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1

Fenchel, T. "Marine Plankton Food Chains." Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 19, no. 1 (November 1988): 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.19.110188.000315.

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2

Cabana, Gilbert, Alain Tremblay, Jacob Kalff, and Joseph B. Rasmussen. "Pelagic Food Chain Structure in Ontario Lakes: A Determinant of Mercury Levels in Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, no. 2 (February 1, 1994): 381–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f94-039.

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The trophic structure of pelagic communities in glaciated regions is highly variable due to restricted dispersal of glacial relict taxa and recent species introduction. Much of the between-lake variation in Hg in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) flesh from the St. Lawrence system (non-point-source contaminated lakes), which spans more than two orders of magnitude (0.03–3.96 μg/g), results from differences in the length of pelagic food chains. Hg levels from the longest food chains where pelagic forage fish and the crustacean Mysis relicta were present were about 3.6-fold higher than those from the shortest food chains where these last two trophic components were missing. A lack of correlation between Hg levels in small-mouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu), which do not exploit the pelagic food chain, and the length of the pelagic food chain confirmed that the positive relationship observed in lake trout could not be attributed to the confounding effect of some physicochemical factors covarying with our pelagic food chain classification. Our results confirmed that the food chain biomagnification model developed by Rasmussen et al. (1990. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47: 2030–2038) to predict PCB levels in lake trout can also be applied to Hg biomagnification.
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3

Clark, Lisa F., and Jill E. Hobbs. "Informational barriers, quality assurance and the scaling up of complementary food supply chains in Sub-Saharan Africa." Outlook on Agriculture 47, no. 1 (February 21, 2018): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030727018760601.

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This article examines how effective quality assurance mechanisms can help address three challenges facing scaling-up efforts in supply chains for complementary foods in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): sourcing, market size and consumer trust. We use supply chain analysis to evaluate how stakeholder actions and relationships influence the dynamics of complementary food markets in SSA. We argue that effective signalling of credence attributes via credible quality assurance can contribute to the sustainability of local complementary food supply chains and once established, may contribute to the long-term affordability, accessibility and availability of these foods in SSA. The article concludes by stressing that allocating resources for establishing or further implementing regional and/or state-level quality assurance mechanisms for food safety and quality requires the coordination of stakeholder actions to address food insecurity across SSA.
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4

Toilbay, Ozgeriskhan, Aidos Moldabekov, Nazgul Moldabekova, and Abylai Abai. "IMPACT OF HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH ON SPECIES EXTINCTION." Вестник КазАТК 129, no. 6 (November 6, 2023): 432–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.52167/1609-1817-2023-129-6-432-439.

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Although a significant portion of the anthropogenic impact on other species comes from our habit of eating other animals, little attention has been paid to understanding and quantifying how human carnivory threatens biodiversity globally. Here we consider anthropogenic threats to human food chains. We identify two mechanisms related to predation in the human food chain (predation and predation), one to competition (prey depletion and harassment), one to biohazards (any adverse effects caused by introduced livestock or alien species associated with human carnivory), four to environmental changes (destructive harvesting methods , animal husbandry, agriculture and climate change) and a different category for indirectly related processes is our high trophic state. Our findings demonstrate that human food chains are a major driver of the current biodiversity crisis and will hopefully contribute to increasing awareness of this fundamental but neglected aspect of human ecology.
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5

Kelly, Jeffrey F. "Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in the study of avian and mammalian trophic ecology." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 1 (February 28, 2000): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-165.

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Differential fractionation of stable isotopes of carbon during photosynthesis causes C4 plants and C3 plants to have distinct carbon-isotope signatures. In addition, marine C3 plants have stable-isotope ratios of carbon that are intermediate between C4 and terrestrial C3 plants. The direct incorporation of the carbon-isotope ratio (13C/12C) of plants into consumers' tissues makes this ratio useful in studies of animal ecology. The heavy isotope of nitrogen (15N) is preferentially incorporated into the tissues of the consumer from the diet, which results in a systematic enrichment in nitrogen-isotope ratio (15N/14N) with each trophic level. Consequently, stable isotopes of nitrogen have been used primarily to assess position in food chains. The literature pertaining to the use of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in animal trophic ecology was reviewed. Data from 102 studies that reported stable-isotope ratios of carbon and (or) nitrogen of wild birds and (or) mammals were compiled and analyzed relative to diet, latitude, body size, and habitat moisture. These analyses supported the predicted relationships among trophic groups. Carbon-isotope ratios differed among species that relied on C3, C4, and marine food chains. Likewise, nitrogen-isotope ratios were enriched in terrestrial carnivorous mammals relative to terrestrial herbivorous mammals. Also, marine carnivores that ate vertebrates had nitrogen-isotope ratios that were enriched over the ratios of those that ate invertebrates. Data from the literature also indicated that (i) the carbon-isotope ratio of carnivore bone collagen was inversely related to latitude, which was likely the result of an inverse relationship between the proportion of carbon in the food chain that was fixed by C4 plants and latitude; (ii) seabirds and marine mammals from northern oceans had higher nitrogen-isotope ratios than those from southern oceans; (iii) the nitrogen-isotope ratios of terrestrial mammals that used xeric habitats were higher than the ratios of those that used mesic habitats, indicating that water stress can have important effects on the nitrogen-isotope ratio; (iv) there was no relationship between body mass and nitrogen-isotope ratio for either bone collagen or muscle of carnivores; and (v) there was linear covariation between stable-isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen in marine food chains (but not in terrestrial C3 or C4 food chains), which is likely a product of increases in carbon-isotope ratio with trophic level in marine food chains. Differences in stable-isotope composition among trophic groups were detected despite variation attributable to geographic location, climate, and analytical techniques, indicating that these effects are large and pervasive. Consequently, as knowledge of the distribution of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen increases, they will probably become an increasingly important tool in the study of avian and mammalian trophic ecology.
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6

Vinagre, Catarina, and Cristina L. Gastón. "Short food chains, highly diverse and complex food web networks in coastal lagoons." Food Webs 38 (March 2024): e00341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fooweb.2024.e00341.

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7

Fagerström, Torbjörn, and Torbjorn Fagerstrom. "Biomagnification in Food Chains and Related Concepts." Oikos 62, no. 2 (November 1991): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3545273.

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8

Gross, Thilo, Wolfgang Ebenhöh, and Ulrike Feudel. "Long food chains are in general chaotic." Oikos 109, no. 1 (April 2005): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13573.x.

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9

Ayal, Yoram, and Elli Groner. "Primary Consumer Body Size and Food-Chain Length in Terrestrial Communities." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 55, no. 4 (May 6, 2009): 329–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1560/ijee.55.4.329.

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Using 21 community food webs, we tested Elton's two hypotheses regarding the main factors limiting food-chain length in terrestrial communities, namely, energy (energy limitation hypothesis—ELH) and body size (size limitation hypothesis—SLH). As predators tend to be larger than their prey, food-chains are size-structured: animal size increases with trophic position. We found a negative correlation between the size of the primary consumer and the length of the chain. Food-chains based on small primary consumers are longer than those based on large primary consumers, and size rather than energetic efficiency is the main contributing factor. We found no correlation between habitat productivity and mean food-chain length. All these findings support the SLH over the ELH. Our results suggest that, as in aquatic communities, a single factor—a predator/prey size-ratio greater than 1—governs the structure of terrestrial communities.
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10

Ušča, Maija, and Lāsma Aļeksējeva. "Environmental Sustainability Aspects in Short Food Supply Chains: the Views of Organic Farmers and Consumers." Rural Sustainability Research 50, no. 345 (December 1, 2023): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/plua-2023-0018.

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Abstract Globally, food systems are the most significant cause of environmental change; therefore, efforts to create more environmentally sustainable food systems are presented. One of the directions is strengthening the local actors and short food supply chains. Simultaneously, changes in farming systems are needed, and organic agriculture is one of the ways to make food systems more environmentally sustainable. Despite the abundance of research on the environmental consciousness of consumers in short food supply chains, the question is raised whether local food chain farmers are also committed to environmental sustainability. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the importance of environmental sustainability to organic short food supply chain actors. More specifically, the research depicts the views of organic farmers and consumers and their relation to the actual environmental sustainability of short food supply chains. During the research, a specific short food supply chain – a direct purchasing network – was explored. A qualitative approach was applied to reach the aim. Thus, in-depth interviews and observations were used as a research method. The research results demonstrated the views of farmers and consumers of the specific network regarding environmental sustainability aspects in the network. In the research, such environmental aspects as the circularity of resources, biodiversity, chemicals in the environment, seasonality and locality of diets, and the distance (food miles) were admitted as crucial ones by the specific short food supply chain actors. The differences in opinions of consumers and farmers emerged when thinking about the scale of their views.
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11

Upite, Ilze, Dina Bite, Irina Pilvere, and Aleksejs Nipers. "Impacts of COVID-19 on the Food Supply Chain for Arable Crops in Latvia." Rural Sustainability Research 47, no. 342 (August 1, 2022): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/plua-2022-0007.

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Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented stress to food supply chains, pointing to weaknesses in the labour, processing, transport and logistics spheres, as well as significant changes in demand. Food supply chains have shown considerable resilience in the face of such stress. Monitoring of the food sector during the COVID-19 pandemic indicates that the effects of COVID-19 on food supply, demand and access are interlinked processes and have a complex impact on food systems. In addition, high-value food supply chains in developed countries are even more complex, so countries need to respond quickly to restore them and also develop mechanisms that balance business and public interests and protect farmers and food business workers during future potential pandemic crises. The research aims to identify the main demand and supply side factors that affect the resilience of local and global food supply chains during the COVID-19 crisis, as well as assess the resilience of the supply chain for arable crops during the COVID-19 crisis in Latvia, identifying the main risk factors. The research found that arable crop farmers were relatively less affected by the COVID-19 crisis than other agricultural employees. The impact of the crisis was larger on the crop processing industry than on the other industries, and the main risk factors related to changes in demand and the industry’s dependence on imported raw materials and the successful operation of export markets. Based on an in-depth risk analysis, the research developed recommendations for policy makers and actors in the agri-food chain that would improve the resilience of local (domestic) participants of the arable crop food supply chain in Latvia.
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12

Kooi, B. W., M. P. Boer, and S. A. L. M. Kooijman. "Mass Balance Equation Versus Logistic Equation in Food Chains." Journal of Biological Systems 05, no. 01 (March 1997): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339097000072.

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The dynamic behavior of tri-trophic food chains consisting of resources, prey, predator and top-predator is dealt with. We compare a formulation whereby the prey growth is logistic, with a mass balance formulation. In the case of the mass balance formulation both the linear and the hyperbolic functional response are discussed. The consequences of the different formulations on the dynamics of a microbial food chain in chemostat situation are described. Bifurcation diagrams for the nonlinear dynamic systems are given. When the prey grows logistically there is no coexistence of the three species for biologically realistic parameter values for a microbial food chain. The same holds for the mass balance equations with a linear functional response for the prey. For a hyperbolic functional response, however, there is a stable equilibrium for the whole food chain in a rather large region of the parameter space. Furthermore, this model shows more complex dynamic behaviors; besides point attractors, limit cycles and chaotic attractors.
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13

Kononiuk, Anna, and Andrzej Magruk. "Building resilience in European food supply chains: results of a Delphi study." Economics and Environment 87, no. 4 (March 4, 2024): 758. http://dx.doi.org/10.34659/eis.2023.87.4.758.

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The COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine have negatively affected the sustainability of the food market and contributed significantly to the increase in agricultural prices. The goal of this article is to present the results of a European Delphi study on enabling factors and barriers to developing robustness within food distribution networks. The paper also aims to identify ways to ensure food security and build resilience in supply chains for European Union (EU) citizens, as well as strategies to protect the agricultural sector. The Delphi theses, the expected timing of their implementation and their impact on selected stages of supply chains were assessed. The paper employs a literature review, the Delphi method and STEEPED analysis to identify factors for increasing the robustness of European food distribution networks. The research findings highlighted crucial factors in enhancing food supply chain resilience, including financial aid to farmers, the use of advanced technologies (like AI, remote sensing, GIS, VR, or drones), and the encouragement of conscious consumption practices. The study revealed that severe weather, inadequate financial support for farmers and insufficient favourable legislation at the national level are the main barriers to achieving resilience in food supply chains. The main recommendations for building food resilience include encouraging localised food supply chains and, advocating for eco-friendly, sustainable production approaches and small-scale agriculture and reducing unnecessary food losses. The originality of the study is reflected in the presentation of the opinions of international experts on developing robustness within food distribution networks in view of the disruption caused by COVID-19 and the geopolitical situation.
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14

Abrams, Peter A., and James Roth. "The responses of unstable food chains to enrichment." Evolutionary Ecology 8, no. 2 (March 1994): 150–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01238247.

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15

Ke, Xue, Ruilin Cheng, and Yahui Li. "The Role of Lamprey Sex Ratios in Ecosystem Dynamics: An Analysis Using Lotka-Volterra Models." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 98 (May 16, 2024): 432–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/9c8v5b40.

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With global ecological changes, studying the sex ratio of lampreys in ecosystems and their impact on the food chain and ecological stability has become a key topic in ecology and environmental science. Lampreys are found mainly in the North Pacific region and are considered to be parasites that have a significant impact on the ecosystem. The sex ratio of lampreys is not as 1:1 as in most species, depending on how quickly they grow during the larval stage. In response to this, this study started with the living habits of lampreys and studied the impact of different years in different watersheds on the sex ratio of lampreys, as well as the relationship between water temperature and catch quantity. Subsequently, the Lotka-Volterra model theory was applied to prove that the sex ratio of lampreys has a greater impact on ecosystems in simpler food chains, but a smaller impact in more complex food chains. This study successfully revealed when the population of lamps can alter its sex ratio, lampreys have a certain impact on the quantity and structure of species in ecosystems.
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16

Mann, K. "Physical oceanography, food chains, and fish stocks: a review." ICES Journal of Marine Science 50, no. 2 (May 1993): 105–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.1993.1013.

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17

Mohtadi, Hamid. "Information Sharing in Food Supply Chains." Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie 56, no. 2 (May 5, 2008): 163–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7976.2008.00123.x.

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18

Silva, Beatriz Q., Marta W. Vasconcelos, and Sergiy Smetana. "Conceptualisation of an Ecodesign Framework for Sustainable Food Product Development across the Supply Chain." Environments 10, no. 4 (March 30, 2023): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments10040059.

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As the world population grows, the pressure to intensify an unsustainable food production system increases. At the same time, one-third of all the food produced is lost or wasted along the value chains. Therefore, it is crucial to develop methods to increase food production while decreasing resource usage and minimising the environmental impact. Ecodesign concepts have already been implemented in various sectors, reducing the environmental impact of products. However, published work has yet to analyse the potential of ecodesign for food production across the value chain. This review assesses the existing literature on ecodesign principles and proposes a conceptual framework of strategies to be applied to current food chains, addressing the challenges posed by current agrifood systems. We suggest that the relevant ecodesign principles fall into three main categories depending on the supply chain stage: “design for sustainable sourcing (DfSS)”, “design for optimised resource use (DfORU)”, and “design for end-of-life optimisation (DfEO).” Applying this framework across the supply chain could significantly reduce the environmental impact of food production and indirectly contribute to dietary change.
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19

Rasmussen, J. B., D. J. Rowan, D. R. S. Lean, and J. H. Carey. "Food Chain Structure in Ontario Lakes Determines PCB Levels in Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and Other Pelagic Fish." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47, no. 10 (October 1, 1990): 2030–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f90-227.

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The trophic structure of pelagic communities in lakes of glaciated regions is highly variable due to restricted dispersal of glacial relict taxa and recent species introductions. Much of the enormous between-lake variability in PCB levels in lake trout flesh (15–10 000 ng/g) from the St. Lawrence system results from differences in the length of pelagic food chains. Ontario Ministry of the Environment data (1978–81) on PCB concentrations in lake trout flesh indicate that PCB concentrations increased with the length of the food chain and tissue lipid content, and decreased with distance north of urban-industrial centres. Each trophic level contributed about a 3.5-fold biomagnification factor to the PCB concentrations in the trout, and the lipid content of the trout flesh increased by a factor of 1.5 for each additional trophic level. An empirical model capable of predicting PCB levels in pelagic salmonids and forage fish (smelt and coregonids) indicated that biomagnification of small atmospheric inputs of persistent lipophilic contaminants can explain the frequent occurrence of high levels of contaminants in some biota from remote areas, and that species introductions that lengthen food chains will lead to significant increases in levels of atmospherically dispersed persistent organic contaminants in top predators.
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20

Thingstad, T. Frede. "How trophic cascades and photic zone nutrient content interact to generate basin-scale differences in the microbial food web." ICES Journal of Marine Science 77, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 1639–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsaa028.

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Abstract In linear food chains, resource and predator control produce positive and negative correlations, respectively, between biomass at adjacent trophic levels. These simple relationships become more complex in food webs that contain alternative food chains of unequal lengths. We have used a “minimum” model for the microbial part of the pelagic food web that has three such food chains connecting free mineral nutrients to copepods: via diatoms, autotrophic flagellates, and heterotrophic bacteria. Trophic cascades from copepods strongly modulates the balance between the three pathways and, therefore, the functionality of the microbial food web in services such as food production for higher trophic levels, DOM degradation, and ocean carbon sequestration. The result is a theoretical framework able to explain, not only apparent conflicts in Arctic mesocosm experiments, but also biogeochemical features of the Mediterranean. Here, the fundamental difference between Arctic and Mediterranean microbial food webs is the way they are predator driven by seasonal migration of large copepods in the Arctic, but resource driven due to the anti-estuarine circulation in the Mediterranean. In this framework, global change effects on microbial ecosystem functions are more like to come indirectly through changes in these drivers than through direct temperature effects on the microbes.
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21

Rongjun, Chen. "Energy and nutrient flow through detritus food chains." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 27, no. 1-4 (November 1989): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(89)90086-8.

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22

Poelman, Erik H., Antonino Cusumano, and Jetske G. de Boer. "The Ecology of Hyperparasitoids." Annual Review of Entomology 67, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): 143–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-060921-072718.

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Hyperparasitoids are some of the most diverse members of insect food webs. True hyperparasitoids parasitize the larvae of other parasitoids, reaching these larvae with their ovipositor through the herbivore that hosts the parasitoid larva. During pupation, primary parasitoids also may be attacked by pseudohyperparasitoids that lay their eggs on the parasitoid (pre)pupae. By attacking primary parasitoids, hyperparasitoids may affect herbivore population dynamics, and they have been identified as a major challenge in biological control. Over the past decades, research, especially on aphid- and caterpillar-associated hyperparasitoids, has revealed that hyperparasitoids challenge rules on nutrient use efficiency in trophic chains, account for herbivore outbreaks, or stabilize competitive interactions in lower trophic levels, and they may use cues derived from complex interaction networks to locate their hosts. This review focuses on the fascinating ecology of hyperparasitoids related to how they exploit and locate their often inconspicuous hosts and the insect community processes in which hyperparasitoids are prominent players.
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23

Moseley, William G., and Melanie Ouedraogo. "When Agronomy Flirts with Markets, Gender, and Nutrition: A Political Ecology of the New Green Revolution for Africa and Women’s Food Security in Burkina Faso." African Studies Review 65, no. 1 (March 2022): 41–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2021.74.

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AbstractAdvocates of the Green Revolution for Africa (GR4A) argue that the best way to address malnutrition is to incorporate smallholders into the global food economy via value chains involving the use of improved inputs, production technologies, and access to markets. Moseley and Ouedraogo critically assess these tactics using a feminist political ecology lens to analyze GR4A efforts in southwestern Burkina Faso which target female rice farmers. They examine the nature of the GR4A rice value chain, the degree to which a GR4A project is impacting the nutrition of participating women, and the influence of gender roles on GR4A rice project outcomes.
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24

Brander, Keith, and Thomas Kiørboe. "Decreasing phytoplankton size adversely affects ocean food chains." Global Change Biology 26, no. 10 (July 28, 2020): 5356–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15216.

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Van Voorn, George, Geerten Hengeveld, and Jan Verhagen. "An agent based model representation to assess resilience and efficiency of food supply chains." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 19, 2020): e0242323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242323.

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Trying to meet the Sustainable Development Goals is challenging. Food supply chains may have to become more efficient to meet the increasing food requirement of 10 Billion people by 2050. At the same time, food and nutrition security are at risk from increasingly likely shocks like extreme climate events, market shocks, pandemics, changing consumer preferences, and price volatility. Here we consider some possibilities and limitations regarding the improvement of resilience (the capacity to deal with shocks) and efficiency (here interpreted as the share of produced food delivered to consumers) of food supply chains. We employ an Agent Based Model of a generic food chain network consisting of stylized individuals representing producers, traders, and consumers. We do this: 1/ to describe the dynamically changing disaggregated flows of crop items between these agents, and 2/ to be able to explicitly consider agent behaviour. The agents have implicit personal objectives for trading. We quantify resilience and efficiency by linking these to the fraction of fulfilment of the overall explicit objective to have all consumers meet their food requirement. We consider different types of network structures in combination with different agent interaction types under different types of stylized shocks. We find that generally the network structures with higher efficiency are also more sensitive to shocks, while less efficient network types display more resilience. At first glance these results seem to confirm the existence of a system-level trade-off between resilience and efficiency similar to what is reported in business management and ecology literature. However, the results are modified by the trading interactions and the type of shock. In our simulations resilience and efficiency are affected by ‘soft’ boundaries caused by the preference and trust of agents (i.e., social aspects) in trading. The ability of agents to switch between trading partners represents an important aspect of resilience, namely a capacity to reorganize. These insights may be relevant when considering the reorganization of real-life food chains to increase their resilience to meet future food and nutrition security goals.
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Jardine, Timothy D. "A top predator forages low on species-rich tropical food chains." Freshwater Science 35, no. 2 (June 2016): 666–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/685858.

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D. Hodkinson, Ian, and Stephen J. Coulson. "Are high Arctic terrestrial food chains really that simple? - The Bear Island food web revisited." Oikos 106, no. 2 (August 2004): 427–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.13091.x.

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Diehl and Feißel. "Effects of Enrichment on Three-Level Food Chains with Omnivory." American Naturalist 155, no. 2 (2000): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3078943.

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Schmitz, Oswald J. "Exploitation in model food chains with mechanistic consumer-resource dynamics." Theoretical Population Biology 41, no. 2 (April 1992): 161–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-5809(92)90042-r.

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30

van der Stap, Irene, Matthijs Vos, Ralph Tollrian, and Wolf M. Mooij. "Inducible defenses, competition and shared predation in planktonic food chains." Oecologia 157, no. 4 (July 25, 2008): 697–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-008-1111-1.

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Kupfer, Alexander, Reinhard Langel, Stefan Scheu, Werner Himstedt, and Mark Maraun. "Trophic ecology of a tropical aquatic and terrestrial food web: insights from stable isotopes (15N)." Journal of Tropical Ecology 22, no. 4 (July 2006): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467406003336.

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We used stable isotope analysis (15N/14N) to characterize the trophic relationships of consumer communities of an aquatic food web (a permanent pond) and the adjacent terrestrial food web (secondary dry dipterocarp forest) from a seasonal tropical field site in north-eastern Thailand. In general, isotopic signatures of aquatic vertebrates were higher (δ15N range = 4.51–9.90‰) than those of invertebrates (δ15N range = 1.10–6.00‰). High 15N signatures identified water snakes and swamp eels as top predators in the pond food web. In the terrestrial food web 15N signatures of saprophagous litter invertebrates (diplopods, earthworms), termites, ants and beetle larvae were lower than in those of predatory invertebrates (scolopendrids, scorpions, whip spiders). Predatory terrestrial frogs and caecilians had lower 15N signatures than snakes, indicating that snakes are among the top predators in the terrestrial web. Based on the distribution of isotopic signatures, we estimated five trophic levels for both the aquatic and terrestrial food web. The food chains of a seasonal tropical site studied were rather short, which implies similarities to the structure of temperate food webs.
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32

Nautiyal, Prakash. "Food chains of Ganga River ecosystems in the Himalayas." Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 13, no. 4 (November 15, 2010): 362–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2010.528998.

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33

Walsworth, Timothy E., Phaedra Budy, and Gary P. Thiede. "Longer food chains and crowded niche space: effects of multiple invaders on desert stream food web structure." Ecology of Freshwater Fish 22, no. 3 (March 20, 2013): 439–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eff.12038.

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Lichy, Jessica, and Derek Watson. "Managing uncertainty in food supply chains – The case of British food manufacturing." Question(s) de management 45, no. 4 (July 26, 2023): 181–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/qdm.225.0181.

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À l’ère de la permacrise, les entreprises et notre société continuent d’être marquées par un niveau élevé d’incertitude, de fragilité et d’imprévisibilité. Dans ce contexte, le présent papier propose une analyse de la manière dont les responsables du secteur de l’industrie alimentaire britannique font face à une succession de défis provoqués par la récession, le Brexit et la Covid-19. Outre les suppressions d’emplois et les pertes de revenus, les responsables du secteur agroalimentaire sont confrontés à la menace constante de la contamination des aliments et aux conséquences négatives de l’augmentation, d’année en année, du nombre de personnes touchées ou décédées à la suite d’une contamination alimentaire. De telles erreurs portent atteinte à l’identité de la marque, entraînant des pertes de revenus supplémentaires et une éventuelle cessation d’activité. À l’aide d’une étude de cas ethnographique, nous identifions la manière dont les gestionnaires peuvent renforcer la résilience en intégrant une stratégie en trois parties (contrôle, coopération et communication), qui peut contribuer au développement d’une culture progressive de la sécurité alimentaire. En outre, nous soutenons que cette approche aidera les managers à se préparer à la récession imminente.
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35

Ruben, Ruerd, Rob Kuijpers, and Youri Dijkxhoorn. "Mobilizing the Midstream for Supporting Smallholder Intensification." Land 11, no. 12 (December 17, 2022): 2319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11122319.

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Most policies and incentives that aim to enable smallholder farmers towards the intensification of their agri-food production systems focus on supply-side strategies, such as training, technical assistance or credit services. Far less attention is usually given to demand-side drivers, such as the role of midstream value chain actors supporting smallholder’s investments in primary production. This explorative paper provides new insights on the value addition in the production vs. the midstream segments of agri-food value chains. It focusses attention on the influence of value chain integration on smallholders’ production and investment opportunities, and the implications for the structure of primary production. We use data from several value chains in sub-Saharan Africa to illustrate how farmers link to commercial midstream actors are able to enhance resource productivity, efficiency and profitability. In addition, we show that a larger role of the midstream in value added creation is associated with a more equal farm size distribution.
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36

PALUMBO, Roberta, Ana GONÇALVES, Athanasios GKRILLAS, Antonio LOGRIECO, Jean-Lou DORNE, Chiara DALL’ASTA, Armando VENÂNCIO, and Paola BATTILANI. "Mycotoxins in maize: mitigation actions, with a chain management approach." Phytopathologia Mediterranea 59, no. 1 (March 14, 2020): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/phyto-11142.

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Maize is the principal staple food/feed crop exposed to mycotoxins, and the co-occurrence of multiple mycotoxins and their metabolites has been well documented. This review presents the infection cycle, ecology, and plant-pathogen interactions of Aspergillus and Fusarium species in maize, and current knowledge on maize chain management to mitigate the occurrence of aflatoxins and fumonisins. Preventive actions include at pre-harvest, as part of cropping systems, at harvest, and at post-harvest, through storage, processing, and detoxification to minimize consumer exposure. Preventive actions in the field have been recognized as efficient for reducing the entrance of mycotoxins into production chains. Biological control of Aspergillus flavus has been recognized to minimize contamination with aflatoxins. Post-harvest maize grain management is also crucial to complete preventive actions, and has been made mandatory in government food and feed legislation.
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37

Schmitt, Christoph K., Stefan Schulz, Jonas Braun, Christian Guill, and Barbara Drossel. "The effect of predator limitation on the dynamics of simple food chains." Theoretical Ecology 7, no. 2 (November 13, 2013): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12080-013-0204-6.

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38

Hobbs, Jill E. "Food supply chains during the COVID‐19 pandemic." Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie 68, no. 2 (May 3, 2020): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cjag.12237.

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39

Alemanno, Sara, Giorgio Mancinelli, and Alberto Basset. "Detritus Processing in Tri-Trophic Food Chains: a Modelling Approach." International Review of Hydrobiology 92, no. 2 (May 2007): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/iroh.200510952.

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40

Gerbeau, Yoan Molinero, and Gennaro Avallone. "Producing Cheap Food and Labour: Migrations and Agriculture in the Capitalistic World-Ecology." Social Change Review 14, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 121–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/scr-2016-0025.

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Abstract Through the perspective of world-ecology, one of the most recent approaches in international relations, we aim to analyse global capitalism as an ecological project based on the appropriation of human and extra-human nature oriented to support capital accumulation process. Agriculture and its labour force occupy a central role in maintaining the world-system in which global chains, international migrations and centre-periphery relationships interact. This paper shows how global processes occur at this intersection. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the analysis of the current world-system through this innovative approach, developed mainly by Jason W. Moore, and then show how the world-system’s structure and its crisis have articulated a highlyinternationalized production model whose most significant effect has been the generation of large migrations of cheap labour across the planet. It is also proposed to descend to the local context to highlight examples because the organization of work at this territorial scale is representative of global agricultural production.
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Hempson, Tessa N., Nicholas A. J. Graham, M. Aaron MacNeil, Nathalie Bodin, and Shaun K. Wilson. "Regime shifts shorten food chains for mesopredators with potential sublethal effects." Functional Ecology 32, no. 3 (January 15, 2018): 820–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13012.

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42

Loeuille, Nicolas, and Michel Loreau. "Nutrient enrichment and food chains: can evolution buffer top-down control?" Theoretical Population Biology 65, no. 3 (May 2004): 285–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tpb.2003.12.004.

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43

Anis, Zainab Bintay, Rashid Iqbal, Wahab Nazir, and Nauman Khalid. "Technological advances in supply chain of processed foods during COVID-19: a review." Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific Research 41, no. 2 (November 3, 2022): 158–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/agjsr-09-2022-0164.

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PurposeThe novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) variant of 2019 has taken more than 3.8 million lives according to the World Health Organization. To stop the spread of such a deadly and contagious disease, lockdown of varying nature was imposed worldwide. Lockdown, preventive techniques and observation of standard operating procedures (SOPs) have effectively decreased the spread of contagious diseases but have affected various businesses and industries economically. The food industry has been hit hard by different restriction parameters, due to which a disruption in food supply and demand was observed. Therefore, this study aims to study this disruption in the supply chain of processed food.Design/methodology/approachA comprehensive review was conducted on PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus to locate articles on processed foods, food delivery and supply chain. The selected articles were evaluated using the context analysis method.FindingsThe pandemic situation has increased the consumption and demand for processed food products from retail stores, and decreased the demand for food service products. These circumstances called for technological advancement in the field of food supply from farm to fork. This study reviews research articles, policies and secondary literature. Several advances have been made to deliver safe, nutritious and wholesome food to consumers. Block chain-based food supply chains, value stream mapping, sustainable supply chain domain and online ordering systems via mobile apps have been discussed in correspondence with information and communication technology (ICT) during COVID-19.Research limitations/implicationsThis study concludes that the use of advanced software and its adequate knowledge by suppliers, logistics companies and consumers have assisted in handling shocks to the global food system and provided in-time food delivery, traceability, database information and securely processed food to consumers.Originality/valueThis study shows the effects of COVID-19 pandemic on global food systems; disruption in food demand and supply chain is overlooked and changed; use of technological advances in food supply chain to tackle pandemic; online food ordering system gained popularity and improved technically.HighlightsThe review highlights the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on global food systems.The disruption in food demand and supply chain is overlooked and changed.The use of technological advances in the food supply chain to tackle the pandemic.The online food ordering system gained popularity and improved technically.
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44

Golubkov, Sergey, Alexei Tiunov, and Mikhail Golubkov. "Food-web modification in the eastern Gulf of Finland after invasion of Marenzelleria arctia (Spionidae, Polychaeta)." NeoBiota 66 (July 9, 2021): 75–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.66.63847.

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The paucity of data on non-indigenous marine species is a particular challenge for understanding the ecology of invasions and prioritising conservation and research efforts in marine ecosystems. Marenzelleria spp. are amongst the most successful non-native benthic species in the Baltic Sea during recent decades. We used stable isotope analysis (SIA) to test the hypothesis that the dominance of polychaete worm Marenzelleria arctia in the zoobenthos of the Neva Estuary after its invasion in the late 2000s is related to the position of this species in the benthic food webs. The trend towards a gradual decrease in the biomass of Marenzelleria worms was observed during 2014–2020, probably due to significant negative relationships between the biomass of oligochaetes and polychaetes, both of which, according to SIA, primarily use allochthonous organic carbon for their production. The biomass of benthic crustaceans practically did not change and remained very low. The SIA showed that, in contrast to the native crustacean Monoporeia affinis, polychates are practically not consumed either by the main invertebrate predator Saduria entomon, which preys on M. affinis, oligochaetes and larvae of chironomids or by benthivorous fish that prefer native benthic crustaceans. A hypothetical model for the position and functional role of M. arctia in the bottom food web is presented and discussed. According the model, the invasion of M. arctia has created an offshoot food chain in the Estuary food webs. The former dominant food webs, associated with native crustaceans, are now poorly developed. The lack of top-down control obviously contributes to the significant development of the Marenzelleria food chain, which, unlike native food chains, does not provide energy transfer from autochthonous and allochthonous organic matter to the upper trophic levels. The study showed that an alien species, without displacing native species, can significantly change the structure of food webs, creating blind offshoots of the food chain.
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45

Mendonça, V., and C. Vinagre. "Short food chains, high connectance and a high rate of cannibalism in food web networks of small intermittent estuaries." Marine Ecology Progress Series 587 (January 25, 2018): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps12401.

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46

Verhofstadt, Ellen, and Miet Maertens. "Processes of Modernization in Horticulture Food Value Chains in Rwanda." Outlook on Agriculture 42, no. 4 (December 2013): 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/oa.2013.0145.

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47

Werry, J., and SY Lee. "Grapsid crabs mediate link between mangrove litter production and estuarine planktonic food chains." Marine Ecology Progress Series 293 (2005): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps293165.

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48

Nichols, PD, DW Klumpp, and RB Johns. "A study of food chains in seagrass communities. III. Stable carbon isotope ratios." Marine and Freshwater Research 36, no. 5 (1985): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9850683.

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Stable carbon isotope determinations have been used to obtain a general background to food chains being studied by a range of chemical and biological techniques. δ13C values indicate that animals (δ13CC - 11.4‰ to - 14.9‰), including two locally important commercial fish, Platycephalus laevigatus (rock flathead) and Hyporhamphus melanochir (southern sea garfish), from the Corner Inlet seagrass and non-seagrass communities are dependent to varying degrees upon seagrass (δ13C - 7.0‰ to - 9.3‰) and benthic algae for their carbon source. The largest changes in δ13C values in the food chains is at the point involving seagrasses and their direct herbivores. The latter have more negative δ13C values (H. melanochir - 12.1%o, isopods - 11.4%o). Little or no change in δ13C values is apparent at the higher trophic levels (carnivores - 13 .0‰ to - 14.9‰). Epiphytic material on the fresh leaves of the two seagrass species in the Inlet is depleted in 13C when compared with the seagrass leaves. An opposite effect is observed for epiphytic material on Posidonia australis detritus.
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49

Zhang, Mengyi, and Peter Dannenberg. "Opportunities and Challenges of Indigenous Food Plant Farmers in Integrating into Agri-Food Value Chains in Cape Town." Land 11, no. 12 (December 12, 2022): 2267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11122267.

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In many regions of the Global South, introduced crops have led to a loss of biodiversity and left the food system vulnerable to climate change. As a result, the (re-)introduction of indigenous food plants (IFPs) into agriculture is discussed as a way to a more sustainable and resilient food production, which might also be feasible for Southern small-scale garden farmers. In Cape Town (South Africa), the first attempts to commercialize IFPs of the Cape Floristic Region are currently being made. By using a value chain perspective, this study analyzes the opportunities and challenges for farmers to integrate IFPs into regional commercial agri-food chains. Based on qualitative interviews and ethnographic participant observation, we identify and explain different challenges and potentials: Challenges include the complex harvest licensing procedure and limited seed/cutting access for growers, limited capabilities and capacity of growers, the competition with subsidized conventional production and limited distribution options, as well as a negative cultural perception of IFPs and a lack of preparation knowledge at the consumption level. Further, we identified opportunities for environmental adaptation and income generation. Remarkably, our results indicated a, so far, barely discussed geographical component in the success of indigenous crops. The findings are useful for guiding relevant market development interventions and raising awareness of IFPs in Cape Town and beyond.
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Nordhagen, Stella. "Food supply chains and child and adolescent diets: A review." Global Food Security 27 (December 2020): 100443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100443.

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