Relevant bibliographies by topics / Folk literature

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Folk literature'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Folk literature"

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V.B., Dr Rama Rao Vadapalli. "Folklore, Folk Literature, Folkloristics." POETCRIT 32, no. 2 (June 20, 2019): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32381/poet.2019.32.02.11.

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Kelsey, W. Michael, and Damiana L. Eugenio. "Philippine Folk Literature: An Anthology." Asian Folklore Studies 44, no. 2 (1985): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1178523.

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Retherford, Robert, and Damiana L. Eugenio. "Philippine Folk Literature: The Myths." Asian Folklore Studies 56, no. 1 (1997): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1178808.

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Lindell, Kristina, and Damiana Eugenio. "ASEAN Folk Literature: An Anthology." Asian Folklore Studies 58, no. 1 (1999): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1178896.

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Seçiniz, Lütfen. "III - Fruit ın Folk Literature." Journal of Turkish Studies Volume 3 Issue 5, no. 3 (2008): 155–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/turkishstudies.416.

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Bhutta, Saeed. "Folk Literature of Sikh Period." Makhz 2, no. II (June 30, 2021): 370–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.47205/makhz.2021(2-ii)31.

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Ferris, William. "Southern Literature and Folk Humor." Southern Cultures 1, no. 4 (1995): 431–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/scu.1995.0043.

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N, Krishnaveni, and Rajeswari G. "Folk Literature in Nalayira Divya Prabandham." International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-16 (December 12, 2022): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt224s1621.

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Folk literature is the mirror of society. Folk literature reflects the experiences and feelings of the rural people. The customs, rituals, ceremonies and traditions of the country people are expressed in folk literature. The nature of folk literature is seen in many ways. One of them is Nalayira Divya Prabandham, the Vaishnava literatry work. The Alwars composed hymns describing the virtues of Tirumal's marriage and incarnations and showed it up in folk literature. Alwars also sung many lullabies. They have sung a folk song called "Pallandu Vaalththu”. The nature of a woman who is in love with God can be known through the proverbs. Alwars have shown that they celebrated festivals two thousand years ago itself. The repetition of a word in folk literature is one of its characteristics. The opinions of scholars related to folklore are explained in this article. This article reflects the nature of folk literature in Nalayira Divya Prabandham.
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AVDYLİ, Merxhan, and Veli KRYEZİU. "Folk Songs about Canakkale in Albanian History and Literature." Rast Müzikoloji Dergisi 10, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 289–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.12975/rastmd.20221028.

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Albanian culture coexisted for a period of over 500 years with Ottoman culture, at the turn of the new century, along with the Balkan troubles that led to the continued embrace of the transition from an old culture to the ideology of the Young Turk movement, and the continuation of joint Albanian-Turkish actions, in order to protect the Albanian Vilayets from the Serbo-Montenegrin occupiers. Early nineteenth-century Turkey emerged from bloody wars on all sides of its borders and from a weak government led by Abdul Hamid II faced a new war in 1915 now in defense of the Dardanelles in the bloodiest battle "The Battle of Canakkale". The First World War found Albanians divided and occupied in some of its territories, however, from 1912 Albania had declared Independence, but Kosovo, Skopje and Bitola, Ulcinj and Bar had remained outside the borders, while Chameria - the South of Albania had been invaded by Greece. During the First World War a large number of Albanians remained in the Turkish military service, many others joined the Turkish army, mainly Albanians who had migrated to Turkey from the violence of the Serbo-Montenegrin invaders, as well as some more from Kosovo, Skopje, Tetovo, Presevo, Shkodra, Ulcinj, etc who volunteered to help the Turkish army. According to history, oral literature and written documents, many Albanians died heroically, it is said that about 25,000 martyrs had died in this battle. In their honor, the Albanian people composed songs, it is worth mentioning the "song dedicated to the Battle of Canakkale" by the most prominent folklorists of the Albanian nation. Our research was done through a semi-structured interview with: 5 teachers of Albanian literature (at the same time master’s students at the University "Kadri Zeka" in Gjilan, Kosovo); 5 history teachers (at the same time master’s students at the University of Prishtina “Hasan Prishtina”, Prishtina, Kosovo); 2 independent researchers from the Institute of History "Ali Hadri" Prishtina, Kosovo.
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Wood, Juliette, and Wolfgang Mieder. "Tradition and Innovation in Folk Literature." Modern Language Review 84, no. 4 (October 1989): 909. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3731167.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Folk literature"

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Bellew, Sheilah Marie. "Integrating folk literature into a meaning center curriculum." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1992. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/709.

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Brocken, Michael. "The British folk revival : an analysis of folk/popular dichotomies from a popular music studies perspective." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266140.

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Bailey, Ebony Lynne. "Re(Making) the Folk: The Folk in Early African American Folklore Studies and Postbellum, Pre-Harlem Literature." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1594919307993345.

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Strain, Catherine Benson. "Folk Medicine in Southern Appalachian Fiction." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2002. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/720.

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The region of Southern Appalachia, long known for its colorful storytellers, is also rich in folk medical lore and practice. In their Appalachian novels, Lucy Furman, Emma Bell Miles, Mildred Haun, Catherine Marshall, Harriette Arnow, Lee Smith, and Charles Frazier, feature folk medicine prominently in their narratives. The novels studied, set against the backdrop of the rise of official medicine, are divided into three major time periods that correspond to important chapters in the history of American medicine: the 1890s through the 1930s; the 1940s through the 1960s; and the 1970s through the present. The study of folk medicine, a sub-specialty of the academic discipline of folklore, gains significance with the current rise in distrust of official medicine and a return to medical folkways of our past. The authors studied here have performed an ethnological role in collecting and preserving with great care and authenticity many of the Appalachian regionÆs folk medical beliefs and practices.
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Millington, Peter Thomas. "The origins and development of English folk plays." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2002. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/13/.

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This thesis concerns those English folk plays whose plots are centred on the quack doctor character. Earlier researchers proposed three possible origins for these plays: a non-specific mystery play from the time of the crusades, some pre- Christian fertility ritual, and primitive shamanism. All three proposals were based on over-general comparisons, and relied on the key assumption that a continuous history can be traced back from before modern plays to the relevant era. However, in contrast with other customs, no evidence can be found for these plays before the 18th century, despite diligent searching. These theories are therefore disproved. Instead, it is proposed that the plays were attached in the early to mid 18th century to existing house-visiting customs. These were probably the source of the non-representational costumes that are sometimes worn. There is also evidence for the influence of the conventions of the English Harlequinade. The provenance of the scripts is unknown, but similarities between them suggest they ultimately derived from a single proto-text. A full-text database of 181 texts and fragments was built for investigation using cluster analysis, distribution mapping and other computerised techniques, some of which are novel. The cluster analysis has generated a new classification for the play texts that both confirms and extends the established typology. Comparison of the attributes of the clusters, aided by distribution mapping, has resulted in a putative genealogy for the plays that is presented for discussion. Trellis graphing has revealed a core of common lines that can be assembled into a viable script. This represents a reconstructed proto-text, although it requires consolidation with further evidence. Bibliometric analysis suggests that more archival research is needed in the century ending about 1750, which is the key period for the genesis of the plays.
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Hemmig, Christopher T. "Peripheral Agents: Marginality in Arab Folk Narrative." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1245358153.

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Furey, Simon. "Harmony in discord : an analysis of Catalan folk song." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2002. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/962/.

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Traditional folk song is a reflection of the society that creates it. In the Catalan case it reflects not only Catalan society but also those of Valencia and the Balearic Islands, for whom forms of the Catalan language are native. This present thesis investigates the corpus of folk song in Catalan and puts it into the context of the nation states that encompass it, i.e. France and Spain. The great era of European folk-song collection was between the mid-19th century and the First World War. The early part of this period coincides with the Catalan Renaixença: the revival of interest in Catalan language and culture. However, in the Catalan case, extensive song collection continued through the cultural periods of Modernisme and Noucentisme and up until the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. Much was documented in the publications of the Obra del cançoner popular de Catalunya, but even that great unfinished work has had no critical appraisal to date. A second theme of this thesis is therefore to begin such an appraisal, and put the work into the context of all of the major Catalan folk-song collections, which contain thousands of songs collected in both France and Spain. All the songs considered here are to be found in books, journals and recordings published between 1852 and 2001. The subject matter and song types are described and categorised, ranging from ballads and love songs to drinking songs and Christmas carols. The songs of the Països Catalans are compared with the music and songs of other traditions to identify influences and possible sources of specific material. With reference to work currently (c. 2001) taking place in Catalonia, the focus of this thesis ranges from the descriptive to the interpretative and analytical. The analyses consider words and music taken together, with performance too where possible. Because the song corpus is large but not well known, this thesis may be used as a high-level reference source to find the material. A computer-based indexing system (a database) has been developed as part of this project with the ambition of eventually providing a single, unified and more detailed reference source for all of the songs, centred on the field work of the still incomplete Obra del cançoner popular de Catalunya. The thesis is accompanied by a CD-ROM (PC only) containing the database as it currently stands. An additional database is also provided on the CD-ROM: a much-needed index of the contents of the Romancerillo Catalán of Manuel Milà i Fontanals. The databases are tools for continuing research and indicators of significant directions that future work might follow.
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何倬榮 and Cheuk-wing Ho. "Engendering children: from folk tales to fairy tales." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31227363.

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譚達先 and Tat-sin Tam. "Folk literature and the Zaju (Northern drama) of the YuanDynasty, 1279-1368." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1989. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31232395.

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Mitchell, Scott Alan. ""You have no right to do such a thing" : an insider study of entitlement of spirit child narratives in Mormon communities /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1426089.

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Books on the topic "Folk literature"

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Eugenio, Damiana L. Philippine folk literature: The folk songs. Malate, Manila, Philippines: De La Salle University Press, 1996.

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Sazdov, Tome. Macedonian folk literature. Skopje: Macedonian Review Editions, 1987.

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L, Eugenio Damiana, ed. Philippine folk literature. Quezon City: University of the Philippines, 2002.

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L, Eugenio Damiana, and National Research Council of the Philippines., eds. Philippine folk literature. Quezon City: U.P. Folklorists, Inc., 1987.

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L, Eugenio Damiana, ed. Philippine folk literature. Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1994.

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L, Eugenio Damiana, ed. Philippine folk literature. Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1993.

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L, Eugenio Damiana, ed. Philippine folk literature. Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 2002.

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L, Eugenio Damiana, ed. Philippine folk literature. Quezon City, Philippines: U.P. Folklorists, U.P. Diliman, 1992.

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L, Eugenio Damiana, ed. Philippine folk literature. Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 2001.

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L, Eugenio Damiana, ed. Philippine folk literature. Diliman, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Folk literature"

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Huang, Yonglin. "Popular Literature, Elite Literature and Folk Literature." In Narrative of Chinese and Western Popular Fiction, 23–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-57575-8_2.

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Zheng, Zhenduo. "What Is “Folk Literature”." In History of Chinese Folk Literature, 1–12. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5445-9_1.

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Brouwer, S. "Folk-tale and novel." In Convention and Innovation in Literature, 165. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/upal.24.10bro.

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Zheng, Zhenduo. "Folk Literature in the Han Dynasty." In History of Chinese Folk Literature, 43–103. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5445-9_3.

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Saxby, Maurice. "Archetypal Literature: Folk and Fairy Stories." In Give Them Wings, 91–114. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15154-7_6.

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Zheng, Zhenduo. "Folk Songs in the Qing Dynasty." In History of Chinese Folk Literature, 563–603. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5445-9_14.

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Zheng, Zhenduo. "Folk Songs in the Ming Dynasty." In History of Chinese Folk Literature, 453–89. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5445-9_10.

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Zheng, Zhenduo. "Folk Songs in the Six Dynasties." In History of Chinese Folk Literature, 105–48. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5445-9_4.

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Zheng, Zhenduo. "Tanci, a Literary Form Featured with Story-Telling to the Accompaniment of the Stringed Instruments." In History of Chinese Folk Literature, 521–45. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5445-9_12.

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Zheng, Zhenduo. "Sanqu, a Type of Verse in the Yuan Dynasty." In History of Chinese Folk Literature, 363–451. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5445-9_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Folk literature"

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Mouli, T. Sai Chandra. "Sustaining Folk Literature: A Study." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2022. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2022.7-7.

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Folk literature is integral to all languages. Verbal and nonverbal forms of folk literature are all pervasive. Verbal forms include proverbs, riddles, lullabies, tales, and ballads, among others. The nonverbal form encompasses dances, games, toys, and objects comprising ethnic designs and flavors. A community’s outlook is shaped by these forms. By and large, folk literature in South Indian languages is performance-oriented, and music is an essential component of the same. The written form has a greater status than the oral presentation. Thus ‘highbrow’ or classical literature enjoys greater status than ‘popular’ or ‘folk literature.’ For thousands of years, humans communicated orally, not with the stylus nor pen. With the advent of printing technology, the explosion of electronic media and the inconceivable impact of information technology, folk literature seems to be waning. This has survived on account of performances by people who live in rural areas and who are generally not so well educated. The same technology should be employed to further the study of folk literature and to preserve the folk literature in Asian countries, as elsewhere. Translation of folk literature into a global language such as English assists in preserving this and in offering the language a greater reach. Making use of online tools in the transmission and the sharing of data is imperative. This presentation seeks to focus attention on efforts made in this direction in South India.
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Pan, Xiaoyu. "Sing a Folk Song to You-Literature Research of Dabie Mountain Folk Songs." In International Conference on Education, Management and Computing Technology (ICEMCT-16). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icemct-16.2016.104.

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Andalas, Eggy, and Hidayah Qur’ani. "Masculine Domination: Gender Construction in Indonesian Folk Literature." In Proceedings of the 1st Seminar and Workshop on Research Design, for Education, Social Science, Arts, and Humanities, SEWORD FRESSH 2019, April 27 2019, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. EAI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.27-4-2019.2286838.

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Efimova, Natalya Igorevna, Tatyana Arkadyevna Zolotova, and Ekaterina Andreevna Plotnikova. "Folk literature databases: new forms of local material organization (a case study for the Republic of Mariy El folk literature)." In VIII International applied research conference. TSNS Interaktiv Plus, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-80231.

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"Studies on Uygur Folk Story Translation by Zhao Shijie." In 2018 International Conference on Culture, Literature, Arts & Humanities. Francis Academic Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.25236/icclah.18.076.

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"An examination of the study of network folk literature." In 2020 International Conference on Social and Human Sciences. Scholar Publishing Group, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.38007/proceedings.0000200.

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"A STUDY ON FOLK LITERATURE RESOURCES TO VIDEO GAME." In 15th International Conference on Interfaces and Human Computer Interaction 2021 and 14th International Conference on Game and Entertainment Technologies 2021. IADIS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33965/ihci_get2021_202105c031.

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Lili, Qin. "Research on Folk Literature in the age of big data." In 2020 International Conference on Computer Engineering and Application (ICCEA). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccea50009.2020.00035.

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Melnik, Natalya. "Ukrainian Folk Prose: Survey of Modern Social Actuals." In International Conference on New Trends in Languages, Literature and Social Communications (ICNTLLSC 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210525.008.

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"The Application of Folklore Implication in the Inheritance of Folk Art." In 2017 4th International Conference on Literature, Linguistics and Arts. Francis Academic Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.25236/iclla.2017.34.

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Reports on the topic "Folk literature"

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Bonde, Ane, Tom Østergard-Dahl, David Moore, Mark D. Wenner, and Vanessa Ramirez. Community-Driven Rural Development: What Have We Learned? Inter-American Development Bank, October 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008921.

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The purpose of this paper is to identify best practices in the design and implementation of community-driven rural development (CDRD) projects in Central America with special emphasis on Nicaragua. The methodology used in this study is two-fold. First, a literature review of the academic literature (chapter 2) and donor agency project documents and consultant reports (chapter 3) for Central America was conducted to understand key advances in the field and to derive a set of common findings. Second, field inter-views with key stakeholders and focus group interviews (about 30) were held in Nicaragua, covering four different rural community development projects. The selection of communities to be interviewed (chapter 4) was done in a manner that permitted obtaining a nonrandom, but stratified sample in terms of geography (Pacific coastal plain, Central highlands, and Atlantic humid tropical forest) and type of sectoral intervention (a project that emphasized building productive agricultural activities; a project that emphasized improved on-farm natural resource management; and a project that emphasized construction of road and wharves). Findings from the review informed the fieldwork. Chapter 5 presents summary lessons learned from the field, while chapter 6 offers recommendations to improve new project design and implementation.
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O'Connor, Jack, Magdalena Mirwald, Christina Widjaja, Architesh Panda, Jessica Pinheiro, and Soenke Kreft. Technical Report: Uninsurable future. United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS), October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53324/yodt6712.

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Insurance is a tool for financial risk management used by individuals, organizations, governments and businesses to safeguard themselves against the risk of uncertain financial losses, such as those occurring as a result of damage during an unexpected disaster. However, providing insurance in areas prone to natural hazard events (for example wildfires, droughts, storms, floods) has long been a challenge, and as extreme weather events around the world become more frequent and severe, the increasing cost of the damage they inflict is pushing the industry to breaking point in certain areas. Since the 1970s, damages from weather-related disasters have increased seven-fold, with 2022 alone seeing $313 billion in global economic losses. Climate change is dramatically shifting the landscape of risks, with the number of severe and frequent disasters forecast to double globally by 2040, causing insurance prices to rise and threatening the viability of insurance as an option for many. As we see areas around the world being hit with increasingly expensive damages and being pushed towards a tipping point of “uninsurability”, this report delves into the various underlying drivers of the problem, and the actions we can take to avoid it. This technical background report for the 2023 edition of the Interconnected Disaster Risks report analyses the root causes, drivers, impacts and potential solutions for the space debris risk tipping point our world is facing through an analysis of academic literature, media articles and expert interviews.
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McCarthy, Noel, Eileen Taylor, Martin Maiden, Alison Cody, Melissa Jansen van Rensburg, Margaret Varga, Sophie Hedges, et al. Enhanced molecular-based (MLST/whole genome) surveillance and source attribution of Campylobacter infections in the UK. Food Standards Agency, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ksj135.

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This human campylobacteriosis sentinel surveillance project was based at two sites in Oxfordshire and North East England chosen (i) to be representative of the English population on the Office for National Statistics urban-rural classification and (ii) to provide continuity with genetic surveillance started in Oxfordshire in October 2003. Between October 2015 and September 2018 epidemiological questionnaires and genome sequencing of isolates from human cases was accompanied by sampling and genome sequencing of isolates from possible food animal sources. The principal aim was to estimate the contributions of the main sources of human infection and to identify any changes over time. An extension to the project focussed on antimicrobial resistance in study isolates and older archived isolates. These older isolates were from earlier years at the Oxfordshire site and the earliest available coherent set of isolates from the national archive at Public Health England (1997/8). The aim of this additional work was to analyse the emergence of the antimicrobial resistance that is now present among human isolates and to describe and compare antimicrobial resistance in recent food animal isolates. Having identified the presence of bias in population genetic attribution, and that this was not addressed in the published literature, this study developed an approach to adjust for bias in population genetic attribution, and an alternative approach to attribution using sentinel types. Using these approaches the study estimated that approximately 70% of Campylobacter jejuni and just under 50% of C. coli infection in our sample was linked to the chicken source and that this was relatively stable over time. Ruminants were identified as the second most common source for C. jejuni and the most common for C. coli where there was also some evidence for pig as a source although less common than ruminant or chicken. These genomic attributions of themselves make no inference on routes of transmission. However, those infected with isolates genetically typical of chicken origin were substantially more likely to have eaten chicken than those infected with ruminant types. Consumption of lamb’s liver was very strongly associated with infection by a strain genetically typical of a ruminant source. These findings support consumption of these foods as being important in the transmission of these infections and highlight a potentially important role for lamb’s liver consumption as a source of Campylobacter infection. Antimicrobial resistance was predicted from genomic data using a pipeline validated by Public Health England and using BIGSdb software. In C. jejuni this showed a nine-fold increase in resistance to fluoroquinolones from 1997 to 2018. Tetracycline resistance was also common, with higher initial resistance (1997) and less substantial change over time. Resistance to aminoglycosides or macrolides remained low in human cases across all time periods. Among C. jejuni food animal isolates, fluoroquinolone resistance was common among isolates from chicken and substantially less common among ruminants, ducks or pigs. Tetracycline resistance was common across chicken, duck and pig but lower among ruminant origin isolates. In C. coli resistance to all four antimicrobial classes rose from low levels in 1997. The fluoroquinolone rise appears to have levelled off earlier and among animals, levels are high in duck as well as chicken isolates, although based on small sample sizes, macrolide and aminoglycoside resistance, was substantially higher than for C. jejuni among humans and highest among pig origin isolates. Tetracycline resistance is high in isolates from pigs and the very small sample from ducks. Antibiotic use following diagnosis was relatively high (43.4%) among respondents in the human surveillance study. Moreover, it varied substantially across sites and was highest among non-elderly adults compared to older adults or children suggesting opportunities for improved antimicrobial stewardship. The study also found evidence for stable lineages over time across human and source animal species as well as some tighter genomic clusters that may represent outbreaks. The genomic dataset will allow extensive further work beyond the specific goals of the study. This has been made accessible on the web, with access supported by data visualisation tools.
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Gherman, Iulia, Victoria Cohen, Daniel Lloyd, Wioleta Trzaska, Niall Grieve, Johanna Jackson, Elaine Pegg, and Anthony Wilson. Risk of campylobacteriosis from low-throughput poultry slaughterhouses. Food Standards Agency, July 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.xkw971.

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Abstract:
Campylobacter is the most common cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the UK. Every year there are an estimated 300,000 foodborne cases in the UK, of which more than half are related to poultry meat. Campylobacter naturally lives in the guts of poultry. Undercooked chicken meat is the main source of exposure to Campylobacter. Thorough cooking kills Campylobacter. Cross-contamination of other food or work surfaces during preparation or storage of chicken can also cause illness. Campylobacter levels are routinely monitored in chicken carcases that are processed in high-throughput slaughterhouses, but this testing is not currently carried out in some low-throughput slaughterhouses. Each high-throughput slaughterhouse processes more than 7.5 million birds per year and each low-throughput slaughterhouse processes less than 7.5 million birds per year. Of the 1 billion birds that are slaughtered annually in the UK, around 5% come from low-throughout slaughterhouses. This report estimates the difference in risk of campylobacteriosis for products from low-throughput and high-throughput poultry slaughterhouses in the UK. This was necessary work to assist the FSA in establishing an appropriate level of sampling for low-throughput slaughterhouses. We considered the whole pathway of the chicken from farm to fork using the scientific literature, data from our own survey of Campylobacter in slaughterhouses (FS9990010), and business data and information on UK levels of infection. Campylobacter levels over a 3-month period (September to December 2021) from chicken processed by low and high-throughput slaughterhouses were the main data used for our comparison. We could find no data on differences in the supply of birds to low- versus high-throughput abattoirs, and no data on differences in the use of the meat after leaving the slaughterhouses. Based on analysis of the limited survey data available, we could not detect a significant difference between the proportion of highly contaminated samples from low- and high-throughput slaughterhouses. We also could not detect a significant difference in Campylobacter levels in slaughterhouses that perform religious slaughter versus those that do not. Based on the number of chickens per year that are processed by low and high-throughput slaughterhouses, we estimated the number of Campylobacter cases in the UK annually that are likely linked to low- and high-throughput slaughterhouses respectively. Based on the evidence available, we conclude that the frequency of occurrence of campylobacteriosis in the total UK population from chicken produced in low-throughput slaughterhouses is medium and for high-throughput slaughterhouses is high, with a medium uncertainty, as a direct consequence of the relative volume of chicken produced by each type of plant. The severity of campylobacteriosis is low, with low uncertainty. This assumes that the proportion of the total domestic consumption of chicken meat originating from low-throughput slaughterhouses does not change. The current sampling regime requires samples to be taken once a week. If more than 15 out of 50 of samples have high levels of Campylobacter, this is considered a failure and mitigations need to be put in place. We predicted that if samples are taken once every two weeks or once every four weeks instead, that would still allow us to identify some slaughterhouses failing to comply with the 15/50 exceedance rate. However, identifying issues will take longer and may not detect some failing slaughterhouses. Sampling requirements are not consistently applied in low-throughput slaughterhouses, and we did not have access to data on the steps taken when slaughterhouses recorded high levels of Campylobacter. Therefore, it was not possible to state the effect of changes in sampling requirements on per-portion risk. However, due to the small proportion of total poultry meat consumed in the UK that is produced at low-throughput slaughterhouses, changes to the official sampling requirements at low-throughput slaughterhouses are unlikely to result in a large difference in the frequency of occurrence of campylobacteriosis in the UK population.
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