Academic literature on the topic 'Fonds de formation'

Les superviseurs font partie des élites moyennes. Ils gêrent un effectif considérable de ressources humaines. Leurs rôles, leurs maniêres de gérer, leurs comportements, leurs contributions conditionnent l'innovation et, partant, la survie des entreprises et de la société. Comment doit-on les former pour acquérir la compétence éthique ? Telle est la question qui encadre notre recherche se rapportant au rapport éthique et efficacité/innovation. Notre article est fondé sur l'hypothêse que l'acquisition des savoirs techniques est insuffisante pour conduire l'action organisationnelle à plus d'efficacité et de performance. La tendance actuelle à la dématérialisation des organisations doit tirer l'attention sur les rôles décisifs des comportements humains et leurs déterminants. Jadis, le manquement à l'égard des devoirs par les dirigeants était facilement détectable. Lorsque le physique avait dominé les activités de production, le contrôle était fortement possible. Le recul des activités matérielles devant la vague de la dématérialisation des affaires édicte la nécessité de revoir les leviers du fonctionnement efficace des organisations et de la société dans sa totalité. Les faits de corruption, de détournement de fonds, de falsification, de vol, de luttes intestinales, continuent à abonder. L'innovation passe par les ressources humaines, émane d'elles. La compétence éthique renforce la capacité des superviseurs à gérer efficacement les RH.

Le Fonds d’exploration minière du Nunavik (FEMN) a vu le jour en 1998. Cette organisation à but non lucratif est issue d’une entente entre le ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec, l’Administration régionale Kativik et le Conseil régional de développement Kativik. Depuis sa mise sur pied, le FEMN voit à ce que son mandat et ses objectifs soient atteints à travers les différentes activités qui comprennent : 1) la sensibilisation des communautés inuits au développement des ressources minérales et à la promotion du potentiel minéral du territoire ; 2) la formation et l’assistance technique aux prospecteurs inuits ; 3) la réalisation de projets d’exploration minérale propres au FEMN en partenariat avec l’industrie minière ; finalement, 4) la mise en place d’éléments favorisant l’émergence d’un entrepreneuriat inuit dans le domaine de l’industrie minière. Après plus de dix années d’existence, le FEMN a su former une expertise et une main-d’oeuvre locales non seulement disposées à répondre aux besoins des compagnies opérant sur le territoire, mais également prêtes à participer activement au développement des ressources minérales du Nunavik.

The article reviews Russian scholarship on reconstruction of documentary complexes. The author traces changes in the conception of ‘reconstruction of the archival fond’ and identifies its basic characteristics. The term ‘reconstruction of the archival fond’ first appeared in 1950s in two meanings: (1) scientific study in order to establish documents composition of lost medieval archives; (2) reunification of segmented fonds in a single archive. In the late 1990s – early 2000s, the term ‘reconstruction’ was redefined as document description of fragmented documentary complexes without the purpose of their reunification. The documentary complexes may have been fragmented both before and after the formation of the archival fond. The object of the reconstruction is not in the documents, but in the information they contained. Documents are selected according to fond provenance (they were to proceed from the same creator) or office of origin. Thus, the term ‘reconstruction’ grows closer to the concept of archival fond arrangement in the sense of linking documents to creators or offices of origin and also defining chronology of the fond. Practical significance of the reconstruction consists in addressing problems of archival heuristics. The reconstruction includes studying of history of the fond creator, ascertaining places of storage of all fond parts, establishing links between its documents, identifying the nature of the document flow, correcting errors in description, detecting duplicate and absorbed information. Product of the reconstruction of an institution archival fond is called ‘documentary fond,’ while product of the reconstruction of a personal provenance fond is called ‘archive of a person.’ The reconstruction produces a representation of a documents complex, as if it was complete and undivided; the representation itself may be a scientific text (a fond description) or a catalog (a series). Currently, the concept of the reconstruction of the fond is regarded in the context of the development of the archives’ digital resources and implies a reunification of fragmented archival fonds or creation of new ones by posting digital copies of documents on the same Internet site.

L’archivistique au Québec se caractérise par la pauvreté de ses ressources financières et humaines. Il est plus que temps, devant cette pénible situation, que les intervenants concernés, soit les associations professionnelles et le gouvernement provincial, mettent de l’avant un plan d’action visant à structurer la profession, les premières par l’établissement d’un programme de formation professionnelle pour les deux catégories d’archivistes que sont les gestionnaires de documents et les archivistes dits « historiques », le second par une législation favorisant la saine gestion des fonds d’archives publics et privés.

The relevance of the study is due to the interest of the humanities in the study of the processes of formation and development of foreign philology as a field of scientific and educational activities in the Perm University, since its foundation in 1916. In the Perm archives we study personal files and personal provenance fonds of philologists and historians affiliated with the Perm State National Research University (PGNIU), whose field of interests is foreign literature and language, as well as other archival documents. Research methods are source study and archival methods, methods of philological analysis. Personal files of the Perm philologists of the first third of the last century A. A. Smirnov, B. A. Krzhevsky, B. L. Bogaevsky, N. P. Obnorsky, A. F. Shamray, E. O. Preobrazhenskaya, who taught language and literature or even history and language (V.V. Weidle, N.P. Ottokar, V.E. Krusman) contain documents related not only to their professional pedagogical activity, but also documents on their scientific interests, everyday and family life, places of residence, reflecting the realities of time and representing the era in Perm. Personal files of the staff of the Department of Foreign Literature (since 1999 – the Department of World Literature and Culture) A. A. Belsky, R. F. Yashenkina, N. S. Leites, E. P. Khanzhina, A. F. Lyubimova, G. S. Rutskoi, who worked there in the 1950s-2010s, have not yet undergone evaluation and remain in the departmental storage. The personal provenance fonds of philologists B. M. Proskurnin and N. S. Bochkareva, containing a large amount of hand- and typewritten documents, can be considered not only as archival sources, but also within the framework of philological discourse as a post-modern text created as a game of different texts that refer to different cultural layers, languages, realities. Documents of the personal fond, reflecting the methods of scientist’s work with literature, play a pedagogical role in the formation of the competencies of a university graduate. Today, archives need to create personal provenance fonds and collections of philologists who worked in the 1950s and later, via interaction with the scientists themselves or their relatives.

In the literature on historical archives of the Catholic Church in Poland there is no scholarly monograph devoted to them. The only textbook is the one written by H.E. Wyczawski, Przygotowanie do studiów w archiwach kościelnych (Preparing for studies in church archives). The publications, appearing after the war, did not present any theoretical fi ndings which could be applied in church archival studies (it refers to developing the theoretical decisions on creating archival fonds, their names etc.), but they certainly provided the impetus and encouragement to continue the action which was initiated before the war. The program developed in the interwar period was adjusted to the new conditions; emphasis was put on practical guidelines for activities related to the founding and functioning of a historical archive in the diocese.

RésuméLa romanisation du monde celtique est un phénomène progressif, étalé dans le temps et dans l’espace. L’archéologie permet de définir aujourd’hui un fonds commun aux cultures continentales et méditerranéennes, puis des emprunts qui sont traduits et intégrés dans l’évolution des cultures nord-alpines, enfin la transformation radicale de ces dernières à partir du IIe siècle avant J.-C., qui ouvre la voie à une culture urbaine. La fusion est réalisable à partir du moment où le système républicain romain des alliances, bousculé par l’ambition des généraux, est remplacé par la politique impériale. Les territoires celtiques septentrionaux sont invités à entrer dans le système, pour peu que les cités acceptent le mode de vie romain et, bientôt, le culte impérial. Les transformations radicales des agglomérations, après une ultime floraison d’oppida, manifestent concrètement cette adhésion. A` travers quelques exemples, on voit que les transformations internes du monde celtique au IIe siècle avant J.-C. ouvraient la voie à une fusion, et que l’idéologie impériale, en Gaule comme dans d’autres provinces plus proches culturellement de l’Italie, la rendaient politiquement possible.

En acoustique sous-marine moyenne et haute frequence (de 30 khz a plusieurs centaines de khz), l'hypothese d'un corps parfaitement rigide pour les cibles recherchees est couramment admise et le rapport longueur d'onde sur taille de l'objet conduit a utiliser les principes dits de l'acoustique physique pour decrire l'interaction onde-cible. Par ailleurs, il est experimentalement bien connu que les echos d'objets situes au voisinage du fond sont differents en amplitude et forme des echos des memes objets situes en pleine eau. Malgre la presence d'interfaces (telles que le fond ou la surface) nous montrons que les principes de l'acoustique physique sont encore utilisables dans ce cas. Dans un premier temps nous developpons une methode generale pour evaluer les index et structures des echos d'objets simples situes pres du fond et observes aux incidences rasantes et nous exposons les resultats d'une simulation informatique mettant en uvre cette methode. Dans un deuxieme temps, nous presentons la validation experimentale de la modelisation proposee au moyen de deux types d'experimentations: - une premiere serie d'experimentations a echelle reduite effectuee a 200 khz. - deux series d'experimentations en vraie grandeur effectuees a 50-60 khz. L'ensemble des resultats obtenus durant ces experimentations se revelent en bon accord avec les predictions de la modelisation envisagee

La formation continue, comme celle du Fonds National de l'Emploi (FNE) spécifique aux cadres, participe au traitement politique et social du chômage. Cette recherche consiste à observer l'impact des stages FNE Cadres accessibles aux cadres et assimilés expérimentés, sur leurs trajectoires professionnelles. Cette thèse est notamment basée sur une enquête par questionnaire postal sur l'ensemble des bénéficiaires du dispositif FNE Cadres de 1992 à 1994, en Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur. Nous exposons quelques données de cadrage notamment sur les dispositifs de formation accessibles aux cadres et sur le chômage des cadres du privé. Nous décrivons également l'expérience de lévaluation de ce dispositif, liée aux fonctionnements des partenaires institutionnels, -APEC, ANPE, DRTEFP- gérant cette mesure. Enfin, l'effet de la formation sur les trajectoires d'emploi et la recomposition des carrières, suite à la fin des stages, nous renseignent sur les métamorphoses de cette catégorie sociale
This study analyses the impacts of the training courses of the National Employment Funds (FNE) on the career paths of unemployed executives. "FNE Cadres" is a training programme of the Minister of Labour and Social Affairs. Its objective is to facilitate the reintegration of unemployed executives into the professional worforce. This study is based principally on a questionnaire sent to all participants in the programme in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region from 1992 to 1994. In addition to examining the effectiveness of the programme, this study describes the role of the institutional partners that implement the programme : The Association for the employment of managers and executives (APEC), the National Agency for Employment (ANPE) and the Regional Directorate of Work, Employment and Professional Training (DRTEFP). The training programme, its effects, and the altered careers of the unemployed executives highlight the veritable metamorphosis that this social class underwent in th 1990s

Cette thèse présente l’étude d’une stratégie de coordination hybride d’un groupe de robots sous-marins pour la recherche d’objets de petites dimensions ou de singularités sur les fonds marins. Chaque robot est équipé d’un module de perception utilisant la librairie de traitement d’image OpenCV qui lui permet d’apercevoir les autres éléments de la meute ainsi que l’environnement d’évolution de la mission.Cette stratégie hybride est constituée de deux phases : une phase de mise en formation géométrique et une phase d’acquisition des données vidéo. La première phase s’appuie sur des algorithmes de type "essaims" alors que la seconde se fonde sur une méthode hiérarchique de coordination. En cas de perte de la formation, le groupe de robots quitte le mode hiérarchique et reprend le mode essaim pour se reformer. Ces changements de modes sont contrôlés par une machine à états finis. Avant d’entamer une expérimentation en grandeur nature, la méthodologie et les algorithmes de coordination doivent être testés et validés par simulation.Dans ce contexte, un simulateur basé sur le logiciel Blender a été conçu de façon à ce qu’il tienne compte des différentes contraintes liées à l’évolution des robots dans l’environnement sous-marin. Les résultats de simulation d’une meute de 3 AUVs montrent la capacité de notre stratégie à optimiser l’exécution d’une mission d’acquisition vidéo par un groupe de robots autonomes contrôlés par la vision et coordonnés par une stratégie hybride
In the underwater environment, the needs of data acquisition have significantly increased over the last decades. As electromagnetic waves show poor propagation in sea water, acoustical sensing is generally preferred. However, the emergence of small and low cost autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV) allow for rethinking the underwater use of optical sensors as their small coverage can be significantly improved by using a fleet of coordinated underwater robots.This paper presents a strategy to coordinate the group of robots in order to systematically survey the seabed to detect small objects or singularities. The proposed hybrid coordination strategy is defined by two main modes. The first mode relies on a swarm algorithm to organize the team in geometrical formation. In the second mode, the robot formation is maintained using a hierarchical coordination. A finite state machine controls the high level hybrid strategy by defining the appropriate coordination mode according to the evolution of the mission. Before sea validation, the behavior and the performance of the hybrid coordination strategy are first assessed in simulation. The control of individual robots relies on visual servoing, implemented with the OpenCV library, and the simulation tool is based on Blender software.The dynamics of the robots has been implemented in a realistic way in Blender by using the Bullet solver and the hydrodynamic coeficcients estimated on the actual robot. First results of the hybrid coordination strategy applied on a fleet of 3 AUV’s, show execution of a video acquisition task by a group of autonomous robots controlled by vision and coordinated by a hybrid strategy

Par sa finalité et son objet, la formation professionnelle continue appartient au droit de la protection sociale. Elle permet ainsi aux salariés de faire face au risque social d'obsolescence des compétences, mais également de sécuriser leur parcours professionnel. En 1973, le législateur forgea un lien artificiel entre cette matière et le droit du travail en la codifiant au sein du Code du travail. Le droit du travail exerça une influence constante sur la formation professionnelle qui fut orientée en priorité vers les besoins des seuls salariés. La réforme du 5 mars 2014 et les lois qui ont suivi semblent vouloir rompre avec ce cadre juridique artificiel. Le législateur entend consacrer un système d’assurance social, universel, personnel et individuel, ce qui pose la question d'un éventuel droit à la formation et appelle une réforme globale de son mode de fonctionnement
Continuing vocational training in French social law : contributing to the study of a new social insurance.For its purpose and its content, continuing vocational training belongs to the law of social protection. It allows employees to face the social risk of skills' obsolescence but also to secure their professional path. In 1973, the legislator created an artificial link between vocational training and labour law by codifying this field into the Labour Code. Labour Law exercised a constant influence on vocational training which was primarily based on the sole needs of employees. The reform of 5th March 2014 and the subsequent laws seem to have the will to break with this artificial legal framework. The legislator intends to create a system of social insurance which is universal, personal and individual. It raises the question of a potential right to vocational training and calls for a global reform of its functioning

Depuis les années 1970, la formation professionnelle continue s’étend à de nombreuses activités économiques et sociales, salariées comme non-salariées. La loi et le contrat, notamment, permettent cette expansion réalisée dans une grande instabilité normative. Constamment modifiés, les dispositifs d’accès à la formation sont souvent complexes et parfois peu efficaces. Le financement de la formation professionnelle suscite également des interrogations en raison des nombreuses personnes, publiques ou privées, chargées d’intervenir dans ce domaine. Le dispositif peut et doit être amélioré afin de permettre l’expansion de la formation professionnelle là où celle-ci mérite d’être encouragée
Since the 1970s, continuing vocational training extends to many economic and social activities, either employed or self-employed. The law and the contract particulary provide such an expansion, which is carried out in a context of great normative instability. Constantly amended, training programmes are often complex and sometimes even reveal to be ineffective. Financing vocational training also raises questions due to the many people, both public and private, who are involved in this area. The overall system can and must be substantially improved so as to enable the expansion of vocational training wherever it deserves to be encouraged

Cette thèse cherche à dévoiler l'influence de la Commission européenne sur le développement de l'emploi et des compétences professionnelles des travailleurs à travers les programmes communautaires cofinancés par le Fonds social européen (FSE) entre 1994 et 1999. Privilégiant une approche constructiviste, l'auteur étudie la mise en oeuvre des programmes ADAPT, "Objectif 4" et PME (en partie) au niveau national et met en évidence les normes et les règles culturelles qui inspirent les comportements et les pratiques. En se concentrant sur la France et l'Allemagne, les deux Etats membres les mieux dotés en financement FSE (en terme d'enveloppe globale), les interdépendances entre les acteurs clés (autorité publiques nationales et régionales, partenaires sociaux, organismes intermédiaires, organismes de formation) et les entreprises (dirigeants et salariés) sont analysées. Cette recherche commparative s'appuie sur les enquêtes menées par les évaluateurs nationaux de programmes entre 1997 et 2000 auprès de gestionnaires de programmes, des promoteurs de projet, des chefs d'entreprises et des salariés d'une part et sur quatre études de cas dont deux en France et deux en Allemagne d'autre part. L'auteur montre que les facteurs influençant l'utilisation du Fonds social européen divergent à des niveaux différents, mais que l'impact à moyen et à long terme des actions mises en oeuvre en faveur des dirigeants et des salariés de petites et moyennes entreprises convergent. Cette thèse conclue par des propositions concrètes à l'attention de la Commission européenne et des acteurs clés de la formation professionnelle continue au niveau national.

Lors du fonctionnement d'un réacteur nucléaire, de nombreux éléments sont produits par fission du combustible dont une majorité de lanthanides ; ces derniers étant neutrophages, ils provoquent une diminution du rendement de la réaction de fission. Il est donc nécessaire de les extraire du milieu réactionnel. Cette extraction est envisagée par électrodéposition. Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié le comportement électrochimique de Nd, Gd et Sm, éléments représentatifs des lanthanides. Le solvant choisi est le mélange eutectique LiF-CaF2. Les données thermodynamiques telles que les potentiels et les coefficients d'activité recueillis au cours de cette étude permettent de démontrer que l'extraction de Nd et Gd n'est que partiellement envisageable et irréalisable dans le cas du samarium sur une électrode inerte. L'extraction des lanthanides est alors envisagée sur une électrode réactive. La formation d'alliage entre le substrat d'électrode et le lanthanide diminue l'activité de ce dernier et décale le potentiel de réduction en Ln(0) vers les potentiels anodiques. Ce L'augmentation de la différence de potentiel entre la réduction du solvant et celui des lanthanides améliore les rendements d'extraction qu'il est possible d'atteindre. La formation d'alliages a été étudiée par des méthodes électrochimiques ainsi que par analyse MEB-EDS. Les enthalpies de formation des différents composés définis sont calculées grâce à la technique de " relaxation de potentiel ". Finalement, l'extraction des lanthanides à été réalisée par réduction sur électrode réactive. Les taux d'extraction atteints sont supérieurs à 99%
This work consisted in studying the electrochemical behaviour of some dissolved lanthanides (Gd, Nd, Sm) in LiF-CaF2 media on inert and reactive cathodes in the 800-920°C temperature range and then to estimate their possible extraction from the melt by reduction on a reactive electrode (Ni, Cu or Ni/Cu). Using electrochemical methods and SEM micrographs, reduction mechanisms and thermodynamic parameters such as standard potentiel and activity coefficient were determined for the different species in the melt. The Gibbs energies and the reduction mechanisms were determined for LnNi and LnCu compounds. Finaly, extractions have been performed on reactives electrodes with very good extraction rate (> 99. 7%)

Dans le cadre d’un projet (un Fonds de Solidarité prioritaire - FSP) mené par l’Ambassade de France, un dispositif de formation ouverte à distance (FOAD) PRO FLE- Professionnalisation en FLE a vu le jour en 2009 au sein de l’Université Libanaise (UL). En si peu de temps, cette formation a remporté un grand succès en milieu universitaire. Ainsi, pour la sixième année consécutive, à peine l’appel d’offres était-il lancé qu’un grand nombre d’enseignants de français s'y sont déjà inscrits. Nombreux sont les facteurs qui expliquent l'engouement des enseignants de français pour ce dispositif. Parmi lesquels, nous citons le concept même de cette formation interactive. PRO FLE offre une flexibilité de temps et de lieu de travail pour des enseignants souhaitant développer leurs compétences professionnelles en didactique du FLE. Il vise à les doter d’outils et d’un cadre de réflexion permettant de choisir des démarches pédagogiques efficaces susceptibles de motiver les apprenants. En outre, il tend à développer l'autonomie d'apprentissage et à faciliter la mise en application des principes pédagogiques décrits dans le Cadre européen commun de référence pour les langues (CECRL). Pourtant, à l'issue d'une formation de quatre mois, les résultats ne sont pas toujours au rendez-vous. Certains stagiaires rendent un dossier pédagogique incomplet et appliquent avec légèreté l'approche PRO FLE d'où la question de savoir si une formation à distance atteint toujours ses objectifs. Pour répondre à cette question problématique, notre communication suit la démarche suivante : - après un rappel des grandes lignes de PRO FLE, nous présenterons les résultats d’une enquête menée auprès d’une centaine de stagiaires et de tuteurs. L’objectif de ce sondage d’opinion est de se pencher sur l’expérience du public libanais dans une formation à distance. - Dans un deuxième temps, nous mettrons l’accent sur le dossier final du module 1 que les stagiaires devaient réaliser pour valider la formation. L’analyse pédagogique d’une trentaine de dossiers permettra de vérifier le degré d’appropriation de PRO FLE dans l’élaboration de fiches didactiques. - Enfin, nous nous intéresserons aux pratiques de classe de trente tutorés. De telles observations de terrain nous éclaireront sur l’application de l’approche PRO FLE ainsi que son impact sur l’enseignement du français au sein de l’UL.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/XXVColloqueAFUE.2016.2568

Agitated thin film dryers (ATFD) has been considered as an effective technology for drying viscous liquid foods, pastes or pureed foods. In this study, a lab-scale ATFD was developed and applied for drying of juices from spinach leaves at varying temperature (60 – 90 ˚C), feed rate (0.3 – 0.5 kg/h) and blade rotation speed (300 – 600 RPM) combinations. Juice suspensions were successfully dried into powder with a moisture content ranging from 0.049 to 0.114 kg/kg total. Increasing the wall temperature and feed rate were found to improve the specific evaporation rate and evaporation rate of the ATFD, respectively. The blade rotation speed had limited effect on the water removal rate, while it played a crucial role in powder formation. Keywords: Food solution; Spinach juice; Thin film drying; Scraped surface; Vacuum conductive drying.

Humans are exposed to numerous toxic compounds in foods. During the past decade, several carcinogenic heterocyclic amines have been reported to be present in the cooked foods. Recently, we reported that some of the carcinogenic heterocyclic amines isolated from foods were present in human plasma. In order to know the effects of the carcinogens isolated from foods on the cell function, we investigated the effects of the carcinogenic heterocyclic amines including Trp-P-1(3-amino-l,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido❘4,3-b❘indole) and Trp-P-2(3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido❘4,3-b❘indole) on human platelet aggregation and polymorphonuclear leukocyte aggregation. Only tryptophan pyrolysis products, Trp-P-1 and Trp-P-2, had potent inhibitory effects on human platelet aggregation when platelets were preincubated with the carcinogens for 15 min. Other carcinogenic heterocyclic amines such as glutamic acid pyrolysates (Glu-P-1 and Glu-P-2) and 3H-imidazo ❘4,5-f❘quinoline-2-amines(IQ and MelQ) did show no effect on platelet aggregation even at 100 μM.The autoradiogram demonstrated that Tryptophan pyrolysis products, Trp-P-1 and Trp-P-2, dose-dependently inhibited the formation of HHT,PGD2,PGE2 and TXB2 induced by sodium arachidonate in human platelets labeled with ❘ 14c❘ arachidonic acid. Moreover, Trp-P-1 and Trp-P-2 did not show significant effects on leukocyte aggregation induced by sodium arachidonate (0.75mM) even at lOOnM. It is concluded that Trp-P-1 and Trp-P-2 isolated from cooked foodstuffs have potent inhibitory effects on the cyclo-oxygenase pathway of the platelet. Therefore, human platelet function might be affected with daily foods containing tryptophan pyrolysis products in vivo.

Martensitic grades of stainless steels are primarily used in applications requiring increased hardenability while maintaining adequate corrosion resistance against halide stress corrosion cracking (SCC), polyphonic acid stress corrosion cracking, oxidation, and sulfur attack at elevated temperatures. Martensitic stainless steels are extensively used in the oil and gas industries where presence of sulfur is elevated in working conditions. A study on the unexpected high hardness and loss of toughness in Type 410 steel weldments experienced in industry has been carried out at the Welding Engineering Laboratory of the Ohio State University. A hypothesis of exceeding the A1 temperature during PWHT in the ASME recommended temperature range was evaluated using thermodynamic software Thermo-Calc™. It was fond that the A1 temperature in Type 410 steel base and weld metal can vary in a temperature range of 686°C to 850°C. A fairly good correlation between the A1 temperatures predicted with Thermo-Calc™ and experimentally validated with Single Sensor Differential Thermal Analysis (SS-DTA) has been found. Based off these results, the PWHT range of 760 to 800°C suggested by ASME B31.3 is likely to be too high for avoiding formation of untempered martensite in the weld metal and heat affected zone of Type 410 steel welds.

Abstract Acid treatments of carbonate formations are usually carried out using mineral acid (HCl), organic acids (formic and acetic), mixed acids (HCl-formic, HCl-acetic), or retarded acids. The major challenges when using these acids are their high corrosivity, fast reaction rate and health hazard. The improvement in corrosion inhibitors makes the use of a strong acid as high as 28 wt% HCl possible. The acid reaction rate can be controlled by increasing acid viscosity using gelling agent or emulsifying acid droplets, acid-in-diesel emulsion. While the issues of stimulation acids reaction and corrosion rates are relatively controlled, these acids health hazard rating of 3 by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) is a major concern. A health hazard rating of three is defined as an extreme danger where short exposure could cause serious injury. An acid replacement chemical that has no or minimum health hazard rating while still has the ability to dissolve carbonate rock would be a major forward step in stimulation technology. This paper presents the results of the study conducted on a synthetic stimulation acid (Syn-A) chemical, with health hazard rating of one and dissolving power similar to 15 wt% hydrochloric acid (HCl). An extensive experimental scheme including: thermal stability, dissolving power, acidity, compatibility, corrosion rate & inhibition and coreflooding on carbonate formation core plugs was conducted. The Syn-A was found to be thermally stable with similar dissolving power to 15 wt% HCl and lower corrosion rate. In addition, the Syn-A developed a breakthrough on core plugs with an average pore volume (PV) of 2.7 and approximately 3 folds increase in permeability.

The shape of a pore which results from a bubble entrapped by a solidification front is predicted in this work. Pore formation and its shape in solid influence not only microstructure of materials, but also contemporary issues of various sciences of biology, engineering, foods, geophysics and climate change, etc. This work extends previous models by accounting for realistic mass, momentum and energy transport across a self-consistently determined shape of the bubble cap beyond the solidification front. Accurate determination of contact angle from a realistic shape of the cap is required to predict the relevant shape of the pore in solid. The results shows that an increase in Bond number and decrease in initial contact angle decrease radius and length of the pore and time for bubble entrapment. The predicted growth and entrapment of a tiny bubble as a pore in solid are found to agree with experimental data. A realistic prediction and control of the pore shape in solid has therefore been obtained.

Efforts in the United States and abroad to address the chronic disease epidemic have led to the emergence of voluntary industry agreements as a substitute for regulatory approaches to improve the healthfulness of foods and beverages. Because of the lack of access to data and limited budgets, evaluations of these agreements have often been limited to process evaluation with less focus on outcomes and impact. Increasing scientific scope and rigor in evaluating voluntary food and beverage industry agreements would improve potential public health benefits and understanding of the effects of these agreements. We describe how evaluators can provide formative, process, and outcome assessment and discuss challenges and opportunities for impact assessment. We explain how logic models, industry profiles, quasi-experimental designs, mixed-methods approaches, and third-party data can improve the effectiveness of agreement design and evaluation. These methods could result in more comprehensive and rigorous evaluation of voluntary industry agreements, thus providing data to bolster the public health impacts of future agreements. However, improved access to data and larger evaluation budgets will be needed to support improvements in evaluation.

1.1 Macroeconomic summary Economic recovery has consistently outperformed the technical staff’s expectations following a steep decline in activity in the second quarter of 2020. At the same time, total and core inflation rates have fallen and remain at low levels, suggesting that a significant element of the reactivation of Colombia’s economy has been related to recovery in potential GDP. This would support the technical staff’s diagnosis of weak aggregate demand and ample excess capacity. The most recently available data on 2020 growth suggests a contraction in economic activity of 6.8%, lower than estimates from January’s Monetary Policy Report (-7.2%). High-frequency indicators suggest that economic performance was significantly more dynamic than expected in January, despite mobility restrictions and quarantine measures. This has also come amid declines in total and core inflation, the latter of which was below January projections if controlling for certain relative price changes. This suggests that the unexpected strength of recent growth contains elements of demand, and that excess capacity, while significant, could be lower than previously estimated. Nevertheless, uncertainty over the measurement of excess capacity continues to be unusually high and marked both by variations in the way different economic sectors and spending components have been affected by the pandemic, and by uneven price behavior. The size of excess capacity, and in particular the evolution of the pandemic in forthcoming quarters, constitute substantial risks to the macroeconomic forecast presented in this report. Despite the unexpected strength of the recovery, the technical staff continues to project ample excess capacity that is expected to remain on the forecast horizon, alongside core inflation that will likely remain below the target. Domestic demand remains below 2019 levels amid unusually significant uncertainty over the size of excess capacity in the economy. High national unemployment (14.6% for February 2021) reflects a loose labor market, while observed total and core inflation continue to be below 2%. Inflationary pressures from the exchange rate are expected to continue to be low, with relatively little pass-through on inflation. This would be compatible with a negative output gap. Excess productive capacity and the expectation of core inflation below the 3% target on the forecast horizon provide a basis for an expansive monetary policy posture. The technical staff’s assessment of certain shocks and their expected effects on the economy, as well as the presence of several sources of uncertainty and related assumptions about their potential macroeconomic impacts, remain a feature of this report. The coronavirus pandemic, in particular, continues to affect the public health environment, and the reopening of Colombia’s economy remains incomplete. The technical staff’s assessment is that the COVID-19 shock has affected both aggregate demand and supply, but that the impact on demand has been deeper and more persistent. Given this persistence, the central forecast accounts for a gradual tightening of the output gap in the absence of new waves of contagion, and as vaccination campaigns progress. The central forecast continues to include an expected increase of total and core inflation rates in the second quarter of 2021, alongside the lapse of the temporary price relief measures put in place in 2020. Additional COVID-19 outbreaks (of uncertain duration and intensity) represent a significant risk factor that could affect these projections. Additionally, the forecast continues to include an upward trend in sovereign risk premiums, reflected by higher levels of public debt that in the wake of the pandemic are likely to persist on the forecast horizon, even in the context of a fiscal adjustment. At the same time, the projection accounts for the shortterm effects on private domestic demand from a fiscal adjustment along the lines of the one currently being proposed by the national government. This would be compatible with a gradual recovery of private domestic demand in 2022. The size and characteristics of the fiscal adjustment that is ultimately implemented, as well as the corresponding market response, represent another source of forecast uncertainty. Newly available information offers evidence of the potential for significant changes to the macroeconomic scenario, though without altering the general diagnosis described above. The most recent data on inflation, growth, fiscal policy, and international financial conditions suggests a more dynamic economy than previously expected. However, a third wave of the pandemic has delayed the re-opening of Colombia’s economy and brought with it a deceleration in economic activity. Detailed descriptions of these considerations and subsequent changes to the macroeconomic forecast are presented below. The expected annual decline in GDP (-0.3%) in the first quarter of 2021 appears to have been less pronounced than projected in January (-4.8%). Partial closures in January to address a second wave of COVID-19 appear to have had a less significant negative impact on the economy than previously estimated. This is reflected in figures related to mobility, energy demand, industry and retail sales, foreign trade, commercial transactions from selected banks, and the national statistics agency’s (DANE) economic tracking indicator (ISE). Output is now expected to have declined annually in the first quarter by 0.3%. Private consumption likely continued to recover, registering levels somewhat above those from the previous year, while public consumption likely increased significantly. While a recovery in investment in both housing and in other buildings and structures is expected, overall investment levels in this case likely continued to be low, and gross fixed capital formation is expected to continue to show significant annual declines. Imports likely recovered to again outpace exports, though both are expected to register significant annual declines. Economic activity that outpaced projections, an increase in oil prices and other export products, and an expected increase in public spending this year account for the upward revision to the 2021 growth forecast (from 4.6% with a range between 2% and 6% in January, to 6.0% with a range between 3% and 7% in April). As a result, the output gap is expected to be smaller and to tighten more rapidly than projected in the previous report, though it is still expected to remain in negative territory on the forecast horizon. Wide forecast intervals reflect the fact that the future evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic remains a significant source of uncertainty on these projections. The delay in the recovery of economic activity as a result of the resurgence of COVID-19 in the first quarter appears to have been less significant than projected in the January report. The central forecast scenario expects this improved performance to continue in 2021 alongside increased consumer and business confidence. Low real interest rates and an active credit supply would also support this dynamic, and the overall conditions would be expected to spur a recovery in consumption and investment. Increased growth in public spending and public works based on the national government’s spending plan (Plan Financiero del Gobierno) are other factors to consider. Additionally, an expected recovery in global demand and higher projected prices for oil and coffee would further contribute to improved external revenues and would favor investment, in particular in the oil sector. Given the above, the technical staff’s 2021 growth forecast has been revised upward from 4.6% in January (range from 2% to 6%) to 6.0% in April (range from 3% to 7%). These projections account for the potential for the third wave of COVID-19 to have a larger and more persistent effect on the economy than the previous wave, while also supposing that there will not be any additional significant waves of the pandemic and that mobility restrictions will be relaxed as a result. Economic growth in 2022 is expected to be 3%, with a range between 1% and 5%. This figure would be lower than projected in the January report (3.6% with a range between 2% and 6%), due to a higher base of comparison given the upward revision to expected GDP in 2021. This forecast also takes into account the likely effects on private demand of a fiscal adjustment of the size currently being proposed by the national government, and which would come into effect in 2022. Excess in productive capacity is now expected to be lower than estimated in January but continues to be significant and affected by high levels of uncertainty, as reflected in the wide forecast intervals. The possibility of new waves of the virus (of uncertain intensity and duration) represents a significant downward risk to projected GDP growth, and is signaled by the lower limits of the ranges provided in this report. Inflation (1.51%) and inflation excluding food and regulated items (0.94%) declined in March compared to December, continuing below the 3% target. The decline in inflation in this period was below projections, explained in large part by unanticipated increases in the costs of certain foods (3.92%) and regulated items (1.52%). An increase in international food and shipping prices, increased foreign demand for beef, and specific upward pressures on perishable food supplies appear to explain a lower-than-expected deceleration in the consumer price index (CPI) for foods. An unexpected increase in regulated items prices came amid unanticipated increases in international fuel prices, on some utilities rates, and for regulated education prices. The decline in annual inflation excluding food and regulated items between December and March was in line with projections from January, though this included downward pressure from a significant reduction in telecommunications rates due to the imminent entry of a new operator. When controlling for the effects of this relative price change, inflation excluding food and regulated items exceeds levels forecast in the previous report. Within this indicator of core inflation, the CPI for goods (1.05%) accelerated due to a reversion of the effects of the VAT-free day in November, which was largely accounted for in February, and possibly by the transmission of a recent depreciation of the peso on domestic prices for certain items (electric and household appliances). For their part, services prices decelerated and showed the lowest rate of annual growth (0.89%) among the large consumer baskets in the CPI. Within the services basket, the annual change in rental prices continued to decline, while those services that continue to experience the most significant restrictions on returning to normal operations (tourism, cinemas, nightlife, etc.) continued to register significant price declines. As previously mentioned, telephone rates also fell significantly due to increased competition in the market. Total inflation is expected to continue to be affected by ample excesses in productive capacity for the remainder of 2021 and 2022, though less so than projected in January. As a result, convergence to the inflation target is now expected to be somewhat faster than estimated in the previous report, assuming the absence of significant additional outbreaks of COVID-19. The technical staff’s year-end inflation projections for 2021 and 2022 have increased, suggesting figures around 3% due largely to variation in food and regulated items prices. The projection for inflation excluding food and regulated items also increased, but remains below 3%. Price relief measures on indirect taxes implemented in 2020 are expected to lapse in the second quarter of 2021, generating a one-off effect on prices and temporarily affecting inflation excluding food and regulated items. However, indexation to low levels of past inflation, weak demand, and ample excess productive capacity are expected to keep core inflation below the target, near 2.3% at the end of 2021 (previously 2.1%). The reversion in 2021 of the effects of some price relief measures on utility rates from 2020 should lead to an increase in the CPI for regulated items in the second half of this year. Annual price changes are now expected to be higher than estimated in the January report due to an increased expected path for fuel prices and unanticipated increases in regulated education prices. The projection for the CPI for foods has increased compared to the previous report, taking into account certain factors that were not anticipated in January (a less favorable agricultural cycle, increased pressure from international prices, and transport costs). Given the above, year-end annual inflation for 2021 and 2022 is now expected to be 3% and 2.8%, respectively, which would be above projections from January (2.3% and 2,7%). For its part, expected inflation based on analyst surveys suggests year-end inflation in 2021 and 2022 of 2.8% and 3.1%, respectively. There remains significant uncertainty surrounding the inflation forecasts included in this report due to several factors: 1) the evolution of the pandemic; 2) the difficulty in evaluating the size and persistence of excess productive capacity; 3) the timing and manner in which price relief measures will lapse; and 4) the future behavior of food prices. Projected 2021 growth in foreign demand (4.4% to 5.2%) and the supposed average oil price (USD 53 to USD 61 per Brent benchmark barrel) were both revised upward. An increase in long-term international interest rates has been reflected in a depreciation of the peso and could result in relatively tighter external financial conditions for emerging market economies, including Colombia. Average growth among Colombia’s trade partners was greater than expected in the fourth quarter of 2020. This, together with a sizable fiscal stimulus approved in the United States and the onset of a massive global vaccination campaign, largely explains the projected increase in foreign demand growth in 2021. The resilience of the goods market in the face of global crisis and an expected normalization in international trade are additional factors. These considerations and the expected continuation of a gradual reduction of mobility restrictions abroad suggest that Colombia’s trade partners could grow on average by 5.2% in 2021 and around 3.4% in 2022. The improved prospects for global economic growth have led to an increase in current and expected oil prices. Production interruptions due to a heavy winter, reduced inventories, and increased supply restrictions instituted by producing countries have also contributed to the increase. Meanwhile, market forecasts and recent Federal Reserve pronouncements suggest that the benchmark interest rate in the U.S. will remain stable for the next two years. Nevertheless, a significant increase in public spending in the country has fostered expectations for greater growth and inflation, as well as increased uncertainty over the moment in which a normalization of monetary policy might begin. This has been reflected in an increase in long-term interest rates. In this context, emerging market economies in the region, including Colombia, have registered increases in sovereign risk premiums and long-term domestic interest rates, and a depreciation of local currencies against the dollar. Recent outbreaks of COVID-19 in several of these economies; limits on vaccine supply and the slow pace of immunization campaigns in some countries; a significant increase in public debt; and tensions between the United States and China, among other factors, all add to a high level of uncertainty surrounding interest rate spreads, external financing conditions, and the future performance of risk premiums. The impact that this environment could have on the exchange rate and on domestic financing conditions represent risks to the macroeconomic and monetary policy forecasts. Domestic financial conditions continue to favor recovery in economic activity. The transmission of reductions to the policy interest rate on credit rates has been significant. The banking portfolio continues to recover amid circumstances that have affected both the supply and demand for loans, and in which some credit risks have materialized. Preferential and ordinary commercial interest rates have fallen to a similar degree as the benchmark interest rate. As is generally the case, this transmission has come at a slower pace for consumer credit rates, and has been further delayed in the case of mortgage rates. Commercial credit levels stabilized above pre-pandemic levels in March, following an increase resulting from significant liquidity requirements for businesses in the second quarter of 2020. The consumer credit portfolio continued to recover and has now surpassed February 2020 levels, though overall growth in the portfolio remains low. At the same time, portfolio projections and default indicators have increased, and credit establishment earnings have come down. Despite this, credit disbursements continue to recover and solvency indicators remain well above regulatory minimums. 1.2 Monetary policy decision In its meetings in March and April the BDBR left the benchmark interest rate unchanged at 1.75%.