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Journal articles on the topic 'Folding system'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Saruhashi, Takumi, Takaaki Akimoto, and Yuhki Kitazono. "Development of the Laundry Folding System with Removing Hanger Function." Journal of the Institute of Industrial Applications Engineers 5, no. 4 (October 25, 2017): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.12792/jiiae.5.191.

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2

Yang Tuo, 杨拓, 徐平 Xu Ping, 周亮 Zhou Liang, 喻珺 Yu Jun, 李雄超 Li Xiongchao, and 黄海漩 Huang Haixuan. "Folding Reflective 2f System Optical Correlator." Acta Optica Sinica 38, no. 1 (2018): 0107001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos201838.0107001.

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3

Sun, Jing Rui, and Jin Cheng Wu. "Research and Implementation of Folding Machine Control System Based on MPU." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 5838–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.5838.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the working principle of folding machine and it also explains the working mode of the stepper motor. Basing on these, the control-system of folding machine is designed. It is through the AT89C52 MPU and the corresponding circuit of periphery to control the two stepper motors. So it can drive the feeding roller and the paper roller to overlay in accordance with the predefined size. The system achieves the automation of folding. It not only reduces the labor, but also improves the efficiency and accuracy of folding. It has a very broad application prospect.

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4

Yudong Zhang, Shuihua Wang, Lenan Wu, and Yuankai Huo. "Artificial Immune System for Protein Folding Model." Journal of Convergence Information Technology 6, no. 1 (January 31, 2011): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/jcit.vol6.issue1.7.

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5

Massironi, Manfredo, and Nicola Bruno. "The Perception of Surface Folding in Static and Animated Displays." Perception 26, no. 2 (February 1997): 153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p260153.

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How do we interpret outline drawings of surfaces? Although pictorial depictions are projectively ambiguous, observers demonstrate definite preferences of interpretation. Additionally, they commit typical errors. A study is reported of one specific arrangement of surfaces as it is represented in outline drawings, namely the arrangement that results when two arbitrary surfaces are joined at a common edge to form an angle in 3-D (‘phenomenic folding’). With some of these arrangements, observers report that the angle formed by the two surfaces is zero (complete folding). With others, they report that the angles are greater than zero (incomplete folding). Both interpretations are actually valid. Several investigators have proposed that observer preferences such as these are due to a tendency to prefer a 3-D interpretation that will make the depicted 3-D shape regular. Three experiments were performed to test this regularisation hypothesis. In the first, observers were shown pairs of four-sided polygons joined at one equal side. Their task was to imagine how the smaller polygon could be folded completely towards the larger, and, subsequently, to report on its position after the folding (‘mental folding’). Reported positions were consistent with 3-D interpretations that caused figural regularisations. In the second and third experiments, observers were shown drawings of diamonds and parallelograms folded along a number of differently positioned and oriented segments (‘folding edge’). Their task was to estimate verbally the extent of the dihedral angle formed by the two surfaces. Results indicated that the perception of incomplete folding is determined by 3-D interpretation of the orientation of the drawing with respect to the picture plane. In a fourth experiment, observers were asked whether projective equivalences might be disambiguated by animating two kinds of displays that yield the ‘incomplete folding’ effect but that should be distinguishable on the basis of the trajectories of the vertexes of the folding parts. Results demonstrated that even in these conditions observers are unable to interpret the foldings correctly. These results might be taken to indicate that projective, static information leading to a simpler and more regular interpretation of the display can prevail over explicit motion information that should force the system to achieve a nonregular solution.

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6

WATANABE, Tomohiro, Takashi KAWAMURA, Satoshi SUZUKI, and Kojiro Iizuka. "Development clothes folding system with small mobile robots." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2017 (2017): 1A1—I05. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2017.1a1-i05.

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7

Yao, Wei, Jian S. Dai, Tony Medland, and Glen Mullineux. "A reconfigurable robotic folding system for confectionery industry." Industrial Robot: An International Journal 37, no. 6 (October 19, 2010): 542–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01439911011081696.

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8

Zahri, Z. M., and Y. Somantri. "Control System Flatness Fabric on Double Folding Machine." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 384 (July 2018): 012066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/384/1/012066.

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9

Kuribayashi-Shigetomi, Kaori, and Qian He. "S0210104 Co-culture system using origami folding technique." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2015 (2015): _S0210104——_S0210104—. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2015._s0210104-.

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10

Kuo, Chung-Feng Jeffrey, and Cheng-Chih Tsai. "Overall strategy for fabric folding machine system control." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 31, no. 11-12 (February 25, 2006): 1198–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-005-0300-x.

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11

Bjerre, Benjamin, Jakob Nissen, Mikkel Madsen, Jūratė Fahrig-Kamarauskaitė, Rasmus K. Norrild, Peter C. Holm, Mathilde K. Nordentoft, et al. "Improving folding properties of computationally designed proteins." Protein Engineering, Design and Selection 32, no. 3 (March 2019): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/protein/gzz025.

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Abstract While the field of computational protein design has witnessed amazing progression in recent years, folding properties still constitute a significant barrier towards designing new and larger proteins. In order to assess and improve folding properties of designed proteins, we have developed a genetics-based folding assay and selection system based on the essential enzyme, orotate phosphoribosyl transferase from Escherichia coli. This system allows for both screening of candidate designs with good folding properties and genetic selection of improved designs. Thus, we identified single amino acid substitutions in two failed designs that rescued poorly folding and unstable proteins. Furthermore, when these substitutions were transferred into a well-structured design featuring a complex folding profile, the resulting protein exhibited native-like cooperative folding with significantly improved stability. In protein design, a single amino acid can make the difference between folding and misfolding, and this approach provides a useful new platform to identify and improve candidate designs.

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12

Merola, Marcello, Michela Brazzoli, Fabienne Cocchiarella, Jens M. Heile, Ari Helenius, Amy J. Weiner, Michael Houghton, and Sergio Abrignani. "Folding of Hepatitis C Virus E1 Glycoprotein in a Cell-Free System." Journal of Virology 75, no. 22 (November 15, 2001): 11205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.75.22.11205-11217.2001.

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ABSTRACT The hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope proteins, E1 and E2, form noncovalent heterodimers and are leading candidate antigens for a vaccine against HCV. Studies in mammalian cell expression systems have focused primarily on E2 and its folding, whereas knowledge of E1 folding remains fragmentary. We used a cell-free in vitro translation system to study E1 folding and asked whether the flanking proteins, Core and E2, influence this process. We translated the polyprotein precursor, in which the Core is N-terminal to E1, and E2 is C-terminal, and found that when the core protein was present, oxidation of E1 was a slow, E2-independent process. The half-time for E1 oxidation was about 5 h in the presence or absence of E2. In contrast with previous reports, analysis of three constructs of different lengths revealed that the E2 glycoprotein undergoes slow oxidation as well. Unfolded or partially folded E1 bound to the endoplasmic reticulum chaperones calnexin and (with lower efficiency) calreticulin, whereas no binding to BiP/GRP78 or GRP94 could be detected. Release from calnexin and calreticulin was used to assess formation of mature E1. When E1 was expressed in the absence of Core and E2, its oxidation was impaired. We conclude that E1 folding is a process that is affected not only by E2, as previously shown, but also by the Core. The folding of viral proteins can thus depend on complex interactions between neighboring proteins within the polyprotein precursor.

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13

FERRO, L., and A. IBORT. "FOLDING AND UNFOLDING QUANTUM STATES." International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics 09, no. 02 (March 2012): 1260028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219887812600286.

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The reduction of a quantum system ("folding" a quantum system) is described as the reduction of its Lie–Jordan Banach algebra of observables with respect to Lie–Jordan Banach subalgebras and Jordan ideals. The space of states of the reduced Lie–Jordan Banach algebra is described in terms of unreduced states ("unfolding" states) as well as the GNS construction. A few examples are discussed.

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14

Hebert, Daniel N., Jian-Xin Zhang, and Ari Helenius. "Protein folding and maturation in a cell-free system." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 76, no. 5 (October 1, 1998): 867–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o98-077.

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Reduced cellular systems have provided important tools to study complex cellular processes. Here we describe the oxidation, oligomerization, and chaperone binding of the viral glycoprotein influenza hemagglutinin in a cell-free system. The cell-free system, comprised of rough endoplasmic reticulum derived microsomes and a reticulocyte lysate, supported the complete maturation of hemagglutinin from the earliest oxidative intermediate to the mature homo-oligomer. Hemagglutinin disulfide bond formation and oligomerization were found to occur in a time- and temperature-dependent manner. Hemagglutinin's temporal association with the molecular chaperones calnexin and calreticulin was similar to that observed for their association with elongating ribosome-attached nascent chains in live cells. Furthermore, a procedure is described that permits the translocation of protein into microsomes that are depleted of lumenal contents. This cell-free system, therefore, provided an effective means to study the biological maturation processes of a protein that traverses the secretory pathway.Key words: protein folding, endoplasmic reticulum, molecular chaperone.

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15

Olzscha, Heidi. "Posttranslational modifications and proteinopathies: how guardians of the proteome are defeated." Biological Chemistry 400, no. 7 (June 26, 2019): 895–915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2018-0458.

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Abstract Protein folding is one of the fundamental processes in life and therefore needs to be tightly regulated. Many cellular quality control systems are in place to ensure that proteostasis is optimally adjusted for a changing environment, facilitating protein folding, translocation and degradation. These systems include the molecular chaperones and the major protein degradation systems, namely the ubiquitin proteasome system and autophagy. However, the capacity of the quality control systems can be exhausted and protein misfolding and aggregation, including the formation of amyloids, can occur as a result of ageing, mutations or exogenous influences. There are many known diseases in which protein misfolding and aggregation can be the underlying cause of the pathological condition; these are referred to as proteinopathies. Over the last decade, it has become clear that posttranslational modifications can govern and modulate protein folding, and that aberrant posttranslational modifications can cause or contribute to proteinopathies. This review provides an overview of protein folding and misfolding and the role of the major protein quality control systems. It focusses on different posttranslational modifications and gives examples of how these posttranslational modifications can alter protein folding and cause or accompany proteinopathies.

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16

KURKCUOGLU, M. E., H. AYTEKIN, and I. BOZTOSUN. "AN INVESTIGATION OF THE 16O+16O ELASTIC SCATTERING BY USING ALPHA–ALPHA DOUBLE FOLDING POTENTIAL IN OPTICAL MODEL FORMALISM." Modern Physics Letters A 21, no. 29 (September 21, 2006): 2217–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732306020512.

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In this paper, a simultaneous analysis of the elastic scattering data of the 16 O +16 O system for the energy range 5–10 MeV/nucleon is performed theoretically within the framework of the optical model formalism, by using the α–α double folding cluster potential. The α–α double folding cluster potential is evaluated by using the α-cluster distribution densities in the usual nucleon–nucleon double folding process with an effective α–α interaction potential. The results of the α–α double folding cluster potential analysis are compared with the findings of the phenomenological Woods–Saxon squared and nucleon–nucleon double folding potentials. All potentials have exhibited a very good agreement with the experimental measurements for the elastic scattering angular distributions. Furthermore, it is shown that, the α–α double folding cluster potential and nucleon–nucleon double folding potential calculations provide very consistent results with each other. Thus, the 16 O+ 16 O system has been described by optical potentials having a deep real potential part and a weak absorptive imaginary potential part.

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17

Guo, Xiangying, Yang Zhang, Wei Zhang, Lin Sun, and Shuping Chen. "Nonlinear Dynamics of Z-Shaped Folding Wings with 1:1 Inner Resonance." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 27, no. 08 (July 2017): 1750124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127417501243.

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Predicting the nonlinear vibration responses of a Z-shaped folding wing during the morphing process is a prerequisite for structural design analysis. Therefore, the present study focuses on the nonlinear dynamical characteristics of a Z-shaped folding wing. The folding wing is divided into three carbon fiber composite plates connected by rigid hinges. The nonlinear dynamic equations of the system are derived using Hamilton’s principle based on the von Kármán equations and classical laminate plate theory. The mode shape functions of the system are then obtained using finite element analysis. Galerkin’s approach is employed to discretize the partial differential governing equations into a two-degree-of-freedom nonlinear system. The case of 1:1 inner resonance is considered. The method of multiple scales is employed to obtain the averaged equations of the system. Finally, numerical simulation is performed to investigate the nonlinear dynamical characteristics of the system. Bifurcation diagrams and wave-form diagrams illustrate the different motions of the Z-shaped folding wing, including periodic and chaotic motions under given conditions. The influence of transverse excitations on the bifurcations and chaotic motion of the Z-shaped folding wing is investigated numerically.

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18

Yao, Wei, Ferdinando Cannella, and Jian S. Dai. "Automatic folding of cartons using a reconfigurable robotic system." Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing 27, no. 3 (June 2011): 604–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2010.10.007.

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19

Brunori, Maurizio, Maria Giulia Bigotti, Francesca Cutruzzolà, Stefano Gianni, and Carlo Travaglini-Allocatelli. "Cytochrome c551 as a model system for protein folding." Biophysical Chemistry 100, no. 1-3 (December 2002): 409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4622(02)00295-8.

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20

Jing, LI, XU Teng-Gang, and ZHU Jian-Jun. "CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN OF CARDBOARD AUTOMATIC FOLDING BOX MACHINE." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 06, no. 09 (September 15, 2017): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2017.0609003.

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21

Beaudoin, J. D., R. Jodoin, and J. P. Perreault. "New scoring system to identify RNA G-quadruplex folding." Nucleic Acids Research 42, no. 2 (October 10, 2013): 1209–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkt904.

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22

ADAMIAN, G. G., N. V. ANTONENKO, R. V. JOLOS, S. P. IVANOVA, and O. I. MELNIKOVA. "EFFECTIVE NUCLEUS-NUCLEUS POTENTIAL FOR CALCULATION OF POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A DINUCLEAR SYSTEM." International Journal of Modern Physics E 05, no. 01 (March 1996): 191–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301396000098.

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An effective method to calculate the potential energy of a dinuclear system is suggested. The nuclear part of the nucleus-nucleus potential is taken in the double folding form. The analytical expressions obtained allow one to simplify the calculations of interaction between two nuclei except the nuclei near the drip lines. The relationship between the double folding potential and the proximity potential is found. The influence of a deformation and a relative orientation of nuclei on the interaction potential is investigated. The method is applied to the calculations of the energies of the dinuclear and trinuclear systems.

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23

Ma, Zhi-Sai, Bo Wang, Xin Zhang, and Qian Ding. "Nonlinear System Identification of Folding Fins with Freeplay Using Direct Parameter Estimation." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2019 (November 15, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3978260.

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Folding fins are widely adopted in missiles for the efficient use of space during storage and transportation, while nonlinear behavior of freeplay is inevitable due to the factors such as mismachining tolerance, assembly error, and abrasion. The problem of nonlinear system identification of folding fins with freeplay is considered in this paper. A direct parameter estimation method which can identify the nonlinear system with freeplay under base excitation is proposed and subsequently applied to establish the nonlinear dynamic model of a folding fin. The best set of coefficients is selected by using the significance test, allowing the proposed method to detect and locate the most relevant nonlinearities of the practical structure. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is able to decouple the linear and nonlinear dynamics of a nonlinear structure and estimate natural frequencies of the derived linear system along with nonlinear internal forces in one computational step, even if no a priori knowledge of the type of nonlinearities is given.

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24

Xie, Wei, Kazue Kanehara, Ayaz Sayeed, and Davis T. W. Ng. "Intrinsic Conformational Determinants Signal Protein Misfolding to the Hrd1/Htm1 Endoplasmic Reticulum–associated Degradation System." Molecular Biology of the Cell 20, no. 14 (July 15, 2009): 3317–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e09-03-0231.

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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control mechanisms monitor the folding of nascent polypeptides of the secretory pathway. These are dynamic processes that retain folding proteins, promote the transport of conformationally mature proteins, and target misfolded proteins to ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathways. Aided by the identification of numerous ERAD factors, late functions that include substrate extraction, ubiquitination, and degradation are fairly well described. By contrast, the mechanisms of substrate recognition remain mysterious. For some substrates, a specific N-linked glycan forms part of the recognition code but how it is read is incompletely understood. In this study, systematic analysis of model substrates revealed such glycans mark structural determinants that are sensitive to the overall folding state of the molecule. This strategy effectively generates intrinsic folding sensors that communicate with high fidelity to ERAD. Normally, these segments fold into the mature structure to pass the ERAD checkpoint. However, should a molecule fail to fold completely, they form a bipartite signal that comprises the unfolded local structure and adjacent enzymatically remodeled glycan. Only if both elements are present will the substrate be targeted to the ERAD pathway for degradation.

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25

Hachem, Caroline, and Ariel Hanaor. "Folding Sleeves — Variations on a Theme of the Earthworm." International Journal of Space Structures 20, no. 3 (September 2005): 161–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/026635105775213809.

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The earthworm is a pressurised fluid tube whose peristaltic locomotion is facilitated by distinct structural features. The envelope of the earthworm incorporates two primary morphological and structural systems: A skeletal system, formed by a helical network of collagen fibres, and a continuous system composed of a stretchable membrane. The two systems closely interact under internal fluid pressure to produce the peristaltic locomotion. The paper presents applications of foldable sleeves or tubes, simulating the morphological and kinematical aspects of the earthworm locomotion, focusing on the combination of skeletal and compatible stressed-skin systems to produce a functional envelope. Several skeletal and stressed-skin structural systems and their combinations are presented, making extensive use of physical models. These systems are characterised by helical morphological features, which preserve the main kinematical characteristics of earthworm locomotion.

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26

Ozaki, Takashi, Norikazu Ohta, and Kanae Hamaguchi. "Resonance-Driven Passive Folding/Unfolding Flapping Wing Actuator." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11 (May 29, 2020): 3771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10113771.

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The wings of flapping-wing micro aerial vehicles (MAVs) face the risk of breakage. To solve this issue, we propose the use of a biomimetic foldable wing. In this study, a resonant-driven piezoelectric flapping-wing actuator with a passive folding/unfolding mechanism was designed and fabricated, in which the folding/unfolding motion is passively realized by the centrifugal and lift forces due to the stroke motion of the wings. Although the passive folding/unfolding is a known concept, its feasibility and characteristics in combination with a resonant system have not yet been reported. Because the resonant actuation is necessary for extremely small, insect-scale MAVs, research is required to realize such MAVs with a foldable-wing mechanism. Therefore, we first examine and report the performance of the resonant-driven passive folding/unfolding mechanism. We also present a simplified theoretical model demonstrating an interaction between the resonant actuation system and folding/unfolding mechanism. We successfully demonstrate the folding/unfolding motion by the fabricated actuator. In addition, the theoretical model showed good agreement with the experiment.

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27

Paul, Padma P., and Marina L. Gavrilova. "A Novel Cross Folding Algorithm for Multimodal Cancelable Biometrics." International Journal of Software Science and Computational Intelligence 4, no. 3 (July 2012): 20–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jssci.2012070102.

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Multimodal biometric systems have emerged as highly successful new approach to combat problems of unimodal biometric system such as intraclass variability, interclass similarity, data quality, non-universality, and sensitivity to noise. However, one major issue pertinent to unimodal system remains, which has to do with actual biometric characteristics of users being permanent and their number being limited. Thus, if a user’s biometric is compromised, it might be impossible or highly difficult to replace it in a particular system. The concept of cancelable biometric or cancelability is to transform a biometric data or feature into a new one so that the stored biometric template can be easily changed in a biometric security system. In this paper, the authors present a novel solution for cancelable biometrics in a multimodal system. They develop a new cancelable biometric template generation algorithm using random projection and transformation-based feature extraction and selection. Performance of the proposed algorithm is validated on a virtual multi-modal face and ear database.

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28

ROYCHOUDHURY, ABHIK, K. NARAYAN KUMAR, C. R. RAMAKRISHNAN, and I. V. RAMAKRISHNAN. "BEYOND TAMAKI-SATO STYLE UNFOLD/FOLD TRANSFORMATIONS FOR NORMAL LOGIC PROGRAMS." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 13, no. 03 (June 2002): 387–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054102001175.

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Unfold/fold transformation systems for logic programs have been extensively investigated. Existing unfold/fold transformation systems for normal logic programs typically fold using a single, non-recursive clause i.e. the folding transformation is very restricted. In this paper we present a transformation system that permits folding in the presence of recursion, disjunction, as well as negation. We show that the transformations are correct with respect to various model theoretic semantics of normal logic programs including the well-founded model and stable model semantics.

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29

Du, Wen Zheng, Fei Lu, and Tao Liu. "Folding-Boom Lorry Crane Dynamic Modeling and Motion Control." Advanced Materials Research 945-949 (June 2014): 646–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.945-949.646.

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Aiming at flexible folding boom of the lorry cranesuppress the beam vibration while track a desired trajectory, the paperdesigns a composite control method based on the singular perturbation theory. The flexible multi-body dynamics equation of the flexible folding arm was established by the Lagrange equations and assumed mode method. The system was decomposed intorigid motion (slowly varying system) and flexible vibration (fastvariable system). Fuzzy PID control was designed to track the flexible arm’s rigid motion trajectory control and the linear quadratic optimal controlwas designed to suppress the elastic vibration. The simulation in Simulink results show that the composite control method can control the folding arm effectively.

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30

KARAKOC, M., and I. BOZTOSUN. "MICROSCOPIC POTENTIAL DESCRIPTION OF THE ELASTIC SCATTERING AND FUSION CROSS-SECTION DATA OF THE 12C+24Mg SYSTEM." International Journal of Modern Physics E 15, no. 06 (September 2006): 1317–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301306004867.

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This paper comprises the first detailed application of the microscopic potentials for a simultaneous analysis of the elastic scattering and fusion cross-section data of the 12 C+ 24Mg system from 16.0 MeV to 24.0 MeV. We use the microscopic nucleon-nucleon double folding and α-α double folding cluster potentials within the framework of the optical model and coupled-channels formalism. We compare our microscopic potential results with the findings of the phenomenological deep and shallow potentials. All potentials provide a very good agreement with the experimental data for the elastic scattering angular distributions. However, only deep phenomenological, the microscopic nucleon-nucleon and α-α double folding cluster potentials provide a consistent description of the angular distributions and fusion cross-section data simultaneously.

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31

Booth, P. J., R. H. Templer, A. R. Curran, and S. J. Allen. "Can we identify the forces that drive the folding of integral membrane proteins?" Biochemical Society Transactions 29, no. 4 (August 1, 2001): 408–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0290408.

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Protein folding has been at the forefront of molecular cell biology research for several years. However, integral membrane proteins have eluded detailed molecular level study until recently. One reason is the often apparently insurmountable problem of mimicking the natural membrane bilayer with lipid or detergent mixtures. There is nevertheless a large body of information on lipid properties and in particular on phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine lipids, which are common to many biological membranes. We have exploited this knowledge to design efficient in vitro, lipid-bilayer folding systems for membrane proteins. Bacteriorhodopsin has been used as a model system for our initial studies: we have shown that a rate-limiting apoprotein folding step and the overall folding efficiency seem to be controlled by particular properties of the lipid bilayer. The properties of interest are the stored curvature elastic energy within the bilayer and the lateral pressure that the lipid chains exert on their neighbouring folding protein. These are generic properties of the bilayer that can be achieved with simple mixtures of many types of biological lipid and seem to be important in vivo.

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32

Zhu, Hong. "How powerful are folding/unfolding transformations?" Journal of Functional Programming 4, no. 1 (January 1994): 89–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796800000964.

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AbstractThis paper discusses the transformation power of Burstall and Darlington's folding/unfolding system, i.e. what kind of programs can be derived from a given one. A necessary condition of derivability is proved. The notion of inherent complexity of recursive functions in introduced. A bound on efficiency gain by folding/unfolding transformations is obtained for all reasonable computation models. The well-known partial correctness and incompleteness of the system are corollaries of the result. Examples of underivability are given, e.g. binary searching cannot be derived from linear searching, merge sorting cannot be derived from insert sorting.

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33

Miranda, Eduardo Reck. "Genetic Music System with Synthetic Biology." Artificial Life 26, no. 3 (September 2020): 366–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl_a_00325.

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This article introduces GeMS, a system for music composition informed by synthetic biology. GeMS generates music with simulations of genetic processes, such as transcription, translation, and protein folding, with which biological systems render chains of amino acids from DNA strands. The system comprises the following components: the Miranda machine, the rhythmator, and the pitch processor. The Miranda machine is an abstract Turing-machine-like processor, which manipulates a sequence of DNA symbols according to a set of programming instructions. This process generates a pool of new DNA strands, which are subsequently translated into rhythms. GeMS represents the musical equivalent of amino acids in terms of rhythms, referred to as rhythmic codons. This enables the rhythmator to convert DNA sequences into rhythmic sequences. The pitch processor generates pitches for such rhythmic sequences. It is inspired by the phenomenon of protein folding. The pitch processor considers orientation information of DNA instructions yielded by the Miranda machine in order to activate algorithms for generating pitches. A musical composition, entitled Artibiotics, for percussion ensemble and electronic instruments, is presented to demonstrate the system.

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34

Li, Pei Xing, Yi Ze Sun, Zhi Jun Sun, Shi Qing Wu, and Shuang Huang. "Study on Improved Method of Adding Stereotyping Board in the Automatic Pantyhose Packaging System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 224 (November 2012): 470–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.224.470.

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On the basis of analyzing folding method of the pantyhose available on market, this passage describes pantyhose automatic folding process in the automated packaging system, and focus on description of stereotyping board adding process. Then, it proposes a new adding stereotyping board method for the existing method, and describes the new method in detail. Finally, it compares the two methods, showing that the new method can solve the main problems in the former method, helping to improve the stability of automatic pantyhose packaging.

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Jaworek, Michel W., Simone Möbitz, Mimi Gao, and Roland Winter. "Stability of the chaperonin system GroEL–GroES under extreme environmental conditions." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 22, no. 6 (2020): 3734–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp06468k.

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Braakman, I., H. Hoover-Litty, K. R. Wagner, and A. Helenius. "Folding of influenza hemagglutinin in the endoplasmic reticulum." Journal of Cell Biology 114, no. 3 (August 1, 1991): 401–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.114.3.401.

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The folding of influenza hemagglutinin (HA0) in the ER was analyzed in tissue culture cells by following the formation of intrachain disulfides after short (1 min) radioactive pulses. While some disulfide bonds were already formed on the nascent chains, the subunits acquired their final disulfide composition and antigenic epitopes posttranslationally. Two posttranslational folding intermediates were identified. In CHO cells constitutively expressing HA0, mature HA0 subunits were formed with a half time of 3 min and their folding reached completion at 22 min. The rate of folding was highly dependent on cell type and expression system, and thus regulated by factors other than the sequence of the protein alone. Exposure of cells to stress conditions increased the level of glucose regulated proteins, including BiP, and decreased the folding rate. The efficiency of folding and subsequent trimerization was not dependent on the rate of translation, nor on temperature between 37 and 15 degrees C; however, the rates of folding and trimerization decreased with decreasing temperature. Whereas the rate of folding was independent of expression level, trimerization was accelerated at higher levels of expression.

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Fink, Anthony L. "Chaperone-Mediated Protein Folding." Physiological Reviews 79, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 425–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1999.79.2.425.

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The folding of most newly synthesized proteins in the cell requires the interaction of a variety of protein cofactors known as molecular chaperones. These molecules recognize and bind to nascent polypeptide chains and partially folded intermediates of proteins, preventing their aggregation and misfolding. There are several families of chaperones; those most involved in protein folding are the 40-kDa heat shock protein (HSP40; DnaJ), 60-kDa heat shock protein (HSP60; GroEL), and 70-kDa heat shock protein (HSP70; DnaK) families. The availability of high-resolution structures has facilitated a more detailed understanding of the complex chaperone machinery and mechanisms, including the ATP-dependent reaction cycles of the GroEL and HSP70 chaperones. For both of these chaperones, the binding of ATP triggers a critical conformational change leading to release of the bound substrate protein. Whereas the main role of the HSP70/HSP40 chaperone system is to minimize aggregation of newly synthesized proteins, the HSP60 chaperones also facilitate the actual folding process by providing a secluded environment for individual folding molecules and may also promote the unfolding and refolding of misfolded intermediates.

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Lu, Xiu Zhen, Bo Peng, Yan Yan Chang, and Ming Tao Xu. "Alignment of Electrospun Nanofibers on Folding Foil." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.40.

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Aligned array electrospun nanofibers are preferred and even necessary in most of applications. Most research reported was focus on the quality and uniform of directions of the array nanofibers. This paper describes a simple method for fabrication of large area aligned naonofibers. A zigzag shape collector was used in the electrospinning system. Alignment of nanofibers was realized by this system. Nanofibers collected on the peak and valley of the Aluminum foil were oriented. This system is a hybrid structure of parallel electrodes and disc collector with tip-like top.

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Milentijevic, Ivan, Vladimir Ciric, Teufik Tokic, and Oliver Vojinovic. "FPGA implementation of folded FIR filter architecture with changeable folding factor." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 15, no. 3 (2002): 451–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee0203451m.

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The application of folding technique to the bit-plane systolic FIR filter architecture that enables the implementation of changeable folding factor on to the fixed size array is described in this paper. The bit-level transformation of the original data flow graph (DFG), for the bit-plane architecture, that provides the successful application of the folding technique with changeable folding is presented at transfer function level The mathematical path that describes the transformation is given, and implications at the DFG level are discussed. Changeable folding sets are involved with aim to increase the throughput of the folded system reducing the folding factor according to the coefficient length. The folded FIR filter architecture is described in VHDL as a parameterized FIR filtering core and implemented in FPGA technology. The design "tradeoffs" relating on the occupation of the chip resources and achieved throughputs are presented.

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Martawati, Mira Esculenta, Sugeng Hadi Susilo, Asrori A, and Lulut W. "Automatic Mirror Folding Design Arduino-Based." Logic : Jurnal Rancang Bangun dan Teknologi 21, no. 2 (July 30, 2021): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31940/logic.v21i2.2503.

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The rear-view mirror is one of the main devices found in cars. A mirror is a mirror used to see the traffic of a vehicle behind when it is about to veer, stop or change lanes. The purpose of this study was to design a pre-crash performance test of the rearview mirror. That is a system that will automatically perform mirror folding automatically based on the distance of the object in front of it. The system will reduce the risk of broken or scratched due to driver negligence. The research method at a time when the barrier is 30cm (±20cm) away from the front or back of the rearview mirror will read that distance which will then transmit to the Arduino. Arduino will process the data and send data for the speed reduction process by warning that there is an object in front or behind the rearview mirror and when the distance is <30cm from the barrier object, then the Arduino will order to fold the rearview mirror automatically, by activating the servo motor to fold the rear and rearview mirrors. The result of this study was to find out the performance of the GP2Y0A21 distance sensor reading and the performance of the rearview mirror pre-crash system. In this study, the bound variable was the distance measurement of the sensor's reading. The free variable used is the sensor reading metering distance displayed on the LCD (Liquid Crystal Display).

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Moilanen, Antti, and Lloyd W. Ruddock. "Non-native proteins inhibit the ER oxidoreductin 1 (Ero1)–protein disulfide-isomerase relay when protein folding capacity is exceeded." Journal of Biological Chemistry 295, no. 26 (February 26, 2020): 8647–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra119.011766.

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Protein maturation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) depends on a fine balance between oxidative protein folding and quality control mechanisms, which together ensure high-capacity export of properly folded proteins from the ER. Oxidative protein folding needs to be regulated to avoid hyperoxidation. The folding capacity of the ER is regulated by the unfolded protein response (UPR) and ER-associated degradation (ERAD). The UPR is triggered by unfolded protein stress and leads to up-regulation of cellular components such as chaperones and folding catalysts. These components relieve stress by increasing folding capacity and up-regulating ERAD components that remove non-native proteins. Although oxidative protein folding and the UPR/ERAD pathways each are well-understood, very little is known about any direct cross-talk between them. In this study, we carried out comprehensive in vitro activity and binding assays, indicating that the oxidative protein folding relay formed by ER oxidoreductin 1 (Ero1), and protein disulfide-isomerase can be inactivated by a feedback inhibition mechanism involving unfolded proteins and folding intermediates when their levels exceed the folding capacity of the system. This mechanism allows client proteins to remain mainly in the reduced state and thereby minimizes potential futile oxidation–reduction cycles and may also enhance ERAD, which requires reduced protein substrates. Relief from excess levels of non-native proteins by increasing the levels of folding factors removed the feedback inhibition. These results reveal regulatory cross-talk between the oxidative protein folding and UPR and ERAD pathways.

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OSAWA, Fumiaki, Hiroaki SEKI, and Yoshitsugu KAMIYA. "Folding System for the Clothes by a Robot and Tools." Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering, Contributed Papers 70, no. 6 (2004): 812–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jspe.70.812.

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Bader, Martin, Wilson Muse, David P. Ballou, Christian Gassner, and James C. A. Bardwell. "Oxidative Protein Folding Is Driven by the Electron Transport System." Cell 98, no. 2 (July 1999): 217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81016-8.

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Xu, Jun, Qimeng Weng, and Jingbin Wu. "Analysis and optimization of folding-boom arm system luffing stability." Ferroelectrics 562, no. 1 (July 3, 2020): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150193.2020.1760595.

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Ki, Hoon-Jae, Cheon-Su Lee, Moon-Ho Song, and Soo-Won Kim. "Folding Viterbi detector with reduced complexity for EPRML system applications." Electronics Letters 36, no. 4 (2000): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20000297.

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Pham, D. M., A. B. Premkumar, and A. S. Madhukumar. "Reduced complexity analogue-to-residue conversion employing folding number system." IET Circuits, Devices & Systems 4, no. 1 (2010): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cds.2009.0129.

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Polinkovsky, Mark E., Yann Gambin, Michael Erickstad, Ashok Deniz, and Alex Groisman. "Inverse Temperature Jump System to Study Fast Protein Folding Kinetics." Biophysical Journal 102, no. 3 (January 2012): 448a—449a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2011.11.2460.

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Holland, Maria A., Silvia Budday, Gang Li, Dinggang Shen, Alain Goriely, and Ellen Kuhl. "Folding drives cortical thickness variations." European Physical Journal Special Topics 229, no. 17-18 (November 2020): 2757–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2020-000001-6.

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AbstractThe cortical thickness is a characteristic biomarker for a wide variety of neurological disorders. While the structural organization of the cerebral cortex is tightly regulated and evolutionarily preserved, its thickness varies widely between 1.5 and 4.5 mm across the healthy adult human brain. It remains unclear whether these thickness variations are a cause or consequence of cortical development. Recent studies suggest that cortical thickness variations are primarily a result of genetic effects. Previous studies showed that a simple homogeneous bilayered system with a growing layer on an elastic substrate undergoes a unique symmetry breaking into a spatially heterogeneous system with discrete gyri and sulci. Here, we expand on that work to explore the evolution of cortical thickness variations over time to support our finding that cortical pattern formation and thickness variations can be explained – at least in part – by the physical forces that emerge during cortical folding. Strikingly, as growth progresses, the developing gyri universally thicken and the sulci thin, even in the complete absence of regional information. Using magnetic resonance images, we demonstrate that these naturally emerging thickness variations agree with the cortical folding pattern in n = 9 healthy adult human brains, in n = 564 healthy human brains ages 7–64, and in n = 73 infant brains scanned at birth, and at ages one and two. Additionally, we show that cortical organoids develop similar patterns throughout their growth. Our results suggest that genetic, geometric, and physical events during brain development are closely interrelated. Understanding regional and temporal variations in cortical thickness can provide insight into the evolution and causative factors of neurological disorders, inform the diagnosis of neurological conditions, and assess the efficacy of treatment options.

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Saito, Kazuya, Shuhei Nomura, Shuhei Yamamoto, Ryuma Niiyama, and Yoji Okabe. "Investigation of hindwing folding in ladybird beetles by artificial elytron transplantation and microcomputed tomography." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 22 (May 15, 2017): 5624–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620612114.

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Ladybird beetles are high-mobility insects and explore broad areas by switching between walking and flying. Their excellent wing transformation systems enabling this lifestyle are expected to provide large potential for engineering applications. However, the mechanism behind the folding of their hindwings remains unclear. The reason is that ladybird beetles close the elytra ahead of wing folding, preventing the observation of detailed processes occurring under the elytra. In the present study, artificial transparent elytra were transplanted on living ladybird beetles, thereby enabling us to observe the detailed wing-folding processes. The result revealed that in addition to the abdominal movements mentioned in previous studies, the edge and ventral surface of the elytra, as well as characteristic shaped veins, play important roles in wing folding. The structures of the wing frames enabling this folding process and detailed 3D shape of the hindwing were investigated using microcomputed tomography. The results showed that the tape spring-like elastic frame plays an important role in the wing transformation mechanism. Compared with other beetles, hindwings in ladybird beetles are characterized by two seemingly incompatible properties: (i) the wing rigidity with relatively thick veins and (ii) the compactness in stored shapes with complex crease patterns. The detailed wing-folding process revealed in this study is expected to facilitate understanding of the naturally optimized system in this excellent deployable structure.

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Zhao, De Ying, Lian Dong Zhang, and Li Na Sun. "Forming Mechanism of Folding Defect within Closed Die Forming Car Steering Knuckle." Materials Science Forum 704-705 (December 2011): 240–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.704-705.240.

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Steering knuckle is the key part of vehicle steering system. The forming technology combined closed die pre-forging with open finish-forging has some advantages such as higher material utilization ratio and lower forming forces and so on. While simulating the closed die extrusion forming process of car steering knuckle, folding defect emerges on the contact area of Branch I and lower punch in the lateral extrusion process. The forming mechanism of the folding defect is studied by numerical simulations and experiments, which mainly consider the influence of lower punch shape and size, extrusion speed and friction conditions to folding length. The results show that the main factors that affect folding defects are the lower punch shape and size. Keywords: steering knuckle, folding defect, closed die forming, numerical simulation, experiment study

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