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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Folkvandringstid'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Virtala, Carolina. "Jämtländska reliefspännebärare : Ledande kvinnor under folkvandringstid." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Arkeologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-154941.

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This paper deals with two women who wore relief brooches from Häste and Brunflo during the Migration period in Jämtland. The purpose of the essay is to investigate similarities and differences in the women’s relief brooches, graves and places in order to understand the women’s relations to each other and their time. The essay has implemented gender theory and a comparative method, complemented by a landscape analysis. The conclusion is that the women from Häste and Brunflo were leaders during their time.
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2

Erlandsson, Karl-Oskar. "Öländska centralplatser under romersk järnålder och folkvandringstid." Thesis, Linnaeus University, School of Cultural Sciences, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-7163.

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Genom att titta på utvalda kategorier av fasta fornlämningar, fornfynd och platsnamn lokaliserar uppsatsen centralplatser på Öland under folkvandringstid. Kategorierna som har studerats närmre är fynd av guld, glas, bronsstatyetter, svärd och svärdsdetaljer, fornborgar, storgårdar samt platsnamn indikerande gudanamn och kultplatser. Centralplatsindikatorer från romersk järnålder har också gåtts igenom i syftet att få en bild av även denna periods centralområden på Öland. Resultaten har sedan jämförts och kontinuitet respektive diskontinuitet diskuterats. Resultaten har även jämförts med tidigare studier av centralområden och sett om dessa har gått att vidimera eller falsifiera.


This study has located central places from the Migration Period on Öland by studying chosen categories of ancient monuments, archaeological finds and place names. The chosen categories are gold, glass, bronze statuettes, swords and sword details, hillforts, large farms and place names indicating names from the gods and places of worship. I have also studied indications of central places from the Roman Iron Age, to get a picture of the central areas from this period too. The results from the two periods have then been compared and continuity and discontinuity is discussed. The results has also been compared with earlier research and watched if their theories have been possible to certify or falsify.

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3

Hellstam, Antonia. "Hunner eller heruler? : Skånes kontinentala kontakter under folkvandringstid." Thesis, Högskolan på Gotland, Institutionen för kultur, energi och miljö, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hgo:diva-1493.

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The intention of this paper is to explore the contacts between the Swedish province of Scania and Southeastern Europe in the Migration Period. This has been done through comparative studies of four object categories. Parallels to glass, horse trappings, jewellery with inlays and sword decorations found in Scania have been studied in southeastern and centralEurope, as well as the cultures of peoples involved in the Migration processes. The conclusion is that contacts were upheld in several ways: through trade, exchange, alliances and gifts. Old trade routes along the Vistula were used in the south-easterly direction to the Pontic area but were changed to the Moravian Gatein the latter half of the period, while westerly routes probably worked most of the time. The Heruls are thought to have been an important link between Scandinavia,Southeastern Europeand the Huns.
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Rahm, Annabell. "Jordbruk och järnproduktion i Jämtland : Två näringar i södra Storsjöbygden under folkvandringstid." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Arkeologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-101411.

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This essay is about two areas called Hackås and Myrviken, situated in the middle of Sweden around the lake Storsjön. In Hackås we can see traces after an early agrarian settlement, and in Myrviken we find Jämtlands largest concentration of ironmaking sites from around 400 AD. There are no clear evidence of the agrarian settlement in Myrviken, and only two ironmaking sites in Hackås. These two economies functioned at the same time, but were clearly separated. My purpose is to discuss if it was the farmers of Hackås who made iron in Myrviken, or if it was somebody else.
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Lindbom, Peter. "Vapnen i wreccornas tid, 150-500 e.Kr. : om de romerska auxiliarpilspetsarna och den västliga traditionens framväxt /." Uppsala : Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, Uppsala universitet, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7253.

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Lukas, Lina. "Kammen, ett litet, men ack så betydande föremål : Dess utseende, funktion och betydelse under folkvandringstid och vendeltid." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antikens kultur, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-177874.

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This essay deals with combs typological developments in shape and apperance during the Migration period and Vendel period, 400 - 700 A.D. as well as their meaning and function in society. The importance of combs mentioned in folklore and mythologies, with focus on both life and death. The combs and their significance are put into an everyday context, from begin a functional object to be a social status carrying symbol in society.
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7

Lövgren, Tobias. "Norrlands småkungadömen." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-184932.

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Northern Sweden’s petty kingdoms have been described in historical documents dating as far back as the Roman iron age, as more-or-less independent and self-governing smaller principalities. Previous examination of them has determined at least thirteen probable independent petty kingdoms during the Swedish iron age and migration period, which could be an interpretation influenced by the historical accounts of Prokopios. This paper aims to re-examine their makeup and function from historical sources, geographical and archaeologically contextual factors and whether the term “petty kingdom” is the descriptor most apt for them or not. There are possible origins from and connections to middle Sweden, to Finland, Estland and Russia which puts the independence of these pettykingdoms in question, as well as archaeological analysis of the identified kingdom sites from a perspective other than as an administrative and/or political center, which could lead to an understanding of their purpose and use.
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Sandberg, Viktoria. "Den analfabetiska ön : Om runinskrifternas relation till centralplatser under folkvandringstiden i Sverige." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper (KV), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-48764.

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This essay studies the runic inscriptions from the Migration period in Sweden and their connection to central places. The essays main focus is to identify the find location of the runic inscriptions and through that investigate if they appear in or nearby a central place from the same time period. The essay is divided into three different parts, in the first part I locate the runic inscriptions location of discovery. The second part contains locating defined central places or central areas in or nearby the location of the runic inscriptions. In the last part I separate the runic inscriptions and the objects material on which it is found upon, in order to identify if it is the inscription itself, or the object itself, which can be linked to centrality in the landscape. The result of the study shows that 10 % of the treated runic inscriptions are found in a defined central place during the Migration period in Sweden. 67 % of the runic inscriptions has been found in defined central areas, which all together means that 77 % of the treated runic inscriptions are connected to centrality in the landscape during the Migration period in Sweden. Furthermore, 15 % of the inscriptions can possibly be linked to central areas and the last 8 % show no connection to any sort of centrality in the landscape.
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Andersson, Tove. "Det är lättare att möta gudarna berusad : Om keramik och dryckesritualer i Sverige under yngre järnålder." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper (KV), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-69826.

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Jugs with tubular handles are a special type of ceramics, which is rarely discussed in the literature. The jugs has a beautiful decor and a handle with a channel. The vessels have been interpreted as puzzle vessels, mugs for kids or vessels for libation. The sites where these jugs have been found are very exclusive and the decoration on the vessels can be related to ideas from the Nordic mythology. In some cases, the decor is telling the story about Suttung’s mead. Two places are of special interest namely the ringfort at Sandby borg, Öland and the settlement on the island of Helgö in Lake Mälaren, central Sweden.
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Karlsson, Maria. "Sveriges första glasverkstad? : En undersökning av glasfynd från Sandby borg och andra tidiga glashantverksplatser i Sverige." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper (KV), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-69758.

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This paper examined whether Sandby borg has had a domestic manufacture of pearls. Other locations in Sweden with early signs of glass production are presented to investigate possible similarities with Sandby borg. Ocular and chemical analysis of beads and raw glass material from Sandby borg has been made to obtain more information before interpretation. XRF is used in the chemical analysis of the glass material to obtain the composition in the glass. One of the objectives of this paper is to try to identify which sites are considered a central location. To investigate the selected locations and if they can be referred to as central places. I use two different models to ease the interpretations. The first is Charlotte Fabech and Jytte Ringtveds pyramid of the arkeological material in central places and the other Bertil Helgesson's concept phenomenon, function, location and person. To investigate the different places as a glass production site, different criteria are used to make it easier to interpret a domestic glassware making.
I denna uppsats undersöktes det om Sandby borg har haft en inhemsk tillverkning av pärlor. Andra platser med tidiga tecken på glashantverk i Sverige presenteras för att undersöka eventuella likheter med Sandby borg. Det har gjorts okulär och kemisk analys av pärlor och smältor från Sandby borg för att få fram mer information innan tolkning. XRF metoden används i den kemiska analysen av glasmaterialet för att få fram sammansättningen i glaset. Ett av målen med denna uppsats är att försöka identifiera vilka platser som betraktas som en centralplats. För att undersöka de utvalda platserna och ifall de kan benämnas som centralplatser använder jag två olika modeller för att underlätta tolkningarna. Den första är Charlotte Fabech och Jytte Ringtveds pyramid om centralplatser och den andra Bertil Helgessons begrepp fenomen, funktion, lokalisering och person. För att identifiera utvalda platser som glashantverksplats användes olika kriterierna som karakteriserar en glashantverksplats. Sedan presenteras resultat av den XRF undersökning som gjordes på materialet från Sandby borg. Därefter diskuterades frågan om det förekommit en inhemsk tillverkning av pärlor i Sandby borg och resultaten jämfördes med de andra utvalda platserna i Sverige.
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Eriksson, Annelie. "Påtåker – boplatskontinuitet och hantverk : En avgränsande geokemisk prospektering av en möjlig metallbearbetningsplats från slutet aväldre järnålder och början av folkvandringstid i Sollentuna socken, Uppland." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antikens kultur, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-161893.

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This paper deals with the Iron age settlement continuity and the meaning of craftsmanship locals during this time period up until the middle of the Merovingian time. It also deals with the analysis of a metal craftsmanship local at the same location, where a multi element based geochemical prospect has been made to search for information about metal craftsmanship. This was done in an attempt to define if there was one such local or not and if it is concentrated to this location.
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Andersson, Christoffer. "Runsa - A hilltop settlement during the Migration Period : Distinguishing spatiality and organization through analyzing chemical imprints of daily activities." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Arkeologiska forskningslaboratoriet, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-77282.

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Archaeologists have long noted the striking monumentality and large-scale efforts behind the Iron Age hilltop settlements. Yet, because of limited excavations, they represent a controversial part of the Migration Period society and much of their function remains hidden. This paper deals with questions concerning the inner organization and activities that took place within the Iron Age hilltop settlement at Runsa. The study is linked to the ongoing project ”Runsa fornborg –En befast centralplats i ostra Malardalen under folkvandringstid” which aims to investigate the socio-political functions of Runsa. In an attempt to establish a nuanced picture and distinguish space use within the hilltop settlement, a multi-variable approach is used. Alongside more traditional methods, element analysis by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) and lipid analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is emphasized.
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13

Palmqvist, Fredrik. "Domarringarnas placering i landskapet : En studie av nordligaste Smålands järnåldersbygd." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Arkeologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-154049.

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In this essay I analyze the stone circles known as domarringar in northern Småland. In order to understand the stone circles, one must understand the society that built them, I argue. Therefore I first date them so I can put them in a context. After dating them to late Roman Iron Age and Migration period, I discuss hill forts, gold bracteates and rotary querns as a starting point for understanding the society and ideology that built the stone circles. I argue that the stone circles are a product of the midgård-ideology and that they have to be understood in that light. The stone circles are always found close to a road and often relatively high in the landscape. They manifest boundaries in the landscape.
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Hultman, Maja. "Att rekonstruera förhistoriska odlingsförutsättningar : första steget i en metodutveckling." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-114073.

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The aim of this work is to take the first step into a development process, with the intention to find a way of making prehistoric soil fertility a variable in archaeological landscape analysis. A pilot study is performed on the Mälar basin area, where four topographical and geological factors are reclassified and then combined, resulting in a map which expresses a relative indication of agriculture potential. The map is then compared to the distribution of Migration Period graves and gold finds. This, however, does not mean that the technique is tied to a certain prehistoric period. Because the work is intrinsically experimental, the technique as a whole is finally discussed and evaluated, and suggestions of improvements and further studies are made.

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Andersson, Björn. "En öländsk historia : Fornborgar och övriga delar av södra och mellersta Ölands järnålderssamhälle." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper (KV), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-39062.

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This essay is focused on Öland during the Iron Age, with focus specifically on the Roman Iron Age and the Migration period. The study takes its starting point in the large number of fortifications that was active across Öland at the time. The essays main area of investigation will be the central and southern parts of Öland as the fortifications, together with other parts of the Iron Age society around them such as graves and settlement, will be presented. The landscape in which the fortifications and their surroundings are placed will also be described. With the Migration Period being a keyword for almost all the fortifications on Öland, the subject will also be to describe if any sort of change can be seen in the settlement patterns during this unstable and troubled time. This will all be presented trough sources describing work of the archaeological investigations that has been done in those places.
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Pilgren, Ludvig. "Borg, berg och bygd. : Selaötraktens fornborgar under den mellersta järnåldern." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antikens kultur, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-102046.

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This paper deals with hill-forts located on and directly south of Selaön, in the center of Mälardalen, Södermanland, dated to the late roman period and the migration period. Of special interest is differences and similarities between the forts when it comes to their morphology and the hills where they were built. Furthermore, their landscape has been examined and I have tried to put the hill-forts in relation to any iron age settlements.
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Lithman, Amanda. "Folkvandringstiden-en orolig tid : Debatten om kristiden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Arkeologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-324936.

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The migration period was played out during 400-550 AD. This period has also been called the Norths golden era. This is because of the substantial number of gold and jewellery finds from this period. Archaeologists has since the 1930s been debating if the migration period was a time of crisis. This is because of all the discoveries that has been made and interpret as a crisis in Europe. Both the abandonment of the stone settlements and the ring-forts in Öland and Gotland has been used as evidence of a catastrophic crisis. The purpose of this essay is to present the most debated interpretations of the migration period. The questions for this essay is: How does the debate look like from it´s beginning to our present day? Has the debate had any changes? Could the archaeologists have been influenced by their own society? The essay is based on literature studies and presents the different scientists thoughts in the debate. Both the ring-fort and the abandonment of the settlements have had a significant role in the debate and therefore will be presented in this essay. This essay shows that the debate has taken a lot of changes through the years. The conclusion is that archaeologists have been influenced by both their present times and the existing archaeological theory.   Keywords: Migration period, iron age, debate, crisis, climate change, stone-house settlements, ring-fort.
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Gustavsson, Petter. "Sandby borg : En komparativ studie av Ölands folkvandringstida befästningsanläggningar." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper (KV), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-39065.

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This essay is a comparative study on Migration period ring forts, centered on Sandbyborg, a ringfort situated on the southeastern shore of the Baltic island of Öland.Furthermore this essay focuses on the contemporary Iron Age society, and thestrategical implications of the ringforts in their function as fortifications. Certaininternational comparisons are made, in particular regarding the fortifications in theRoman empire.
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Leonardsson, Sasha. "Smålandsstenar och Närkes Norrby stenar : Domarringsgravfält och folkvandringstida bygder." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Arkeologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-168035.

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This essay is about the stone circles Norrby Stenar and Smålandsstenar. I will discuss them and their meaning from different angles. By doing that, I hope to understand the stone circles in relation to the society and landscape that surrounds them. These places are unique because there are only stone circles as a burial form there. It is also more then four stone circles on both grave sites. In order to understand these places I will compare them with each other and by others research. I will interpret the monuments through an identity perspective, in relation with the norse mythology.
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Viberg, Andreas. "Framtidens forntid : Geofysisk och geokemisk prospektering av järnåldersgården RAÄ 108, Fresta sn, Uppland." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7206.

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This paper deals with archaeological prospection of an Iron Age farm site in Toland, Fresta parish, Uppland County in Sweden. The purpose of the paper has been to see whether the geophysical methods applied (GPR & EM-38) could produce useful results that could motivate its use in similar surveys in the future. Geochemistry has been used for the purpose of identifying possible activity areas on the site. The results have shown that it is possible with a GPR survey to identify postholes originating from the Migration Period longhouse at the site. The combining of several methods have been important for the identification and interpretation of several areas of interest.

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Gran, Sofia. "Ser du ornamentiken? : En fenomenologisk studie om tre unika guldhalskragar från folkvandringstiden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-352957.

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The Migration period gold collars from Ålleberg, Färjestaden and Möne are three unique objects with a large amount of ornamentation. Ornamentation is often studied in a close perspective. This study goes from the normally used close perspective and studies the gold collars at a distance in their current museum environment at Statens Historiska Museum, SHM. The aim of the study is to nuance the research on gold collars ornaments by depriving from the perspective of museum. The main issue is how the collars appear at a distance and in motion and what knowledge the observation of the collars can contribute with. In order to answer the questions and fulfil the purpose of the study the theory is phenomenology. This is also included in the method, which is focused observation. The essay also indirectly tests if phenomenology is possible to use in a controlled environment. The Research material is primarily based on the observations of the gold collars in Statens Historiska Museum. It is also based on previous research and literature studies. The conclusion of the essay was that all three gold collars ornamentation appear similar at a distance, although there was a small difference in the ornamentation. Another conclusion is that it is not possible to say anything new about the social function of the collars in their present context, but that it could provide evidence of a theory presented by previous researchers.
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Alfsdotter, Clara. "Bad Death at Sandby borg : A Bioarchaeological Analysis of Intergroup Violence and Postmortem Agency of Unburied Corpses." Licentiate thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper (KV), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-73396.

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The subject of corpses from mass violence is surprisingly unexplored, even though the materiality of the corpse carries strong symbolic capital in conflicts. The aim of my PhD research is to create new knowledge about the implications of unburied corpses that stem from intergroup conflicts, and subsequently to add knowledge concerning how intergroup violence is organised to achieve desired social agendas. In the licentiate thesis presented here, I research the conditions for postmortem agency and how treatment of corpses can be studied in prehistory, specifically through the material remains of unburied corpses from the Sandby borg massacre. The Sandby borg case study is explored through a bioarchaeological perspective. Inside the Iron Age ringfort, the remains of at least 26 individuals have been recovered hitherto. Several of the dead display traces of lethal intergroup violence. By integrating osteology, archaeology, taphonomy and social theories, I show how bioarchaeological research can contribute to the understanding of past postmortem agency in relation to intergroup violence as a social process. The thesis is comprised of four articles.
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Larsson, Angelica. "Gyllene landskap : En landskapsstudie om brakteaters kontexter i Sydsverige." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper (KV), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-52305.

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In this theses I have investigated what a landscape perspective can say about communities during the Migration Period and what variations may have existed between them. I have done this by using landscape analysis on 16 selected south Swedish localities of bracteates. By analyzing the sites contexts, monument images and landscape formations I have been able to see similarities between places that indicate that the communities had interregional as well as continental contacts. My analysis has also shown that there were variations between sites in how the bracteates were deposited. Most of the bracteates have been found in hoards or as stray find, which indicates that they were not used as personal items. Instead it is more likely that there was some type of organization behind the deposits of the bracteates, that possibly even decided who got to wear bracteates when they were in use. Since the sites are all located close to different types of water sources it is possible that there were also religious reasons to why the bracteates have been deposited in these landscapes.
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Svedjemo, Gustaf. "Landscape Dynamics : Spatial analyses of villages and farms on Gotland AD 200-1700." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Arkeologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-219237.

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This dissertation deals with the long-term dynamics and fluctuations of settlements on Gotland for the period from AD 200 up until early modern times. The settlement structure on Gotland is most often described as very stable and consisting of solitary farms, established in the Iron Age. A contrasting view is presented by analyses of a vast source material from different periods. The source material consists of both physical remains, noted in the Swedish national Archaeological Sites Information System, FMIS and large scale historical maps, as well as other written sources. For the first studied period, the locations of some 2 000 houses are known, since they were constructed with sturdy stone walls and are thus preserved. The source material for the following periods is scarcer, but some hundred Viking Age sites are identified, mainly by the find places of silver hoards. By retrogressive analyses of historical maps, from the decades around the year 1700, and other written sources, later periods are analysed. All available data are gathered in geodatabases, which enables both generalised and detailed spatial and statistical analyses. The results of the analyses show a more varied picture, with great fluctuations in the number of farms; the existence of villages is also clearly indicated in a large part of the settlements. The villages are centred on kinship and the lack of strong royal power or landed gentry meant they were not fixed in cadastres, as fiscal units, as villages were on the Swedish mainland. Two peaks, followed by major dips, were identified in the number of settlements and thus in the population. The first peak occurred during the late Roman Iron Age/Migration period, which was followed by a reduction in the Vendel period of possibly up to 30-50%. After this, a recovery started in the Viking Age, which culminated during the heydays of Gotland in the High Middle Ages, with population numbers most probably not surpassed until late in history. This upward trend was broken by the diminishing trade of Gotland, the Medieval agrarian crisis, The Danish invasion and later events. All this resulted in a decline, probably as great as after the Migration period.
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Pappas, Adlerburg Nickolas T. "To Make Iron of Iron : A Comprehensive Analytical Study of Spade Shaped Iron Bars." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Arkeologiska forskningslaboratoriet, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-144383.

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This thesis aims to provide adequate analytical information on the spade shaped iron bars of Norrland and central Sweden. While their significance has been thoroughly debated for decades, analytical research on them has been confined to cases of single artefacts or theoretical interpretations of their value, meaning and origin. In this study a comprehensive approach is taken into consideration. Based on X-Ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and metallographical analysis this thesis seeks to facilitate new interpretations on quality, production centres and usage based on analytical results. Aiming to settle some of the long lasting questions regarding the artefacts while producing results which can further the discussion by raising new questions, previously unasked.
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Pappas, Adlreburg Nickolas. "To Make Iron of Iron : A Comprehensive Analytical Study of Spade Shaped Iron Bars." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Arkeologiska forskningslaboratoriet, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-145694.

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This thesis aims to provide adequate analytical information on the spade shaped iron bars of Norrland and central Sweden. While their significance has been thoroughly debated for decades, analytical research on them has been confined to cases of single artefacts or theoretical interpretations of their value, meaning and origin. In this study a comprehensive approach is taken into consideration. Based on X-Ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and metallographical analysis this thesis seeks to facilitate new interpretations on quality, production centres and usage based on analytical results. Aiming to settle some of the long lasting questions regarding the artefacts while producing results which can further the discussion by raising new questions, previously unasked.
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