Journal articles: 'Focalization'

1

Simmons, Robert J. "Structural Focalization." ACM Transactions on Computational Logic 15, no. 3 (July 8, 2014): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2629678.

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Fitri, Humaira Achirul. "Fokalisasi dalam Cerpen Unsu Joeun Nal karya Hyeon Jin Geon." East Asian Review 1, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ear.v1(1).63-81.

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This study discusses the form of focalization used in the short story titled Unsu Joeun Nal written by Hyeon Jin Geon. This study aims to identify and analyze the form of focalization used in the short story Unsu Joeun Nal. The data for this study are parts of the text in the short story Unsu Joeun Nal which are considered to show the form of focalization. To achieve the research objectives, this research utilizes Genette (1980) focalization theory as an approach to conduct the research. The analysis results of the focalization forms in the short story Unsu Joeun Nal resulted in the finding that Unsu Joeun Nal showed characteristics of zero focalization and internal focalization form, while the characteristics of external focalization form could not be found. The result also show that the utilization of zero focalization form is more dominant in the storytelling of the short story Unsu Joeun Nal. This is shown through the presence of the narrator who shows all the narrator's characteristics in the form of zero focalization. The utilization of zero focalization has a role in making the reader understand the story conveyed through the various elements in it.

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Basaldella, Michele, Alexis Saurin, and Kazushige Terui. "From Focalization of Logic to the Logic of Focalization." Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science 265 (September 2010): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.entcs.2010.08.010.

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Birkholc, Robert. "Focalization in Literature and Film: A Shared Area of Research." Tekstualia 1, no. 60 (May 5, 2020): 93–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1365.

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The article is devoted to the category of focalization which in recent years has gained new currency in Polish humanities. It proposes a typology of the major forms of audiovisual internal focalization: narrativization, personalization, and subjectivization. The article then identifi es the areas of intermedial comparative studies in which the concept of focalization is especially useful. Primarily, it can be used to describe analogous textual structures and fi gures – such as „hidden internal focalization” or „double focalization” – in literature and fi lm. It can also function as tertium comparationis in the comparative analysis of novels and their adaptations.

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Shi, Ruijun. "A Comparative Study of Female Relationships under Focalization: Taking The Great Gatsby and Family as Examples." International Journal of Languages, Literature and Linguistics 9, no. 1 (February 2023): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijlll.2023.9.1.380.

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The focalization theory aims to classify and categorize narrative techniques in the literature. This paper applies focalization to the female relationships in The Great Gatsby and Family, specifically those arising from a romantic relationship with the same male, as examples to explore the different characteristics of female relationships under different types of focalization. The study finds that The Great Gatsby uses the narrative with internal focalization in which the female relationships are presented as competitive, whereas in Family a combination of the narrative with internal focalization and the narrative with zero focalization is used in which the female relationships are presented as harmonious co-existence. The difference in female relationships is due to the different contexts of the works, the main themes of the works and the influence of the author’s experiences.

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Mäkelä, Maria, and Merja Polvinen. "Narration and Focalization." Poetics Today 39, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 495–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03335372-7032718.

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Bleeker, Maaike. "Absorption and Focalization." Performance Research 10, no. 1 (January 2005): 48–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13528165.2005.10871396.

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Klauk, Tobias, Tilmann Köppe, and Edgar Onea. "Internally focalized narration from a linguistic point of view." Scientific Study of Literature 2, no. 2 (December 31, 2012): 218–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ssol.2.2.03kla.

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Most definitions of the narratological notion of internal focalization are cast in terms of what the text represents, namely some character and her point of view. In being thus couched in representational terms, definitions of internal focalization do not mention any linguistic surface properties of the respective text. In this paper, we search for a way to specify the relation between linguistic surface properties and internal focalization. We start by giving a standard narratological account of internal focalization that is fully couched in representational terms. In the next section, we develop a brief but precise theory of linguistic perspective that operates on the text surface. This theory and our linguistic take on internal focalization then rest on the idea of shifted indexical expressions. Our account makes a clear empirical prediction in claiming that the interpretation of an internally focalized sentence will contain variables which will all be bound by the perspective holder. We thus conclude that internal focalization implies linguistic perspective in the sense that the focal character is always the linguistic perspective holder. Hence, our account states a necessary condition for internal focalization in linguistic terms.

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Akimoto, Taisuke, and Takashi Ogata. "Experimental Development Of A Focalization Mechanism In An Integrated Narrative Generation System." Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing Research 5, no. 3 (July 1, 2015): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jaiscr-2015-0027.

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Abstract “Focalization” is a narrative discourse technique that produces different narrative structures based on choosing unique perspectives from which to present a story. This study designs a focalization mechanism and presents an experimental implementation. The proposed system functions as part of our integrated narrative generation system (INGS). In addition, the approach computationally extends the conceptual research of focalization by Genette to techniques for narrative generation. We define focalization as a procedure to transform a story structure into discourse structures through the following two steps: 1) restricting the scope of story information perceived from a chosen perspective, and 2) generating a discourse structure based on perceived story information. In particular, we define two types of rules for restricting the perception scope based on: a) objective perceptible possibility of constituent elements in a story and b) situations or states in which constituent elements in a story are positioned. Based on the experimentally implemented system, we present generated examples from a story using different focalization types. Through analysis, we show that the basic function of the focalization mechanism was achieved by the aforementioned rules.

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10

Nünlist, René. "THE HOMERIC SCHOLIA ON FOCALIZATION." Mnemosyne 56, no. 1 (2003): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852503762457509.

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AbstractQuestions related to the point of view within a narrative text are nowadays discussed under the narratological rubric of focalization. An examination of pertinent Homeric scholia shows that ancient literary critics regularly treated questions of focalization, although they neither had a specific term for the concept nor discussed it in its own right. Their interpretations not only deal with the differences in focalization between the narrator-text and the speeches but also include what is now called 'embedded focalization', i.e. the representation of a character's point of view in the narrator-text. The relevant scholia are presented both in Greek and in English translation.

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11

Kosasih, Marcella Melly. "Focalization in Ralph Waldo Ellison’s Invisible Man." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 6, no. 8 (August 13, 2023): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2023.6.8.14.

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This research deals with focalization as an important aspect of narratology developed by structuralists. This research aims to explore how the new concept of point of view in narrative theory differ from traditional concept. In doing so, the researcher applied the new concept to the discussion and analysis of Ralph Ellison’s novel, Invisible Man. From the analysis, it is shown that Ralph Ellison has made use of multiple focalizers in telling the story, not of a single narrator, as analyzed by using the traditional concept of point of view. The use of multiple focalizations provides the readers with objective viewpoints by representing the perspectives of black and white people and, in turn, supports the racial issue the author wants to convey. The approach applied in this research is qualitative, and the data were gathered from the novel. From this research, it is hoped that the readers can have a better understanding of modern narratology and can later apply the theory in analyzing other works of fiction.

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Kosasih, Marcella Melly. "Focalization in Ralph Waldo Ellison’s Invisible Man." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 6, no. 8 (August 13, 2023): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2023.6.8.14.

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This research deals with focalization as an important aspect of narratology developed by structuralists. This research aims to explore how the new concept of point of view in narrative theory differ from traditional concept. In doing so, the researcher applied the new concept to the discussion and analysis of Ralph Ellison’s novel, Invisible Man. From the analysis, it is shown that Ralph Ellison has made use of multiple focalizers in telling the story, not of a single narrator, as analyzed by using the traditional concept of point of view. The use of multiple focalizations provides the readers with objective viewpoints by representing the perspectives of black and white people and, in turn, supports the racial issue the author wants to convey. The approach applied in this research is qualitative, and the data were gathered from the novel. From this research, it is hoped that the readers can have a better understanding of modern narratology and can later apply the theory in analyzing other works of fiction.

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13

Yang, Pao-Yi. "Focalization and Embodied Viewing Experience in Exhibition Narrative: Asia > Amsterdam at the Rijksmuseum." Journal of Curatorial Studies 11, no. 2 (October 1, 2022): 180–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jcs_00069_1.

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This article shows the importance of focalization in understanding potential ideological undertones and subjective interpretations of museum exhibitions. Focalization is conceived here as both a narrative device that denotes the perspectival filtration of a museum presentation and an analytical tool that can explicate the potential ideologies behind an exhibition. To illustrate facets of focalization often manifested in the interplay between exhibition designs and viewing experiences, I provide a close reading of the arrangement in Asia > Amsterdam (2015), a temporary exhibition on cultural contact hosted by Amsterdam’s Rijksmuseum. Drawing on cultural theorist Mieke Bal’s conception of focalization, I call attention to an instance of internal focalization in a gallery that juxtaposed Chinese porcelain of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) with seventeenth-century Dutch still lifes. This juxtaposition, along with the specific visual order of the showpieces, promoted an embodied spectatorship that is filtered by the subjective sensory impressions of the Dutch artists: a viewing experience that drew audiences into seeing the visual and material qualities of Ming porcelain as if through the eyes of Golden Age Dutch artists. In this way, the lens of focalization also offered a framework for examining the exhibition’s subtext regarding the Dutch domestication of Asian goods.

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Savchenko, Yevgenia. "FOCALIZATION AS LINGUISTIC PHENOMENON." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 26, no. 27 (February 2019): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2018-27-21.

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The article reveals the principal notions of focalization, its functions and features (emphasis and contrast) and their influence on transforming the model of the prosodic structure of the actual division of the utterance. Most frequently, focalization of a text fragment is prosodically expressed with a high register and extension of the tonal range, a raised loudness and a distinct pronunciation. It is established that one of the most well-known factors of the transformation of the prototype prosodic model is the listener’s focus on the most important aspects of the message, the conveyance of the semantic interaction of the message’s specific aspects. Focalization is interwoven with the both possible manifestations of this function: logical stress (in case of the opposition of words) or emphatic stress is implemented by its means. Regarding the changes in the tone direction, it should be noted that this tonal feature does not participate directly in forming an intonation model of the discourse’s focalized structures. It has been observed that there exists a certain modification of the tonal contour formed under the influence of the illocutionary and phase factors and certain types of the subjective-modal meanings. Key words: emphasis, opposition, focalization, actual division of the utterance, theme, rheme.

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15

Prokhorov, Kirill. "Focalization particles in Bambara." Mandenkan, no. 52 (December 1, 2014): 60–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/mandenkan.327.

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16

Nelles, William. "Getting Focalization into Focus." Poetics Today 11, no. 2 (1990): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1772622.

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17

Dosso, Stan E., and Michael J. Wilmut. "Bayesian focalization and tracking." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 121, no. 5 (May 2007): 3127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4782124.

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18

Horstkotte, Silke, and Nancy Pedri. "Focalization in Graphic Narrative." Narrative 19, no. 3 (2011): 330–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nar.2011.0021.

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Ciccoricco, David. "Focalization and Digital Fiction." Narrative 20, no. 3 (2012): 255–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nar.2012.0021.

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20

Morrill, Glyn, and Oriol Valentín. "Spurious Ambiguity and Focalization." Computational Linguistics 44, no. 2 (June 2018): 285–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00316.

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Spurious ambiguity is the phenomenon whereby distinct derivations in grammar may assign the same structural reading, resulting in redundancy in the parse search space and inefficiency in parsing. Understanding the problem depends on identifying the essential mathematical structure of derivations. This is trivial in the case of context free grammar, where the parse structures are ordered trees; in the case of type logical categorial grammar, the parse structures are proof nets. However, with respect to multiplicatives, intrinsic proof nets have not yet been given for displacement calculus, and proof nets for additives, which have applications to polymorphism, are not easy to characterize. In this context we approach here multiplicative-additive spurious ambiguity by means of the proof-theoretic technique of focalization.

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21

Forceville, Charles. "Narrating and focalizing visually and visual-verbally in comics and graphic novels." Pragmatics and Cognition 30, no. 1 (November 9, 2023): 180–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.22007.for.

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Abstract Literary narratology has rightly devoted much attention to analysing the source(s) of verbal information about the story world, usually discussed under the label “narration”, and to any agent(s) that present(s) non-verbalized perspectives on it, usually discussed under the label “focalization”. Assessing the identity of narrators and focalizers is crucial for understanding what is going on in the story world. Which narrative agent is in charge? Is the narration and/or focalization layered? If the latter, is there any “colouring” by the higher-level narrative agent of anything said, thought, or experienced by the lower-level agent? Is the information provided trustworthy? Nuanced? Prejudiced? Narration and focalization have supra-medial as well as medium-specific dimensions. Over the past years, the issue of how these concepts function in the medium of comics, which combines visuals and language, has begun to be systematically addressed. This paper aims to show how the visual mode can, on its own or combined with the written-language mode, signal the sources of narration, focalization, and joint narration-and-focalization, as well as distinguish between different levels at which these take place.

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Ukrainets, Magdalena. "Bolesław Leśmian’s Piła in Translation into Czech, Ukrainian and Russian and the Problem of Focalization." Tekstualia 3, no. 70 (November 21, 2022): 19–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.1060.

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The article analyzes Bolesław Leśmian’s Piła and its translations into Czech, Russian and Ukrainian, focusing on its treatment of two leading themes in Leśmian’s writing: love and death. It also discusses the infl uence of focalization on the translation process through references to Mieke Bal’s conceptualization of this category, formulated in her book Narratology. The translators’ methods of handling focalization differ. The effects of focalization are refl ected in the disturbance of the balance in describing the main character in relation to love and death, but they also directly concern her ontological status.

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Capela, Cláudia. "Quatro máscaras e um par de luvas − da enunciação à narração impossível/ Four Masks and a Pair of Gloves - Enunciation and the Impossibility of Narration." Revista do Centro de Estudos Portugueses 42, no. 68 (May 4, 2023): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2359-0076.42.68.91-107.

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Resumo: Este ensaio lê a incerteza e a incongruência dos textos de Agustina Bessa-Luís, atendendo a Joia de família em particular, como mecanismo operativo de verosimilhança. Paralelamente, discutir-se-á a figuração do narrador agustiniano, interventivo, segundo a noção de polimodalidade focal, interessando, sobretudo, perspetivar a focalização restritiva plural por oposição à omnisciência, cuja subversão conduz à ironia enquanto realização técnica nos textos agustinianos.Palavras-chave: incerteza; Joia de família; focalização; ironia.Abstract: This essay intends to read uncertainty in Joia de família and other texts by Agustina Bessa-Luís as a mechanism of reliability in which the subversion of an omniscient narrator and the intervention of multiple restrictive focalizations produce irony.Keywords: uncertainty; Joia de família; focalization; irony.

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Shen, Dan. "One Focalization, Dual Progression, and Twofold Irony." Style 56, no. 1-2 (May 1, 2022): 10–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/style.56.1-2.0010.

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ABSTRACT Despite extensive theoretical and critical attention paid to focalization, no effort has been made to discuss how one mode of focalization simultaneously helps convey two contrastive kinds of irony. This is ascribable to three factors. First, such a phenomenon is not often seen. Second, if it occurs, it would take place at once in relation to the overt progression and to a covert progression, but critical attention has not extended to the latter. Third, investigations of both focalization and irony have not yet considered their taking on contrastive functions along different thematic trajectories. This essay explores this previously neglected phenomenon with the illustration of Katherine Mansfield’s “A Dill Pickle,” a narrative focusing on the relationship between a man and a woman. The essay reveals that the woman’s focalization conveys irony not only at the male protagonist in the plot-based overt progression but also at the woman herself in a paralleling covert progression.

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Barbaresco, Federica, Luisa Racca, Luca Spigarelli, Matteo Cocuzza, Simone Luigi Marasso, Candido Fabrizio Pirri, and Giancarlo Canavese. "Focalization Performance Study of a Novel Bulk Acoustic Wave Device." Nanomaterials 11, no. 10 (October 6, 2021): 2630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11102630.

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This work illustrates focalization performances of a silicon-based bulk acoustic wave device applied for the separation of specimens owing to micrometric dimensions. Samples are separated in the microfluidic channel by the presence of an acoustic field, which focalizes particles or cells according to their mechanical properties compared to the surrounded medium ones. Design and fabrication processes are reported, followed by focalization performance tests conducted either with synthetic particles or cells. High focalization performances occurred at different microparticle concentrations. In addition, preliminary tests carried out with HL-60 cells highlighted an optimal separation performance at a high flow rate and when cells are mixed with micro and nanoparticles without affecting device focalization capabilities. These encouraging results showed how this bulk acoustic wave device could be exploited to develop a diagnostic tool for early diagnosis or some specific target therapies by separating different kinds of cells or biomarkers possessing different mechanical properties such as shapes, sizes and densities.

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Lyle Berger, Benjamin. "Picturing the prophet: Focalization in the book of Jonah." Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses 29, no. 1 (March 2000): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000842980002900104.

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This article approaches the book of Jonah from a narratological perspective in an effort to understand the way in which the story is presented to a reading audience. This emphasis on the presentation of the text combined with an affirmation of the inadequacy of the concept of "point of view" leads to a consideration of focalization theory and focalization in the book of Jonah. The theoretical positions of Genette, Rimmon-Kenan and Sanders are applied to the book of Jonah with a resulting consideration of instances of perceptual, psychological, ideological, and embedded focalization. The author concludes that the book of Jonah is focalized in a bifurcated manner with an omniscient but ideologically uncommitted external focalizer, allowing for a free manipulation of time and space as well as a panoramic presentation of the psychological aspects of the narrative, and instances of embedded focalization, which provide a number of ideological perspectives. Ultimately, the reader is left to construct an interpretation of the text using these multiple ideological perspectives set in the context of the larger picture provided by the external focalizer.

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Flint, M. "Kipling's Mowgli and human focalization." Studia Neophilologica 65, no. 1 (January 1993): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00393279308588108.

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Dewi, Christina. "Max Havelaar Dan Citra Antikolonial: Sebuah Tinjauan Poskolonial." ATAVISME 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2008): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24257/atavisme.v11i1.322.23-38.

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Max Havelaar is a literary work by Multatuli, a.k.a. E.E. Douwes Dekker. This novel is usually known as a novel with an anti-colonial image. While in the other hand, this novel never suggests to stop colonialism done by Dutch in Hindia Belanda. This research aims at revealing the relationship between colonialism's views with its innovation of narrative technique in this novel. The first analysis is trying to do a focalization on MH. The writer wants to do it because MH presents an argument about the essence of colonialism in Hindia Belanda through opinions and views from three focalizations. MH uniquely uses three focalizers and its uniqueness is shown by Stern as a narrator-fokalizer in the Lebak Episode. Although Stern is one of the characters in the novel, it gives the impression that Stern is in a neutral position. He takes place in the middle-position between the two other character-focalizers. However, since he is one of the characters in this novel, his focalization is not perfectly neutral in the manner of inviting the readers to support the attitude of Multatuli, Readers are confronted to make a choice between the war of anticolonial or procolonial interests and to support either one of the two character-fokulizers : Multatuli or Droogstoppcl. The orientalism theory has been applied to conduct focalization in the novel as the research object.. The novel characterizes Multatuli and Stern as opposing figures against the forced labor while Droogstoppcl, on the other hand, as a figure who is supporting forced labor of the coffee trade. MH strove for labors to earn proper wages so that the issue about the procedures of cultuur-stelsel has a special place in MH. Anti-colonial traits are shown by a rejection of low wages, oppression, robbery, injustice, mistreating, and discrimination. This novel is influencing the colonial hegemony of the competition of industrial products among colonized countries in Europe in the 19th century. That is why liberation values in MH restricted only to the liberation of the labor class from capitalists and people from low-classes from tyrants. This novel does not discuss political liberation

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Kusek, Robert. "In and Out, or the Memoir’s Many Points of View." Prace Filologiczne. Literaturoznawstwo, no. 8(11) cz.1 (June 28, 2019): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.32798/pflit.58.

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The aim of this paper is to investigate the concept of the point of view with regard to the genre of memoir. Having provided a brief discussion of the genre’s poetics and various, often conflicting attempts at establishing its generic indexes as well as its generic identity, the paper will examine several contemporary specimens of the memoir and will try to identify the occurrence of Gérard Genette’s modal triad (i.e. internal focalization, external focalization, and zero focalization) in their respective narratives. What is more, the paper will attempt to conclude whether such a narratological category as “mode” can be considered a generative tool as far as the memoir’s genology is concerned and, if so, what overall implications this recognition might have for understanding the memoir’s poetics and its traditional understanding as a genre of non-fiction.

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Shukla, Aruna, and Dr Anoop Kumar Tiwari. "A Narratological Study of Kamala Markandaya’s Two Virgins: Interpreting Narratives through Saroja’s Focalized View." International Journal of Language, Literature and Culture 3, no. 4 (2023): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijllc.3.4.1.

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This study endeavours to examine Kamala Markandaya’s Two Virgins (1973) through the approach of narratology and analyse focalization in the novel to understand the narrative of ‘two virgins’. The novel is noted for its nonconforming narrative as it challenges the patriarchy through its subject while providing insights about the ethical code for women. Two Virgins subsides the notion of patriarchal narrative which celebrates the idea of women as the embodiment of chastity and virtue. The study presents Markanadya’s manoeuvre of narration as she used Saroja’s perspective to narrate the story of two sisters which attracted extensive contemplation from the reader as well as critics. Through this narrratological study of narrator and focalization the reader will understand how the story is constructed and affect us. This study will provide a method to analyse focalization in any fiction through the narratology which navigates the reader to decode the meaning of narrative.

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Darò, Valeria, Sylvie Lambert, and Franco Fabbro. "Conscious monitoring of attention during simultaneous interpretation." Interpreting. International Journal of Research and Practice in Interpreting 1, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 101–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/intp.1.1.06dar.

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This study addresses for the first time on an experimental level the question of whether different modalities of conscious monitoring of attention (normal condition, attention focalization on the input, attention focalization on the output, condition with two voices) may affect the number and the type of mistakes made by simultaneous interpreters in different situations. The major results of the study are the following: (i) While the overall number of mistakes is influenced either by the translation direction, or by any of the four tested attention focalization modalities, a particular type of mistakes, i.e. those leading to loss of information, occur more often during active SI (from L1 into L2, i.e. from A to B) of difficult texts; (ii) during passive SI of difficult texts, missing information mistake are less frequent when interpreters listen to the incoming message with their left ear only; (iii) in active SI of difficult texts, attention should not be focussed on the incoming message in particular, so as to avoid so-called added mistakes. These results show that during simultaneous interpretation, conscious attention focalization on the input or on the output does not influence the interpreter's overall performance, however with an important exception: during active interpretation it could be useful for interpreters to focus their attention on the output, since this may help them to reduce in particular false starts, pauses, hesitations, corrections, additions and morphosyntactic mistakes.

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Meyer, Florian, and Kay L. Gemba. "Probabilistic focalization for shallow water localization." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 150, no. 4 (October 2021): A314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0008411.

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Meyer, Florian, and Kay L. Gemba. "Probabilistic focalization for shallow water localization." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 150, no. 2 (August 2021): 1057–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0005814.

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Collins, Michael D., and W. A. Kuperman. "Focalization: Environmental focusing and source localization." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 90, no. 3 (September 1991): 1410–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.401933.

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Bošković, Željko. "Topicalization, Focalization, Lexical Insertion, and Scrambling." Linguistic Inquiry 35, no. 4 (October 2004): 613–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0024389042350514.

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In this reply, I show that Russian examples that Bailyn (2001) uses to argue against Bošković and Takahashi's (1998) analysis of scrambling are irrelevant to the analysis because they in fact do not involve scrambling. I also establish a crosslinguistic correlation between lack of articles and availability of scrambling and provide an account of the correlation under Bošković and Takahashi's approach to scrambling.

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de Jong, Irene J. F. "Spectators and Spectacle in Quintus’ Posthomerica." Mnemosyne 75, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): 37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568525x-bja10121.

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Abstract Quintus’ literary reputation is on the rise, in the wake of a general reappreciation of late antique literature. In my article I discuss Quintus’ use of embedded focalization: when we look at events through the eyes of one of the characters. Quintus uses this narrative device both in the same way as Homer, but also in original new ways. One such new way is the serial use of embedded focalization at the moment of arrival of a champion. The ample use of embedded focalization can be added to the list of stylistic features which contribute to the well-known visual aesthetics of late antique poetry, such as ekphrasis, miniaturization, enumeration, and the juxtaposition of episodic scenes. But I also argue that Quintus through the ubiquitous presence of spectators frames the action of his story as a spectacle, a race or gladiatorial show, which gods and characters and hence his narratees, watch as if sitting in an amphitheatre or circus.

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Du Plooy, H. "Op welke wyse word die waarheid gelieg? Die kortverhale van T.T. Cloete." Literator 16, no. 3 (May 2, 1995): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v16i3.637.

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Truthful lying in T.T. Cloete’s short storiesIn this article an attempt is made to characterize the short stories of T.T. Cloete in Die waarheid gelieg. The theory of focalization is examined briefly and a definition of focalization which emphasizes the epistemological aspects ofperspective and formulation is used to examine the stories. The stories are compared to stories of Kafka and Borges indicating the resemblances, especially the fascination with the unexpected and weird contradictions in reality, as well as the differences. An intratextual reading of the stories and poems by the same author is undertaken in an attempt to formulate the epistemic position of the focalization in the texts. The article concludes that the Christian worldview as well as a poetics of nomenliterature of the abstract author can be deduced from the stories on account of the assumption that epistemic stances are reflected in the narrative representation and can be communicated to readers by means of propositional attitudes.

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Mohammed AlMulla, Arwa. "Architecture of Narrative Writing in Saudi Novels Literature and Criticism." Al-Dad Journal 7, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 75–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/aldad.vol7no2.5.

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Via a systematic and architectural narrative vision through which the narrative movement is trace, this research is about architecture of Saudi novels, denoting contextual patterns from the first threshold (title), symbols, signs, and icons, from the preface and chapters to the distribution of the black ink and areas, to the architecture of horizontal and vertical writing, and punctuation and pauses as well as the elements of advertising, presentation, and focalization. Saudi novels are classified into tense narrative architecture, empirical narrative architecture, and artistic narrative architecture. Keywords: novel, Saudi Arabia, narration, architecture, writing, focalization

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Gupta, Annie. "THE REPRESENTATION OF GULF BETWEEN DIFFERENT CULTURES AND DESIRES - A CRAZY SPECTACLE, THE HUNDRED-FOOT JOURNEY." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 08 (August 31, 2022): 383–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/15190.

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Globalization has made understanding of cultural diversity more important. However, one challenge caused by cultural diversity is the existence of cultural stereotypes since stereotyping can lead to prejudice and discrimination. Literary works and movies sometimes depict the stereotypes of certain race and ethnicity. Authors and directors embed similar negative features to them hence it becomes a justification that those races and ethnicities truly have such negative features. India being one of the most curious literary sites to the comparatists, due to its linguistic polyphony and cultural syncretism, it is like a dream of the West. Europeans often represent the Orient (Asian people) by negative features in their works. The aim of this paper is to examine the stereotypical portrayals of the Indians and the French in Lasse HallstrÃ¶ms The Hundred-Foot Journey (2014) movie, based on an eponymous novel by Morais (2010), by using Saids Orientalism and Bals focalization theories. The researcher used qualitative-descriptive method in reference to Mikos (2014) movies analysis method. The finding reveals the director presents Indian and French in a contrast way in which one is regarded as inferior and the other as superior. Furthermore, it is also found that the relation between them is similar to the relations between the Orient and the Occident, which are argued by Said (1978) as a kind of relationship which distinguishes self and other, that is filled with power and domination. Moreover, all the stereotypical images are represented through French characters (character-bound focalization or internal focalization) which put Indian society as object of focalization argued by Bal (2014).

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Stühring, Jan, and Tilmann Köppe. "Two approaches to defining internal, external, and zero-focalization." Semiotica 2016, no. 210 (May 1, 2016): 191–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2016-0056.

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AbstractThe paper discusses two approaches to defining internal, external, and zero-focalization. According to the first approach, the three types of focalization are defined in terms of a relation of a character’s knowledge to the narrator’s report. We argue that the definitions based on this approach are seriously flawed. According to the second approach, whether a narrative is internally, externally or zero-focalized depends on how the information that the reader gets about the fictional world is constrained. We discuss some ways of rendering these definitions more precise, and we point to a remaining problem of the definitions.

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Arjoranta, Jonne. "Narrative Tools for Games." Games and Culture 12, no. 7-8 (July 28, 2015): 696–717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1555412015596271.

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This article looks at three narratological concepts—focalization, granularity, and the mode of narration—and explores how these concepts apply to games. It is shown how these concepts can be used as tools for creating meaning-effects, which are understood here as cognitive responses from the player. Focalization is shown to have a hybrid form in games. This article also explores the different types of narrators and granularities in games, and how these three concepts can be used to create meaning-effects. This is done by discussing examples from several games, for example, Assassin’s Creed III, Skyrim, Fallout: New Vegas, and Civilization.

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Pereira-Ares, Noemí. "The East Looks at the West, the Woman Looks at the Man: A Study of the Gaze in Brick Lane by Monica Ali." Miscelánea: A Journal of English and American Studies 46 (February 17, 2013): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/ojs_misc/mj.20128947.

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The present contribution intends to study the subversive implications of the narratological technique of focalization in Monica Ali’s Brick Lane. Relying on postcolonial and gender studies, I argue that, in Brick Lane, Ali uses focalization to subvert the prevailing centrality of both the white western gaze –the “imperial gaze” as defined by Kaplan (1997)– and the male gaze. To this effect, Ali has created a narrative in which the main focalizer, Nazneen, is a Spivakian subaltern female character, a character who, moreover, is recurrently looking at and scrutinizing western and eastern, dressed and undressed, male and female bodies.

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Li, Nuoxuan. "Narrative Perspective and its Spatial Effects in To the Lighthouse." World Journal of Education and Humanities 6, no. 2 (April 17, 2024): p126. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/wjeh.v6n2p126.

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To the Lighthouse is one of Woolf’s representative works. The choice and shift of narrative perspectives in the novel create a unique narrative mode and also give rise to a spatial effect. This article focuses on the narrative perspectives in To the Lighthouse from the perspective of spatial narration, investigating that how zero focalization presents physical space, internal focalization contributes to the formation of multidimensional space of character consciousness and subjective emotional space, and how perspective shifts construct the spacial juxtaposition or switch, as well as narrative structure. In this essay, we can gain insights into Woolf’s unique narrative artistry.

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Agustina, Hiqma Nur. "Indonesian Woman Migrant Workers Fighting Inequality and Violence in Burung-Burung Migran." Journal of Language and Literature 21, no. 1 (March 16, 2021): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/joll.v21i1.2861.

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The story of Indonesian Migrant Workers or Tenaga Kerja Indonesia (TKI) is a blurred portrait of Indonesian citizens' absence in their own country, presented in Burung-burung Migran by Miranda Harlan. This study aims to expose gender inequality, the dominance of structural oppression systems, and poor treatment of woman migrant workers. They struggle to get out of poverty, unemployed, unskilled, and uneducated. The determination and willingness to change destiny is not in line with the reality that often does not side with them. This study uses a qualitative method, narrative strategies about narrator, and focalizations, and gender concepts. The results showed that the focalization and narrator type in the text are internal focalisator and homodiegetic narrator. The focalisator also shows unequal gender relations, physical and verbal violence, which tends to repress Indonesian woman migrant workers. The writer's narrative strategy is in the form of using words, phrases, and sentences that appropriately reflect the repression of female migrant workers.

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Susanto, Susanto, Deri Sis Nanda, and Wan Irham Ishak. "Reconstructing Teachers’ Language Intervention for Phonological Aspects in EFL Classroom." Tadris: Jurnal Keguruan dan Ilmu Tarbiyah 7, no. 2 (December 29, 2022): 383–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/tadris.v7i2.12309.

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Teachers’ language intervention can play a key role in helping students in the classroom interaction to learn a foreign language. In this paper, we discuss the teacher’s language intervention for phonological aspects in the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classroom. We used a qualitative descriptive approach with a phenomenological research design. As the data, we recorded the language exchanges between the students and their teachers at the fifth year of a Primary School (Sekolah Dasar) in Bandar Lampung, Indonesia. We categorized three types of teachers’ language intervention, i.e. focalization, correction, and solicitation. Focalization intervention is manifested by the production of a lexical element. The intervention was observed in three situations, namely when reading familiar and unfamiliar English short stories, and playing a game with cards containing English words with their respective pictures, introduced in the stories. The teachers’ language interventions were coded in relation to phonological aspects, i.e. phoneme, syllable, and rhyme. The results show that there are 159 interventions in total. The teachers’ language interventions have the number of speech turns and the duration of the interactions varied in accordance with the context of situation, the Speech-turns mostly occur in reading unfamiliar English stories either for focalization, correction, or solicitation. Thus, this study concluded that teachers intervened more often in reading time of unfamiliar English stories, used focalization more frequently in the intervention, and utilized syllables more preferably as the focus in the intervention. As the implication, variability in the frequency and nature of interventions by the teachers could be at the origin of the differences observed in the performance of students.

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TOPRAK SAKIZ, Elif. "Rhetorical Functions of Multiple Narrators and Focalization Shifts in Wilkie Collins’s The Moonstone." Cankaya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, Special Issue: Wilkie Collins (January 28, 2024): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.47777/cankujhss.1423334.

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Exploring the rhetorical functions of the multiple-narrator structure and constantly changing focalization in Wilkie Collins’s epistolary novel The Moonstone is the focus of this study. Key events with regard to the loss of the Indian diamond are narrated in a repetitive pattern, each time with a shift in perspective depending on who remains in the focal position. Genettian concepts of alternating internal/external focalization and multifarious functionalities of narrator(s) are embodied in The Moonstone, culminating in a prevailing sense of mystery, ambiguity as well as an equivocal state of reality as generic conventions, yet on an underlying level, they reflect the ambivalent engagement with imperialism in the novel. The witness-narrator, Gabriel Betteredge, is constantly involved in a number of extranarrative roles alongside his narrating function: the directing function, communication function, testimonial function and ideological function that help to establish a relationship with the implied reader. The multiple-narrator structure and the use of focalization shifts as well as various narrative and extranarrative functions as sources of power are the main features in the novel that expose its uncertainty in response to the idea of empire.

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Gong, Xuan. "Dual Focalization in Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels." Journal of Narrative Theory 51, no. 1 (2021): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jnt.2021.0000.

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kang jeong gu. "Shin, Kyeong-rim's Narrative Poem and Focalization." Society for Korean Language & Literary Research 37, no. 3 (September 2009): 315–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15822/skllr.2009.37.3.315.

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Hoek, Marissa, Mariët Theune, and Jeroen Linssen. "Generating Game Narratives with Focalization and Flashbacks." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment 10, no. 4 (June 29, 2021): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aiide.v10i4.12758.

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In this paper we describe a system for generating textual narrations of what happened in a simulation-based serious game, focusing on the use of focalization (telling the story from the perspective of one of the characters) and flashbacks to give the player insights into the internal state of non-player characters.

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Nieragden, G. "Focalization and Narration: Theoretical and Terminological Refinements." Poetics Today 23, no. 4 (December 1, 2002): 685–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03335372-23-4-685.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Focalization'

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