptic foci. The yield of detection with scalp electrodes depends on three variables: source and extent of the epileptogenic area relative to the scalp electrodes’ position; electric field generated by the epileptiform activity and the electric vectors’ orientation; and extent of propagation of the epileptiform activity from mesial to temporal lateral regions. Recordings of epileptiform activity of presumed mesial-temporal origin should include additional electrodes such as anterior temporal or basal temporal electrodes or a subtemporal chain. Nasopharyngeal electrodes appear to yield no advantage over anterior temporal or basal temporal electrodes or a subtemporal chain and are associated with discomfort. Sphenoidal electrodes should be considered in special circumstances; reliability is improved if placed under fluoroscopy. High-density scalp recordings allow for even greater resolution and improved spatial sampling.

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Book chapters on the topic "Focal sampling"

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Bosholn, Mariane, and Marina Anciães. "Focal Animal Sampling." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 1–3. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_262-1.

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Sattler, Torsten, Chris Sweeney, and Marc Pollefeys. "On Sampling Focal Length Values to Solve the Absolute Pose Problem." In Computer Vision – ECCV 2014, 828–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10593-2_54.

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Bostwick, David G. "Quality Assurance in Prostate Biopsy Sampling, Processing, and Reporting: A New Pathologic Paradigm for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis." In Imaging and Focal Therapy of Early Prostate Cancer, 141–51. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-182-0_11.

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Bryant, Peter T. "Cognitive Empathy." In Augmented Humanity, 139–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76445-6_5.

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AbstractHuman beings try to interpret and read other minds. This is the process of cognitive empathizing, which can be implicit and intuitive, or explicit and deliberate. The process also qualifies as a form of complex problem-solving, where the focal problem is another person’s mental states. Hence, cognitive empathizing by digitally augmented agents will exhibit the characteristics discussed in the preceding chapter, regarding digitalized problem-solving. It follows, therefore, that augmented agents might combine human myopia and bias, with overly farsighted, artificial sampling and search of other minds. Augmented agents will then misread other minds, often viewing them as unrealistic, irrational, or deviant. This chapter examines the origins and implications of these effects, especially for interpersonal trust and cooperation.

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Nógrádi, Nóra, and K. Gary Magdesian. "Arterial Blood Sampling in the Neonatal Foal." In Manual of Clinical Procedures in the Horse, 445–47. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118939956.ch49.

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Nógrádi, Nóra, and K. Gary Magdesian. "Venous Blood Sampling in the Neonatal Foal." In Manual of Clinical Procedures in the Horse, 448–51. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118939956.ch50.

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Brennan, Julie M., Darren J. Bender, Thomas A. Contreras, and Lenore Fahrig. "Focal patch landscape studies for wildlife management: Optimizing sampling effort across scales." In Integrating Landscape Ecology into Natural Resource Management, 68–91. Cambridge University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511613654.006.

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Ryvlin, Philippe, and Fabienne Picard. "Invasive EEG Investigation of the Insula." In Invasive Studies of the Human Epileptic Brain, edited by Samden D. Lhatoo, Philippe Kahane, and Hans O. Lüders, 367–77. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198714668.003.0027.

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Invasive EEG investigation of the insular cortex is performed in various forms of focal drug-resistant epilepsies, including patients with a clear-cut intra-insular epileptogenic lesion, such as focal cortical dysplasia, as well as patients whose non-invasive presurgical evaluation suggests perisylvian epilepsy, temporal plus epilepsy, sleep hypermotor epilepsy, or MRI-negative frontal or parietal lobe epilepsy. Stereo-EEG (SEEG) is currently the preferred method for investigating the insula, using orthogonal or oblique trajectories, or a combination, with no evidence of higher risk of intracranial bleeding than in other brain regions. Intra-insular ictal EEG patterns are often characterized by a prolonged focal discharge restricted to one of the five insular gyri, requiring dense sampling of the insular cortex in suspected insular epilepsies. SEEG also offers the potential to perform thermolesion of insular epileptogenic zones, which, together with MRI-guided laser ablation, represents a possibly safer alternative to open-skull surgical resection of the insula.

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Camasso, Michael J., and Radha Jagannathan. "Investigating the Cultural Transmission of Economic Values." In Caught in the Cultural Preference Net, 107–30. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190672782.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 lays out the authors’ operational plan for testing the conceptual model and answering the three research questions posed in Chapter 1. Following a detailed treatment of cultural transmission as an intergenerational process that can help establish cultural exogeneity, they look closely at its influence on the transition to adulthood in a cross-national context. It is then demonstrated why generational transmission requires a naturalistic sampling approach to insure that associations among family members are captured. This chapter goes on to describe the three-stage sampling process and how it aids efforts to study cultural diversity and economic performance. The family interview methodology and interview schedule are introduced, as is a statistical profile of the selected families from each focal country. How well the naturalistic sampling comports with surveys of cultural values that rely on independent, individual observations is considered.

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Thomson, Keith Stewart. "Patterns of Evolution." In Morphogenesis and Evolution. Oxford University Press, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195049121.003.0010.

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We now need to look more closely at the evolutionary patterns that we wish to explain. Again, we can use the study of patterns to discover and define important problems to be solved. The methods available for the study of patterns depend on the focal level of the mechanism with which one is concerned. If our interest is in individual variation, naturally we need extensive sampling and laboratory experimentation, looking at individuals within populations. In order to study the biology of populations we must work at the population level, and at such phenomena as gene and character frequencies in the field and laboratory. It is at this level that workers have most readily been able to measure selection coefficients and other quantitative elements of evolutionary science. If our interest is in the processes of speciation we must look as closely as possible at examples of the process in action—at sibling species, at a whole range of hybridization patterns in the wild and laboratory, at the distribution of closely related species in space and time. (It will be noted that between population-level work and species-level work there is an unfortunate gap; one can look at prespeciation and postspeciation situations but it is rare indeed to be confident that one is looking at speciation in flagrante delicto.) We can also look beyond the species level at phenomena of species distribution within higher taxa. Here we progress to using the methods of systematic biology and comparative morphology and paleontology. Each of these different approaches gives a different view of the evolutionary process and, therefore, in terms of the questions discussed in this book, gives us a different view of the role of mechanisms acting at the developmental level within evolutionary mechanisms. Obviously the most immediate element of causality in the origin of adaptive structures resulting from developmental properties is in the matter of individual phenotypic variation, but some of the most interesting questions concern the consequences of developmental properties for higher focal levels—their upwardly causing properties. To examine these we need to look at the species level and beyond (what has often been termed croevolution).

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Conference papers on the topic "Focal sampling"

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Bradley, D. J., P. N. J. Dennis, Lionel R. Baker, and Andre Masson. "Sampling effects in CdHgTe focal plane arrays." In 1985 International Technical Symposium/Europe. SPIE, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.951965.

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Macculi, Claudio, Luca Colasanti, Simone Lotti, Lorenzo Natalucci, Luigi Piro, Alda Rubini, Daniela Bagliani, et al. "IXO TES Microcalorimeters: from Focal Plane instruments to Anticoincidence Detectors." In The Extreme sky: Sampling the Universe above 10 keV. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.096.0086.

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Dann, R. J., S. R. Carpenter, C. Seamer, P. N. Dennis, and D. J. Bradley. "Sampling Effects in CdHgTe Focal Plane Arrays - Practical Results." In 30th Annual Technical Symposium, edited by Richard A. Mollicone and Irving J. Spiro. SPIE, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.936504.

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Zalameda, Joseph N., and William P. Winfree. "Improved sampling of thermal transients using focal plane array infrared imagers." In Defense and Security, edited by Douglas D. Burleigh, K. Elliott Cramer, and G. Raymond Peacock. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.547453.

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Bartoli, Adrien, and Toby Collins. "Template-Based Isometric Deformable 3D Reconstruction with Sampling-Based Focal Length Self-Calibration." In 2013 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2013.199.

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Cui, Jian-ping, Ji-hui Wang, Wei-qi Jin, Zhi-yun Gao, and Ting-zhu Bai. "Research on the sampling performance of the focal plane array thermal imaging systems." In International Symposium on Photoelectronic Detection and Imaging 2011. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.900832.

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Neto, A., N. Llombart, O. Yurduseven, B. Blazquez, and A. Freni. "On the use of antenna engineering tools for the optimization of the focal plane sampling in direct detection of distributed sources." In 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation & USNC/URSI National Radio Science Meeting. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aps.2013.6711133.

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Sakaguchi, Daisaku, Hironobu Ueki, Masahiro Ishida, and Oluwole Amida. "Measurement of High-Speed and High-Number-Density Droplets by Micro-Probe L2F With Mega-Hertz Data Acquisition." In ASME/JSME 2007 5th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2007-37219.

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A laser 2-focus velocimeter (L2F) has been applied for the measurements of velocity and size of droplets in the core region of diesel spray. The L2F has a micro-scale probe which consists of two foci. The focal diameter is about 2 μm, and the distance between two foci is 20 μm. The feature of this L2F is that the focus is reduced to near the diffraction limit. Investigated was the fuel spray injected intermittently into the atmosphere from an injector nozzle with the orifice diameter of 0.113 mm. The injection pressure was set at 40 MPa by using a common rail system. Measurement positions were located at 10 to 30 mm apart from the orifice exit along the spray axis. Valid data were extracted by a conditional sampling method based on the fact that a droplet passes through both upstream and downstream foci. Measurement result shows that the velocity and size of droplets decrease with the distance along the spray axis. It is clearly shown that the distance between droplets in isotropically dispersed condition decreases with the distance along the spray axis.

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