Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Food Distribution Channel'

Globo Foods Co., Ltd. has good opportunity to export five Thai seasoning        paste products to Sweden (Västerås). By setting the price as low initial price, sell firstly at ICA Maxi Hälla and Coop Extra in Västerås, use attractive promotion and advertising for Swedish people. This result is from valid, reliable primary and secondary data in order to be guideline and useful information to Globo Foods Co., Ltd. and also can adapt to fit the result with Thai seasoning pastes from other companies or other kind of products to enter to Västerås,Sweden.

Cette thèse étudie le système de distribution alimentaire au Vietnam fondée sur une approche de concurrence imparfaite. Le premier chapitre analyse le comportement de marché des intermédiaires dans le système de distribution alimentaire traditionnel. Nous modélisons le comportement des intermédiaires dans tous les cas de compétition de marché afin d'identifier l'impact du pouvoir de marché sur les producteurs alimentaires en amont, et sur les consommateurs en aval du système de distribution alimentaire traditionnel.La relation compétitive entre les différents circuits de distribution alimentaire est étudiée dans le second chapitre. Nous modélisation la compétition entre les systèmes de distribution alimentaire traditionnelle et moderne. Nous examinons la condition de coexistence qui permet aux deux circuits d'être active dans chaque cas spécifique de compétition de marché.Le troisième chapitre étudie le choix de circuit optimal des agriculteurs quand les coopératives agricoles soutiennent les petits producteurs dans l'accès au système de distribution alimentaire moderne. Nous introduisons deux circuits de distribution verticalement liés par la demande. Nous étudions le flux de quantité des petits producteurs aux consommateurs au moyen d'un équilibre de Nash, et nous abordons la question de la distribution des agriculteurs par un équilibre de libre entrée.Finalement, le quatrième chapitre analyse l'effet direct de la politique sur le système de distribution alimentaire. Nous proposons le modèle théorique de la réforme agraire, et étudions son impact sur le système de distribution alimentaire
This dissertation studies the food distribution system in Viet Nam based on an imperfect competition approach.The first chapter analyzes the market behavior of the intermediaries in the traditional food distribution system. We model the intermediary behavior in all cases of market competition to recognize the impact of their market power on the food producers in the upstream, and on the consumers in the downstream of the traditional food distribution system.The competitive relationship between different food distribution channels is studied in the second chapter. We model the competition between the traditional and the modern food distribution system to analyze how the market behaves at equilibrium. We moreover investigate the coexistence condition which allows both channels to be active in each specific case of market competition.The third chapter studies the optimal channel choice of the farmers when agricultural cooperatives support these small producers accessing the modern food distribution system. We introduce two distribution channel vertically linked by demand. We study the quantity flow from small producers to the consumers by mean of a Nash equilibrium and address the question of the distribution of the farmers by a free entry equilibrium.Eventually, the fourth chapter analyzes the policy implication directly toward the food distribution system. We propose the theoretical model of land reform and study its impact on the food distribution system

Bakgrund Den svenska dagligvaruhandeln blir alltmer koncentrerad med större och färre livsmedelskedjor. Detta har resulterat i en maktobalans mellan livsmedelskedjorna och dess leverantörer. Trots livsmedelskedjornas uppenbara maktövertag ser aktörerna många anledningar till att samarbeta med varandra. Det har blivit allt viktigare för aktörer inom distributionskanaler för färska livsmedel att samarbeta för att bland annat kunna erbjuda konsumenten högkvalitativa produkter. Som följd av detta har det skett en utveckling av relationerna inom dessa distributionskanaler med ökad interaktion mellan aktörerna. För leverantörer som erbjuder närodlade produkter har det visat sig vara av stor vikt med interaktion för att bygga en förtroendefull relation till det köpande företaget. Den svenska konsumtionen av både närodlad och ekologisk frukt och grönt har ökat markant under de senaste åren och har blivit viktiga produktkategorier för dagligvaruhandeln. Med utgångspunkt i den kunskapslucka som finns inom svenska distributionskanaler för ekologisk och närodlad frukt och grönt, avser studien att undersöka dessa produktkategorier närmare. Studien har främst fokuserat på hur odlare som erbjuder ekologisk respektive närodlad frukt och grönt kan stärka sin position på marknaden. Studien vill även påvisa skillnader mellan närodlat respektive ekologiskt och om leverantörer som erbjuder någon av dessa produktkategorier har en starkare position på marknaden än den andra. Syfte Syftet med studien är att analysera relationer och maktbalansen mellan aktörer i distributionskanaler för ekologisk respektive närodlad frukt och grönt, där fokus är att komparera dessa två produktkategorier. MetodFör att svara på syftet med studien genomfördes totalt 11 intervjuer  med fem olika företag inom distributionskanalen för frukt och grönt. Dessa företag var detaljisten och grossisten ICA, grossisten Östgöta Trädgårdshall och tre olika producenter (odlare). Slutsats Studien visar på att det finns en tendens till att leverantörer för närodlade produkter har en starkare maktposition på den studerade marknaden än ekologiska leverantörer. Det kan även fastställas att relationerna är viktiga i distributionskanalen för frukt och grönt, inte minst mellan aktörer som har ett utbyte av närodlade produkter. Relationer kan även konstateras ha en inverkan på maktförhållandet mellan aktörer, då det har visats att den enskilda leverantören kan stärka sin maktposition gentemot livsmedelskedjan genom att investera i en nära relation.
Background The Swedish food distribution industry is becoming increasingly concentrated with fewer and larger supermarket chains. This has resulted in power imbalance between supermarkets and their suppliers. Despite the power of the supermarkets, the channel members recognise the need to cooperate with each other. It has become increasingly important for members of the distribution channels for fresh food to cooperate in order to offer the consumers high-quality products. The outcome of this is an elaborated relationship and a higher interaction between channel members. For suppliers that offer local products, it has proved to be of even greater importance with interaction in order to gain trust from the purchasing companies. Consumption of both local and organic fruit and vegetables has increased significantly in the recent years in Sweden. Therefore these product categories have become important to the supermarkets. Based on the lack of research of the Swedish distribution channels for organic and local fruit and vegetables, this study intends to analyse these product categories further. The study has mainly focused on how growers, who offer local or organic fruits and vegetables, can strengthen their position in the market. The study also intends to demonstrate possible differences between suppliers offering local and organic products, to see if one of these categories has a stronger market position than the other. Purpose The purpose of the study is to analyse the relationships and the power balance between members in the distribution channels for organic and local fruits and vegetables, where the focus is to compare these two product categories. Execution To answer the purpose of the study, a total of 11 interviews with five different companies in the distribution channel for fruit and vegetables were conducted. These companies were the retailer and wholesaler ICA, the wholesaler Östgöta Trädgårdshall and three producers (growers). Conclusion The study implies that suppliers for local products may have a greater power position within the studied market than suppliers for organic products. Furthermore, the study confirms that relationships are important between actors in the distribution channel of fruits and vegetables, especially in channels that involve an exchange of local products. Relationships also have an impact on the power balance between the actors thus it appeared that individual suppliers strengthen their power position towards the supermarkets by intimate relationships.

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A agricultura familiar depara-se com diversas barreiras no sistema agropecuário brasileiro. Pode-se citar a falta de estrutura de escoamento da produção, carência de recursos, distância do mercado consumidor e a distribuição do produto no que se refere ao acesso ao mercado e custos das transações. Uma estratégia de diferenciação para os agricultores familiares e que contribui para a competitividade é a produção de produtos orgânicos. Em razão da fragilidade dos agricultores familiares na distribuição dos produtos o agricultor deve eliminar intermediários, e sendo assim, o canal direto de comercialização se torna um mecanismo eficiente para o agricultor. O objeto de análise do presente estudo utilizou o canal direto Community Supported Agriculture (CSA), que é um mecanismo de comercialização de produtos da agricultura, que tem como proposta sustentar a agricultura, especificamente relacionada ao manejo orgânico, por meio de uma proximidade maior entre ambos agentes, agricultor e consumidor, sendo que este último se compromete a realizar pagamentos antecipados para que o agricultor possa produzir seus produtos e planejar a sua produção. Esta pesquisa foi motivada pela análise da relação de comercialização entre os agricultores e consumidores, e utilizou a teoria da Economia dos Custos de Transação (ECT) para dar embasamento teórico à pesquisa. Portanto, o objetivo principal deste estudo foi analisar a estrutura de governança utilizada nas CSAs do Estado de São Paulo e o alinhamento das características das transações e das características dos agentes agricultores e consumidores envolvidos. A pesquisa teve natureza quali - quantitativa, com aplicação do método survey. Os dados foram coletados entre dezembro de 2015 e janeiro de 2016 com 241 famílias (27,5% da população) e 11 agricultores (91,6% da população) do Estado de São Paulo. Os resultados indicaram que a motivação dos agricultores em participar das CSAs envolvem fatores ambientais, proximidade com o consumidor e ideologias, já para os consumidores, o que os motiva são fatores relacionados ao meio ambiente, produtos de qualidade e procedência, e ajudar um agricultor. A análise do ambiente institucional mostrou que a legislação de produção orgânica brasileira é a única regra formal sobre a atividade. Os agricultores e consumidores das CSAs analisadas apresentaram bom alinhamento quanto às características das transações e dos agentes, de modo geral. Os agricultores e consumidores apresentaram desalinhamento quanto à incerteza, mostrando que há necessidade de adaptações no acordo (formal/informal) entre os agentes. Existe racionalidade limitada entre os agentes, uma vez que não há troca de informação em relação a alguns aspectos da transação como por exemplo qualidade e quantidade dos produtos consumidos, previsão de volume produzido, e isto prejudica a previsão de transações futuras. Por fim, a estrutura de governança identificada na relação de comercialização entre agricultores e consumidores é a híbrida e é adequada para a eficiência da coordenação e diminuição dos custos de transação. No entanto, sugere-se que sejam incorporados alguns elementos no acordo para reduzir o nível de incerteza do agricultor, e ainda que tal acordo seja formalizado entre ambas as partes.
Family farming faces several barriers in the Brazilian Agricultural System. Such barriers include the lack of flow of production structure, lack of resources away from the consumer market, distance from the consumer market and the distribution of the product in relation to market access and transaction costs. A differentiation strategy for family farmers that contributes to competitiveness, is the production of organic products. Due to the fragility of family farmers in the distribution of farm products, the elimination of the middleman results in a direct marketing channel, which creates an efficient mechanism for the farmer. The analysis of a current study used the direct channel Community Supported Agriculture (CSA), which is a marketing mechanism for agriculture products used directly between farmer and consumer. The CSA have also proposed a form of sustainable agriculture, specifically related to organic farm management. By having the agents, farmers and consumers, work more closely together, prepayments may be made to the farmer in order to produce products and plan production. This research was conducted in order to analyze the marketing relationship between farmers and consumers, and used the theory of Tansaction-Costs Economics (ECT) to give theoretical basis for research. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to analyze the governance’s structure used in the CSAs of the São Paulo State and the alignment of the transaction characteristics and the characteristics of farmers’ agents and consumers involved. The research was qualitative and quantitative in nature and was applied using the Survey Method. The data was collected between December of 2015 and January of 2016 with 241 families (27.5% of the population) and 11 farmers (91.6% of the population) of São Paulo. The results indicated that the motivation of farmers to participate in CSAs involve environmental factors, as well as proximity to the consumer and ideologies. In contrast, consumers were motivated by factors that related to the environment, product quality and origin, and in the interest of helping the farmer. The analysis of the institutional environment showed that Brazilian organic production legislation is the only formal rule relevant to the activity. The farmers and consumers of CSAs that were analyzed showed good alignment on the characteristics of the transactions between agents. Farmers and consumers showed misalignment as the uncertainty, showing that there is need for adjustments to the agreement (formal / informal) between agents. There is a limited rationality between agents, since there is no exchange of information in relation to some aspects of the transaction such as: quality and quantity of consumed products, prediction of production volumes, and this impairs the prediction of future transactions. Overall, the governance structure identified in the marketing relationship between farmers and consumers is the hybrid and is appropriate for coordination efficiency and decreased transaction costs. However, certain elements, such as the formalization of the arrangements between both parties, should be incorporated within the deal in order to reduce the farmer's level of uncertainty.

Orientador: Andrea Rossi Scalco
Coorientador: Giuliana Santini Pigatto
Coorientador: Nelson Russo de Moraes
Banca: Ana Elisa Smith Bressan Lourenzani
Banca: Kássia Watanabe
Resumo: A agricultura familiar depara-se com diversas barreiras no sistema agropecuário brasileiro. Pode-se citar a falta de estrutura de escoamento da produção, carência de recursos, distância do mercado consumidor e a distribuição do produto no que se refere ao acesso ao mercado e custos das transações. Uma estratégia de diferenciação para os agricultores familiares e que contribui para a competitividade é a produção de produtos orgânicos. Em razão da fragilidade dos agricultores familiares na distribuição dos produtos o agricultor deve eliminar intermediários, e sendo assim, o canal direto de comercialização se torna um mecanismo eficiente para o agricultor. O objeto de análise do presente estudo utilizou o canal direto Community Supported Agriculture (CSA), que é um mecanismo de comercialização de produtos da agricultura, que tem como proposta sustentar a agricultura, especificamente relacionada ao manejo orgânico, por meio de uma proximidade maior entre ambos agentes, agricultor e consumidor, sendo que este último se compromete a realizar pagamentos antecipados para que o agricultor possa produzir seus produtos e planejar a sua produção. Esta pesquisa foi motivada pela análise da relação de comercialização entre os agricultores e consumidores, e utilizou a teoria da Economia dos Custos de Transação (ECT) para dar embasamento teórico à pesquisa. Portanto, o objetivo principal deste estudo foi analisar a estrutura de governança utilizada nas CSAs do Estado de São Paulo e o alinham... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Family farming faces several barriers in the Brazilian Agricultural System. Such barriers include the lack of flow of production structure, lack of resources away from the consumer market, distance from the consumer market and the distribution of the product in relation to market access and transaction costs. A differentiation strategy for family farmers that contributes to competitiveness, is the production of organic products. Due to the fragility of family farmers in the distribution of farm products, the elimination of the middleman results in a direct marketing channel, which creates an efficient mechanism for the farmer. The analysis of a current study used the direct channel Community Supported Agriculture (CSA), which is a marketing mechanism for agriculture products used directly between farmer and consumer. The CSA have also proposed a form of sustainable agriculture, specifically related to organic farm management. By having the agents, farmers and consumers, work more closely together, prepayments may be made to the farmer in order to produce products and plan production. This research was conducted in order to analyze the marketing relationship between farmers and consumers, and used the theory of Tansaction-Costs Economics (ECT) to give theoretical basis for research. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to analyze the governance's structure used in the CSAs of the São Paulo State and the alignment of the transaction characteristics and the character... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

Una empresa de consumo masivo, líder en el sector avícola, presenta una tendencia decreciente en el mercado, en uno de sus giros de negocio del canal de ventas Food Service, el giro Horeca, conforme lo demuestran sus estadísticas. El presente trabajo, parte de esta premisa, y desarrolla un análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo que permite concluir que el problema es la inadecuación del modelo de distribución general de la corporación para el giro Horeca. Se desarrolla una nueva estrategia de negocio para este giro, con un claro enfoque en un modelo de distribución apropiado, que responda a todas las variables críticas, y que tenga sentido dentro del contexto de la empresa que gestiona un negocio en marcha. Se analiza el concepto de respuesta eficiente al consumidor, y dos estrategias son propuestas: la descentralización de almacenes; y la entrega certificada nocturna. Ambas se presentan y son sometidas a una matriz de priorización, concluyéndose que, para efectos del presente trabajo, la opción a implementar es la entrega certificada nocturna que se implementa como un complemento, que agrega valor al sistema de distribución general, y propone una solución al sistema de distribución del giro de negocio Horeca. Implementación que es planteada en su fase inicial, tanto en lo que respecta a una implementación operativa, como al análisis financiero de la misma, que sustenta su viabilidad.
In a leader mass consumption company in the poultry sector, its Horeca business unit, one of the Food Service sales channel, has been showing a decreasing trend in its market position. From this premise as a starting point, a quantitative and qualitative analysis have been developed, to determine the root cause of the Horeca business unit problem. The analysis lead us to conclude that the problem cause is the inadequacy of the corporation's general distribution model applied to the Horeca business unit. A new business strategy is developed for Horeca, focused on an appropriate distribution model to respond to the critical variables of this business unit, and also taking into consideration the company context as an ongoing business which the Horeca unit is part of. To develop an improved distribution model proposal, the efficient consumer response (ECR) concept is analyzed, and two strategies were presented and evaluated: a warehouse decentralization and the certified delivery in late hours. Both were subjected to a prioritization matrix, and as a result, for the purposes of this work, the option to be implemented is the certified delivery in late hours, as an alternative that solves the Horeca distribution model problem and complements the general distribution system as an added value. The implementation of the certified delivery in late hour distribution model, is developed for an initial phase, supported by its viability financial analysis.
Tesis

São muitas as empresas que estão insatisfeitas com a distribuição de seus produtos. Logo a distribuição, ainda uma forte fonte de vantagem competitiva sustentável disponível para as empresas. No produto, a rápida transferência de tecnologia entre empresas e a competição global possibilitam que empresas competidoras consigam igualdade de condições em design, atributos e qualidade. Em preços, a habilidade das empresas de operar em todos os lugares do mundo cria condições de oferta aos menores preços possíveis. Nas comunicações (promoção), a massiva exposição das pessoas estabelece certa barreira a esse excesso, reduzindo o impacto das mensagens. Portanto, a distribuição, dentro do conceito clássico do composto de marketing (4P´s - Produto, Preço, Promoção ou Comunicações e Ponto de Venda ou Distribuição) é um item importante de diferenciação. Os canais de distribuição oferecem a construção de vantagens competitivas sustentáveis, por suas características de longo prazo, tanto no planejamento como na implementação, por exigirem estrutura de organizações consistentes e terem base em pessoas e relacionamentos. Esta tese propõe um modelo para planejamento de canais de distribuição mais focado em empresas de alimentos e bebidas. Ou seja, fornece uma sequência de etapas para empresas que desejarem rever ou planejar seus sistemas de distribuição. Este modelo foi elaborado com base em pesquisa bibliográfica sobre canais de distribuição e economia dos custos de transação e de pesquisa junto a 10 elementos do setor privado, que foram entrevistados e sugeriram contribuições que foram incorporadas ao modelo proposto. Deve-se destacar que esta tese traz uma contribuição à sistematização da bibliografia sobre o assunto canais de distribuição, analisando suas funções, seus principais agentes (atacado, varejo e setor de serviços de alimentação) e de contribuições teóricas para o referencial de canais, advindas da economia dos custos de transação.
Several food and agribusiness companies are unsatisfied with the distribution of their products and services. Distribution still is a strong source of competitive advantage for companies. In products, the rate of technology transfer between companies all over the world and the global competition turns new product attributes available for competitors to copy. In prices, companies can operate in several parts of the world, creating offers at the lowest prices possible. In communications, the massive exposition of consumers builds a barrier to produce differentiation. So, in the traditional marketing’s 4 P`s, marketing channels or distribution channels are an important source of differentiation. They build stable competitive advantages because they are focused at long range planning and implementing, need a consistent structure and are focused at people and relationships. This study offers a model for distribution channels planning. A sequence of steps specially designed for food companies that want to review, or to plan the distribution channels. The model was designed based on literature review, both in marketing channels and transaction cost economics, and was submitted to 10 agents (specialists) that gave contributions to the model. The study brings contribution in gathering literature about the subject, analysing food marketing channel functions, main agents (wholesaling, retailing and foodservice) and the contributions of transaction cost economics to marketing channels.

Smokers who successfully quit smoking gain weight; although important factors have been identified the mechanisms remain unclear. We measured changes in body weight, fat distribution, and dietary intake of macronutrients during a 26 week smoking cessation trial with the use of nicotine and placebo patch in a Hispanic sample of smokers (88% Mexican-American). Participants were randomized to receive patch treatment for 10 weeks and then followed for 16 weeks. We found that nicotine treated quitters experienced significantly less weight gain than placebo treated quitters at 6 weeks; however by 26 weeks, there were no significant differences among treatment groups. We found that percent total body fat (%TBF) for nicotine treated female quitters changed significantly less than for placebo treated female quitters at 10 weeks (p<0.05); there were no treatment differences in change in %TBF for males at 10 weeks. Male and female quitters experienced significantly less change in %TBF at 26 weeks than continued smokers (adjusted for treatment). Dietary intake of total energy, percent of total energy consumed as fat, protein, and carbohydrate were not significantly different by treatment group from BL for males or females. Thus, although body weight increased significantly in quitters versus non-quitters; dietary intake of macronutrients did not change significantly from BL for quitters and non-quitters. This suggests that factors other than changes in energy intake are responsible for the weight gain observed in this sample of Hispanic ex-smokers.

A l’échelle de l’Atlantique Nord-Est, la Manche se situe à un carrefour biogéographique entre les provinces boréale et lusitanienne. Ainsi, de nombreuses espèces y sont en limite d’aire de distribution. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’évaluer les effets du changement climatique récent sur la distribution de la macrofaune benthique subtidale, peu étudiée à ce jour, en se basant sur la comparaison de données collectées à l’échelle de la Manche lors une période froide (i.e. années 1960-70) et lors d’une période chaude (i.e. 2012 et 2014) dans les sédiments grossiers circalittoraux. L’étude de la structure des assemblages inféodés à cet habitat a mis en évidence deux grandes communautés benthiques : la communauté des sédiments grossiers sablo-graveleux et celle des cailloutis et graviers. L’analyse de l’évolution des températures de fond au cours des 30 dernières années a montré l’hétérogénéité spatiale du réchauffement, variant de 0,1 à 0,5°C par décennie d’ouest en est. Ce réchauffement ne se s’est pas traduit par d’importants déplacements de l’aire de distribution des espèces mais par une forte diminution du nombre d’occurrences des espèces d’eaux froides et une forte augmentation de celui des espèces d’eaux chaudes. Le développement de modèles de distribution d’espèces a permis de déterminer l’importance relative des facteurs climatiques et édaphiques dans la distribution des invertébrés benthiques en Manche et d’apprécier l’aptitude des espèces à ajuster leur distribution à la hausse de températures. L’ensemble de ces résultats suggère que le changement climatique en cours pourrait entraîner une diminution de la biodiversité benthique aux limites d’aires de distribution, en particulier si la connectivité entre populations limite l’arrivée de nouveaux individus
In the North-East Atlantic, the English Channel constitutes a biogeographical transition zone between the Boreal and Lusitanian provinces. Thus, many species reach there their distribution range limits. The aim of this thesis is to assess the effects of recent climate change on the distribution of the subtidal benthic macrofauna, poorly studied to date, basing on the comparison of data collected during a cool period (i.e. 1960s-70s) and during a warm period (i.e. 2012 and 2014) in the circalittoral coarse sediments. Two large communities were highlighted in the study of the structure of the assemblages found in this habitat: the gravelly coarse sand community and the pebbles and gravels community. The analysis of the evolution of seabed temperature for the last 30 years showed the spatial heterogeneity of the warming, varying from 0.1 to 0.5°C per decade from West to East. This warming did not translate into large species distribution shifts but into a sharp decrease in the number of occurrences of cold-water species and a sharp increase in the number of occurrences of warm-water species. Development of species distribution models allowed to identify the relative importance of climatic and edaphic factors in the distribution of benthic invertebrates in the Channel and to assess the species’ ability to adjust their distribution to the rise in temperature. The whole results suggest that ongoing climate change could lead to a decrease in benthic biodiversity at range limits, especially where connection routes are lacking for new migrants

Complaints of crop damage by cranes on planted maize in the North Eastern Cape, South Africa, have been increasing since the mid-1990‘s, and in some instances severe losses have been reported. Crop damage by the Grey Crowned Crane Balearica regulorum regulorum near the town of Maclear (31º04´S 28º22´E), has been quantified over two growing seasons, and assessed relative to losses caused by foraging Cape Crows Corvus capensis and other feeding damage assumed to be caused by insects. Twelve fields were selected based on previous patterns of crop depredation. Maize seed in seven of the fields was treated with the chemical ‗Gaucho‘ and five fields were planted with untreated maize. In order to determine the source of losses, twenty quadrats (4 m x 4 m) randomly distributed within each field were visited on average every second day, for a period of up to twenty eight days. Results indicate that seed treatments do act as a deterrent to feeding by both cranes and crows, however crane damage is generally insignificant compared to other sources of damage. My study also reviewed past sightings data of the Grey Crowned Crane in an effort to determine if the conversion of former grassland to plantations in this region may have increased foraging activity in maize fields. The data did not allow for clear-cut conclusions regarding changes in distribution or population trends. Conclusions provide direct input into the management of agricultural areas by enabling landowners to take steps to mitigate crop damage. These mitigation measures may either involve the application of seed treatments, or the planting of low risk crops in high risk areas. Future studies should consider the ppossible detrimental effects of chemical seed treatments on crane biology.

La presente investigación estudia el sector gastronómico de Lima Moderna y Lima Norte al primer trimestre del 2020 que trabaja con plataformas colaborativas como canal de distribución de productos. Asimismo, se busca identificar si para los diferentes tipos de empresas del sector gastronómico de Lima Moderna y Lima Norte son iguales los factores para el uso de plataformas colaborativas: factores para iniciar el uso, factores para continuar con el uso y factores de riesgo para el uso de plataformas colaborativas como canal de distribución de productos. El objetivo principal de esta investigación es establecer si son iguales estos factores para usar plataformas colaborativas como canal de distribución de productos en empresas del sector gastronómico de Lima Moderna y Lima Norte al primer trimestre del 2020. Se realizó una investigación de enfoque cuantitativo, de alcance descriptivo correlacional, diseño no experimental transeccional, con muestra por conveniencia. La encuesta aplicada fue validada por un experto para su aplicación. Mediante el uso de la herramienta SPSS se realizó la prueba exacta de Fisher tras los resultados se comprobó que los factores para el uso de plataformas colaborativas como canal de distribución de productos no son iguales en las empresas del sector gastronómico de Lima Moderna y Lima Norte al primer trimestre del 2020, ello dado que la mayoría de los factores para iniciar el uso no son homogéneos, así como la totalidad de los factores de riesgo para el uso no son homogéneos. Sin embargo, los factores para continuar el uso de plataformas colaborativas sí son iguales en las empresas el sector gastronómico delimitado. Es relevante mencionar que, debido a la poca información del tema, por ser novedoso, se realizó tanto un análisis descriptivo como un análisis estadístico de los resultados.
This research studies the gastronomic sector of selected districts of Metropolitan Lima that work with collaborative platforms as a product distribution channel. Likewise, it seeks to identify whether the factors for the use of collaborative platforms are the same among the different types of companies in the gastronomic sector of selected districts of Metropolitan Lima: factors to start the use, factors to continue with the use and risk factors for the use of collaborative platforms as a product distribution channel. The main objective of this research is to establish if these factors are the same to use collaborative platforms as a product distribution channel in companies of the gastronomic sector of selected districts of Metropolitan Lima. A quantitative approach research was carried out, with a descriptive correlational scope, non-experimental transectional design, with a convenience sample. The applied survey was validated by an expert for the application. Through the use of the SPSS tool, Fisher's exact test was carried out, after the results, it was found that the factors for the use of collaborative platforms as a product distribution channel and risk factors for the use of collaborative platforms as a product distribution channel are not the same in companies in the gastronomic sector of Modern Lima and North Lima as of the first quarter of 2020. This, because most of the factors to initiate use are not homogeneous, as well as all the risk factors for use are not homogeneous. However, the factors to continue the use of collaborative platforms are the same in companies in the delimited gastronomic sector. It is worth mentioning that, due to the little information of the subject, being novel, a descriptive analysis was performed both as a statistical analysis of the results.
Tesis

La cadena de suministros agroalimentaria se encuentra dominado por grandes empresas que dan lugar a una mayor marginación, desigualdad y vulnerabilidad de los pequeños productores. Para los pequeños agricultores es difícil acceder a mercados óptimos, donde puedan obtener precios justos y los largos canales de comercialización restringen a los agricultores a obtener ingresos óptimos debido a que cada intermediario aplica un margen económico. El amplio panorama de canales de comercialización para los pequeños agricultores evidencia la importancia de la toma de decisiones sobre en cuáles participar y la importancia que tienen cada canal para mejorar los ingresos. Asimismo, para lograr participar dentro de estos canales se debe contar y estar apoyadas por un sistema de distribución eficiente. Por ello, en este contexto las principales aportaciones de esta investigación es desarrollar un modelo de distribución de la cadena de suministros agroalimentario, apoyada por la gestión estratégica de mercado y gestión operativa. Se propone identificar los principales factores para seleccionar canales de comercialización óptimos para obtener mejores precios, incrementar los ingresos de la producción y lograr el desarrollo económico de las regiones. Asimismo, se tendrá como caso de estudio a los productores de maracuyá de la región Huaura, una de las regiones de Lima que producen maracuyá.
The agri-food supply chain is dominated by large companies that lead to greater marginalization, inequality and vulnerability of small producers. For small farmers it is difficult to access optimal markets, where they can obtain fair prices and long marketing channels restrict farmers to obtain optimal income because each intermediary applies an economic margin. The wide panorama of marketing channels for small farmers shows the importance of making decisions about which ones to participate in and the importance of each channel to improve income. Likewise, in order to participate within these channels, it must have and be supported by an efficient distribution system. Therefore, in this context, the main contributions of this research is to develop a distribution model for the agri-food supply chain, supported by strategic market management and operational management. It is proposed to identify the main factors to select optimal marketing channels to obtain better prices, increase production income and achieve the economic development of the regions. Likewise, the case study will be the passion fruit producers of the Huaura region, one of the regions of Lima that produce passion fruit.
Trabajo de investigación

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Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
Reverse logistics has conquered more importance and space in the companies logistics operation, mainly for its economic potential, but also for the change in the customers consumption culture and for the increase of the importance of environmental preservation. However, the lack of studies in this direction makes it difficult to visualize the advantages of the reverse logistics application. In such a way, the objective of this study is to understand the reverse flow configuration, as well as its critical points, the inherent performance measures to the process and the strategic use of after-sale reverse logistics to the reverse flows management in meat and dairy food distribution channels. Qualitative studies have been developed, in France and Brazil, with the multiple-cases study methodology. In France, two dairy manufacturers and a food retailer have been interviewed and, in Brazil, four meat and dairy manufacturers and three food retailers have been interviewed. In the thesis, the results have been presented and analyzed for each country, and they also have been compared with literature. From the results analysis, it was possible to identify that after-sale reverse logistics has a strategic use for the industrial companies. The main processes of reverse logistics used by the studied companies are the resale in original market, the resale in other markets, the landfill and the loads consolidation for manufacturer collection. The gatekeeping (mainly for the retail) and the existence of collaborative relations between the companies have been considered the most critical factors to reverse logistics management. However, the brazilian companies have affirmed that the retailers uses the coercive power, mainly, to impose to the industry a way to manage the reverse flows. Moreover, the performance measures used by the manufacturers and retail companies in the meat and dairy food distribution channel have been shown. The most used performance measures are: total reverse logistics cost, cost of returned merchandises, cost of deteriorated products, cost of pallet and packing returns, perfect order fulfillment, return percentage and return reason. With this analysis, it was possible to provide recommendations and reference parameters for reverse logistics of perishable food as the derivatives of meats and milk.
A logística reversa tem conquistado maior importância e espaço na operação logística das empresas, principalmente por seu potencial econômico, mas também em função da mudança na cultura de consumo dos clientes e do aumento da importância da preservação ambiental. Apesar disso, a carência de estudos neste sentido dificulta a visualização das vantagens decorrentes da utilização da logística reversa. Desta forma, este estudo busca compreender não somente a configuração do fluxo reverso de produtos (retornos da distribuição), como também os seus pontos críticos, as medidas de desempenho utilizadas na sua avaliação e, especificamente, o papel da logística reversa de pós-venda buscando fornecer um guia para a gestão dos fluxos reversos no canal de distribuição de alimentos cárneos e lácteos. Para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, após extensa revisão teórica, foram desenvolvidos estudos qualitativos, na França e no Brasil, com a utilização da metodologia de estudos de casos múltiplos. Na França, foram entrevistados dois fabricantes de alimentos e uma rede de varejo supermercadista para um estudo piloto e, no Brasil, foram entrevistados quatro fabricantes de produtos cárneos e lácteos e três redes do varejo supermercadista. Na tese, os resultados para cada país foram apresentados, discutidos e comparados com a literatura. A partir da análise dos resultados, foi possível identificar que as empresas do elo industrial consideram a logística reversa uma atividade estratégica. Os principais processos de logística reversa utilizados pelas empresas pesquisadas são a revenda em mercado original e em outros mercados, o descarte e a consolidação das cargas para coleta. Os controles de entrada tais como a análise de produtos e a conferência da nota fiscal, bem como a existência de relações colaborativas entre as empresas, foram os fatores considerados mais críticos para a gestão da logística reversa. As empresas estudadas no Brasil afirmaram que o varejo supermercadista utiliza o poder de coerção, principalmente, para impor à indústria uma forma de gestão dos fluxos reversos. Além disso, as medidas de desempenho utilizadas pelas empresas também foram apontadas, com o destaque para as medidas mais utilizadas: custo total da logística reversa, custo de mercadorias devolvidas, custo de produtos estragados, custo do retorno de embalagens e paletes, precisão dos pedidos enviados, porcentagem dos retornos e motivo dos retornos. Com esta análise, foi possível elaborar recomendações para a logística reversa de alimentos perecíveis como os derivados de carnes e leite. Acredita-se que os parâmetros disponibilizados possam ser utilizados pelas empresas processadoras de alimentos perecíveis que também têm no varejo supermercadista seu principal canal de distribuição.

Les conditions environnementales définissent la distribution des espèces marines à l’échelle globale. Celles-ci seront potentiellement altérées par le changement climatique, impactant l’exploitation des ressources halieutiques et l’équilibre des écosystèmes. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse identifie les espèces et les zones géographiques qui seront potentiellement impactées par le changement climatique, en se focalisant sur certaines espèces, indigènes ou non-indigènes, d’intérêt commercial en Méditerranée.Basée sur le concept de niche écologique, qui définit la distribution potentielle d’une espèce en fonction des conditions environnementales dans lesquelles elle a été observée, nous avons développé une procédure de modélisation de la distribution actuelle et future des espèces marines. Cette procédure s’appuie sur un ensemble d’algorithmes statistiques, de modèles climatiques et de scénarios futurs. Elle permet de projeter un ensemble de distributions futures, à large échelle spatiale et temporelle, tout en proposant des réponses aux principales limitations des modèles de niche écologique. Successivement appliquée aux petits poissons pélagiques et aux céphalopodes, nous avons identifié des impacts majeurs du changement climatique en Méditerranée à l’horizon 2100, notamment des extinctions locales de plusieurs espèces de petits poissons pélagiques dans son bassin Sud-Est. Au contraire, la mer du Nord, les côtes norvégiennes et la mer Baltique pourraient bénéficier d’une expansion de l’aire de distribution de ces espèces. A l’échelle du golfe du Lion, les conséquences théoriques d’un changement de distribution des petits poissons pélagiques impacteraient indirectement leur exploitation ainsi que la productivité des bas niveaux trophiques. Les effets conjugués du réchauffement de la Méditerranée et de l’agrandissement du canal de Suez sont à l’origine d’invasions biologiques, notamment dans son bassin Sud-Est. Parmi ces espèces non-indigènes de Méditerranée, certaines présentent un intérêt commercial ou pourraient faire l’objet d’une exploitation future. Nous avons quantifié le potentiel invasif de plusieurs espèces non-indigènes, en fonction de leurs traits fonctionnels et écologiques, puis estimé leur expansion future à l’aide de notre procédure de modélisation de niche écologique. L’ensemble de la Méditerranée pourrait voir l’arrivée de ces espèces à l’horizon 2100, en particulier pour un réchauffement supérieur à 2°C.Cette thèse révèle la sensibilité particulière de la Méditerranée au réchauffement climatique tout en proposant des perspectives d’adaptation ou de conservation des espèces et des écosystèmes face aux tendances climatiques du 21ème siècle
Environmental conditions are shaping the spatial distribution of marine species worldwide. However, climate change may alter their future distribution, impacting marine resources exploitation and ecosystems balance. In this context, this PhD identifies climate induced impacts in species and geographical areas, by focusing on some species, indigenous or non-indigenous, of commercial interest in the Mediterranean.Based on the ecological niche concept, that defines the potential distribution of a species according to the environmental conditions in which it is observed, we developed a contemporary and future distribution modelling procedure for marine species. This procedure includes an ensemble of statistical algorithms, future climate models and scenarios while accounting for common ecological niche modelling limitations. Applied to small pelagic fish and cephalopods, we projected major climate induced impacts in the Mediterranean Sea by 2100, including local extinctions in its south-eastern basin. Conversely, we projected a distributional range expansion of most of the studied species towards the North, Norwegian and Baltic seas. In the Gulf of Lion, the small pelagic fish distributional range shifts may indirectly impact their harvesting capacity as well as the productivity of low trophic levels. The combined effects of climate warming and the opening of the Suez Canal induced biological invasions, especially in the South-East Mediterranean. These non-indigenous Mediterranean species may be of commercial interest subject to future harvesting. After quantifying the invasive potential of several non-native Mediterranean marine species, according to their functional and ecological traits, we applied our modelling procedure to estimate their future distributional range expansion. We projected a major distributional range expansion of non-native species in the whole Mediterranean Sea by 2100, especially for warming exceeding 2°C.This work highlights the sensitivity of the Mediterranean Sea to climate change while proposing adaptation and conservation perspective of species and ecosystems facing the upcoming climate trends of the 21st century

Click and Collect; Delivery; precio; canales de distribución; satisfacción del cliente; retailing; ropa; marketing Click and Collect; Delivery; price; distribution channels; customer satisfaction; retailing, clothes; marketing.
A medida que el e-Commerce ha ido creciendo, los canales de distribución mediante los cuales hacen llegar el producto final al consumidor han ido evolucionando con la finalidad de satisfacer sus necesidades respecto a conveniencia, rapidez, precio a pagar, entre otros. En consecuencia, surge el Delivery y el Click & Collect (Recojo en Tienda) como opciones de entrega para que el cliente pueda escoger cuál de las dos se adecúa a sus requerimientos. Por ello, es relevante estudiar estos canales de distribución tomando como base investigaciones previas en revistas internacionales para poder definir los conceptos y aplicaciones de cada uno para posteriormente evaluar su aplicación en el retailing peruano para poder identificar los pros y contras percibidos por el consumidor; y a su vez, considerar los beneficios o problemas que le genera al minorista al implementar dichos canales; por ejemplo, al poner en funcionamiento el Click & Collect, la tienda por departamento asume costos extra en la logística debido a la incorporación del punto de recojo específico dentro de su establecimiento. El presente trabajo de investigación permite contrastar la teoría planteada por diferentes autores y su aplicación en los retailers peruanos ya que, no existen investigaciones previas que se enfoquen específicamente en este criterio de la compra online. Finalmente, los resultados de esta investigación buscan brindarle información al minorista para que pueda satisfacer las necesidades de sus consumidores respecto al canal de distribución de su preferencia y promover una relación a largo plazo.
As e-Commerce has grown, the distribution channels through which they deliver the final product to the consumer have evolved in order to satisfy their needs regarding convenience, speed, price to pay, and others. Consequently, Delivery and Click & Collect (Pick up in Store) arise as delivery options so that the customer can choose which of the two suits their requirements. For this reason, it is relevant to study these distribution channels based on previous research in international magazines in order to define the concepts and applications of each one to later evaluate their application in Peruvian retailing in order to identify the pros and cons perceived by the consumer; and in turn, consider the benefits or problems that the retailer generates when implementing these channels. For example, by putting Click & Collect into operation, the department store assumes extra costs in logistics due to the incorporation of the specific collection point within its establishment. This research work allows us to contrast the theory put forward by different authors and its application in Peruvian retailers since there is no previous research that specifically focuses on this criterion of online shopping. Finally, the results of this research seek to provide information to the retailer so that it can satisfy the needs of its consumers regarding the distribution channel of their preference and promote a long-term relationship.
Trabajo de investigación

La mer Méditerranée est un hotspot de biodiversité sous diverses influences où plusieurs perturbations agissent en synergie: réchauffement climatique, perte d'habitats et surpêche menacent la biodiversité marine et perturbent les équilibres écosystémiques. Afin d'assurer une gestion durable des écosystèmes marins côtiers, conformément aux prérogatives de l'Approche Ecosystémique des Pêches, il est nécessaire d'étudier les conséquences de ces perturbations sur les populations exploitées. Or, malgré la multiplicité des études relatives au changement global en Méditerranée, les conséquences écosystémiques de ces changements demeurent mal connues. Dans cette thèse, le Golfe de Gabès a été choisi comme modèle d'étude en raison des nombreuses perturbations qui y sont rencontrées et qui en font l'archétype de tendances plus généralisées en Mer Méditerranée. Cette thèse se propose d'abord de replacer l'écosystème du Golfe de Gabès dans son contexte biogéographique à travers l'étude de la phylobiogéographie des assemblages des poissons côtiers méditerranéens et la modélisation de la structure et du fonctionnement de l'écosystème du Golfe de Gabès. Par la suite, nous proposons de modéliser, en utilisant des modèles de niches écologiques, les modifications potentielles futures des assemblages biogéographiques d'espèces exploitées soumises aux changements climatiques et à la perte d'habitat, ainsi que les conséquences trophiques de ces modifications. En prenant en compte la taxonomie et l'histoire évolutive des espèces, nous avons mis en évidence le niveau de séparation entre les assemblages méditerranéens en proposant une nouvelle délimitation biogéographique du plateau continental. Par ailleurs, l'exploration des dissimilarités phylogénétiques à l'échelle des côtes tunisiennes a mis en évidence quatre zones biogéographiques majeures présentant une faible congruence avec le zonage adopté pour la gestion de la pêche en Tunisie. Les projections des futures aires de répartition des 60 principales espèces exploitées du Golfe de Gabès, grâce à l'implémentation du modèle climatique NEMOMED8, révèlent que pour la fin du siècle, 34 espèces pourraient contracter leurs aires de répartition parmi lesquelles 12 espèces pourraient s'éteindre à l'échelle du Golfe. Par ailleurs, en combinant des scénarios de régression d'herbier et de changement climatique, les projections montrent que les magnitudes des modifications d'aires de répartition induites par le changement climatique sont plus larges que celles résultant de la perte d'habitat. La mise en place d'un modèle trophique Ecopath nous a permis de décrire la structure et le fonctionnement de l'écosystème du Golfe de Gabès et de le comparer avec d'autres écosystèmes méditerranéens exploités. Ce modèle a intégré un large éventail d'espèces depuis le phytoplancton jusqu'aux top-prédateurs ainsi que les principales activités de pêche opérant dans la zone. Les résultats du modèle mettent en évidence que le chalutage benthique est l'activité ayant les conséquences écosystémiques les plus étendues avec un fort impact sur certaines espèces démersales exploitées. Enfin, pour étudier les conséquences trophiques des modifications des distributions spatiales des espèces exploitées, nous avons reconstruit les réseaux trophiques au sein des assemblages d'espèces en nous fondant sur la relation positive liant la taille du prédateur à celle de sa proie. Nous avons ainsi pu prédire les réseaux trophiques actuels et projeter les modifications potentielles de leurs structures. Nous avons constaté qu'une grande partie du Golfe pourrait connaître une augmentation de la connectance et un allongement des voies trophiques moyennes qui s'accompagnent d'une diminution du nombre de proies par prédateur et du nombre de prédateurs par proie. Cette thèse est une ouverture vers la compréhension du rôle de la biodiversité dans le maintien du fonctionnement des écosystèmes
The Mediterranean Sea is a marine biodiversity hot spot highly affected by several sources of disturbances interacting synergistically: global warming, habitat loss and overfishing threaten marine biodiversity and disrupt the ecosystem balance. To ensure a sustainable management of coastal marine ecosystems according to the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries, it is necessary to study the ecosystem responses to these disturbances. However, despite the variety of global change studies in Mediterranean areas, ecosystems responses to these changes remain poorly understood and particularly at the southern part of the Mediterranean Sea. In this PhD thesis, the Gulf of Gabes was chosen as study area since it is one of the most affected regions by global change which makes it a mesocosm model of more regional patterns that occur in the Mediterranean Sea. In this study, as a first step, we replaced the Gulf of Gabes in its biogeographic and ecosystem regional context. This was achievied through a phylogenetic-based delineation of biogeographical species pools of coastal Mediterranean fishes and using an ecosystem model to describe its structure and functioning in comparison with other Mediterranean ecosystem model properties. We therefore projected potential future geographic ranges and assemblages composition of biogeographical exploited species pool according to global warming and habitat loss scenarios. Then we assessed their effects on food web structure. Taking into account the taxonomy and inter-species evolutionary relationships, we generate a new bioregionalisation of the continental shelf based on the turnover of lineages. Our results showed that climate is the major driver of species distribution and assemblage's composition. In addition, the exploration of phylogenetic dissimilarity across the Tunisian coast highlighted four major biogeographic areas showing a low spatial congruence with zoning used for fisheries management in Tunisia.Projected range shifts of the 60 main exploited species of the Gulf of Gabes through the implementation of a new climate model (NEMOMED8) revealed that, by the end of the century, 34 species could contract their ranges including 12 species that could become locally extinct across the Gulf of Gabes. Furthermore, by combining Posidonia meadows loss scenarios and climate change projections, our results showed that the magnitudes of the changes range induced by climate change are larger than those resulting from the loss of habitat.The Ecopath mass-balance model allowed us to describe the structure and functioning of the ecosystem of the Gulf of Gabes in comparison with other Mediterranean ecosystems. These models encompass the entire trophic spectrum from phytoplankton to higher trophic levels as well as the main fishing activities in the area. The model results showed that, among the fishing activities studied, bottom trawling was identified as the activity having the widest-ranging impacts across the different functional groups and the largest impacts on some commercially-targeted demersal fish species. Finally, to study the effects of species range shift on food web structure, we used a new methodology to infer trophic interactions between species. Based on the robust relationship between the size of prey and predators, we predicted the current food webs and project potential changes in their structures. We found that a significant portion of the Gulf of Gabes would face an increase of connectance and an extension of trophic pathways in parallel with a decrease in the number of prey per predator and the number of predators per prey. This PhD thesis paves the way towards the understanding of the role of biodiversity in maintaining ecosystem functioning

碩士
國立中興大學
食品暨應用生物科技學系所
99
The acceptance and demand of functional food are constantly raising. The clinics and their affiliated pharmacies proactively explore the market of functional food in response to the amendment of the policies of National Health Insurance (NHI). The enforcement of the “total amount manner”, and “dynamic credit” has made a great impact to the medical revenue. This study is aimed to collect different references from the current status of function food in Taiwan, such as output value, classification of functional food, and channels of distribution. A survey information collection of the actual sale and market of functional food in the clinic distribution channel were also performed. It was noted that the functional food products in the field of cardiovascular disease has the greatest proportion in the current clinic distribution channel, followed by the fields of gastrointestinal health and eyesight care. It was also observed that there was a trend of centralization in the sales of certain items. In the analysis of regional sales, considering the population difference among the regions as well as the analysis on the expenditure of per capita comsumption, it was noted that the values of most products were lower in the northern area, however, higher in the southern area. It was inferred that the acceptance, trust on functional food, and market development in the clinic distribution channel were possibly higher in the southern area. In this study, only the information on the sale volume and current market status of the functional food at clinics were collected and analysed. It was expected that the findings of this study could be a useful reference for the functional food developement in the clinic distribution channel.

碩士
元智大學
會計學系
93
In the past, the food industry was manufacturing oriented and a large gap existed between the cost of manufacturing and the price to consumers, there were several layers wholesalers and retailers in the distribution channel. The increase in personal income and recent rise in consumerism, the consumer-orientation forces manufacturers to produce a larger variety of products in smaller quantities, pushing production costs to increase. In order to maintain profit margin, manufacturers are bypassing wholesalers. Such approach not only enables manufacturers to understand what consumer wants and to reduce slow moving items, also increases the profits to the retailers, maintaining the flows of distribution. Because the markets are dominated by retailers, manufacturer-retailer alliances are formed to distribute store brands. Faced with this revolution in distribution channel, in order to keep their competitive advantages manufacturers have to enhance their core products so that they can maintain product differentiation and avoid price competition caused by being the producers of store brands.

by Au Lai Hang.
Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 63-65).
ABSTRACT --- p.i
TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv
Chapter CHAPTER I- --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1
The Changing Distribution System in China --- p.1
Objectives of the Study --- p.3
Arrangement of Content --- p.4
Chapter CHAPTER II - --- METHODOLOGY --- p.5
Chapter CHAPTER III - --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.8
Channel Selection --- p.8
Distribution Practices Adopted in China --- p.9
Channel Length --- p.10
Chapter CHAPTER IV- --- CURRENT DISTRIBUTION STRUCTURE IN CHINA --- p.12
Carbonated Soft Drinks: Coca Cola Versus Sunkist --- p.13
Biscuits: United Biscuits Versus Nabisco --- p.19
Chocolate : Mars Versus Ferrero --- p.25
Generalisation of Current Distribution Channel --- p.32
Key Factors Affecting Channel Selection in this Context --- p.33
Chapter CHAPTER V - --- THE SHANGHAI RETAIL SCENE --- p.41
The Shanghai Economy --- p.41
Fast Moving Consumer Goods Handlers in Shanghai --- p.43
Development of Chain Supermarkets in Shanghai --- p.43
Chapter CHAPTER VI - --- SURVEY FINDINGS --- p.45
Objectives --- p.45
Response Rate --- p.45
Survey Results --- p.45
Chapter CHAPTER VII - --- IMPLICATIONS --- p.50
To Manufacturers --- p.50
To Current Distribution Structure --- p.52
Chapter CHAPTER VIII - --- CONCLUSION --- p.55
APPENDIX --- p.58
BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.63

In the theoretical part of the describing local production, the direct and indirect distribution channels, trends in school eating, history, legislation, organic food processing, its labelling, obtain certificates, and the advantages and disadvantages of each sale. The practical part of the thesis is focused on the evaluation of the results of the completed survey in selected school catering facilities in the South Bohemia region. In the framework of the questionnaire investigation was evaluated food consumption, food processing procedures (fresh, frozen, semi-finished products), the proportion of seasonal and unseasonal of food and the share of meat. The analysis is part of the UMBESA project, which seeks to promote and enhance regional, organic, seasonal and fresh food in the catering facilities.