Journal articles: 'Fodder tree'

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Tamang, Bir Bahadur, Manoj Kumar Shah, Bishnu Dhakal, Pashupati Chaudhary, and Netra Chhetri. "Participatory ranking of fodders in the western hills of Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/janr.v3i1.27001.

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Fodder is an important source of feed of the ruminants in Nepal. In the mid hills of Nepal, farmers generally practice integrated farming system that combines crop cultivation with livestock husbandry and agroforestry. Tree fodders are good sources of protein during the forage and green grass scarcity periods especially in dry season. Local communities possess indigenous knowledge for the selection of grasses and tree fodders at different seasons in mid hills of western Nepal. A study was conducted on the perception of farmers with respect to selection of fodder species in eight clusters in Kaski and Lumjung districts that range 900-2000 meter above sea level and receive average precipitation of 2000- 4500mm per annum. During the fodder preference ranking, farmers prepared the inventory of fodders found around the villages and nearby forests and selected top ten most important fodders in terms of their availability, palatability, fodder yield, milk yield and milk fat yield. In total, 23 top ranking fodders species were selected from the eight clusters. These fodder species were also ranked using pairwise ranking and weighted scoring methods and ranking was done on the basis of merit numbers obtained from weighted scores. The analysis revealed Artocarpus lakoocha as best tree fodder followed by Ficus semicordata, Thysanolena maxima and Ficus calvata. Similarly, the calendar of fodders trees for lopping season and the best feeding time was prepared on the basis of farmers’ local knowledge. This study suggests strategies for promotion of locally preferred tree fodder species and supplementing tree fodder with feed in different seasons depending on their availability and local preferences.

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Panthi, Mohan P. "Indigenous Knowledge on Use of Local Fodder Trees in Mid Hills of West Nepal." Tribhuvan University Journal 28, no. 1-2 (December 2, 2013): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v28i1-2.26239.

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Fodder shortage (quality as well as quantity) has been found through outmid hills of Nepal. The tree fodder is particularly important as a green, nitrogen supplement to poor quality crop residues during the dry season when feeds are scarce. The nutritional values of fodders differ according to species and season therefore farmers prefer different species for different seasons to feed their livestock. The choice or preference of fodder species by farmers reflects their traditional knowledge on nutritional values, palatability, cultivation easiness and seasonal variability of tree fodder in local environment. The paper highlights an indigenous knowledge system that relates to the quality of tree fodder used by farmers in mid hills of Nepal. In total 69 plant species have been recorded as tree fodder and out of them ten best tree fodders have been listed on the basis of preferences and priority by farmers. Information was gathered through a semi structured open questionnaire by interviewing 85 respondents of different age groups of Arghakhanchi district. Though Focus species was the most abundant among tree fodder, Grewia optiva (locally known as 'phorso') was found the most preferable tree fodder species in the study area.

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Paudel, Tulasi Prasad, Devi Prasad Adhikari, and Ram Prasad Ghimire. "Comparison of Feeding Value of Some Popular Tree Fodders for Goats in the Mid-hill Region of Nepal." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 5, no. 4 (December 24, 2017): 442–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v5i4.18401.

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Large numbers of species of tree fodder are being used as green roughage source for goats in several farming systems. A study was carried out at Goat Research Station, Bandipur, Nepal in order to compare the feeding value of commonly used tree fodder leaves in mid-hills of Nepal. Altogether five treatments; tree fodder leaves of Ficus semicordata, Shorea robusta, Ficus glaberrima and Ficus lacor and mixed fodder as the conventional practices of the farmers were evaluated in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Total of 30 male goats were used for the experiment in five groups, 6 for each treatment. The subsequent experiment was carried out to determine the nutrient digestibility of the tree fodder leaves by using fecal collection method. Nutrient composition, voluntary intake and nutrient digestibility of the fodder leaves and growth performance of goats were monitored. Crude protein (CP), total ash (TA), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), hemicelluloses and cellulose proportion were better for F. glaberrima and F. lacor leaves, whereas the digestibility of those nutrients were better for F. semicordata leaves and moderate for F. glaberrima and S. robusta. Voluntary fodder dry matter intake was highest for F. glaberrima and least for mixed fodders. Growth performance of goats was higher for F. lacor and F. glaberrima than other tree fodder leaves and mixed fodders. The leaves of F. lacor and F. glaberrima had shown better feeding value than the conventional practices of farmers, mixed fodders. The leaves of S. robusta and F. semicordata were observed similar with the mixed fodders for their feeding value.Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 5(4): 442-448

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Charlton, J. F. L., G. B. Douglas, B. J. Wills, and J. E. Prebble. "Farmer experience with tree fodder." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 10 (January 1, 2003): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.10.2003.2989.

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Use of trees for drought feed on New Zealand farms has been practised sporadically for many years, after farmers found that tree prunings were useful as supplementary feed during summer droughts. The Ministry of Agriculture & Forestry (MAF) Sustainable Farming Fund recently funded a farmer-led team to develop the concept of tree fodder use on livestock farms in the southern North Island. Livestock farmers in Hawke's Bay, Rangitikei and Wairarapa who are already using tree fodder were interviewed to generate practical guidelines from their experience. Additional experience from Otago has been included here. Farmers obtain tree fodder by pruning and pollarding soil conservation trees, and by coppicing or grazing livestock on fodder blocks, or by taking advantage of natural leaf fall from poplar trees. The most common practice was pruning willows and poplars originally planted for soil conservation, during summer using a chainsaw. Most farmers found tree fodder feeding a valuable practice and well worthwhile. Over a three-tofour week period, two farmers reported taking 1.5-2 hours per day to feed 1,000 sheep, or cutting five or six trees per day to feed approximately 1,000 ewes. Keywords: tree fodder; poplars; willows; coppicing; pruning.

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Acamovic, T., H. B. Gurung, and C. S. Stewart. "The proximate and flavanol contents of some fodder tree leaves." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1992 (March 1992): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600023126.

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The cultivation and uses of trees is important and varied in many areas of the world. The benefits include soil improvement and stabilisation, shade for other plants, provision of wood and fodder for ruminant animals.Tree leaves are important sources of micro- and macro-nutrients for ruminants in many parts of the world including Nepal and Portugal especially when other plant fodders are scarce (Topps, 1992). Thus improvements in livestock production may benefit from an increased and/or selective use of tree fodders. The proximate composition and tannin (flavanol) content of plants including tree leaves, considerably influences the nutritive value (Goodchild & McMeniman, 1991; Kumar & Vaithiyanathan, 1990; Longstaff, et al.,1991; Makkar et al 1991).

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Alemie, Dargo Kebede, and Haftay Hailu Gebremedhin. "Availability of Fodder Trees and Shrubs Integrated Into Agricultural Systems in Eastern Hararghe, Ethiopia." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 5 (April 15, 2019): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n5p506.

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Tree/shrub based feed resources and feeding systems in Eastern Hararghe are not studied well. Therefore, a study aimed at assessing the availability of fodder trees and shrubs integrated into farming system, available feed resources, and feeding systems was made in two districts of eastern Hararghe zone, Ethiopia. A total of 268 respondents from the two districts, both from lowland and highland agro ecology, were interviewed. Sørensen’s Similarity Index was used to assess species composition in relation to agroecology. The result revealed that about 67.2% of the respondents have not integrated any fodder trees and shrubs into their farmlands whereas only 32.8% of the respondents integrated fodder trees and shrubs into their farmlands. A total of 20 fodder and non-fodder tree species were identified. Regarding tree species composition, only 46% of tree species were found in both districts, whereas about 54% of the tree species were dissimilar between the districts. The feeding system significantly varied with agroecology. Zero grazing system with stall-feeding technique is common in the highland agroecology. However, in the lowland agroecology free grazing on communal grazing area and feeding crop residue are common. Factors like inadequate extension service, lack of planting material and land scarcity has resulted in reduction of farmers’ interest to integrate fodder trees and shrubs into their farming system.

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Shah, Manoj Kumar, Bir Bahadur Tamang, Bishnu Dhakal, Pashupati Chaudhary, Snehi Shrestha, and Netra Chhetri. "Nutritive values of fodders at different seasons and altitudes in Gandaki River Basin of Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 2, no. 1 (October 25, 2019): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/janr.v2i1.26051.

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This study aimed to assess the seasonal and ecological variation of chemical and nutritional values of locally preferred fodders in Gandaki River Basin (GRB) areas. The study was conducted in four altitudinal gradients viz. <400m, 400-800m, 800-1200m and 1200–1600m altitude above sea level in different looping seasons: rainy, spring and winter seasons. The most important five species of fodder trees Artocarpus lakoocha, Ficus roxburghii, Thysanolaena maxima, Ficus semicordata and Bauhinia purpurea were selected based on farmers’ preferences in nutritional values. Fodder samples comprised young leaves, old leaves and young twigs that were taken in July, September and December. It was revealed that nutritive value is not very much influenced by altitude but it is strongly influenced by lopping seasons. Among Thysanolaena maxima, Artocarpus lakoocha, Ficus roxburghii and Bauhinia purpurea the cellulose contents were significantly different (p<0.001) with seasons but there was no significant variation with altitudes. Similarly, Acid Detergent Fibre (ADF) contents in Thysanolaena maxima, Ficus roxburghii and Bauhinia purpurea were found significantly different with seasons. Ficus roxburghii fodder tree was found significantly different in Neutral Detergent Fibre (NDF), ADF, Cellulose and Potassium content with seasons. Similarly, fodder tree Bauhinia purpurea was found significant on Dry matter (DM), Crude fibre (CF), NDF, ADF, cellulose, tannin and potassium with seasons. The study hinted how careful planning of species selection and prudent decision in scheduling looping and feeding fodder trees can help improve animal metabolism, health, growth and productivity.

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Dhungana, Sunita, Hari P. Tripathee, Lila Puri, Yajna P. Timilsina, and Krishna P. Devkota. "Nutritional Analysis of Locally Preferred Fodder Trees of Middle Hills of Nepal: A Case Study from Hemja VDC, Kaski District." Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 13, no. 2 (March 8, 2013): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v13i2.7712.

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The study on nutritional value of locally preferred fodder trees in the farmland of middle hills of Nepal was conducted in Hemja VDC of Kaski district. Primary information on distribution and frequency of fodder trees was obtained through key informants survey, group discussion and observation of the study area. The preference ranking of ten most abundant fodder trees was done on the basis of palatability, propagation easiness, growth rate and competition with agricultural crops. The nutritional value of fodder species was analyzed and compared with the farmers’ preference ranking to examine association among them. The analysis correspond farmers’ preference of fodder tree species to their nutritional values. The study revealed that Ficus subinisa was the dominant fodder tree however, the Artocarpus lakoocha was highly preferred trees for its palatability and nourishing values. Nutritional analysis of ten preferred fodder species with respect to moisture, ash, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber and carbohydrate was carried out. The crude protein varied from 15-29%, in which, A. lakoocha to contained the highest amount of crude protein. Similarly, F. lacor contained highest crude fiber (42.07%), and Machilus odoratissima yielded highest amount of carbohydrate (21.92%). Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 13, No. 2 (2012) 39-44 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v13i2.7712

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Rosales, M., M. Gill, C. D. Wood, and A. W. Speedy. "Associative effects in vitro of mixtures of tropical fodder trees." BSAP Occasional Publication 22 (1998): 175–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x0003250x.

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Previous work in animal nutrition has focused on single foods and assumed additivity during in vitro fermentation. In the tropics, farmers are likely to offer mixtures of foods, including tree fodders, which may not be simply additive in nutritional terms. There is little information about the nutritional interactions between tropical foods. The objective of this research was to test the existence of associative effects of mixtures of tropical fodder tree leaves.

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Olsen, A., and J. F. L. Charlton. "Practical tree fodder experience during drought." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 10 (January 1, 2003): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.10.2003.2987.

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Since the early 1980s willow and poplar trees originally planted for erosion control have been cut and fed to hungry livestock during droughts, with impressive results. This involves shaping trees by cutting them to develop an operating "nest" that enables the farmer to prune regrown branches with greater safety, provided forestry training has been undertaken. More recently, trees have been planted specifically to grow supplementary fodder and some types have performed better than others. The concept is, in our opinion, quite cost-effective and the benefits of growing these trees far outweigh any drawbacks.

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Pandey, Luma Nidhi, Megh Raj Tiwari, Bishnu Bahadur KC, Niraj Baskota, and Jagan Nath Banjade. "Feeding Response of Tree Fodder Bhimal (Grewia optiva) on Growth Performance of Castrated Male Goats." Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council 3 (May 8, 2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnarc.v3i1.17268.

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Bhimal (Grewia optiva) is a fodder tree mostly found in mid hills of mid and far western region of Nepal. Bhimal could constitutes one of the main livestock green fodders, especially for goats when fresh green fodder become limited during the winter dry season. However, the feeding value of Bhimal leaves on growth performance of castrated goats probably has not been evaluated so far. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of Bhimal leaves feeding on growth performance of castrated male goats for 90 days. Altogether 16 growing castrated male goats of same breed, age and body weight were selected and equally divided into four treatments T1, T2, T3 and T4 with four replications by using Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Four types of experimental diets were prepared having various levels (0 to 100%) of Bhimal leaves as fodder. Experimental animals of Treatment 1 were fed with seasonal fodder + 100 g concentrate mixture, Treatment 2 with 100% Bhimal fodder + 100 g concentrate mixture, Treatment 3with 75% Bhimal fodder + 25% seasonal fodder + 100 g concentrate mixture, while Treatment 4 with 50% Bhimal fodder + 50% season fodder + 100 g concentrate mixture. All diets were fed ad-lib and experimental animals had free access to drinking water. The diets offered and refusal was measured daily and weight change was observed fortnightly. The result showed that fodder intake (g/d/animal) and total dry matter intake (TDMI g/kg live weight) of goats differed significantly (P<0.01), but concentrate intake was not differed significantly (P<0.01) among treatments. The highest dry matter intake per animal /day was in Treatment 2 (52.75 g/kg live weight) followed by Treatment 4, Treatment 3 and Treatment 1 (51.7, 48.56 and 32.69 g/kg live weight, respectively).The average daily gain in body weight was observed highest in Treatment 2 (66.66 g/d) followed by Treatment 3 (31.66 g/d) and Treatment 4 (30.83 g). The growth rate was significantly (P<0.01) different among diet groups (P<0.05, P<0.01 and P<0.01 for 60, 75 and 90 days, respectively). In case of the feed conversion ratio, Treatment 2 had best ratio (8.79:1) than Treatment 1 (14.21:1), T3 (17.03:1) and Treatment 4 (18.59:1). The present response study showed that body weight in castrated male goats can be increased significantly (P<0.05) implying that in winter season when other green forages are poorly available goat farming can be supported by Bhimal fodder tree.Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council Vol.3 2017: 1-11

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Osti, Netra P., Purna B. Chapagain, Megh R. Tiwari, and Chet R. Upreti. "Digestibility of Ficus roxburghii, Castanopsis indica and Ficus cunia on Growing Buffalo from Western Hills of Nepal." Nepal Agriculture Research Journal 9 (December 1, 2014): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/narj.v9i0.11646.

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Nine buffalo calves were subjected to three fodder tree species namely; Nimaro (Ficus roxburghii), Dhalne Katus (Castanopsis indica) and Rai Khanyu (Ficus cunia) for digestibility trial during November 27 and December 3, 2005 in Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lumle, Kaski, Nepal. Animals were kept 7 days for adaptation for these fodders. Weighed amount of fodder tree leaves including twigs and small branches were fed two times a day and observation on fodder offered, refused and faeces voided were recorded daily. Chemical composition of fresh matter and faeces voided were carried out for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin, calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P). The mean DM content and their dry matter digestibility (DMD) of these three fodder tree species were found 27.86, 46.02, 34.72, 73.21, 65.93 and 71.28 percent, respectively. Strong negative correlations (r=-0.75 to –0.78; p<0.05) were observed between Ca and CP with fiber fraction (NDF and ADF). A weak correlation was also observed between P and other constituents with respect to digestibility. From the results, if there could be provision of low fiber content in dry season, the three main nutrients (Ca, P and CP) may easily be absorbed by the animals.Nepal Agric. Res. J. Vol. 9, 2009, pp. 94-98DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/narj.v9i0.11646

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Tucker, G., A. Melzer, and W. Ellis. "The development of habitat selection by subadult koalas." Australian Journal of Zoology 55, no. 5 (2007): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo07035.

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Dispersal by subadults is the principal source of gene flow between groups of koalas in Queensland, so understanding the behaviour of these immature animals is a priority for understanding the ecology of the species. Recent reports postulate that dispersing young koalas may inherit maternal tree selection, but avoid competing with adults. We compared the tree use and diet of adult female koalas with that of their offspring on St Bees Island, Queensland, using radio-tracking and faecal cuticle analysis, to examine this prediction. Koalas at St Bees Island used both fodder and non-fodder species during daytime, moving into fodder species at night. Koala diets were dominated by Eucalyptus tereticornis with E. platyphylla and Corymbia intermedia also represented. Utilisation of daytime tree species was diverse, but at night koalas were found almost exclusively in those species present in their diet. Use of trees during daytime by natal young and young adult koalas were similar to that of maternal adults, but tree use by intermediate stages (independent and dispersing young) during daytime varied from that of the mothers. This resource separation indicates that if tree utilisation for resting is learned from the mother, young animals are excluded from preferred trees while dispersing.

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Yazman, Jim A. "Shrubs and tree fodder for farm animals." Small Ruminant Research 7, no. 1 (February 1992): 99–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4488(92)90076-g.

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Rosales, M., M. Gill, C. D. Wood, D. Romney, A. W. Speedy, and J. Stewart. "The contribution of chemical constituents of fodder tree and shrub leaves to gas produced during in vitro fermentation in nitrogen-free and nitrogen-rich media." BSAP Occasional Publication 22 (1998): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00032511.

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In the tropics, fodder trees and shrubs are a very important source of nutrients, especially nitrogen. In vitro gas production methods used for food evaluation were originally developed for investigation of temperate forages and used a nitrogen-rich medium. Evaluation of fodder tree leaves in this medium may mask the effect of their nitrogen which it is important to understand. This trial studied the fermentation of a range of tropical fodder trees and shrubs in both nitrogen-rich and nitrogen-free media, in order to identify the main chemical entities contributing to gas production and the time within which such contributions were most important.

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Ellis, W. A. H., A. Melzer, F. N. Carrick, and M. Hasegawa. "Tree use, diet and home range of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) at Blair Athol, central Queensland." Wildlife Research 29, no. 3 (2002): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr00111.

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Free-ranging koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) were monitored by means of radio-relocation in the area of Blair Athol Coal Mine and surrounding properties. Daytime tree use, home range and diet of these koalas was determined in spring and autumn, as was the leaf moisture composition of potential fodder species. Koalas used on average 93 (male koalas) and 56 (female koalas) trees during the period of observation, occupying home ranges of 135 and 101 ha respectively. Mean sightings per tree were 1.19 for both males and females and home-range sizes were not significantly different between sexes or seasons. Koalas were observed returning to previously used daytime roosting trees infrequently (<12%). Although koalas were observed roosting in trees of the species that they ate, proportional species representation in the diet of these koalas during spring and autumn did not accurately reflect concurrent observations of their daytime tree-roosting behaviour. Koalas were observed to utilise non-fodder species for daytime roosting, and patterns of daytime tree use and diet selection varied between individuals inhabiting adjacent communities within the site. Leaf moisture of tree species represented in koala diets was greater in autumn than spring.

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Pearson, R. Anne. "A note on live weight and intake and digestibility of food by draught cattle after supplementation of rice straw with the fodder tree Ficus auriculata." Animal Science 51, no. 3 (December 1990): 635–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000335610001268x.

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One group of five oxen in the Koshi hills of Nepal ate rice straw plus 4 kg fresh weight per day of the fodder tree Ficus auriculata. Another group of five oxen ate only rice straw. Calculations showed both diets were low in rumen degradable nitrogen (RDN). The animals which ate the tree fodder had a higher dry matter (DM) intake than those eating rice straw alone. Both groups consumed less food and lost weight in weeks when they worked for 5 to 6 h (walking 16 km, climbing 600 mlday) than in weeks when they were not walking. No significant differences in digestibility of food were seen. In the weeks after work the group receiving the tree fodder regained weight, while cattle eating only rice straw remained at a lower weight. Supplementation of rice straw with tree fodder rather than expensive concentrate may be acceptable when feeding working oxen although both diets are likely to be deficient in RDN.

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Azim, A., A. G. Khan, J. Ahmad, M. Ayaz, and I. H. Mirza. "Nutritional Evaluation of Fodder Tree Leaves with Goats." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2002.34.

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Zhang, Junjie, Ruiqi Pian, Endian Yang, Wei Zhou, Qian He, and Xiaoyang Chen. "In vitro induction and characterisation of tetraploid drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.)." Open Life Sciences 15, no. 1 (November 18, 2020): 840–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/biol-2020-0087.

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AbstractArtificial induction of polyploidy is widely used in breeding programmes to improve the agronomic traits. The drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.) has a range of potential commercial uses, as the vegetative organs have high nutritional, medicinal, and feed values. In the present study, in vitro tetraploidisation in drumstick tree was performed by treating leaf segments with colchicine and subsequently verifying the ploidy levels. For polyploidisation, explant survival and regeneration rates were affected more by exposure time than by colchicine concentration, and the highest polyploidisation efficiency was observed at 500 mg/L colchicine for 3 days, which yielded 21% tetraploids. The morphological characteristics and contents of seven fodder-related nutrients (crude protein, ether extract, ash, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, calcium, and phosphorus) in the leaves and shoots were compared between tetraploid and diploid drumstick trees. The resulting tetraploids showed significantly enhanced leaf and stomatal size. In addition, the contents of seven fodder-related nutrients were higher, although to varying degrees, in tetraploids than in diploids. The results indicated that the tetraploid produced in this study exhibited superior agronomical traits and improved biomass yield than diploids, and may represent excellent raw materials for fodder to enhance biomass and nutrition.

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Das, Annapurna N. "Perception and attitude towards tree growing in east Nepal." Banko Janakari 9, no. 2 (July 2, 2017): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v9i2.17658.

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Information on existing tree growing practices were collected from seven villages of Morang District and six that of Dhankuta through Rural Appraisals. The tree species that the rural households were willing to introduce into their farmland have been listed. Results indicated that there is a common interest among rural households of both the Terai and Middle Hills towards growing bamboo in private farmlands. Rural households in the Terai preferred timber species such as sissoo (Dalbergia sissoo) and fruit trees which have high commercial values, whereas Middle Hills households preferred fodder trees.

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Francis, P. A., and A. N. Atta-Krah. "Sociological and Ecological Factors in Technology Adoption: Fodder Trees in Southeast Nigeria." Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 1 (January 1989): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700016380.

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SUMMARYFarmer-managed trials with browse trees were undertaken at two locations in southeast Nigeria. The fast-growing tree species Leucaena leucocephala and Gliricidia sepium were either inter-planted with crops as alley farms or planted in pure stands as intensive feed gardens. At both locations, most of the trees established successfully under farmer management. However, the quality of establishment was uneven, and the rate of utilization generally poor, especially at one site. The limited success of the trials is traced to a number of related sociological, institutional and edaphic factors. These include poor soil fertility; the incompatibility of established cropping patterns and rotation practices with the planting of trees on farms; the division of labour and organization of decision-making within the household; and land and tree tenure rules. It is argued that farmer-managed trials are necessary to reveal the importance of sociological and institutional factors in farmers' decision making, and that such trials require a high level of farmer autonomy in their management.

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Upreti, Chet R., Bahadur S. Kuwar, and Shambhu B. Panday. "Use of Rice Straw and Black Gram Straw in Fodder Based Goat's Diets in the Hills of Nepal." Nepal Agriculture Research Journal 8 (November 23, 2014): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/narj.v8i0.11595.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the possible use of crop residue such as rice straw and black gram straw (Kushauro) in hill goats’ diet. Twenty male and female goats of age 6- 9 months were divided into 4 dietary groups. Animal of first diet groups (D1) were fed with fodder leaves (Khanyu) only, second diet group (D2) with 20% rice straw + fodder tree foliage, third diet group (D3) with 20% rice straw + fodder tree foliage + concentrate @ 1% of body weight, and fourth diet group (D4) fodder tree foliage + 15% rice straw + 5% black gram straw + concentrate @ 1% of body weight meet to the daily requirement. These rations were fed to animals of individual diet group for 150 days. Daily feed intake, daily weight change was recorded. Body weight was taken at the beginning of the experiment, at the end of experiment and 15 days interval. The result showed that there was significant difference (P <0.05) between different dietary groups for average daily gain (ADG). The highest ADG was observed in D3 (19.6±4.33), followed by D2 (12.67±1.38 g/d) and D4 (11.73±1.78 g/d). The lowest ADG was found in D1 (10.8±1.87 g/d). The result indicated that 20% rice straw can be used in goat diet with supplementary diet of concentrate @ 1% of body weight, and foliage of Khanyu as a basal diet. Feeding only fodder tree foliage is not suitable to get higher ADG in stall-feeding management.Nepal Agric. Res. J. Vol. 8, 2007, pp. 82-87DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/narj.v8i0.11595

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Medina, J. V. Cardenas, C. A. Sandoval-Castro, and F. J. Solorio Sanchéz. "In vitrogas production, digestibility and estimated energy value of grass/fodder tree silages." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2003 (2003): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200013296.

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Use of grass/forage tree silages have prove to be a viable alternative for animal production in the tropics (Solet al., 2002a,b). It is also an adequate strategy to cope with seasonal fluctuation of biomass availability (both grass and forage tree). However, limited data is available on the nutritive value (e.g. digestibility, energy content) of this mixtures. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to evaluation the in vitro gas production, apparent digestibility and energy content of silages containing grass and forage trees.

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Odenyo, A. A., P. O. Osuji, and D. Negassa. "Microbial Evaluation of Fodder Tree Leaves as Ruminant Feed." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 12, no. 5 (August 1, 1999): 708–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.1999.708.

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Pokharel, Radish K. "Indigenous technical knowledge of people on fodder tree management." Banko Janakari 8, no. 2 (July 15, 2017): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v8i2.17776.

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Thapa, B., D. H. Walker, and F. L. Sinclair. "Indigenous knowledge of the feeding value of tree fodder." Animal Feed Science and Technology 67, no. 2-3 (July 1997): 97–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-8401(96)01129-7.

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Thapa, B., D. H. Walker, and F. L. Sinclair. "Indigenous knowledge of the feeding value of tree fodder." Animal Feed Science and Technology 68, no. 1-2 (September 1997): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-8401(97)00027-8.

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Wang, Hong Feng, Lei Zeng, and Hong Zhang. "Study on the Establishment Techniques for Dwarf Broussonetia papyrifera Fodder Forest." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 3315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.3315.

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The establishment techniques for drawf Broussonetia papyrifera fodder forest were present and performed in order to reduce the labor cost and increase the economic benefits, and further the leaf production was estimated based on the field observation. Guided by the dwarfing techniques for B. papyrifera tree, the tree can be dwarfed through tip and lateral branch pruning at the planting year. The optimized tree form after dwarfing is a clumped form with about 1.5m height and about 2m×1m crown width. This tree form facilitates subsequent leaf collecting and further improves the work efficiency. The leaf of dwarf Broussonetia papyrifera fodder forest can be collected six times per year, and the leaf productivity can be reach over 100×103kg fresh weight per hectare.

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Thorne, P. J., D. B. Subba, D. H. Walker, B. Thapa, C. D. Wood, and F. L. Sinclair. "The basis of indigenous knowledge of tree fodder quality and its implications for improving the use of tree fodder in developing countries." Animal Feed Science and Technology 81, no. 1-2 (September 1999): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-8401(99)00048-6.

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Goswami, Manika, Shikha Bhagta, and Dushyant Sharma. "Melia dubia and its Importance: A Review." International Journal of Economic Plants 7, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 029–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/2/2020.0351.

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Melia dubia popularly known as Malabar Neem is a promising multipurpose tree highly suitable for farm forestry and agro forestry for generating higher income per unit area. Melia dubia is one of the fastest growing trees in the world and considered as a money spinning tree of short rotation due to its high demand in pulpwood, plywood and timber industries. It is a good fuel and fodder yielding tree. In addition to this, Melia dubia also has extensive medicinal, pharmacological, ethnomedicinal and conventional properties and uses. The current article reviews literature on importance of Melia dubia for timber industry and medicinal value.

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Yeanny, Mayang Sari, Yurnaliza, and Saleha Hannum. "The utilization of organic waste into fermented goat fodder in Tanjung Rejo village, Deli Serdang regency." ABDIMAS TALENTA: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 4, no. 2 (December 12, 2019): 514–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/abdimastalenta.v4i2.4144.

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Community service activities with the title of The Utilization of Organic Waste into Fermented Goat Fodder in Tanjung Rejo Village, Deli Serdang Regency will be held in May - November 2019.The purpose of this community service is to utilize organic waste into fermented goat fodder in Tanjung Rejo village.Organic waste such as straw, banana tree and others can be converted into fermented goat fodder which is economical, nutritious and environmentally friendly.The specific target of this community service is that the fermented goat fodder produced can be stored for a long time with good quality.The method used is a combination of counselling, training, hands-on practice and work evaluation.The procedures of making fermented goat fodder are as follows; (1) Chop straw or banana tree using a chopper machine, this stage serves to make the fermentation process easier. (2) Prepare the place of manufacture, can use tarpaulins, large plastic or large barrels (3). Dissolve sugar or sugar cane with water plus SOC-HCS probiotic solution. (4) Enter the straw, husk and bran at the place of preparation that has been prepared previously. (5) Flush all materials that have been arranged evenly in the place of manufacture with a solution of sugar and SOC-HCS that had been dissolved with water. (6) Mix all ingredients evenly. (7) After everything has been stirred evenly, then cover the place of manufacture with a tarp or with anything, make sure to be airtight. (8) Wait for 1 - 14 days. The fermented fodder that you have made from straw will be ready or if the fermentation feed is made using a banana tree, it can be faster.All products produced can be used for their own needs or sold according to the needs of the people of Tanjung Rejo village, especially the Tanjung Rejo goat breeders group.

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Kubkomawa, H. I., A. M. Kenneth–Chukwu, J. L. Krumah, I. N. Yerima, Z. Audu, and W. D. Nafarnda. "Fodder bank establishment and management for dry season maintenance of small scale livestock industry: A review." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 46, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 211–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v46i4.293.

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The objective of this study therefore, was to review fodder bank establishment and management for dry season supplementary feeding of livestock. Fodder banking involves fencing, planting, concentrating, storing and reserving of forage legumes in hays and silos to which concentrates, mineral and vitamin premixes are added. In addition, legume trees and shrubs such as Acacia spp, Leucaena leucocephala, Mangifera indica, Musa spp, Cajanus cajan, Tamarindus indica, Stylosanthes guianensis, Centrosema pubescens, Desmodium spp etc. are also good fodder crops which are commonly used. Fodder bank converts the above mentioned crops into supplementary or fall back forage kept in small to large plots for dry season use by aging, ailing, nursing, and lactating and high producing animals. The relatively deep roots of these woody perennials allow them to reach soil nutrients and moisture not available to grasses and herbaceous plants. This characteristic enables these plants to retain fresh foliage into the dry season. The ability of some legumes to fix atmospheric nitrogen makes them protein rich feeds. As with all tree planting activities, fodder bank establishment must be planned to coincide with the rainy season. This ensures high seed emergence, plant survival and establishment. Good site selection is paramount, accompanied with thorough land preparation for excellent establishment of fodder banks. These processes are accomplished by mechanical or chemical means. Methods practiced locally for other high value crops are also often used. The goal is a wider seed-bed, in which plant growth and survival will be maximized.

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Qureshi, Simab, Shahima Akhter, and Piyush Malaviya. "Resource Utilization Pattern with Special Reference to Fodder and Fuel in Village Shahdarah Sharief, District Rajouri (J&K)." Current World Environment 10, no. 1 (April 30, 2015): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.10.1.27.

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The present study was conducted to understand fodder and fuel utilization pattern in village Shahdarah Sharief, Rajouri, India. The common fodder types used were green fodder, top feeds, crop residues and tree leaves. The green fodder consumption was found to be highest (16.83 kg/day/family) while top feed was least utilized (1.10 kg/day/family). The major fuel types fulfilling the energy demand of local people in study area were wood, LPG and dung cake. LPG constituted the major share of consumption (10.7x105 kcal/month) while dung cake consumption was least (3.1x105 kcal/month). The total fuel and fodder consumption in study area was 17.2x105 kcal/month and 36.65 kg/day/family, respectively. Livestock population of study area was comprised of cow, bullock, buffalo, he-buffalo, goat and sheep with highest share of buffaloes (43.38%) and lowest of he-buffaloes (4.42%).

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Keresztesi, Béla. "Black Locust: The Tree of Agriculture." Outlook on Agriculture 17, no. 2 (June 1988): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072708801700207.

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Over the years the Black Locust has emerged as a uniquely useful tree. It thrives under a wide variety of climatic and soil conditions and its wood finds many uses – for making furniture, the frames of agricultural buildings, railway sleepers, and fencing posts and as a fuel and even as fodder for farm animals. This article reviews the present status and future promise of black locust in agriculture, with particular reference to Hungarian practice.

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Okunade, S. A., O. A. Olafadehan, and O. A. Isah. "Fodder Potential and Acceptability of Selected Tree Leaves by Goats." Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology 14, no. 3 (2014): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-181x.2014.01351.1.

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Roothaert, Ralph L. "Feed intake and selection of tree fodder by dairy heifers." Animal Feed Science and Technology 79, no. 1-2 (May 1999): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-8401(99)00023-1.

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SABIITI, ELLY N., and JOSEPH COBBINA. "PARKIA BIGLOBOSA:A POTENTIAL MULTIPURPOSE FODDER TREE LEGUME IN WEST AFRICA." International Tree Crops Journal 7, no. 3 (January 1992): 113–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01435698.1992.9752911.

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Toth, Gregory G., P. K. Ramachandran Nair, Colm P. Duffy, and Steven C. Franzel. "Constraints to the adoption of fodder tree technology in Malawi." Sustainability Science 12, no. 5 (August 4, 2017): 641–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11625-017-0460-2.

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Dhakal, Bhojan, Naba Raj Devkota, Sabita Subedi, Chet Raj Upreti, and Maheswar Sapkota. "Fodder Production and Livestock Rearing in Relation to Climate Change and Possible Adaptation Measures in Manaslu Conservation Area, Nepal." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 7, no. 2 (June 26, 2019): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v7i2.23973.

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A study was conducted to find out the production potential, nutrient composition, and the variability of the most commonly available fodder trees along with the varying altitude to help optimize the dry matter requirement during winter lean period. The study was carried out in Lho and Prok Village Development Committee of Manaslu Conservation Area (MCA), located in Gorkha district of Nepal.The study was conducted in two parts: social and biological. Accordingly, a households (HHs) survey was conducted to collect primary data from 70 HHs, focusing to the perception of respondents on impacts of climatic variability to the feeding management. The next part consisted of understanding yield potential and nutrient composition of the four most commonly available fodder trees (M. azedirach, M. alba, F. roxburghii, F. nemoralis), within two altitudes range: (1500-2000 masl and 2000-2500 masl) by using a RCB design in 2*4 factorial combination of treatments, each replicated four times. Fresh yield and dry matter yield of the each fodder trees was significant (P<0.01) between the altitude and within species. Fodder trees yield analysis revealed that the highest dry matter (DM) yield (28 kg/tree) was obtained for F. roxburghii but that remained statistically similar (P>0.05) to the other treatment. On the other hand, most of the parameters: ether extract (EE), acid detergent lignin (ADL), acid detergent fibre (ADF), cell wall digestibility (CWD), relative digestibility (RD), digestible nutrient (TDN), and Calcium (Ca) among the treatments were highly significant (P<0.01). Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 7(2): 227-235

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Filius, A. M. "Factors changing farmers' willingness to grow trees in Gunung Kidul (Java, Indonesia)." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 45, no. 2 (July 1, 1997): 329–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v45i2.521.

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Farmers' willingness to grow trees depends on many factors, and if governments or other organizations want farmers to grow more trees, these factors need to be understood. This article describes the expansion of the tree component in farming systems in recent decades in the Gunung Kidul district of Java. This trend is then explained with elements of the induced innovation model of agricultural development, viz. resource endowment, demand for products and institutional aspects. An increase in the productivity of staple crops seems to have been an important factor permitting farmers to plant trees. Another factor related to resource endowment that induced farmers to grow trees is the response to declining soil productivity as a result of erosion. The Indonesian government's trade and pricing policy for certain tree products has supported the favourable market trend for these products, and has induced farmers to plant fruit and fodder trees in particular. Improvement of the (physical) infrastructure has demonstrably encouraged tree growing. Examples are given of technological change in tree growing that result from farmers' own innovation as well as from research done by various organizations.

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Manzoor, Javed, and Mohd Junaid Jazib. "Distribution Pattern and Phytosociological study of Trees Associated with Agroforestry in Poonch District of Jammu and Kashmir, India." Journal of Bioresource Management 8, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35691/jbm.1202.0167.

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The focus of present study was to find the phytosociology, distribution pattern, and diversity of different species of trees associated with traditional agroforestry in the district of Poonch, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Data was collected through quadrat survey method. A total of fifty quadrats of the size (10x10m) each were thrown randomly in agriculture fields. Total 26 tree species belonging to 16 families and 21 genera were encountered in the agricultural fields with Grewia optiva, Pyrus persica and Celtis australis being the tree species in dominance. The most dense species of tree recorded was Grewia optiva with a density value of 3.88 tree/ha which was followed by Pyrus persica with a density of 3.74 tree/ha. Buxus wallichiana was the least dense species recorded (0.82 tree/ha). The study revealed that the area has vast potential sites for the plantation of various agroforestry related tree species to solve the problems of fuel, fodder and timber.

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Oosting, S. J., A. Mekoya, S. Fernandez-Rivera, and A. J. van der Zijpp. "Sesbania sesban as a fodder tree in Ethiopian livestock farming systems." Livestock Science 139, no. 1-2 (July 2011): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2011.03.009.

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Nahed, J., L. Villafuerte, D. Grande, F. Pérez-Gil, T. Alemán, and J. Carmona. "Fodder shrub and tree species in the Highlands of southern Mexico." Animal Feed Science and Technology 68, no. 3-4 (October 1997): 213–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-8401(97)00052-7.

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Solorio-Sánchez, F. J., J. A. Sol-Jiménez, C. A. Sandoval-Castro, and J. F. J. Torres-Acosta. "Evaluation of Tree Fodder Silage in the Feeding of Lactating Goats." Journal of Applied Animal Research 31, no. 2 (June 2007): 189–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2007.9706661.

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Assefa, Ashenafi, Yisehak Kechero, Taye Tolemariam, Assefa Kebede, and Eshetu Shumi. "Anthelmintic effects of indigenous multipurpose fodder tree extracts against Haemonchus contortus." Tropical Animal Health and Production 50, no. 4 (December 12, 2017): 727–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-017-1488-0.

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Robinson, Jonathan. "Useful wild tree resources of southern Sudan: a review." Plant Genetic Resources 4, no. 3 (December 2006): 188–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pgr2006122.

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AbstractSouthern Sudan has a rich tree flora. Trees are important in the livelihoods of the numerous tribes of the region, who use them for shelter, fuel, food, fodder, medicine and income generation. The gallery and depression forests contain valuable timber trees. Other species provide non-timber forest products that are potentially tradable outside Sudan, particularly in African countries that have over-exploited their own forest resources. As the carrying capacity of the western and central areas of Sudan decreases, the pressure on the natural resources of the higher rainfall southern areas will increase. This in itself might initiate conflict, as various tribes compete over a relatively rich resource base. The recent peace established between the north and south could result in depletion of the forest resources of the south through commercial exploitation. This paper details and discusses the wild tree resources of southern Sudan, including many already threatened species.

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Douglas, G. B., T. N. Barry, N. A. Faulknor, P. D. Kemp, A. G. Foote, P. N. Cameron, and D. W. Pitta. "Willow coppice and browse blocks: establishment and management." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 10 (January 1, 2003): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.10.2003.2984.

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Tree willow (Salix matsudana x alba) clone 'Tangoio' has potential as supplementary feed for livestock in summer/autumn drought. A trial was conducted in Hawke's Bay to determine the effect of planting stock (1.1 m stakes, 2 m poles) and cutting height (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 m) on edible (leaf + stem < 5 mm diameter) and total tree biomass in 2002 and 2003. Tangoio was also established progressively in high density (4,000-6,900 stems/ha) browse fodder blocks in Wairarapa using 0.75 m stakes, and the trees were browsed with sheep in summer 2003, when the blocks were aged 1-3 years. Total tree yield in all trials ranged from 0.12 to 2.29 t DM/ha/ yr, of which 30-50% was edible. Trees cut to 0.5 m above ground often yielded more (P < 0.05) than those cut at 0.25 m. Tangoio established well in the browse blocks but its biomass was < 20% of that of the understorey pasture. Best management techniques for coppice and browse blocks are recommended. Keywords: willow; supplementary feed; soil conservation; defoliation; tree-pasture systems

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S., Suresh Ramanan, and Kunhamu T.K. "Need and scope for agroforestry in Disaster Management Plan for Animals." Annals of Plant Sciences 6, no. 10 (October 1, 2017): 1694. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/aps.2017.6.10.2.

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Disaster causes threat to life and property. Management and mitigation measures have been primarily focused around human life. Technically, the post disaster management is centered on reviving the livelihood and often the poor and vulnerable sections of the society are affected much. Apart from agricultural farming, livestock rearing is major source of livelihood of farmers. With nearly 70% of the livestock owned by the marginal farmers, any disaster that cause a loss in livestock do affect these dependent people. Considering this reality, Government of India instituted “National Disaster Management Plan for Animals (DMP)”. The entire DMP has been forged to provide guidance for the wellbeing of animals that got entangled in disaster in form of pre-disaster preparedness, disaster response and post disaster plan. In this context, ensuring adequate quantity of quality fodder and vital veterinary care assumes primary concern in post disaster response. In this context agroforestry, tree fodder assumes greater significance owing to their round-the-year availability and quality of fodder. There are many fodder based agroforestry systems that can withstands and maintain reasonable productivity even during extremes disaster situations like floods, drought and cyclones. A classical success model is the Acacia leucophloea and Prosopis cineraria based silvopastoral models for fodder production in arid and semi-arid regions and ngitili as a silvopastoral practice of Tanzania to evade the drought. Similarly, in flood condition trees are the only means for green fodder supply. Studies need to be initiated on the planning, implementation and management strategies to be followed for optimizing the productivity and quality of fodder through community involvement. Hence the information gap has to be suitability filled though proper research as well as extension through interdisciplinary approach. So that agroforestry based livestock management strategies can incorporated into DMP, so that not only protecting our precious livestock wealth and also to ensure the livelihood security of millions of marginal farmers. Agroforestry is potential approach for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and help to mitigate the extremes of perceived disaster and incorporating agroforestry will a bottom to top approach.

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Noyes, John S. "A new encyrtid (Hymenoptera) parasitoid of the leucaena psyllid (Homoptera: Psyllidae) from Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean." Bulletin of Entomological Research 80, no. 1 (March 1990): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300045892.

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Psyllaephagus yaseenisp.n. is described from Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean as a parsitoid of the nymphs of Heteropsylla cubana Crawford. The psyllid is a serious pest of Leucaena leucocephala, a shade tree and animal fodder in the tropics.

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Nimbkar, Nandini. "Leucaena feeding systems in India." Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 7, no. 4 (September 3, 2019): 415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17138/tgft(7)415-419.

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Keynote paper presented at the International Leucaena Conference, 1‒3 November 2018, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.Since its introduction to India in 1976 Leucaena leucocephala ssp. glabrata has spread rapidly, especially in the last couple of decades, mainly due to its use as either firewood or pulpwood. Use of its foliage for feeding livestock has been mainly a by-product of this activity. The foliage is highly nutritious because it has high protein concentration and good palatability, and the tree can withstand repeated defoliation. Research carried out by Indian scientists on leucaena has focused on mainly agronomic management, agroforestry studies of mixed cropping systems, mimosine toxicity, germplasm testing and economic evaluation. Feeding leucaena has had a positive impact on the dairy industry in particular. It is rarely purchased for fodder and is usually poached by smallholders from existing plantations, most of which are established by animal rearers for their own purposes. More widespread use of leucaena for fodder could be achieved in India by introducing varieties with either reduced seed production or sterile ones, which can be easily propagated vegetatively. In addition, psyllid resistance, suitable mechanized harvesting methods and training livestock owners in proper management of leucaena trees should help in making this high quality fodder more popular in India.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Fodder tree'

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