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Seminar on Music Research: a Focus on Musical Forms (2003 NCPA, Mumbai). Seminar on Music Research, a Focus on Musical Forms. ITC Sangeet Research Academy, 2003.
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Federal National Mortgage Association. Customer Education Group., ed. Investor accounting: Focus on cash. FannieMae, Customer Education Group, 1994.
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Foltz, Jonathan. Out of Focus. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676490.003.0004.
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This chapter explores the contacts and conflict between novelistic point of view and the practice of cinematic spectatorship. It focuses on H. D.’s singular contributions to the film journal Close Up (1927–1933). This film criticism was an important context for developing the forms of prose experimentation that would occupy her during the early 1930s. In detaching vision from a presumed subject, H. D. found that film asks its viewers not only to see but to translate encrypted “abstract . . . remote . . . symbolical” meanings from the “raw-picked” images that pass across the screen. This literary appropriation of spectatorship would come to structure her contemporaneous work, The Usual Star. This novel exemplifies the formal ambition of H. D.’s prose innovations, suggesting an alternate history of the modernist novel in which the totemic value of point of view had been dislodged.
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Whitlock, T. Forms of Crime. Edited by Paul Knepper and Anja Johansen. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352333.013.7.
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In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries servants ordering goods falsely in the names of their masters and criminals posing as wealthy customers defrauded tradespeople alongside outright shoplifters and thieves. . The institution of harsh shoplifting laws in the 1600s and trade protection societies’ attempts at self-policing in the 1700s failed to stem the tide. Developments in marketing like open displays, bazaars, and the department store multiplied the opportunities for crime and led to an atmosphere of fraud that encouraged crime by both retailer and consumer. The Victorian medicalization of crime created the “kleptomaniac,” whose cases dominated the debate over shoplifting from the late nineteenth to the twentieth centuries. Newer scholarship on retail crime promises to balance studies of the gendered nature of shoplifting and the historical emphasis on the middle classes by reintroducing the importance of the less visible working-class retail criminal and expanding beyond the department store–centered focus.
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Halperin, Sandra, and Oliver Heath. 12. Interviewing and Focus Groups. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198702740.003.0012.
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This chapter considers different types and forms of interviewing, including focus groups, and how they should be conducted. Interviews are a popular method of data collection in political research. They share similarities with surveys, but these similarities relate mostly to structured interviews. The chapter focuses on semi-structured interviews, including focus groups, the emphasis of which is to get the interviewee to open up and discuss something of relevance to the research question. After describing the different types and forms of interview, the chapter explains how interview data can be used to confirm or disconfirm a hypothesis or argument. It also shows how to plan and carry out an interview and how the type and wording of questions, as well as the order in which they are asked, affect the responses you get. Finally, it examines the interviewing skills that will ensure a more successful outcome to an interview.
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Gibbons, William. Love in Thousand Monstrous Forms. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190265250.003.0008.
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Borrowing Mikhail Bakhtin’s notion of the grotesque, this chapter explores how the use of remixed classical works contributes to the game Catherine’s pervasive focus on opposing dualities. The chapter describes in detail how, for example, music comments on the real world and horrific dreamworld experienced within the game by the main character, Vincent, who is in the midst of a major life crisis. It explores how the careful selection of musical works in Catherine, along with the irreconcilable combination of high and low arts, mirrors dualistic structures found throughout the game, from the mixing of unlikely gameplay genres to its narrative details.
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Marenbon, John. 5. Institutions and literary forms. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199663224.003.0005.
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‘Institutions and literary forms’ explains how the history of Latin Christian philosophy is strikingly different from the other three traditions, because so much of the best work took place in, and was shaped by, institutions dedicated to teaching and learning. In Islamic lands, the focus of teaching and learning was on the relationship between teacher and pupil. In all four traditions, medieval philosophizing centred around commentary, but there was also a tendency for thinkers to try to bring together in a single work (summa or treatise) their understanding of the whole of philosophy or theology. Dialogues and other literary forms, such as versification and novels, were also used.
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National Endowment for the Humanities. Division of Research and Education Programs, ed. Education development and demonstration: Humanities focus materials development, curricular development and demonstration, dissemination and diffusion, special opportunity : teaching with technology : grant application, instructions and forms. National Endowment for the Humanities, Division of Research and Education Programs, 1996.
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Sinke, Suzanne M. Written Forms of Communication from Immigrant Letters to Instant Messaging. Edited by Ronald H. Bayor. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766031.013.024.
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This article discusses written communications by international migrants across time, from immigrant letters to instant messaging. Chronologically, it ranges from the nineteenth century to the end of the twentieth century, and spatially, the focus is on the United States and those who migrated to or from the country. It covers the definition of an immigrant letter, particularly as it relates to systematic study of the genre, and some of the cultural associations bound to the term. It relates issues of literacy—who could write and how well—and the status of postal connections, how they influenced the production and distribution of correspondence by migrants. Other sections explore how scholars have used epistolary records by migrants as sources for various topics and in several disciplines, and types of analysis they use for both written and electronic communications, including e-mail. Finally, there are suggestions for further study of correspondence related to immigration.
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Williamson, George S. Protestants, Catholics, and Jews, 1760–1871: Enlightenment, Emancipation, New Forms of Piety. Edited by Helmut Walser Smith. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199237395.013.0010.
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The major focus of this article is the study of the amalgamation of various religions that were practiced in German society. Friedrich Karl von Moser's lament in On the German National Spirit (1765) is vivid testimony to the fact that, from the beginning, the German question was a question of religion. According to Moser, the notion of a ‘Catholic’ Germany opposing a ‘Protestant’ Germany was so deeply embedded that even two quite open-minded individuals, if they were of differing confessions, had to overcome a ‘strongly rooted revulsion’ in order to associate with each other. This article examines some of the major shifts in German religious life in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Until quite recently, scholarship tended to present religion in this era as first accommodating, then resisting, and ultimately succumbing to the forces of modernity. A detailed analysis of confessional conflicts, theological conflicts between Christians and Jews concludes this article.
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Olalquiaga, Celeste, and N. Y.) Museum for African Art (New York. Home and the World: Architectural Sculpture by Two Contemporary African Artists : Aboudramane and Bodys Isek Kingelez (Focus on African Art). Museum for African Art, 1993.
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Seibt, Johanna. What Is a Process? Modes of Occurrence and Forms of Dynamicity in General Process Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777991.003.0007.
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This chapter suggests that contemporary research in process ontology can be sorted into two varieties. The radical strategy, implemented in General Process Theory, takes our reasoning of processes to motivate a comprehensive rejection of a network of traditional presumptions in ontology (“substance paradigm”). More recent work on processes displays a more conservative approach where the traditional research paradigm is not replaced but expanded. One pivotal disagreement between the radical and conservative strategy is, it is suggested, the traditional tenet that all concrete individuals must be particulars. With focus on recent work by Stout and Steward the chapter argues that convincing arguments for the individuality of processes are undermined by the fact that such process individuals are conceived of as particulars. Such approaches are focused on the distinction between processes and “events” but fail to acknowledge an important distinction among processes that is an integral part of the data for process ontology.
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Clare, Ambrose. Part IV The Role of Arbitrators in the Development of Shipping Law, 15 The Role of Standard Forms and Arbitrators: In Developing a Transnational Law of Shipping. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198757948.003.0015.
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This chapter reflects on the findings and conclusions in Chapter 14. It points out various factors that have given shape to the kind of arbitration service favoured today, including the desideratum of confidentiality that drives a number of disputants to choose arbitration over litigation in the courts. In view of the fact that standard forms tend to be simply a neutral starting point for negotiation rather than unchanging legal rules, and there is a tendency for disputes to be decided by arbitrators against a backdrop of domestic law, from a practical perspective it is unproductive to focus on whether and to what extent there might be a substantive transnational shipping law and what the arbitrator’s role may be in this regard. Having said that, the chapter argues for the publication of more arbitral awards and the need to ensure that arbitral awards acquire transnational legitimacy.
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Fite, Paula J., and Casey A. Pederson. Developmental Trajectories of Relational Aggression. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190491826.003.0004.
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This chapter reviews the literature pertaining to change in relational and other forms of nonphysical aggression across the lifespan. We attempt to summarize the state of the field by examining developmental trends, stabilities of behavior, and developmental trajectories of behavior. Note that given the strong conceptual overlap in relational, indirect, and social forms of aggression, we include studies that focus on any of these three forms of aggression. As the number of studies actually examining the developmental trajectories in these behaviors remains sparse, particularly when compared to what is known about physical aggression, we outline the limitations in the research and make suggestions for future directions of inquiry.
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Pieth, Mark. What Is Corruption? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190458331.003.0004.
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After touching upon historical and legal definitions, this chapter defines corruption through a series of questions: Is there a common understanding what corruption means? Why has corruption been historically so ubiquitous, and why is it still nowadays such a widespread phenomenon? Is corruption really noxious? What made Western states and societies suddenly turn against corruption toward the end of the twentieth century? Are we successful in combatting bribery? Answers to these introductory questions will enable the reader to focus more on the different forms of corruption and their prevalence. It will also help to distinguish between problematic and less harmful forms of reciprocities.
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D'Argembeau, Arnaud. Mind-Wandering and Self-Referential Thought. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.14.
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When one’s mind wanders, one frequently experiences thoughts, images, and feelings about oneself and one’s life. These self-referential thoughts involve diverse contents and take various forms, but most often focus on specific future events that are closely related to one’s personal goals and concerns. Neuroimaging studies show that such spontaneous thoughts recruit many of the same brain regions—largely corresponding to the default network—as directed self-referential thought. The medial prefrontal cortex is most consistently involved and might contribute to assign value and to integrate processed contents with autobiographical knowledge. The tendency of the wandering mind to focus on self-related information might foster a sense of personal identity and lay the foundation for long-term goal pursuit.
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Pfeiffer, Stefan. The Ptolemies. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935390.013.23.
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This article explores the character(s) of Ptolemaic kingship in Egypt. A special focus is placed on the legitimation of kingship and the different forms of (self-) representation of the king. After remarks on the king’s court and principles of state organization, the concept of the Hellenisticbasileusis explained by using Ptolemy III as a model of the Ptolemaic king. This is followed by a discussion of the Egyptian side of Ptolemaic kingship, which also can best be explained by the representation of Ptolemy III. In the last section of this essay the question of mixed forms of Ptolemaic representation and self-conception is discussed.
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Patel, Kiran Klaus. Germany and European Integration Since 1945. Edited by Helmut Walser Smith. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199237395.013.0034.
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Germany and the integration of Europe since 1945 is the main focus of this article. Finding its place in Europe and defining what its Europe should be is a leitmotif of Germany's history. Long before the twentieth century, its central position and size raised the question of how both Germany and Europe could be organized in a constructive, stable, and peaceful way that would work for Germans, as well as for their neighbors. In a basically chronological manner, this article analyzes the sea-shift in Germany's relationship to Europe since 1945, understanding ‘Europe’ not as a vague cultural or geographical entity, but rather as institutionalized forms of political and economic integration with a European focus. An analysis of West Germany as a post-national democracy untill the two Germanies reunites in 1990 concludes this article.
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DeSimone, Joseph M., and William Tumas, eds. Green Chemistry Using Liquid and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195154832.001.0001.
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Chemists have been researching the potential of liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide for environmentally safe applications. This edited volume will cover the various applications of using these forms of carbon dioxide. The three main areas of focus are catalysis and chemical synthesis in CO2, polymers in CO2, and industrial processes and applications utilizing CO2. The book is aimed at researchers in academia and industry, and the contributors are all experts in the field.
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Eberhard, Harald, Konrad Lachmayer, and Gerhard Thallinger, eds. Transitional Constitutionalism. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748930501.
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Transitional Constitutionalism forms an essential part of International Constitutional Law. It deals with the necessity of a provisional constitutional framework in times of transition and explores various aspects of drafting new constitutions. The proceedings focus on the constitutional aspects of the following transitional situations: o Sudan o Chile o Argentina o Lithuania o East Timor o Kosovo Furthermore, the proceedings elaborate on the role of the UN Peacebuilding Commission in situations of transition.
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Palmer, Clare. Living Individuals. Edited by Stephen M. Gardiner and Allen Thompson. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199941339.013.10.
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This chapter outlines key ideas associated with ethical biocentrism. It distinguishes between forms of ethical biocentrism in terms of whether they adopt an egalitarian or inegalitarian approach to value; whether they are value monistic or pluralistic; and whether they adopt virtue, consequentialist, or deontological approaches to ethical theory. Drawing in particular on the work of Robin Attfield and Paul Taylor, the chapter then explores how different forms of ethical biocentrism interpret and respond to anthropogenic climate change. Biocentric ethicists have moved beyond many people’s intuitive sense that “life matters” to construct complex, diverse ethical systems that focus on the value of living individuals. These ethical systems must develop still further to respond coherently to growing human environmental impacts.
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Youatt, Rafi. Interspecies. Edited by Teena Gabrielson, Cheryl Hall, John M. Meyer, and David Schlosberg. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199685271.013.4.
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This chapter addresses the emerging research area of interspecies relations and its intersection with environmental political theory. Interspecies work engages with the ways that material and conceptual relations between different living species are connected to ecological and political outcomes. Already located by some at the intersection of posthumanism and animal studies, an interspecies rubric has been profitably, and differently, explored at the intersection of politics and ecology in the work of a number of environmental political theory scholars for a number of decades. The chapter calls for a greater focus on the actuality of interspecies relations as a site from which to think about more abstract issues in environmental politics. Such a focus can take at least three forms, explored in turn—the boundaries of political community in relation to non-human others; the workings of sovereignty; and modes of political power.
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Pravadelli, Veronica. (Dis)Adventures of Female Desire in the 1940s Woman’s Film. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038778.003.0005.
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This chapter studies noir's twin genre, the woman's film. While this genre's formal politics are quite similar to noir's, its focus on female identity entails a representation of female desire. The woman's film is the site of contradictory and antithetical functions: its narrative is structured by twisted plots and tortuous trajectories that often split into two opposite scenarios or styles—one representing the public/male/urban space and the other the private/female/domestic space. The genre's formal convolutions correspond with the contradictory discourse on postwar femininity, namely the opposition between the need to conform to normative femininity and the relentless effort by women to find new ways of being and new forms of desire. While the genre's proximity to noir's modern concerns cannot be underestimated, its gender interests lead to an excessive focus on the female body.
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Bratman, Michael E. Time, Rationality, and Self-Governance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190867850.003.0006.
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Is there a diachronic rationality constraint on an agent’s intentions over time, one that favors stability of intention? I argue that there is reason to think that there is some such diachronic rationality constraint and that a plausible approach to this matter draws on our understanding of a planning agent’s self-governance over time. On natural assumptions, we normally have a reason of diachronic self-governance to conform to this constraint. This argues against what we can call brute shuffling in cases (of a sort discussed by John Broome) of continued incomparability over time. And we can embrace this norm without endorsing unacceptable forms of bootstrapping of normative reasons. In this way we extend the self-governance strategy for supporting basic norms of plan rationality from a focus on synchronic norms to this focus on a diachronic norm.
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Scott, Charlotte. The End of the Beginning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828556.003.0003.
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Developing Chapter 2’s interest in forms of obligation and authority, Chapter 3 extends its focus to the tragedies and the spaces that children occupy in relation to their parents. Providing new readings of Romeo and Juliet, Titus Andronicus, and King Lear, Chapter 3 explores the status of the child, not as a necessarily young subject, although many of Shakespeare’s children are, but in relation to early modern forms of obligation. Looking at contemporary parenting manuals, pedagogic texts, and household manuals, this chapter puts some of Shakespeare’s tragic children within the contexts of authority and supplication. Understanding the term ‘child’ as descriptive of the human’s relation to God, Chapter 3 explores the different forms that subjection takes in the tragic imagination. Attending to free will in Romeo and Juliet, infantilism in Titus, and supplication in Lear, this chapter shows the significance of the ties that bind one human to another.
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Howard, Martin, Raymond Mougeon, and Jean-Marc Dewaele. Sociolinguistics and Second Language Acquisition. Edited by Robert Bayley, Richard Cameron, and Ceil Lucas. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199744084.013.0017.
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While the focus on sociolinguistic and sociopragmatic variation is relatively new, linguistic variation continues to be an important issue that SLA research has grappled with. By linguistic variation, one understands the learner’s variable use of two or more L2 forms to express the same functional value, where one or all forms are nonnative. This chapter focuses on type II variation and presents an overview of the research findings that illuminate the challenge to the learner of developing sociolinguistic and sociopragmatic competence in the L2. While the application of sociolinguistic variationist methods to the study of type II variation has been relatively recent in SLA research, such methods have also been fruitfully used by some SLA researchers in relation to type I variation.
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Bartram, Dave. The Advantages and Disadvantages of On‐line Testing. Edited by Susan Cartwright and Cary L. Cooper. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199234738.003.0011.
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Psychological testing probably touches more people more often than any other application of psychology. On-line testing has made tests more available and more accessible. This article considers the impact the development of the Web has had on employment testing. Its main focus is on the impact the use of remote forms of assessment has had on practice and on the development of new ways of managing the risks associated with assessment “at a distance,” especially in high-stakes situations. The use of the internet for assessment raises many other issues, such as the impact of remote assessment on applicant reactions, implications for the design of robust systems, the use of complex test forms, and on-line simulations, to name but a few.
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Gerard, McMeel. Part I The General Part, 6 Standard Form Contracts, Public Policy, and the Realms of Strict Construction and Strict Compliance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198755166.003.0006.
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This chapter introduces standard form contracts and the issues of construction to which they give rise. Such documents contain all species of contractual terms. However, in standard contractual texts the focus tends to be on exemption clauses, which have generated a great wealth of case law. The concern about standard forms generally and exemption clauses in particular is that they may not reflect a genuine bargain where the terms are drafted or chosen by one of the parties and are proffered on a ‘take-it-or-leave-it’ basis. This is particularly true of business-to-consumer dealings. However that stereotype of standard forms has been resisted where it is clear that both parties are commercial actors of relatively equal bargaining power.
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Foot, Sarah. Annals and Chronicles in Western Europe. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199236428.003.0018.
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This chapter demonstrates how annals that describe events across Western Europe in the year AD 919 typifies the annalistic genre in form, style, and content. One specific author — Flodoard of Rheims — shares a preoccupation with extremes of weather and focus on the ills suffered by his people, the Franks, and their neighbours, especially those misfortunes which resulted from warfare. Flodoard's other hagiographical and historical works adopted different literary forms. Those texts revealed him as a conscious stylist and rhetorician, yet his annals remained close to the stylistically more limited forms demanded by their genre. Flodoard's annals make an interesting case study for they require scholars to challenge conventional understandings of the development of historical writing — and historical consciousness — in the early medieval West.
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Kawashima, Robert S. Biblical Narrative and the Birth of Prose Literature. Edited by Danna Nolan Fewell. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199967728.013.3.
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This chapter discusses the significance of literary milieu for the analysis and interpretation of the narratives of the Hebrew Bible, in particular, the pre-exilic narratives found in Genesis-Kings (less Ruth). Appealing to literary milieu entails a type of literary-comparative method. There are, however, not one but two forms of literary comparison: historicist comparison, based on chronological and geographical contiguity, and formalist comparison, based on formal similarity. Whereas the concrete literary connections established by the former (so-called ancient Near Eastern parallels) are indispensable to the interpretation of specific passages, the abstract properties established by the latter (poetry, prose, oral tradition, and literature) bring into focus, rather, the different representational possibilities intrinsic to these different forms of narrative art.
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Clark, Emily Suzanne. African American Religions in the Nineteenth Century. Edited by Paul Harvey and Kathryn Gin Lum. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190221171.013.23.
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The typical story of African American religions narrates the development and power of the Protestant black church, but shifting the focus to the long nineteenth century can reorient the significance of the story. The nineteenth century saw the boom of Christian conversions among African Americans, but it also was a century of religious diversity. All forms of African American religion frequently pushed against the dominance of whiteness. This included the harming and cursing element of Conjure and southern hoodoo, the casting of slaves as Old Israel awaiting their exodus from bondage, the communications between the spirit of Abraham Lincoln and Afro-Creoles in New Orleans, and the push for autonomy and leadership by Richard Allen and the rest of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. While many studies of African American religions in the nineteenth century overwhelmingly focus on Protestantism, this is only part of the story.
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Cremona, Marise, and Claire Kilpatrick. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817468.003.0001.
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By taking a transversal approach to the issues raised by a focus on EU legal acts, the Introduction suggests a number of useful keys through which to read the contributions. A first is to reflect on how despite stability in the categories of legal acts in the EU legal order from the Treaty of Rome onwards—regulations, directives, decisions, and international agreements—the EU has proven remarkably able to adapt and expand its tools of governance. A second is to distinguish standard and non-standard EU legal acts and to focus on the issues and practices that complicate this seemingly straightforward distinction. A third is to stress the range of ways in which acts associated with the EU can cross the boundaries between EU and non-EU norms, and between law and non-law, and the challenges that this poses to EU constitutional structures and traditional forms of accountability.
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Schedneck, Brooke. Buddhist International Organizations. Edited by Michael Jerryson. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199362387.013.43.
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Buddhist international organizations are a dynamic phenomenon of contemporary Buddhism. The proliferation of these organizations is a significant manifestation of global and transnational forms of Buddhism. Common characteristics of international Buddhist organizations include charismatic leadership, a large lay Buddhist population, the establishment of local branch centers, and a focus on a particular form of Buddhist practice such as a meditation method or a form of social engagement. The author’s criteria for labeling international Buddhist organizations as such include a membership of diverse nationalities, multiple branch centers outside the country of its origin, and therefore a commitment to both national and international concerns. The chapter investigates the most relevant organizations structured by region and social issue. It includes examples of Buddhist international organizations throughout Asia, with a focus on common regional features. Precedents for Buddhist international organizations within the pre-modern and modern period are also included.
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Haney, Craig, and Shirin Bakhshay. Contexts of Ill-Treatment. Edited by Metin Başoğlu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374625.003.0006.
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In contrast to most international definitions of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment (CIDT), and of torture per se, which focus primarily on individual acts or discrete forms of ill-treatment that are suffered at the hands of another (typically, a representative of the state), this chapter applies Bașoğlu’s “learning theory model of torture” to discuss the potential relationships between certain “contexts of ill-treatment”—especially, harsh conditions of prison confinement and other forms of involuntary detention—to CIDT and torture per se. It reviews the nature and adverse psychological effects of confinement and detention, including very severe conditions of the sort that exist in a number of international sites and are pervaded by unpredictable and uncontrollable traumas and stressors. This chapter also examines whether and how certain of these contexts of captivity may facilitate abuse, interact with and exacerbate other forms of ill-treatment and, at the extremes, themselves constitute CIDT and torture.
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Siklos, Pierre L. The Anatomy of Financial Crises and the Role of Monetary Policy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190228835.003.0003.
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Crises come in a variety of forms. A focus on the incidence of financial crises underemphasizes the cross-border element in financial crises. How important is the exchange-rate regime in monetary policy strategies? Is the EMU experience a cautionary tale? The exchange-rate regime matters less than we think because financial globalization has conspired to effectively reduce the scope for an independent monetary policy. The EMU is unlikely to survive in its current form. Politicians seek coordinated solutions in a system that is built on policy cooperation. International coordination is only practical in emergency or crisis conditions. Cooperation is desirable only if common standards or objectives are combined with escape clauses to render them realistic. This is a goal worth pursuing. Exiting from post-GFC is a reminder that the focus on policy spillovers is misplaced. Business cycles are rarely synchronized and there cannot be a one-size fits all monetary policy.
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Rudavsky, T. M. Jewish Philosophy in the Middle Ages. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199580903.001.0001.
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The purpose of this volume is to provide an account of how medieval Jewish philosophy, from the tenth century to Spinoza, forms part of an ongoing dialogue with medieval Christian and Islamic thought. It provides a corrective to available works, and a supplement to available histories of philosophy, many of which devote little space to Jewish philosophy. The focus of this work is on the tensions between Judaism and rational thought, as reflected in particular philosophical controversies arising in the context of issues in metaphysics, rationalism, language, cosmology, science, faith and reason, and philosophical theology. Much new research has occurred in these latter areas, and so it is important to introduce readers to the rich discussions found in medieval Jewish philosophical texts. The aim of this book is twofold: to provide a broad historical survey of major figures and schools within the medieval Jewish tradition, and to focus more narrowly on the importance and challenge of rationalist discourse within this tradition.
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Graw, Knut, and Samuli Schielke, eds. The Global Horizon. Leuven University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11116/9789461663993.
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Although contemporary migration in and from Africa can be understood as a continuation of earlier forms of interregional and international migration, current processes of migration seem to have taken on a new quality. This volume argues that one of the main reasons for this is the fact that local worlds are increasingly measured against a set of possibilities whose referents are global, not local. Due to this globalization of the personal and societal horizons of possibilities in Africa and elsewhere, in many contexts migration gains an almost inevitable attraction while, at the same time, actual migration becomes increasingly restricted. Based on detailed ethnographic accounts, the contributors to this volume focus on the imaginations, expectations, and motivations that propel the pursuit of migration. Decentring the focus of much of migration studies on the ‘receiving societies', the volume foregrounds the subjective aspect of migration and explores the impact which the imagination and practice of migration have on the sociocultural conditions of the various local settings concerned.
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Riley, Barry. From Food Aid to Food Assistance: 1990–2014. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190228873.003.0021.
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This chapter describes the many changes legislated for American food aid as, first, American nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) succeeded in receiving expanded legislative authority to use food aid for development objectives; second, “food security” became the primary objective of all forms of American food aid; and, third, Title III, Section 416(b) and Title I dwindled into non-availability. The remaining forms (Title II, Food for Progress, and Food for Education) seemed primed to focus on development objectives linked to improving food security. Unfortunately, the combination of budget stringencies, the increasing cost of food, the unwillingness of Congress to “untie” food purchases from domestic American sources, and a rapid increase in emergency relief needs conspired to greatly reduce the amount of food available to NGO and WFP development programs.
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Greer, Ian, Barbara Samaluk, and Charles Umney. Better Strategies for Herding Cats? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791843.003.0008.
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This chapter examines the forms of solidarity used by musicians in the anarchic and highly competitive market conditions of freelance music. It examines three capital cities, London, Paris, and Ljubljana, and finds similar market conditions but different institutions and different activities by trade unions and collectives. The chapter sketches the relevant state institutions and the activity of trade unions and collectives, showing how institutional forms influence the strategies employed by trade unions. But in all three cases, the structure of the market, combined with the conflicting aspirations of working musicians themselves, leads to collective action that fails effectively to challenge the market conditions that produce precarity for working musicians. Trade union services and advocacy address the aspirations for career advancement or state support for musicians, whereas collectives focus more on creative freedom.
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Elias, Juanita. Labor and Gender. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.250.
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Writings on women workers in the global economy have generally taken as their starting point the rise in female employment in industries in the light manufacturing for export sector. Another issue covered by the literature on gender and labor is migration, where the racialized as well as gendered nature of employment is thrown into sharp focus. Migration has been a major concern in much of the recent feminist literature on gender and employment is because one of the most significant features of contemporary processes of migration has been the feminization of these flows. But given the ways in which women workers both in export sector factories and as migrant domestic workers are subject to harsh workplace practices, social stigmatization, and systems of intense workplace control, the possibilities for resistance and change for some of these groups of workers are considered as well. Three intersecting literatures that focus on the topic of resistance to regimes of labor control in a variety of different workplaces (including the household) are discussed: first, those that focus on “everyday” forms of resistance; second, those that look more at resistance as an organized political strategy taking the form of trade union activism or involving nongovernmental organizations (NGOs); and third is a literature that considers the possibilities and limitations of a wider politics of resistance offered by things like corporate codes of conduct and corporate social responsibility.
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Mihai, Mihaela. From Hate to Political Solidarity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190465544.003.0010.
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Hate is currently enjoying the status of summum malum within the common sense of constitutional democracies. Hateful acts are criminalized and hate speech tests the limits of our commitment to free expression. This chapter shifts focus away from hate speech and crime and toward the structural conditions that normalize these various verbal and physical forms of violence. Building on insights from feminist and race critical theory and the sociology of power, it points the reader’s attention to three important dimensions of structural violence only partially captured by the legal definitions of hate speech and crime: the linguistic, the emotional, and the embodied. It then sketches a proposal about the forms of political solidarity we should stimulate as prophylaxis against hate and argues that certain artworks can reveal and confront the naturalized social, political, and cultural hierarchies that underprop hate speech and acts.
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Volberda, Henk, Frans van den Bosch, and Kevin Heij. Levers for Business Model Innovation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792048.003.0004.
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Chapter 4 shows how firms can use four different levers—technology, management practices, organizational forms, and co-creation—for business model innovation, and questions which combinations of levers are the most successful. The chapter starts by showing how Polaroid’s strong focus on developing technological skills was not accompanied by the development of new markets and distribution channels. The case demonstrates that mediocre technology with a superior business model can deliver more value than superior technology with a mediocre business model. Research on the firms Ericsson, Muji, Oticon, and Zara to see how they use the four levers to innovate their business model reveals that adjusting management practices is the most important in both renewal and replication. Examples of firms using different combinations of levers are TomTom’s technologically oriented renewal (combining new technologies with entrepreneurial management practices), Ericsson’s internally oriented renewal (through technology, agile management practices, and organizational forms), Procter & Gamble’s externally oriented renewal (through co-creation, new management practices, and organizational forms), and DSM’s integrated renewal (using all four levers).
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Jupp, Eleanor, Sophie Bowlby, Jane Franklin, and Sarah Marie Hall. The New Politics of Home. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447351849.001.0001.
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With an innovative focus on home and care, this book is an intervention into debates about social policy and welfare at a time of crisis, with a particular focus on the UK. Such a crisis involves austerity, economic restructuring, worsening inequality and resulting issues of resources, rationing and affordability. The book illuminates how these economic and political changes are re-shaping experiences of home and care for many households. By bringing together a unique set of interdisciplinary perspectives to bear on the topics of home, care, austerity and welfare crisis, the book develops conceptual and methodological resources for exploring these often hidden yet crucial aspects of everyday lives. Topics covered include the changing place of the home within social care policy, housing and inequality, researching family lives under austerity, and the restructuring of children’s services. Ultimately the book argues that the home needs to be understood as a site of political and economic contestation, and that forms of feminist research and analysis can enable new interventions into this terrain.
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Kaizer, Ted. Trajectories of Hellenism at Tadmor-Palmyra and Dura-Europos. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805663.003.0003.
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This chapter studies the diverse and often contradictory trajectories of Hellenism at the great caravan city of Tadmor-Palmyra in the heart of the Syrian steppe and at the small town of Dura-Europos on the Middle Euphrates. Building on the limited evidence for the two local cultures in the pre-Roman period, the chapter explores the way in which the relation between the two sites developed. Focus is not only on the various kinds of Greek culture at stake, but also on the diverse ways in which these different forms of Greek culture interacted with the different indigenous cultural elements.
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Elliott, David J., Marissa Silverman, and Gary E. McPherson, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Philosophical and Qualitative Assessment in Music Education. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190265182.001.0001.
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The Oxford Handbook of Philosophical and Qualitative Assessment in Music Education offers global, comprehensive, and critical perspectives on a wide range of conceptual and practical issues in music education assessment, evaluation, and feedback as these apply to various forms of music education within schools and communities. The central aims of this Handbook focus on broadening and deepening readers’ understandings of and critical thinking about the problems, opportunities, “spaces and places,” concepts, and practical strategies that music educators and community music facilitators employ, develop, and deploy to improve various aspects of music teaching and learning around the world.
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Little, Katherine C., and Nicola McDonald, eds. Thinking Medieval Romance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795148.001.0001.
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This volume consists of eleven essays on medieval romance. It argues as a whole that the romance genre is one of the most important sites for medieval thinking about topics that were elsewhere unthinkable, including things taken for granted, threatening to the status quo, and actively repressed. The essays focus mainly on Old French, Anglo-Norman, and Middle English romances, and they are organized to highlight: the nature of romance thinking, through wonders and ‘unthinking’; what romance thinks, whether kinship or crusades; romance’s relationship with other genres and forms, including historiography, biblical exegesis, and music; and the usefulness of the generic term romance.
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Jarjour, Tala. Chant as Local Knowledge. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190635251.003.0004.
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This chapter is the second of two that focus on local forms of music knowledge. After the previous chapter dealt with written sources on Syriac chant, this one pursues analytical tools for understanding local conceptions of modality through ethnographic observation of the process of oral chant practice. It tackles the problematic questions of whether Syriac chant submits to an eightfold system, and whether its eight groups have a modal nature. By addressing contested issues, such as music theory and transcription, the chapter argues that understanding music involves understanding overlapping forms of knowledge, not only in how music is organized but also in experience and judgment. Perceptual and analytical modes of knowledge intersect with experiential knowledge in various ways. Localized nuances of the aesthetic reside in such intersections, and they arbitrate between how sounds are organized and used, and how modality is felt and explained.
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Mattissen, Johanna. Nivkh. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.47.
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Nivkh (Paleosiberian group), spoken on the lower reaches of the Amur River and on Sakhalin island in Siberia by a few hundred speakers in four main varieties, but rapidly dying out, is a polysynthetic head-marking but configurational SOV language, with defective polypersonalism, noun incorporation, verb root serialization, and complex noun forms. Its dominant structural principle and characteristic design is dependent-head-synthesis, with dependents lexically head-marked and still referentially active. Nivkh displays compositional polysynthesis with a mixed internal structure, as the suffixal domain of a word-form may be described by a template, whereas the pre-root domain is scope-ordered due to dependent chaining. The evolutionary path of complex forms is best conceived of as coalescence of formerly adjacent words. Morphophonemic processes at the word-internal morpheme boundaries, especially consonant dissimilation and assimilation, and bound allomorphs prove the wordhood of the complexes. Non-root bound morphemes encode modalities, degree, scalar, and focus operators and phase of action.
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Ewing, Keith, Joan Mahoney, and Andrew Moretta. MI5, the Cold War, and the Rule of Law. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818625.001.0001.
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This title is concerned with the powers, activities, and accountability of MI5 principally in the period from 1945 to 1964. It was a body without statutory authority, with no statutory powers, and with no obvious forms of statutory accountability. It was established as a counter-espionage agency, yet was beset by espionage scandals on a frequency that suggested if not high levels of incompetence, then high levels of distraction and the squandering of resources. The book addresses the evolution of MI5’s mandate which set out its role and functions and to a limited extent the lines of accountability, the surveillance targets of MI5, and the surveillance methods that it used for this purpose, with a focus in two chapters on MPs and lawyers, respectively; the purposes for which this information was used, principally to exclude people from certain forms of employment; and the accountability of MI5 or the lack thereof for the way in which it discharged its responsibilities under the mandate.