Academic literature on the topic 'Focused differentiation strategy'
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Journal articles on the topic "Focused differentiation strategy"
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Lillis, Anne M., and Paula M. G. van Veen-Dirks. "Performance Measurement System Design in Joint Strategy Settings." Journal of Management Accounting Research 20, no. 1 (2008): 25–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar.2008.20.1.25.
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ABSTRACT: This study examines empirically the association between joint strategies and the design of manufacturing performance measurement systems. Drawing on data collected from production managers in 84 industrial firms, the study seeks evidence of links between the implementation of differentiation, low-cost and joint strategies in production, and reliance on efficiency, financial, and customer-focused performance measures. The results indicate the paradoxical situation where virtually all units in the sample pursue competitive advantage in differentiation yet many rely intensely on efficiency and financial measures to measure manufacturing performance. Reliance on efficiency measures is observed to be associated with the pursuit of low-cost and differentiation strategies jointly. Reliance on financial measures, on the other hand, appears to be related to differentiation and not related to the strategic importance of low cost. The findings suggest that financial measures may have a role in monitoring the financial impact of differentiation and curbing excessive differentiation. However, efficiency measures are primarily related to the extent of strategic focus on low cost and may be observed in differentiating units when differentiation is pursued jointly with low cost.
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Hilletofth, Per. "Differentiation focused supply chain design." Industrial Management & Data Systems 112, no. 9 (2012): 1274–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02635571211278929.
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Fosfuri, Andrea, Marco S. Giarratana, and Esther Roca. "Building and Sustaining a Product Differentiation Advantage Through a Community-Focused Strategy." Industry & Innovation 20, no. 2 (2013): 114–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2013.771480.
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Moesono, Juniarti, Camelia Florensia Beoang, Meliani Fitri Salim Prayogo, and Parulian Adinata Samosir. "Business Strategy and Environmental Performance." Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan 23, no. 2 (2021): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/jak.23.2.95-104.
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Business strategy choices are very influential in a company’s environmental performance. Companies that choose the cost leadership strategy tend to streamline their expenses which leads to them overlooking the environmental cost. Meanwhile, differentiation strategy encourages companies to accommodate environmental costs to fulfill customers’ demands. Therefore, this research aims to examine the impacts of the strategy choices on environmental performance, which has not been focused on by previous researchers. This research’s samples are public companies that are consistently participating in the PROPER program during the 2012-2017 period. 228 company years fulfill the sample criteria. The data are processed using the GRETL application that is fit for processing the panel data. We apply two proxies to measure each strategy choice. Cost leadership is proxied with EPAS and SPPE while differentiation is measured with SGAS and SCGS. This research’s findings are, firstly, companies that choose the cost leadership strategy have lower environmental performances, and, secondly, companies with differentiation strategy have high environmental performances. However, not all proxies used to measure the cost leadership and differentiation strategies support the impacts of strategy choices on environmental responsibilities performance.
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Mbaidin, Hisham O. "The striking mechanisms of innovation theories to create collaborative competitive advantage opportunities in global digital marketing." Journal of Project Management 9, no. 4 (2024): 433–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.jpm.2024.7.004.
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This study investigates the ways in which collaboration may provide a competitive advantage in global marketing through focused strategy, differentiation, and cost leadership. The study uses Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) to analyze data and present a comparative analysis of separate and combined strategic approaches. The result of the study implies that differentiation is the main factor influencing the variation in collaborative competitive advantage, which accounts for the largest percentage of explained variance (R² = 0.729). Whereas the combined model also shows a high level of explanatory ability (R² = 0.693). The path coefficient shows that differentiation, focused strategy, and cost leadership have a positive impact on competitive advantage. The integrated model also shows significant indirect effects, highlighting the benefits of combining several strategies. These results suggest that in order to optimize resource allocation and enhance market positioning, firms should adopt a comprehensive approach that incorporates many techniques. This study contributes to the existing research in strategic management by emphasizing the importance of a cohesive strategy in sustaining a competitive advantage in the fast-evolving digital marketing field.
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Srinivasan, R. "Himalaya: head-to-heel herbal healthcare." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 6, no. 3 (2016): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-06-2015-0137.
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Subject area Competitive strategy. Study level/applicability Post-Graduate (MBA/Doctoral) level courses. Case overview This paper aims to examine the evolution of Himalaya Drug Company (hereinafter referred to as Himalaya), an Ayurveda-based pharmaceutical-wellness company. Over the eight decades of its history, Himalaya has built a reputation for Ayurveda-based formulations that conform to allopathic standards and are accepted globally. In the recent years, Himalaya dramatically strengthened its competitive position of “scientific Ayurvedic products” through its entry into fast-moving consumer goods (or consumer-packaged goods), categories of wellness products as well as over-the-counter (non-prescription) drugs. This case describes the focused differentiation strategy of Himalaya and sets out the challenges it faced/would face in sustaining its focused differentiation strategy, as it enters into highly penetrated categories such as toothpastes and soaps (that were traditionally dominated by broad differentiators and broad cost leaders). Expected learning outcomes The outcomes are as follows: to exemplify the logic of focused differentiation, where a competitor commands a higher willingness to pay than its average competitors, by narrowing its target segments; to illustrate how the firm’s entire set of activities are tailored to meet the specific needs of a set of carefully chosen products, narrow customer segments, of defined geographic markets; to highlight how a combination of tradeoffs and fit helps protect the firm’s competitive position from its potential imitators; and to demonstrate the limits of a focused strategy, specifically relating to growth, and how a company such as Himalaya can overcome such limits. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 11: Strategy.
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Ikemoto, Yusuke, Kuniaki Kawabata, Toru Miura, and Hajime Asama. "Mathematical Model of Proportion Control and Fluctuation Characteristic in Termite Caste Differentiation." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 19, no. 4 (2007): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2007.p0429.
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Self-organization of hierarchy of system has been focused in task allocation of distributed autonomous systems and network analysis. It is important to realize the mechanism of hierarchy generation for implementation in artificial systems. In order to know the principle, we try to model the control of caste differentiations in the termite ecology. Equations of evolution are created, using both of biological data and assumptions obtained by mathematical analysis. In addition, the model is validated by computer simulations. In this study, we propose that the probability migration of individuals and modulations of fluctuation are operated as a differentiation control strategy.
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Vijay, Kele Preeti Nair Vijay Upadhye Amol Padwal. "Analyzing Marketing Strategy of Milk and Dairy Products Launch Plan for New Variety of Milk." International Journal Of Pharmaceutical And Bio-Medical Science 01, no. 08 (2021): 159–64. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijpbms/v1-i8-06.
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The authors conducted a survey in Nagpur to analyse the marketing strategy for liquid milk and the new product launch plan for a new variety of special milk. He has focused on marketing strategies used by major liquid milk players in the marketlike differentiation strategy, low pricing strategy, and focus group strategy, and we've also figured out how to break into a new marketsegment with a new liquid milk variety. Based on our observations, we're trying to collect information from 350 tea vendors in Nagpur. We also collected data from major milk marketing players, whose names are not to be revealed, so we have annotated A, B,C, D, E, and others.The current study focuses on emphasising the importance of a launch plan strategy for new milk and dairy products
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Dülger, M., G. Alpay, C. Yılmaz, and M. Bodur. "How do learning orientation and strategy yield innovativeness and superior firm performance?" South African Journal of Business Management 45, no. 2 (2014): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v45i2.123.
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This paper attempts to shed light on the role of learning orientations of firms and their adoption of Porter’s generic strategies on four dependent variables: Behavioral innovativeness, product innovativeness, technological innovativeness and, ultimately, firm performance. Hierarchical regressions were run with data from a random sample of 121 firms operating in Turkey. Findings indicate that internally-focused learning, market-focused learning and differentiation strategy have significant effects on the three innovativeness dimensions. When firm performance is included as the eventual outcome variable into the analysis, internally-focused learning, focus strategy and product innovativeness emerge as its main predictors. In fast-paced, highly unpredictable market environments, managers can make use of these findings to their benefit in terms of elevating their firms’ innovativeness and performance levels.
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권민성. "A Study on Differentiation Strategy of Design Management by Levels of Innovativeness - Focused on Industrial Design -." Journal of Integrated Design Research 15, no. 4 (2016): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21195/jidr.2016.15.4.007.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Focused differentiation strategy"
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Voborná, Petra. "Studie tvorby výrobní strategie." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-221764.
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Every production unit must have a clearly determined production strategy based on the given business strategy. Today’s competitive environment is very tough and demanding and that is why each producer’s success or failure is determined by the correctly chosen productive orientation, technically advanced products and provided services, range of supply and their quality and mostly price as well. What makes firms to improve and optimize their supplies continuously is just dynamic development of the society and continuously growing consumers and users’ requirements. The keen competition on one hand makes the business more demanding, but on the other hand it brings lots of new opportunities. Looking for new ways, new procedures and management methods and especially niches in the given products and services market will bring the coveted strategy advantage. This master’s thesis deals with a change of the current production strategy in a building company, individual production aspects and improving the quality of the production process functionality itself following the objective of the firm competitiveness and business performance improvement. Within the solution I count on an ability to adapt promptly to new market requirements, I suppose that the continuing differentiation strategy will contribute to building a position of a preferential supplier of the chosen narrow market segment for large building firms in the market. Improving every production process component is the prerequisite for further development of the company.
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Kreps, Jakub. "Analýza konkurenčního boje v obchodně technologickém odvětví." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-222207.
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The thesis analyses competitive environment of suppliers of concurrent quality control technology in industrial enterprises and research laboratories. The thesis provides concepts for a creation of competitive advantages and related higher evaluation of costs and diferentiation than competition. Further it compares technologies from various manufacturers, comparing economical and technical parametres. The evaluation of results follows a presentation of approachs to achieve the most efficient competitors fight management. The thesis also include prognosis of future conditions in the business technology sector on Czech and Slovak market and concept of an appropriate format of effective competitive intelligence. In conclusion there is a presentation of a quality and quantity concept evaluation with emphasis on economic gain of presented solution.
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Zháňalová, Lucie. "Analýza trhu a konkurence s nealkoholickými nápoji." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-222178.
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The master’s thesis on the topic “Market analysis and competition on the soft drinks market” describes current situation on the market, its structure with the focus on existing competition, it put the accent on the evaluation of the strategy applied by the strongest undertaking on the market, examines a describes distribution channels and analyse the market demand for products including its estimation of the trend in the future. This thesis results from theoretical resources as are general analysis used for the purpose of the market studies oriented on business sector as well as common environment and its own functioning and the thesis is based on the competitive strategy defined by M.E. Porter. Further the thesis is dealing with data resources and methods of data handling, including data collection, classification, segmentation and its following evaluation. Master´s thesis is the guideline for the market analysis and decisions concerning entering new markets and among others gives the answers to the questions concerned the actual situation on the market and subjects that are operation on the market.
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Brigas, Elsa Pires. "O desafio da oferta multi-produto energéticos: focus na oferta tripla em Portugal: oil, gas & power." Master's thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/7301.
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O objectivo deste trabalho consiste em avaliar a possibilidade de uma oferta multi-produto
OIL, GN & POWER no sector energético, aplicado ao caso particular da Galp Energia.
A similaridade dos produtos comercializados pelos vários players que actuam no mercado
energético e a cada vez maior competitividade entre estas empresas e novos operadores, vêm
aumentar a importância da diferenciação e diversificação do tipo de oferta a disponibilizar aos
clientes.
A vantagem competitiva da Galp Energia, ainda não explorada, é o facto de ser a única
empresa ibérica a operar nos três mercados energéticos (petróleo, gás natural e energia
eléctrica) e pode levar a uma inovação no tipo de serviços prestados aos clientes, ou seja, um
serviço integrado de energia.<br>The purpose of this work is to assess the possibility of Galpenergia supplying an integrated
multi-product portfolio offer (OIL, NG & POWER), in the energy sector.
The similarity of products and services made available in the Iberian energy market by several
energy players, and the increasing competitiveness of this market underlines the importance
of a diversified energy products and services portfolio.
Galpenergia competitive advantage, yet to be fully exploited, lies in the fact that it’s the only
Iberian energy player operating in the 3 main energy markets: oil, natural gas and power. This
fact, leveraged by innovation, can lead Galpenergia to be only Iberian energy player to offer a
fully integrated energy service to its customers.
Books on the topic "Focused differentiation strategy"
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Collings, David G. Workforce Differentiation. Edited by David G. Collings, Kamel Mellahi, and Wayne F. Cascio. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198758273.013.20.
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Historically, a key focus of human resource (HR) professionals was developing, implementing, and standardizing HR polices and processes to ensure employees perform in standardized ways. However, the utility of a standardized approach to HR practices has been increasingly questioned over recent decades. In this vein, formalized workforce-differentiation approaches to the segmentation of the workforce based on employees’ competence or the nature of roles performed to reflect differential potential to generate value has emerged as a central element of talent-management strategies. While earlier research on workforce differentiation identified individual talent as the locus of differentiation, more recently, the focus has shifted to strategic or pivotal jobs. This chapter reviews the emergence of workforce differentiation in the academic literature and charts key trends in this regard. The implications of a workforce-differentiation strategy for employees are also considered. The chapter concludes with a consideration of emerging trends and potential avenues for future study.
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Managing the Big Picture in Colleges and Universities. Praeger, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216192558.
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In the past, colleges and universities relied on small picture tactics to determine insititutional direction. Even now, many institutions are missing a big picture approach to leadership and management. In an environment where business continues to aggressively optimize the opportunities it sees in higher education, institutional leaders must adopt a more strategic approach to guiding colleges and universities into the future. Strategy must become an essential part of the organizational architecture of every college and university. This book is intended to serve as a road map for strategy creation and execution for leaders and decision makers who, by choice or by necessity, are looking to use strategy to optimize the development of their institutions. It is the first book of its kind to focus exclusively on strategy as it applies to postsecondary education. As the authors explain, strategy is a systematic way of positioning an institution within a context of community stakeholders. In today's competitive environment, higher education leaders must become adept at differentiating their institutions from competitors to obtain the resources necessary for growth and sustainable advantage. The book begins by explaining the concept of strategy and its application. The authors describe the evolution of modern strategy and how it is has been applied and developed by strategy theorists and practitioners. The book also explores how strategy is shaped by critical factors related to the mission, control and culture of the institution. For example, strategy that is appropriate in a liberal arts college may be completely inappropriate for community college or a teaching university. Real-world cases are employed to illustrate the applications of strategy in three different settings: a private liberal arts college, a comprehensive public institution, and a special purpose institution. The last section moves to the hands-on world of strategy formulation and implementation inside the institution. The authors end with an outline of key concepts for building a plan for implementing strategy and provide a framework for evaluating its impact.
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Newirth, Joseph. From Sign to Symbol. The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781666992328.
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In From Sign to Symbol: Transformational Processes in Psychoanalysis, Psychotherapy, and Psychology, Joseph Newirth describes the evolution of the unconscious from the psychoanalytic concept that reflected Freud’s positivist focus on symptoms and repressed memories to the contemporary structure that uses symbols and metaphors to create meaning within intimate, intersubjective relationships. Newirth integrates psychoanalytic theory with cognitive, developmental, and neuropsychological theories, and he differentiates two broad therapeutic strategies: an asymmetrical strategy that utilizes the logic of consciousness and emphasizes the differentiation of person, place, time, and causality in the world of objects, and a symmetrical strategy that utilizes the logic of the unconscious in the world of emotional, intersubjective experience. He presents multiple approaches to the use of these symmetrical therapeutic strategies, including the use of humor, dreams, metaphors, and implicit procedural learning, in transforming concrete symptoms and signs into the symbolic organizations of meaning. Examples from both psychotherapeutic practice and supervision are presented to illustrate the development of the capacity for symbolic thought or mentalization.
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Foy, Steven L. Racism in America. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216004301.
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This book explains how race, once a differentiating factor, became a major basis for stratification in the United States that pervaded scientific thought, religious doctrine, governmental policy, and the patterned actions of decision-makers in all sectors of social life. Racism in America: A Reference Handbook diverges from the typical focus of accounts of racism on interpersonal prejudice and discrimination to situate racism within structural processes to demonstrate the systematic nature of racial discrimination. Racial progress, though notable, has largely addressed symptoms of the racialized social system rather than tackling the ways in which the system is inherently patterned to benefit whites. This book provides evidence that racial discrimination is not an occasional decision made by individuals. The book provides readers with a background and history of race in America; a thorough treatment of the problems, controversies, and solutions related to race; a perspectives section including essays from experts in a variety of related fields; profiles of important people and organizations; and a section dedicated to data and documents. Its organizational strategy benefits the reader, first explaining core concepts and providing context for racism in America before moving into more specific applications in the work of relevant experts and providing directions for further study.
Book chapters on the topic "Focused differentiation strategy"
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Kawakubo, Atsushi. "Transformation of Agricultural Management in Japan Under Globalization Pressure: A Focus on Product Differentiation Strategy." In Management Geography. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4403-1_10.
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Zhang, Li, and Dayi Hu. "National Digital Development Strategy and Its Practice in India." In Countries and Regions. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-2835-0_6.
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AbstractGlobalization has produced a wide range of convergence effects. Digital strategies, popular in developed countries, have won a more durable favor among and followed by developing countries, and become the focus of their development, which is also determined by the fact that digital strategies serve as a tremendous impetus in promoting national economic growth and political governance. However, different from the digital development pattern adopted by developed countries, which is mainly based on the spontaneous growth of the market, the situation in developing countries often encounters more serious market malfunction, hence, government’s intervention and the role of transnational capital under open pattern are more needed. Therefore, the construction of a digital development strategy model for developing countries based on the supply side perspective is supposed to include at least the following elements: government, domestic private capital, and transnational capital as well as the interactions among them. Based on this framework, this paper also analyzes how the digital strategy was formulated and implemented in India. The development of India’s digital strategy suggests that a clear digital strategy can generate positive results, specifically, through establishing government-oriented public–private partnership, the construction of digital infrastructure can be strengthened, the leading industries in the digital field can get strong support, and the spillover effect of digital strategy can get enough attention from parties concerned. However, just as every coin has two sides, the other side of digital strategy shouldn’t be neglected. Digital strategy itself can only accelerate the development of a country, but it cannot fundamentally solve other internal problems existing in the economic and social development of a country, such as the limited role of the government rendered by national fiscal conditions, deep-rooted regional differentiation, improper policy-making orientation as well as conservatism, which will make it difficult for the government, private capital and transnational capital to achieve synergistic effect at a higher level, thus, restricting the realization of the national digital development strategy.
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D. Illescas-Manzano, María, Manuel Sánchez-Pérez, and Sergio Martínez-Puertas. "AN INDEX FOR MEASURING HORIZONTAL DIFFERENTIATION IN HOSPITALITY." In 5th International Thematic Monograph: Modern Management Tools and Economy of Tourism Sector in Present Era. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans; Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality, Ohrid, North Macedonia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/tmt.2020.539.
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Amid a continuous and evolving offer of new services, the hospitality industry is immersed in a highly competitive changing environment, being differentiation an essential strategy to survive and gain a competitive advantage. As a consequence, a differentiation strategy is continuously being defined and adapted. Beyond the vertical differentiation, focused on objective quality signals, horizontal differentiation offers more chance and alternatives to hoteliers for using own resources and capabilities to gain a competitive advantage. In particular, product analysis and competition evaluation are a must-be to offer a value proposition co-created with the customer. Considering the great range of services, and the need to compute all properly and understandably, this work aims to design and index that can integrate all services of a hotel and allow comparison to evaluate the level of differentiation.
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Varela, Sandra C., Marcelo Pilamunga, and Jorge L. Santamaría. "Etnika." In Management and Inter/Intra Organizational Relationships in the Textile and Apparel Industry. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1859-5.ch010.
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Currently, the Ecuadorian footwear industry faces competitiveness problems with products that enter the country with advantages in terms of quality, design, and price, factors that have captured the preference of local consumers. The purpose of this work is to highlight the value of design in the footwear industry in Ecuador, contributing with a proposal focused on ethnic fashion, using typical and traditional Ecuadorian elements and forms as a strategy of differentiation in the generation of products with identity, which allow competitiveness within the national market and subsequently international. For this purpose, Etnika was born, a brand of traditional Ecuadorian women's casual footwear, that proposes the application of a business model focused on “slow fashion” based on a specific market study, which has shown preference in aspects that involve factors such as new materials, design ethics, eco-friendly manufacturing processes, fair trade, quality, and added value.
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Dhilwayo, Shepherd. "Entrepreneurship and Competitive Strategy." In Service Science Research, Strategy and Innovation. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0077-5.ch021.
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The intertwined relationship between competitive strategy (business level strategy) and entrepreneurship is critical in making strategy more potent and organisations more competitive. Different competitive strategies, namely Miles and Snow’s prospector, defender, analyser, and reactor strategies and Porter’s generic, low cost, differentiation, and focus strategies are analysed, clearly showing how these integrate with entrepreneurship. An integrated entrepreneurial competitive strategy is critical to the success of today’s organisation.
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Dzingirai, Mufaro, and Rodgers Ndava. "Resilient Entrepreneurial Strategies Adopted by Zimbabwean Small and Medium Enterprises During Economic Crisis." In Cases on Small Business Economics and Development During Economic Crises. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7657-1.ch006.
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Resilient entrepreneurial strategy is a concept of great importance as it captures how entrepreneurs can ensure business sustainability in the face of harsh economic conditions of a market. In the wake of the economic crisis induced by the COVID-19 pandemic, it is not surprising to observe that scholars and practitioners are shifting their attention towards entrepreneurial resilience especially in the context of SMEs. With this in mind, this chapter focuses on the resilient entrepreneurial strategies adopted by Zimbabwean SMEs during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study established five strategies, namely strategic alliance, product differentiation, cost containment, innovation, and product differentiation. It is, therefore, recommended that SMEs should harness online technology and constantly re-evaluate entrepreneurial strategies in order to augment their agility to shocks emanating from the business environment.
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Kasemsap, Kijpokin. "The Role of Marketing Strategies in Modern Business and Society." In Green Economic Structures in Modern Business and Society. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8219-1.ch015.
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This chapter introduces the role of marketing strategies in modern business and society, thus explaining the theoretical and practical concepts of competitive strategy, market segmentation strategy, differentiation strategy, cost leadership strategy, focus strategy, market orientation, and organizational performance; the significance of marketing strategies in modern business and society; and the impact of marketing strategies on organizational performance. Marketing strategies serve as the valuable foundation of marketing plans designed to fill marketing needs and reach marketing objectives. Marketing strategies include all basic and long-term activities in the field of marketing, thus dealing with the analysis of the strategic situation of an organization and the formulation, evaluation and selection of market-oriented strategies and effectively contribute to the goals of the organization and its marketing objectives. The chapter argues that applying marketing strategies has the potential to increase organizational performance and gain sustainable competitive advantage in the social media age.
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Kaushik, Dr Yogesh, and Ms Jyoti Manral. "STRATEGY FORMULATION." In Business Policy and Strategic Management. Iterative International Publishers (IIP), Selfypage Developers Pvt Ltd., 2025. https://doi.org/10.58532/nbennurbpsm3.
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Strategy formulation is a critical phase in the strategic management process where organizations define their long-term direction, set priorities, and determine how to allocate resources to achieve competitive advantage. This chapter explores the foundational concepts, models, and analytical tools used in crafting effective strategies. It emphasizes the importance of understanding internal capabilities and external environments through frameworks like SWOT analysis, PESTLE analysis, and Porter‘s Five Forces. The chapter also outlines the process of setting vision, mission, objectives, and strategic alternatives that align with an organization‘s core competencies and market opportunities. Furthermore, the chapter delves into different levels of strategy—corporate, business, and functional—explaining how each contributes to coherent and goal-oriented decisionmaking. It examines various strategic options such as cost leadership, differentiation, and focus strategies, along with diversification and growth strategies for corporate expansion. Case studies and practical examples are provided to illustrate how realworld organizations formulate strategies to navigate uncertainty and change. Ultimately, this chapter equips readers with a systematic understanding of how strategic decisions are made, evaluated, and positioned for successful implementation.
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West, Douglas, John Ford, Essam Ibrahim, and Matteo Montecchi. "Branding strategies." In Strategic Marketing. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hebz/9780198856764.003.0007.
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This chapter focuses on branding strategies, presenting a series of suggestions to help the brand strategist to create, maintain, and enhance this valuable company asset. A brand is a ‘name, term, sign, symbol (or a combination of these) that identifies the maker or seller of the product’. It allows the consumer to develop a relationship with a product/service. Strategic brand management requires a sophisticated understanding of, first, industry cost structure, brand efficiency, and brand profitability, and second, consumer perceptions of brands and the potential for differentiation and sustainable competitive advantage. The chapter then looks at some examples of the strongest brands in the market, before reviewing various tools and techniques used in branding. It also considers some of the latest thinking regarding brands: scent branding and brand vulgarity.
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Olubiyi, Timilehin Olasoji, and Muktar Monday Itai. "Alignment Between Business Strategies and Performance of Small and Medium-Sized Manufacturing Companies in Africa." In Advances in Human Resources Management and Organizational Development. IGI Global, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3373-0149-5.ch001.
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Strategy can play a key role in achieving competitive advantage and for business continuity, but the role of strategy is very often misdirected in small businesses. Therefore, this chapter examined the role of business strategies on the performance of small and medium enterprise manufacturing companies in Nigeria, the most populous and one of the largest economies in Africa. The authors conducted a survey with 110 respondents using simple random sampling technique and analyzed the data with linear regression. Results of the study showed that all the selected business strategic capabilities (Cost leadership, differentiation, and focus strategies) are positively associated with the performance of the small and medium sized manufacturing companies in Nigeria. It is recommended that small and medium enterprises should adopt and review regularly their business strategies for proper use and adapting to the continuous changes in the business environments in order to improve performance.
Conference papers on the topic "Focused differentiation strategy"
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Muhammad Khzr Al-Sabawy, Younis, Naji Abdulasattar Mahmood, and Yousif Obed Hama Ameen. "The pillars of knowledge management and its role in enhancing the dimensions of the competitive spectrum : Exploratory study in pharmaceutical companies in the city of Sulaymaniyah (pioneer company and Rasan company) as a model." In 11th International Conference of Economic and Administrative Reform: Necessities and Challenges. University of Human Development, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicearnc/12.
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The research aims to diagnose the contribution of the pillars of knowledge management with its main dimensions (cognitive leadership, organizational structure, learning, technology, knowledge sharing), in enhancing the dimensions of the competitive spectrum represented by (cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy, and response strategy), to express the ability of organizations In reaching a comprehensive and focused vision that contributes to extracting and deducing the main contents of the dimensions of the competitive spectrum through which it is possible to improve performance and achieve excellence through the contents and pillars of knowledge. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the research was conducted in the pharmaceutical companies sector and within selected companies by designing a questionnaire that was prepared in accordance with the goal of the research. , division manager, unit manager), and by (46) forms, while the number of the form retrieved and valid for analysis reached (43) and a recovery rate of (93%). The data obtained from the investigated field was analyzed using the correlation coefficient and the linear regression equation, which helped to reach a set of results, in the light of which a number of conclusions were crystallized, perhaps the most important of which are: The competitive spectrum, and its different dimensions, especially the response dimension. In light of the conclusions, the research presented its recommendations, and perhaps the most important of them are: the recommendation that urges the surveyed organizations and organizations in the surveyed sector to pay attention to the contents of knowledge in general and pay more attention to the availability of knowledge pillars in particular to achieve a kind of compatibility with the nature of the work of the surveyed organizations and competitive challenges that it can face in order to achieve the desired harmony between the dimensions of the appropriate competitive spectrum with the nature of its business.
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Muhammad Khzr Al-Sabawy, Younis, Naji Abdulasattar Mahmood, and Yousif Obed Hama Ameen. "The pillars of knowledge management and its role in enhancing the dimensions of the competitive spectrum : Exploratory study in pharmaceutical companies in the city of Sulaymaniyah (pioneer company and Rasan company) as a model." In 11th International Conference of Economic and Administrative Reform: Necessities and Challenges. University of Human Development, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/icearnc/12.
Full textAbstract:
The research aims to diagnose the contribution of the pillars of knowledge management with its main dimensions (cognitive leadership, organizational structure, learning, technology, knowledge sharing), in enhancing the dimensions of the competitive spectrum represented by (cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy, and response strategy), to express the ability of organizations In reaching a comprehensive and focused vision that contributes to extracting and deducing the main contents of the dimensions of the competitive spectrum through which it is possible to improve performance and achieve excellence through the contents and pillars of knowledge. In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the research was conducted in the pharmaceutical companies sector and within selected companies by designing a questionnaire that was prepared in accordance with the goal of the research. , division manager, unit manager), and by (46) forms, while the number of the form retrieved and valid for analysis reached (43) and a recovery rate of (93%). The data obtained from the investigated field was analyzed using the correlation coefficient and the linear regression equation, which helped to reach a set of results, in the light of which a number of conclusions were crystallized, perhaps the most important of which are: The competitive spectrum, and its different dimensions, especially the response dimension. In light of the conclusions, the research presented its recommendations, and perhaps the most important of them are: the recommendation that urges the surveyed organizations and organizations in the surveyed sector to pay attention to the contents of knowledge in general and pay more attention to the availability of knowledge pillars in particular to achieve a kind of compatibility with the nature of the work of the surveyed organizations and competitive challenges that it can face in order to achieve the desired harmony between the dimensions of the appropriate competitive spectrum with the nature of its business.
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MIHAYLOVA, Lyudmila, Emil PAPAZOV, and Rashid Sultan Rashid AlKaitoob ALNUAIM. "DUBAI’S ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT AND BUSINESS DIFFERENTIATION." In International Management Conference. Editura ASE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/imc/2022/03.06.
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This paper discusses issues of the economic environment in connection with organizational highquality (differentiation) strategy and business orientation. The specificity of the cutting-edge hightech business environment based on knowledge enables enterprises to orient with greater confidence towards a strategy of high quality of the offered products and services. The purpose of the report is to present and analyse elements of the business environment in Dubai, serving as a prerequisite for the implementation of the strategy of high quality. An example of the relationship between the high-tech environment and the vision of consultants and managers regarding the strategic issues of the development of the organization and the offering of high-quality products and services is presented. The specific business environment makes it possible to focus on specific areas in which the entrepreneur has competencies and can secure a target customer group showing interest in a differentiated product or service.
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Falcão, Christiane Cardoso, Tânia Souza Machado da Silva, Thaynara Karoline de Souza Pereira, Clarissa Mendes Remor, and Letícia Bendo. "Mammary Myofibroblastoma: a case report and literature review." In XXVI Brazilian Mastology Congress. Mastology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.29289/259453942024v34s2011.
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Introduction: Mammary myofibroblastoma is a rare benign mesenchymal tumor of the breast. In 1981, Toker et al. reported four cases of benign stromal breast tumors with morphological features similar to fusiform cell lipoma of soft tissues and named them as benign fusiform tumors of the breast. It was later, in 1987, that the term myofibroblastoma was coined by Wargotz to describe a tumor characterized by proliferation of fusiform cells with myofibroblastic differentiation within an abundant collagenous stroma. Although typically benign, myofibroblastomas can present a wide range of clinical and histological features, making their diagnosis and management challenging for clinicians. Methodology: For this integrative systematic review, searches were conducted in scientific databases including the United States National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search strategy focused on identifying relevant published studies using the terms “myofibroblastoma of the breast” and “benign mesenchymal neoplasms of the breast.” A total of 19 articles published in English, Spanish, and Portuguese were selected. Conclusion: Breast myofibroblastoma is a rare benign tumor of the breast that primarily affects middle-aged women. Although it typically presents as a painless mass, diagnosis requires histopathological examination. The results obtained so far indicate that breast myofibroblastoma is challenging to differentiate from other benign and malignant lesions. Surgical excision with clear margins is curative, and the prognosis is generally excellent. Further research is needed to better understand the underlying molecular mechanisms of this tumor and its long-term outcomes.
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Kang, Chang Muk, and Yoo Suk Hong. "A Framework for Designing Balanced Product Platforms by Estimating Versatility of Components." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-35879.
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Mass customization is a common trend in industries and platform-based product family strategy is widely used for an efficient mass customization. While commonization of a platform is a viable mean for reducing the customization cost, it also has a risk of losing some market share due to its limitation on differentiating individual products. This trade-off requires a platform to be balanced between commonality and distinctiveness of products. In this paper, we focus on developing a versatile platform that maximizes the use of common components while facilitating differentiations which are highly effective for increasing the market share of a product family. A versatile platform is comprised of versatile components which do not restrict effective differentiations even if it is commonized. To determine a certain component is versatile or not, we considered which specifications are preferred to be differentiated in the market and how much change would be required for the component to differentiate a specification. With these two measures, we define a versatility index representing how versatile a component is. Components with higher versatility values are appropriate to be platformized since they are less likely to be changed for differentiations. Furthermore, identification of non-versatile components may provide a clue for improving architecture of the product. The proposed method is applied to the PC mouse design, which yields reasonable alternatives for platform design.
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Eroğlu, Şeyma Gün, and Ayşe İrmiş. "Competitive Strategy Analysis from Entrepreneurship Stories." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c11.02287.
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Organizations apply two basic competitive strategies in general. These are the cost leadership strategy and the differentiation strategy. The application of any of the mentioned strategies by focusing on a smaller field in the market is called a focus strategy. Companies gain value in the eyes of customer with the strategy they choose.
 The aim of this study is to analyze the competitive strategies applied by the enterprises and the results of these strategies. A semi-configured interview on the entrepreneurs of two firms which open to a wider market from local market in Denizli with their own brands, was conducted. The first enterprise, which has been maintaining its existence for 80 years and has many branches in the different provinces, is a firm producing sugar and sugar products (Firm A). The second, which has been maintaining its existence for 84 years and has branches in close neighbor cities and provinces, is a firm producing soft drinks (Firm B).
 The common feature of both firms is that they keep their local characteristics and take their competitive power from the local people. In the research, the competitive strategies of entrepreneurs have been defined and analyzed by benefiting from the entrepreneurship stories that have been brought up to the present day. It was concluded that firm A applied differentiation strategy in the product, production process, and market, while firm B differentiated in the production process without any differentiation in the product and used the focus strategy in the market.
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Kayode, B. O., and S. Ganis. "History-Matching Using Refinement of Internal Reservoir Architecture on Reduced Order Dynamic Models." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2025. https://doi.org/10.2523/iptc-24933-ms.
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Abstract History-matching (HM) is the process of updating the property field, frequently permeability, of a static model until its dynamic response (for example pressure) matches with observed data. Traditionally, HM focuses on improving well matches using localized permeability updates around individual wells. In this study, we developed a history-matching strategy that focuses on refinement of internal reservoir architecture of reservoir regions, resulting in faster HM and better predictive models. A reservoir's Internal Reservoir Architecture (IRA) is defined in this work as the signature of its permeability-depth plot. A reduced order model is defined in this work as one partitioned into regions based on historical pressure cluster differentiation. Reservoir regions were created by the simulator through an automatic clustering of the global set of historical pressure data using an innovative pattern recognition algorithm to allocate a pressure region number to every well. The simulator then populates the wells’ region array using a Python Voronoi algorithm which allocates a region number to every grid-block based on the nearest well's region. The resulting 2D region array was then extended into a 3D array by duplicating each 2D array element across its column of blocks. The resulting 3D array was automatically included in the simulation run and used for region-based IRA refinement. Within each region, a comparison and calibration of the magnitude and signature of core and model permeability versus depth was conducted. In a previous work, several geological realizations were created using the same core data set but varying the variogram length, by refining those models’ reservoir regions, each model was rapidly history-matched. Because the similarity of historical pressures on wells within a region is related to the permeability magnitude and IRA of that region, a focus on refinement of IRA resulted in immediate history-match improvement of the region's pressure cluster match. Since all the wells within each region have historical pressures that are similar in magnitude and trend, the improved match of a region's pressure cluster resulted in improved match on individual wells. This reduces the history-matching problem of several hundreds of wells using near-well permeability updates, to history-matching of few, in this case 6, regional IRA. In addition, this is a history-matching technique that does not require a long-time simulation run, a single time-step run is what is required to conduct an IRA refinement, after which a long-term run is conducted to verify the history-match improvements. It is also observed that after IRA refinement on the various geological realizations, the permeability logs of the non-cored wells became more representative while the permeability logs of the cored wells were relatively undisturbed by this history matching process. Majority of pressure HM techniques rely on misfit coefficient that are aggregated from individual well match statistics. These techniques seek to improve the individual well statistics with strategies that are focused on permeability updates around individual wells. The present study improved well statistics through regional IRA refinements, enabling simultaneous improvement of multiple wells’ pressure match. The development of a methodology for internal reservoir architecture refinement of geological models is a key novelty of this work.
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Ružin, Aleksandar. "Strategy of influence and lobbying of small and medium-size enterprises." In Employment, Education and Entrepreneurship 2024. Faculty of Business Economics and Entrepreneurship, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5937/eee24006r.
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Small and medium enterprises have been identified as one of the essential levers of development in EU countries. These business entities have effects on the rest of the economic system in terms of job creation, product differentiation, and the use of local real production factors. The aim of this article is to focus on the benefit these companies could derive from the practice of influence and lobbying strategies. In EU countries, influence strategy still retains an unfavorable abstract and negative connotation. The influence strategy is based on two key levers: public relations and lobbying. On the one hand, PR aims to direct the attitude and behavior of the public on whose entities the economic activity of SMEs depends. On the other hand, lobbying is characterized by a series of direct or indirect interventions responsible for guiding the arbitration of public institutions in accordance with their interests. Thus, PR focuses on influencing the perception of things, while lobbying acts on the normative aspect of the environment. In this context, direct (grasstop) and indirect (grassroots) lobbying represent important tools for influencing and defending the interests of SMEs. The storytelling is a modern term in lobbying. These tools serve a targeted problem in order to arouse the interest of public decision makers. Mastery of the media universe and legislative context is vital to the development of lobbying.
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Ting-Yu, Chan, and Cheng Yu-Jen. "INVESTIGATE THE CRITICAL FACTORS OF SUCCESSFUL GREEN COSMETICS MARKETING." In BuPol Kuala Lumpur 2025– International Conference on Business, Economics & Policy, 06-07 May. Global Research & Development Services Publishing, 2025. https://doi.org/10.20319/icssh.2025.117118.
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Developing effective marketing strategies for successfully green cosmetic marketing is critical for strengthening a company’s competitive advantage and performance. This research adopts the more comprehensive factors and emphasizes the perspectives of senior managers, utilizes the DANP method proposed by Ou Yang et al. (2008) which combines DEMATEL and ANP to examine the major factors of successful green cosmetic marketing. Firstly, the fourteen evaluation criteria are extracted from past literature and are classified into four clusters; then consult with ten scholars/experts; finally, interview with ten senior managers of green cosmetic companies The research results show that the Perceived Value Cluster is the main influence source and The Strategy Diamond Cluster plays as the central role among the four clusters. For green cosmetic companies, the top three priority criteria show that the crucial aspect of business strategy is to identify the means to generate returns by achieving superior quality and a distinctive image across the value chain. To secure a competitive advantage, green cosmetic companies can effectively distinguish themselves from competitors by employing differentiation strategies and prioritizing eco-friendly products to appeal to environmentally conscious customers. Green cosmetic companies focus on product quality, implements differentiation strategies, and prioritizes eco-friendly products. This approach not only meets the rising consumer demand for environmentally conscious products but also enhances the brand's competitive advantage in the market.
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Sus, Aleksandra, and Michał Organa. "Triangle of dynamics factors in inter-organizational networks." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2019.059.
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Purpose – the main scientific purpose of this article is to conceptualise the categories of dynamics of interorganisational networks strategy. The scientific problem presented in the article concerns initially identified connections between three major elements (based on literature studies and authors’ previous experiences), describing the dynamism of the strategy as mentioned above. Those elements were named by the authors as the Triangle of Dynamics Factors (TDF), and are (1) propensity of taking the risk and real ability to accurately assess opportunities, (2) skills, and processes of opportunities identification, creation, and exploitation, as well as (3) leadership skills of contemporary managers. Basing on those connections, the article concerns on clarifying research hypotheses in the areas of the three mentioned differentiating factors. Research methodology – in order to achieve the main goal of the article both quantitative (survey research) and qualitative (case study) methods were chosen for future research. Findings – the conducted research is focused on positioning previously mentioned categories in the micro-scale strategy, as well as on determining variables constituting the dynamics of inter-organisational networks strategies. The article presents research hypotheses that will be verified. Research limitations – the limitations are primarily related to a variety of factors influencing the dynamics of interorganisational network strategies, observed both inside and outside the networks. The article focuses on those factors that decision-makers in networks can influence, which is tantamount to omitting most factors within the networks' environment. At the same time, the article focuses on selected types of inter-organisational networks – both decentralised and centralised. The article is conceptual; therefore, it does not contain the results of empirical research directly oriented on all three identified factors, which is its specific limitation. Partial results of the previously conducted research indicated in the article relate only to one of the identified elements. It is the area of skills, and processes of opportunities identification, creation, and exploitation. Practical implications – the practical business implications concern mostly the necessity of organisational adaptation to changing environmental conditions, the imperative of being flexible and striving for the success by inter-organisational networks. The article identifies those factors being under the actual influence exerted by networks' representatives. Originality/Value – this article is the authors' third joint work, and hitherto in the examined literature, there were no publications dedicated to the study of strategy dynamics and dynamism of the inter-organisational networks' strategy, researched in the triad: risk – opportunities – leadership. This creates a wide interpretative and research area for the indicated topic
Reports on the topic "Focused differentiation strategy"
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Perk, Shimon, Maricarmen Garcia, Alexander Panshin, et al. Avian Influenza Virus H9N2: Characterization and Control Strategies. United States Department of Agriculture, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7709882.bard.
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Control of Avian Influenza (AI) infection is a highly topical subject of major economicimportance for the worldwide poultry industry at the national level and for international trade.H9N2 viruses are endemic in poultry throughout Asia and the Middle East, causing major losses inproduction. Moreover, these viruses pose wider threats since they have been isolated from bothswine and humans. At the same time, study of the AI viruses affords an opportunity to explore anumber of problems of intriguing scientific interest. The overall goal of this project was to developa sound control strategy for avian influenza subtype H9N2 viruses (AI H9N2) in commercialpoultry in Israel. The one-year feasibility study focused on two main goals, namely: to study themolecular characteristics of AI H9N2 circulating during the last seven years in Israel and todevelop tools enabling differentiation between the immune response to vaccination and infectionwith H9N2.Genetic and phylogenetic characterization of 29 selected AI H9N2 isolates (2000-2006)was performed by complete sequencing of hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and all sixinternal genes [nucleoprotein (NP), polymerase basic 1 (PB1), polymerase basic 2 (PB2),polymerase acid (PA), matrix (M), and nonstructural (NS) genes]; comparative phylogenetic andgenetic analyses of these sequences; and comparative genetic analyses of deduced amino acidsequences of the HA, NA, NS1, and NS2 proteins. The major conclusions of the molecularanalyses were: (1) Israeli isolates, together with other H9N2 viruses isolated in Middle Eastcountries, comprise a single regional sublineage related to the G1-lineage. In addition, Israeliisolates subdivided into three different subgroups. Genetic analysis of these viruses suggests thatthey underwent divergent evolution paths.
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Ali, Rassul. Konzeptentwicklung für CDM-Projekte - Risikoanalyse der projektbezogenen Generierung von CO2-Zertifikaten (CER). Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783933795842.
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The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is a complex legal-institutional system that, on the one hand, offers industrialized countries options for cost-effective emission reductions and, on the other, provides developing countries with opportunities for sustainable development. Investors face the difficulty of identifying suitable CDM projects from approximately 130 possible host countries and nearly 60 possible project activities. In order to develop points of reference for strategic investments, this paper identifies and categorizes the risks arising in the value creation process of bilateral energy projects into four action-related levels. At the host level, the focus is on political-institutional and sector-specific risks, while at the investor state level, the legal design of the CDM's complementary function is relevant. The project level covers technology- and process-related risks, with the identification of the reference case and the proof of additionality posing particular problems. The future design of the CDM and the reform of the procedure at the UNFCCC level pose a fundamental risk. A two-stage assessment procedure is proposed for risk assessment: a rough analysis captures sociographic, climate policy, institutional and sector-specific criteria of the host. The differentiation of the project stage allows the localization of the project in the value chain and a differentiation regarding the use of methods. The assessment of project registration is based on the methods used and gives recognition rates per method and project category; project performance is measured in terms of the ratio of emission reductions actually realized to those planned in the project documentation. A detailed analysis following the coarse analysis provides qualitative guidance for project evaluation. These include the Executive Board's methodological principles, correct application of methodologies, identification of the reference case, proof of additionality, as well as the financial conditions of the relevant sector and publicity-related aspects. Despite individual hosts and project technologies, the developed two-step risk analysis allows, with relatively little effort and in line with business practice, an initial assessment of CDM project risks, so that overall it lays a fundamental building block for the elaboration of a strategic implementation and sustainable investment under the CDM.
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Levisohn, Sharon, Maricarmen Garcia, David Yogev, and Stanley Kleven. Targeted Molecular Typing of Pathogenic Avian Mycoplasmas. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695853.bard.
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Intraspecies identification (DNA "fingerprinting") of pathogenic avian mycoplasmas is a powerful tool for epidemiological studies and monitoring strain identity. However the only widely method available for Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and M. synoviae (MS)wasrandom amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). This project aimed to develop alternative and supplementary typing methods that will overcome the major constraints of RAPD, such as the need for isolation of the organism in pure culture and the lack of reproducibility intrinsic in the method. Our strategy focussed on recognition of molecular markers enabling identification of MG and MS vaccine strains and, by extension, pathogenic potential of field isolates. Our first aim was to develop PCR-based systems which will allow amplification of specific targeted genes directly from clinical material. For this purpose we evaluated the degree of intraspecies heterogeneity in genes encoding variable surface antigens uniquely found in MG all of which are putative pathogenicity factors. Phylogenic analysis of targeted sequences of selected genes (pvpA, gapA, mgc2, and lp) was employed to determine the relationship among MG strains.. This method, designated gene targeted sequencing (GTS), was successfully employed to identify strains and to establish epidemiologically-linked strain clusters. Diagnostic PCR tests were designed and validated for each of the target genes, allowing amplification of specific nucleotide sequences from clinical samples. An mgc2-PCR-RFLP test was designed for rapid differential diagnosis of MG vaccine strains in Israel. Addressing other project goals, we used transposon mutagenesis and in vivo and in vitro models for pathogenicity to correlated specific changes in target genes with biological properties that may impact the course of infection. An innovative method for specific detection and typing of MS strains was based on the hemagglutinin-encoding gene vlhA, uniquely found in this species. In parallel, we evaluated the application of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) in avian mycoplasmas. AFLP is a highly discriminatory method that scans the entire genome using infrequent restriction site PCR. As a first step the method was found to be highly correlated with other DNA typing methods for MG species and strain differentiation. The method is highly reproducible and relatively rapid, although it is necessary to isolate the strain to be tested. Both AFLP and GTS are readily to amenable to computer-assisted analysis of similarity and construction of a data-base resource. The availability of improved and diverse tools will help realize the full potential of molecular typing of avian mycoplasmas as an integral and essential part of mycoplasma control programs.