Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Food Behaviour Questionnaire'

During nutrition intervention programs, some form of dietary assessment is usually necessary. This dietary assessment can be for: initial screening; development of appropriate programs and activities; or, evaluation. Established methods of dietary assessment are not always practical, nor cost effective in such interventions, therefore an abbreviated dietary assessment tool is needed. The Queensland Nutrition Project developed such a tool for male Blue Collar Workers, the Food Behaviour Questionnaire, consisting of 27 food behaviour related questions. This tool has been validated in a sample of 23 men, through full dietary assessment obtained via food frequency questionnaires and 24 hour dietary recalls. Those questions which correlated poorly with the full dietary assessment were deleted from the tool. In all, 13 questions was all that was required to distinguish between high and low dietary intakes of particular nutrients. Three questions when combined had correlations with refined sugar between 0.617 and 0.730 (p<0.005); four questions when combined had correlations with dietary fibre as percentage of energy of 0.45 (p<0.05); five questions when combined had a correlation with total fat of 0.499 (p<0.05); and, 4 questions when combined had a correlation with saturated fat of between 0.451 and 0.589 (p<0.05). A significant correlation could not be found for food behaviour questions with respect to dietary sodium. Correlations for fat as a function of energy could not be found.

Mestrado em Engenharia Alimentar - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
The organic food consumption in Portugal and in the world has increased throughout the years, so the understanding of the behavior and the profile of the organic food consumer is important, especially for the food industry sector. The aim of this work is to identify and characterize the Portuguese organic food consumer. Specifically, we study the frequency of organic food purchase, the places of purchase, the types of organic food that are consumed more often, the motivation to purchase this food, the perception about organic food, the consumer´s lifestyle, and the demographic characteristics. In this work, we introduce a literature review on the theme of organic food and a questionnaire, which was used to study the aforementioned topics and has been answered by 602 people through the internet. After the dada analysis using univariate analysis, Qui-Square test and kruskal-Wallis test, we were able to draw some conclusions about the Portuguese consumer profile. We conclude that the Portuguese consumers who regularly buy organic food are women between 35 and 54 years old. The consumers tend to buy organic vegetables, fruits and eggs, and they prefer to buy these food items in local and street markets. Moreover, the consumer’s main motivations to buy organic food are because they are healthier and more flavorful

Introduction: Currently, 1 in 7 children are classified as obese, which represents an obesity rate two times higher than that of the last 25 years. Part of the solution to address the positive energy balance underlying weight gain is to target the specific eating behaviours and factors that lead to food intake. One widely used tool to measure eating behaviour is the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ). Objective: The primary objective of this study was to validate scores of the 21-item Child version of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R21 C), by examining validity evidence and reliability of TFEQ-R21 C responses in a sample of Canadian children and adolescents. The secondary aim was to examine the associations between the TFEQ-R21 C factors and body mass index (BMI) z-scores and food/taste preferences. Methods: The participants consisted of a sample of 158 children, 63 boys (mean age: 11.5 ± 1.6 years) and 95 girls (mean age: 11.9 ± 1.9 years), recruited from English schools in the Ottawa area. To assess eating behaviour, participants filled out the TFEQ-R21 C, the Power of Food Scale, and the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire. Height and weight measurements were taken using a stadiometer and a digital scale. An exploratory factor analysis with oblique rotation and an item analysis were conducted to determine the factor structure and validity of the questionnaire. A median split on Cognitive Restraint (CR), Internal Uncontrolled Eating (UE 1), External Uncontrolled Eating (UE 2), and Emotional Eating (EE) was used to dichotomize factor-based scores into high and low categories for each factor, to allow for group comparisons. Bivariate correlations explored relationships between weight, BMI and BMI z-score, and food and taste preference, by sex and age group. To determine if BMI, BMI z-scores, and food/taste preferences were associated with factor scores of the TFEQ-R21 C, two-way ANOVAs were conducted. Results: The exploratory factor analysis replicated the Emotional Eating (EE) and Cognitive Restraint (CR) scales of the original TFEQ-R21, whereas the global factor of Uncontrolled Eating (UE) produced two subscales: Internal Uncontrolled Eating (UE 1) and External Uncontrolled Eating (UE 2). Item 17 did not load onto any of the factors and was subsequently removed. The four-factor model, with item 17 removed (FFEQ-R21 C: 20-item Child version Four-Factor Eating Questionnaire), accounted for 41.2% of the common variance in the data and showed good internal consistency (α= 0.81). The factors of UE 1 (r= 0.27, p<0.001), UE 2 (r= 0.36, p<0.0001), and CR (r= 0.20, p= 0.04) correlated significantly with EE. Younger children reported higher UE 1 scores [F(1,143)= 3.99, p=0.048, f2= 0.028] and CR scores [F(1,143)= 3.99, p= 0.001, f2= 0.089]. Boys who reported a high UE 1 scores had a significantly higher weight [F(1,58)= 6.44, p=0.014, f2= 0.117 ] and BMI z-scores [F(1,58)= 4.45, p=0.039, f2=0.083], compared to those who reported low UE 1 scores. Children with overweight or obesity [F(1,143)= 2.75, p<0.001. f2= 0.035] reported higher EE scores, compared to children of normal weight. Children with high UE 1 scores reported greater preference for high protein and fat foods, and high fat savoury (HFSA) and high fat sweet (HFSW) foods, compared to those with low UE 1 scores. Higher preference for high protein, fat, and carbohydrate foods, and HFSA, HFSW, and low fat savoury foods (LFSA) foods was found in children with high UE 2 scores, compared to those with low UR 2 scores. Children and adolescents with low CR scores reported greater preference for high protein, carbohydrate, and fat foods, compared to those who reported high CR scores. Discussion: This study showed adequate reliability and validity evidence of the TFEQ-R21 C scores, and that the questionnaire is best represented by a 20-item four-factor model in our sample. The FFEQ-R21 C was able to identify relevant eating behaviour traits associated with higher BMI z-scores and food preferences in both sexes and age groups, which were mainly in accordance with previous findings in children and adolescents. These results support the utility of the questionnaire for the assessment and identification of problematic eating behaviour and food preferences in the Canadian pediatric population. Younger children reported higher influence of the psychological constructs of eating behaviour (CR, UE 1, UE 2, and EE), compared to older children. This study provides preliminary evidence that FFEQ-R20 is a reliable and valid self-report tool to measure eating behaviour in children and adolescents to characterize those at higher risk for excess weight. However, further research is needed to examine the validity of the questionnaire in larger samples and in other geographical locations across Canada, as well as the inclusion of extraneous variables such as parental eating behaviour, socioeconomic status, and physical activity levels.

The World Health Organisation ([WHO], 2007) declared obesity as the public health threat of the 21st century. Currently, the Maltese adult population ranks as the heaviest in the Euro‐Mediterranean region. In response to a gap in Maltese research on the area of obesity and food consumption, this PhD aimed to gather local data to unearth behavioural‐psychological factors that could be implemented in local interventions. The focus of the PhD was narrowed to women with families based on literature that has identified motherhood as a salient point of transition that amplifies the weight trajectories for adult women. A mixed‐methods approach guided the methodology of the PhD programme with four studies carried out sequentially in two phases. The findings of the qualitative phase revealed that weight management for Maltese mothers was enmeshed with gender norm expectations surrounding motherhood. For mothers with a higher BMI, their relationship to food was a significant barrier to weight loss maintenance. Mothers with a lower BMI or who maintained their weight pointed at their food planning ability to manage their diet. The quantitative phase extended literature on the dimensional validity of the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) (Van Strien et al., 1986) by reproducing its factor structure and ascertaining its reliability among Maltese women. This was the first validation of an eating behaviours assessment tool in Maltese and the first validation of the DEBQ in a Semitic language. Finally, Structured Equation Modelling revealed how food planning could act as a mediator to restrained and external eating styles to increase fruit and vegetable snacking and decrease high calorie snacking. In addition to the implications to theory, it is believed that these findings have worthy practical implications through tailored eating behaviour interventions, by targeting food planning to counterbalance the impact of external eating among Maltese mothers.

This thesis offers a case study analysis of the food waste in schools focusing on the pupils’ knowledge of foodwaste issues. The thesis uses a project initiated by the municipality of Uppsala which aims at reducing theamount of food wasted in the schools restaurants as a case study. The knowledge of food waste issues frompupils of Uppsala has been assessed with questionnaires. The amount of pupil’s food waste generation is alsoshown in the thesis. At first it is seen that older pupils waste more than younger ones. Looking at theirknowledge, pupils in general ignore the environmental and ethical consequences of food waste but are aware ofthe economic consequences. The current food waste reduction project implemented by the municipality ofUppsala seems to work only for the schools where the pupils are aware of the incentive in place. This incentiveaims to reward the pupils from the schools which reduce their food waste other time. The results obtained fromthe questionnaires, the results from current food waste reduction project and the interviews (with the person incharge of the food waste reduction project and a kitchen staff) are analyzed through a theoretical frameworkbased on environmentally significant behavior theory. Later, suggestions are made in order to improve thecurrent project. For instance, it is advised to review the current incentive depending on the schools by working incooperation with the schools and the pupils. Also, the pupils need to obtain a better basic understanding of foodwaste issues through instruction in formal and informal ways. The project itself could be reviewed in order tobetter integrate the pupils’ opinions and their degree of understanding of the food waste issues but also tocooperate more with the different stakeholders in the project.

Increasing recognition of the importance of diet in the etiology of disease has highlighted the need for methods to determine dietary intake of high risk nutrients. The Behavior Risk Factor Survey is a food frequency questionnaire used to assess dietary habits. This project used the BRFS to determine if perceived dietary fat intake correlated with actual dietary fat intake in three elderly population groups. Results show that subjects who perceived their diet to be low in fat, consumed fewer servings of high fat foods and had lower overall weekly fat intakes. Subjects stating no change in diet had a higher weekly intake than subjects claiming a change in diet. These finding suggest that the BRFS is a rapid, inexpensive data collection method which can be used to determine differences between perceived and reported behaviors. Results from this investigation may be used to develop educational programs targeting the elderly.

Objective: To assess the effect of upward feedback on the perception gap of manager-rated and subordinate-rated managerial behavior scores using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). Design: Phase I questionnaires assessed the use of upward (subordinate to manager) feedback and were used to form Feedback and Comparison groups. Phase II questionnaires included feedback, attitudinal, and demographic questions and the MLQ. MLQ scores were compared between the two groups. Subjects/setting: Directors of Food and Nutrition Services and Clinical Nutrition Managers and their respective subordinates in a hospital setting. Statistical analyses performed: General Linear Model (using SAS Version 9.2, Cary, NC) was used to determine the relationships between MLQ scores and questions of interest. Results: Upward feedback practices in both the Feedback and Communication groups did not correspond to the Phase I reports. Feedback managers did not have higher MLQ scores based on feedback group, manager tenure, and manager implementation of feedback. Managers whose subordinates who enjoyed their jobs had higher subordinate-rated MLQ scores. Conclusions: Policies and practices of upward evaluation methods are not clear and need to be studied further in a hospital dietetics setting.

This study evaluated the ability of a promised charitable donation to the Heart and Stroke Foundation by a corporate sponsor, Bell Canada, to stimulate a higher mail questionnaire response rate. In addition, the study assessed whether the intention to complete the questionnaire and its eventual return by mail would increase donations through a "foot-in-the-door" (FITD) effect during Heart and Stroke Month. Three study groups which included an experimental group (the Heart Group) and two control groups (the Bell and Mail Only Groups) were established by random assignment from a randomized cluster-sample of 910 households in the City of Kanata, a satellite community west of Ottawa, Ontario. The promised charitable donation by a corporate sponsor stimulated a greater response rate for personally-delivered mail questionnaires, and a foot-in-the-door effect associated with returning a mail questionnaire subsequently increased donations to the Heart and Stroke Fund. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Introdução: A restrição cognitiva (RC restrição intencional do consumo alimentar para regulação ponderal), a alimentação emocional (AE consumo alimentar desencadeado por sentimentos, emoções ou tensão psíquica) e o descontrole alimentar (DA perda de critério em relação à seleção, freqüência, qualidade e quantidade de alimentos consumidos) têm sido estudados como fatores determinantes do comportamento alimentar e associados ao insucesso de boa parte das tentativas de controle ou redução de peso, por métodos clínicos. O The Three Factor Eating Questionnaire versão reduzida de 21 itens (TFEQ-R21) vem sendo proposto como um meio eficaz para avaliar estes três padrões de comportamento associados ao hábito alimentar. Objetivo: Traduzir e aplicar o TFEQ-R21 em uma amostra de mulheres brasileiras e analisar a relação dos comportamentos de RC, AE e DA, entre si, e com o consumo alimentar e os parâmetros antropométricos: índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência abdominal (CA), porcentagem de gordura corpórea (%Gord). Método: Após os procedimentos de tradução e autorização do autor do TFEQ-R21 para uso no Brasil, uma amostra casual de 125 mulheres dentre 800 trabalhadoras, contratadas ou voluntárias, do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, interessadas em receber orientação nutricional, assinaram o termo de consentimento, responderam ao TFEQ-R21 e a um questionário semiquantitativo de consumo e freqüência alimentar, e foram submetidas às medidas do IMC, CA e %Gord. O Alpha de Cronbach foi calculado para avaliar a consistência interna do TFEQ-R21. Índices de correlação de Pearson e equações de retas de regressão linear simples foram calculadas entre as variáveis relacionadas, bem como modelos de regressão linear múltipla tendo IMC, CA e %Gord como desfechos e os comportamentos de RC, AE e DA como variáveis independentes. O valor de 0,05 foi usado para definir o nível de significância de todas as operações estatísticas. Resultados: O valor de Alpha de Cronbach calculado para o TFEQ-R21 traduzido foi de 0,85. Encontraram-se associações significantes (p<0,05) entre AE e DA, assim como entre AE e IMC, CA, %Gord, e consumo de carboidratos e carnes. O DA associou-se aos mesmos parâmetros, mas também ao consumo de laticínios, gorduras e doces. Conclusão: O TFEQ R21 traduzido para o idioma português mostrou-se um instrumento adequado para identificar os padrões de comportamento associados ao hábito alimentar, e sua aplicação e análise pode servir como ponto de partida para a adoção de novas estratégias de abordagem de orientação nutricional em programas voltados ao controle de peso de brasileiros.
Introduction: The cognitive dietary restriction (CR intentional restriction of food consumption for ponderal regulation), the emotional eating (EE food consumption triggered by feelings, emotions or psychic stress) and uncontrolled eating (UE loss of criterion in relation to selection, frequency, quality and quantity of foods consumed) have been studied as constraining factors of dietary behavior and associated, in most part, to failure of attempts of weight control or reduction, through clinical methods. The Three Factor Eating Questionnaire 21 item reduced version (TFEQ-R21) has been proposed as an effective mean for assessing these three behavior patterns associated to eating habits. Objective: To translate and apply the TFEQ-R21 in a sample of Brazilian women and analyze the relationship of the CR, EE and UE behaviors, with each other, and with food consumption and the anthropometric parameters: body mass index (BMI), abdominal circumference (AC), percentage of body fat (% Fat). Method: After translations and authors authorization procedures for the TFEQ-R21 use in Brazil, a casual sample of 125 women among 800 employees or volunteer workers of the Hospital das Clínicas of Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, parties interested in receiving nutritional orientation, signed the informed consent for, responded the TFEQ-R21 and a semi-quantitative eating frequency and consumption questionnaire, and were submitted to measurements of BMI, AC and %Fat. Cronbach Alpha was calculated to assess the internal consistency of TFEQ-R21. Pearson correlation indexes and line equations of simple linear regression were calculated between the related variables, as well as multiple linear regression models having BMI, AC and %Fat as outcomes and the CR, EE and UE behaviors as independent variables. The value of 0.05 was used to define the level of significance of all statistical operations. Results: The Cronbach Alpha value calculated for the translated TFEQ-R21 was 0.85. Significant associations were found (p<0.05) between EE and UE, as well as EE and BMI, AC, % Fat and consumption of carbohydrates and meats. UE was associated to the same parameters, but also to the consumption of dairy products, fats and sweets. Conclusion: The TFEQ-R21 translated into Portuguese was shown to be an adequate instrument for identifying behavior patterns associated to eating habit, and its application and analysis can serve as starting point for the adoption of new nutritional orientation approach strategies in programs directed towards weight control of Brazilians.

Background and objective: Researchers have been looking for a way to predict future emission rates, and come up with explanations on how to tackle the issue of global warming through changes in individual behavior for decades. The focus of these studies have, on the other hand, focused more on nutritional bases rather than cultural. This study’s objective is to provide a method, as a useful tool in further analysis on GHG-emission based on cultural behavioral factors such as socio-economic status as well as age, sex, etc. with diet as emission prediction factor. This could be a stepping stone toward future research on Co2e related to e.g. physiological factors such as BMI, blood pressure and diseases. Method: With the use of data obtained from the FFQ questionnaire within the VIP-program, combined with estimates of greenhouse gas-emission (Co2e) attributed to specific diets obtained from Röös, estimations of individual Co2e emission-levels were calculated using the software “R”. The dataset contained 159 687 observations and 152 different variables. The data was obtained from the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine at Umeå University. Portions sizes were mainly collected from the Swedish Food Composition Database. Box-plots and regression analysis were made to illustrate the main findings. Result: The result was a new dataset that could be applied to any population to estimate Co2e-emission on individual level based on an FFQ, given that the FFQ have the same structure as the one in the VIP. The variables that contributed to the highest amount of Co2e were animal products i.e. butter, milk and meat. Chicken, pork and fish were not nearly as Co2e heavy as the meat products containing beef such as “steak”, “minced meat” and “hamburgers”. The regression analysis showed that higher age had a positive effect on reducing emission, as well as being a woman. Education showed an increase in Co2e for higher education. There were some small differences among municipalities. Marital status gave a slight decrease in the regression, meaning married couples emits more than singles. Exercise showed an increase in Co2e for active individuals in the regression analysis. However, the most noticeable result were sex, yielding a relatively big decrease in Co2e-emission for women compared to men. Conclusion: People at younger ages, within the observed age groups 40-60, seemed to reduce their carbon footprint more in relation to the higher age groups over the last 20 years. Overall, the general diet-based carbon footprint in Västerbotten seems to have increased slightly during the last 17 years. A remarkable dip were noticed in 2003, however this might not have been due to any behavioral changes, since the trend broke in 2006 and instantly receded back to the normal levels. This study confirms the fact that meat and dairy products are responsible for a significant amount of the diet-based emission. This topic needs to be studied more, and with this method of applying GHG-emission measures to individual diet-based data, a gate has been opened for a new field of research.

The current research study is responding to recent findings wherein, Fischer et al. (2013) report a risk rate based on EAT-26 scores in the range of 9.2% to 10.8% at BYU in comparison to the 15% they found reported in the literature using samples from other college campuses. Risk rates based on BSQ scores were reported in the 27.2% to 31.1% range, which was on par with a risk rate of 28.7% reported at a comparable university (Fischer et al., 2013). Fischer et al. (2013) conclude that while body shape concerns were estimated to be equal to or lower than reports at other universities, the level of eating disorder risk was not what would have been expected based on the estimates of other universities of the correlations normally found between EAT-26 and BSQ scores. This qualitative study investigated the experiences of 14 women who were identified as exhibiting high body shape dissatisfaction as determined by the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) and did endorse having disordered eating attitudes or habits as determined by the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26). The In-depth interviews and data analysis were conducted using an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis method and aimed at exploring the experiences of these women and what they believe keeps them healthy. Seven themes emerged from the data: Control, Social, Spiritual, Priorities, Exposure to Information, Avoidance, and Food Relationship. The first four themes were further conceptualized as having both a positive, or protective, impact and a negative, or counterproductive, impact on the participants. These four themes contributed to the participants overall Self-concept. The latter three themes, although likely having the same dual potential conceptualization were less compatible with an overall model despite being themes that were emphasized in the transcripts. The theme Control was further conceptualized to depict how the positive/protective impact functioned through a perception of choice and empowerment and how the negative/counterproductive impact functioned through a perception of no choice and disempowerment. Each of these possibilities yielded two potential outcomes for the participants, (a) enforce desired behaviors; or (b) do not enforce desired behaviors. What appears to be most protective against allowing body dissatisfaction to lead to disordered eating attitudes and behaviors is having a sense of self that is accepted by both oneself and by others. Ultimately, the results are a first step in the exploration of protective factors for women with a risk of developing an eating disorder. The results provide potential implications for future research and hint at potential clinical uses, both of which are discussed.

A considerable percentage of the UK population are overweight (BMI≥25kg/m2) or obese (BMI≥30kg/m2). However, despite living in the same culture and exposed to a similar “obesogenic” environment, some individuals gain weight while others do not (French et al., 1995). This variability in weight control has been suggested to be associated with individual differences in eating behaviours (French et al., 2012). Certain factors, such as motivation (hedonic hunger and hunger status) as well as cognition (impulsivity and memory) may have an impact on eating behaviours and their relationship with weight control. Thus, the objective of this thesis was to explore individual differences in eating behaviours and investigate their relationship with motivation, cognition and weight control. The first experiment (Chapter 2) investigated the relationship between eating behaviours, motivation (hedonic hunger) and food consumption during an ad-libitum buffet. This study suggests that restrained eating behaviour was associated with higher overall energy intake, greater energy intake from unhealthy foods and greater energy intake from both high and low energy dense foods. However, no interactions between restraint and disinhibition or hedonic hunger was seen. Following this, the second experiment (Chapter 3) examined whether eating behaviours, such as disinhibition, restraint and hunger, change during a weight loss and weight maintenance period and whether they could predict changes in weight during these periods. Indeed, the results suggest that lower baseline restraint could predict greater weight loss during a low-energy liquid diet and interventions which increase restraint and decrease disinhibition may be beneficial for longer term weight maintenance. The third experiment (Chapter 4) was designed to investigate whether motivation and cognition influences eating behaviours. The results suggest that hedonic hunger, restraint and impulsivity may lead to higher levels of disinhibited eating behaviour. This study was also able to replicate the findings of previous literature suggesting that episodic memory is negatively associated with BMI (Cheke et al., 2016). Finally, following on from the previous study results, the fourth experiment (Chapter 5) included a more diverse sample of participants including dieters. The results provide evidence that individuals on a diet have poorer episodic memory ability than those currently not on a diet. This study also extended previous results suggesting that hedonic hunger (but also episodic memory and hunger) are important factors in disinhibited eating. Hedonic hunger was also shown to be important in levels of hunger.

Yes
Objective: To examine score validity and reliability of a Child version of the 21-item Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (CTFEQ-R21) in a sample of Canadian children and adolescents and its relationship with body mass index (BMI) z-scores and food/taste preferences. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: School-based. Subjects: 158 children, 63 boys (11.5±1.6 years) and 95 girls (11.9±1.9 years). Results: The exploratory factor analysis revealed that the CTFEQ-R21 was best represented by four factors with item 17 removed (CFFEQ-R20) representing Cognitive Restraint (CR), Cognitive Uncontrolled Eating (UE 1), External Uncontrolled Eating (UE 2), and Emotional Eating (EE) and accounted for 41.2% of the total common variance, with good scale reliability. ANOVAs revealed that younger children reported higher UE 1 scores and CR scores compared to older children, and boys who reported high UE 1 scores had significantly higher BMI Z-scores. Children with high UE 1 scores reported a greater preference for high protein and fat foods, and high-fat savoury (HFSA) and high-fat sweet (HFSW) foods. Higher preference for high protein, fat, and carbohydrate foods, and HFSA, HFSW, and low-fat savoury foods was found in children with high UE 2 scores. Conclusions: This study suggests that the CFFEQ-R20 can be used to measure eating behaviour traits and associations with BMI z-scores and food/taste preferences in Canadian children and adolescents. Future research is needed to examine the validity of the questionnaire in larger samples and in other geographical locations, as well as the inclusion of extraneous variables such as parental eating or socio-economic status.

Lee, Hang Mei.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 158-169).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Abstract --- p.i
Acknowledgements --- p.iii
Publication List --- p.iv
Table of Contents --- p.v
List of Tables --- p.viii
List of Figures --- p.xii
List of Abbreviations --- p.xiv
Chapter Chapter I: --- Introduction
Chapter 1.1 --- Importance of Children´ةs Diet to Their Health --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Current Health and Dietary Situation in Hong Kong Children --- p.4
Chapter 1.3 --- Dietary Patterns of Children Around the World --- p.10
Chapter 1.4 --- Common Dietary Assessments in Children --- p.13
Chapter 1.4.1 --- Food Records --- p.14
Chapter 1.4.2 --- 24-hour Dietary Recalls --- p.15
Chapter 1.5 --- Reliability and Validity of Fast Assessment Tools --- p.17
Chapter 1.6 --- Concerns of Validating Short Assessment Tools in Children --- p.21
Chapter 1.6.1 --- Administration Process --- p.21
Chapter 1.6.2 --- Questionnaire Design --- p.21
Chapter 1.6.3 --- Cognitive Development of Children --- p.22
Chapter 1.7 --- Introduction to the Two Minute Assessment (TMA) Questionnaire Used --- p.22
Chapter 1.8 --- Study Objectives and Hypotheses --- p.24
Chapter Chapter II: --- Methodology
Chapter 2.1 --- Sample Selection and Recruitment --- p.25
Chapter 2.2 --- Data Collection --- p.26
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Training --- p.26
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Anthropometric Data --- p.27
Chapter 2.2.3 --- TMA Questionnaire and Administration --- p.28
Chapter 2.2.4 --- 24-hour Dietary Recall Interviewers --- p.28
Chapter 2.2.5 --- Physical Activity (PA) Level --- p.30
Chapter 2.3 --- "Data Entry, Verification and Cleaning" --- p.31
Chapter 2.4 --- Data Analyses --- p.31
Chapter 2.4.1 --- Anthropometric Data --- p.31
Chapter 2.4.2 --- Dietary Study --- p.32
Chapter 2.4.3 --- Reliability Study --- p.34
Chapter 2.4.4 --- Validity Study --- p.36
Chapter 2.5 --- Ethics Approval --- p.37
Chapter Chapter III: --- Results
Chapter 3.1 --- Subjects Recruited and Participation Rates --- p.38
Chapter 3.2 --- Dietary Study --- p.40
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Characteristics of Subjects --- p.40
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Selected Nutrient Intakes and Recommendations --- p.44
Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- By Gender --- p.44
Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- By Weight Status --- p.49
Chapter 3.2.2.3 --- Dietary Sources of Selected Nutrients --- p.50
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Food Group Intakes and Recommendations --- p.51
Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- By Gender --- p.51
Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- By Weight Status --- p.52
Chapter 3.2.3.3 --- By Eating Occasions --- p.53
Chapter 3.2.3.4 --- Food Group Composition --- p.54
Chapter 3.2.4 --- Eating Behaviors --- p.55
Chapter 3.2.4.1 --- Breakfast --- p.55
Chapter 3.2.4.1.1 --- Breakfast Eating Behavior --- p.55
Chapter 3.2.4.1.2 --- Nutrient and Food Group Intakes among the Daily vs Non-Daily Breakfast Eaters --- p.56
Chapter 3.2.4.1.3 --- Frequently Consumed Breakfast Foods --- p.59
Chapter 3.2.4.2 --- Snacking --- p.60
Chapter 3.2.4.2.1 --- Snacking Behavior --- p.60
Chapter 3.2.4.3 --- Eating Out --- p.62
Chapter 3.2.4.3.1 --- Eating Out Behavior --- p.62
Chapter 3.2.4.3.2 --- Nutrient Density of Food Eaten at Home vs. Eaten Out (EO) --- p.63
Chapter 3.2.4.3.3 --- Percent of Food Group Intake of Eaten at Home vs Eaten Out --- p.64
Chapter 3.3 --- TMA Reliability Study --- p.65
Chapter 3.3.1 --- Characteristics of Subjects --- p.65
Chapter 3.3.2 --- Reponses and Reliability of TMA Questions --- p.65
Chapter 3.3.3 --- Internal Consistency and Test-Retest Reliability of Scores --- p.67
Chapter 3.4 --- Validity of TMA --- p.69
Chapter 3.4.1 --- Anthropometric Characteristics of Subjects --- p.69
Chapter 3.4.2 --- TMA Responses --- p.70
Chapter 3.4.3 --- Suggestions for Dietary Improvement --- p.74
Chapter 3.4.4 --- Associations Between Nutrient Intakes and Individual Questions --- p.76
Chapter 3.4.4.1 --- Nutrition Knowledge Question --- p.77
Chapter 34.4.2 --- Dietary Behavior Questions --- p.77
Chapter 3.4.4.3 --- Physical Activity Questions --- p.85
Chapter 3.4.4.4 --- Household Economics Questions --- p.86
Chapter 3.4.5 --- Correlation Between Nutrient and Food Group Intakes and Recommendations with Scores --- p.86
Chapter 3.4.5.1 --- Behavioral Score --- p.86
Chapter 3.4.5.2 --- Fat Score --- p.87
Chapter 3.4.5.3 --- Fibre Score --- p.88
Chapter Chapter IV: --- Discussion
Chapter 4.1 --- Summary of the Findings --- p.90
Chapter 4.2 --- Student Dietary Study --- p.91
Chapter 4.3 --- Study of Reliability and Validity of the TMA Questionnaire --- p.102
Chapter Chapter V: --- Conclusions --- p.118
Appendices --- p.120
References --- p.158

The thesis focuses on the survey of consumer perception of organic food and their brands. The work characterizes ecological agriculture, organic food and the process of their control and labeling. The aim is to find out what consumer behavior is with regard to age and gender. Another important output of this work is to find out whether consumers find organic food better than conventional food and whether consumers perceive organic food when they buy. The subject of the thesis is research and data were obtained by questionnaire survey.