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1
Rocha, Joel Borges Pinto Ferreira da. "Effects of exercise on hunger, food intake and energy expenditure." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2013. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/17906/.
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Research in this thesis has examined the acute and chronic effects of exercise on hunger, energy intake and expenditure. Cross-sectional studies examined the effect of 60 min of moderate-intensity cycling on immediate and subsequent three day energy intake and expenditure in active and inactive men (study one) and women not using hormonal contraceptives (study two) and taking oral contraceptives (study three). Study four examined the effects of 12 weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on 7-day free-living energy intake and expenditure. A total of 47 men (mean ± SD; age 23.8 ± 4.2 y; body mass index 24.2 ± 3.0 kg-m'2) and 52 women (22.7 ± 3.4 y; 22.1 ± 2.1 kg-m'2)were recruited into four studies. In study one, 60 min of moderate-intensity (50% of maximum oxygen uptake) cycling did not have an effect on hunger or ad libitum lunch energy intake (p > 0.05) but induced an acute (within the experimental day, p = 0.024, d = 0.56) and delayed (third day after the experimental day,/ > = 0.024, < i= 0.80) increase in free-living energy intake in active and inactive participants, respectively with no compensatory changes in freeliving energy expenditure (p > 0.05). Similarly, studies two and three demonstrated that an acute bout of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise does not increase hunger or ad libitum lunch energy intake in active and inactive women {p > 0.05). In study two there were no exercise-induced compensatory responses in free-living energy intake {p > 0.05) whereas in study three, the inactive group decreased their daily energy intake on the first day after the exercise experimental day compared with control (p = 0.002, d = -0.89). No compensatory changes in daily physical activity energy expenditure were observed in these studies (p > 0.05). In study four 12 weeks of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise did not induce changes to weekly free-living energy intake and expenditure (p > 0.05) despite the high inter-individual variability in changes in body composition. Additionally, inactive participants are not able to independently maintain their physical activity behaviour after the end of a supervised exercise intervention. Overall, this research shows that an acute bout of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise did not affect hunger irrespective of sex or habitual physical activity, however the use of oral contraceptives may have heightened appetite in women. Active men were able to compensate for the acute exercise-induced energy deficit by increasing their energy intake quicker (within the experimental day) than inactive men (third day after the experimental day). In women, no clear relationship was apparent. Moreover, an acute bout of exercise did not elicit compensatory changes in physical activity in men and women. These findings enhance the knowledge of how an acute bout of exercise affects immediate and subsequent energy intake and expenditure in active and inactive men and women but more work is needed to confirm and explore the potential causal mechanisms.
2
Wilson, Paul. "Imperfect competition and price transmission in the food chain." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360876.
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3
Silva, Andres. "The impact of child obesity news on UK household food expenditure." Thesis, University of Kent, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.587525.
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The United Kingdom (UK) has one of the highest obesity levels in the world (Mazzocchi, Traill and Shogren, 2009). As indicated by the National Health Service (2010), 25% of adults and 17% of children are obese in the UK. This last statistic represents an increase of four points in comparison to 1995. The Government Office for Science (2010) estimated that by 2050, half of the UK population would be obese, with a consequent direct annual cost of £ 1 0 billion and an indirect annual cost of £50 billion at today's prices. Governments have the role of ensuring that households have the most complete information possible about their food choices (Mazzocchi, Traill and Shogren, 2009). With this objective, the UK government has conducted information campaigns such as nutritional food labelling and the 'Change 4 Life' campaign, in order to increase nutritional awareness. Despite government efforts, obesity has been steadily increasing in the UK. This research aims to contribute to the debate on how health-related information impacts household food expenditure and whether this impact varies across income groups and household composition. This study specifically measures the impact of child obesity news on household food expenditure in the UK. To this end, the study calculated a set of elasticities for different income groups (high vs. low) and family composition (families with and without children). This set of elasticities gives us a measure of responsiveness, to change in terms of price, income and news. This study uses an augmented two-stage budgeting demand system. Demand systems combine price, income and news index data into a well-supported economic framework. The empirical analysis includes testing for homogeneity, symmetry, concavity and the time series properties of the data and the residuals. In the UK, no recent study has measured the impact of news on household food expenditure. Moreover, few empirical demand studies use structural approaches that are consistent with the time series properties of the data.
4
Khursigara, Zareen. "Factors regulating resting energy expenditure and thermic effect of food in elderly women." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84046.
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Hypothesis. We hypothesized that contrary to "normal aging," frail elderly women would have a heightened resting energy expenditure per kg fat free mass (REE/kg FFM) and thermic effect of food (TEF) response.Methods. 13 healthy (H) [X +/- SEM: 81.4 +/- 1.1 yr] and 9 frail elderly women (F) [84.7 +/- 1.6 yr], free from acute conditions underwent REE and TEF measurements (liquid standard mixed meal: 720 kcal, 58% carbohydrate, 14% protein, 28% fat) using ventilated hood indirect calorimetry. Anthropometric and body composition measurements, thyroid hormones, cortisol, cytokines and catecholamine concentrations, and physical activity (PASE) and mobility ("time up and go" TUG) scores were related to the results obtained.
Results. H had a faster TUG: 10.2 +/- 1.6 vs. 21.0 +/- 9.3 s (p=0.001), greater PASE score: 179.2 +/- 116.1 vs. 47.1 +/- 26.2 (p=0.003), greater triiodothyronine [T3]: 5.1 +/- 0.6 vs. 4.3 +/- 0.4 rhomol/L (p=0.003) and lower cortisol concentrations: 351.1 +/- 19.9 vs. 474.5 +/- 43.6 nmol/L (p=0.011). In H vs. F: REE/kg FFM was 1044 +/- 20.4, 1021 +/- 23.7 kcal/day (NS) and TEF response as expressed as % of REE was 18.4 +/- 5.6, 19.5 +/- 4.2 (NS). The time course of glucose (p=0.043) and insulin from 90 minutes onwards (P=0.013) suggested insulin resistance in F. REE was positively correlated with FFM, percent body fat and [T3] (r>0.499, p<0.021).
Conclusion. REE/kg FFM and TEF response was not different between H and F and thus the greater prevalence of malnutrition in F, cannot be explained by these parameters.
5
Inuzuka, Megumi. "C-type Natriuretic Peptide as a New Regulator of Food Intake and Energy Expenditure." Kyoto University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/126777.
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6
Scaini, Giuliano Giovanni. "The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Body Weight, Food Intake and Energy Expenditure in Rodent Models." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/321947.
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7
Cloutier, Martin. "Households' expenditure patterns and income distribution in the Canadian agriculture and food industries : an input-output analysis." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69544.
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The objective of the research was to demonstrate the need, feasibility and relevance of disaggregating by income group the endogenized household sector in the Canadian Input-Output (I-O) model. Personal expenditures and revenue sources were endogenized into Agriculture Canada's I-O open model. Two models were developed, Model 1 and Model 2. Model 1 was a closed model that assumed homogeneity among households. Model 2 relaxed the homogeneity assumption.The superiority of Model 2 was empirically demonstrated by comparing the economic indicators generated by the models. The indicators of interest were industrial output, GDP at factor cost and the number of paid jobs. A sensitivity analysis investigated the impact of changes in wages and salaries and final demand on the models. Larger differences were found between the models when wages and salaries were stimulated. As hypothesized, Model 1 underestimated the contribution of the lowest wages and salaries group by 19.9 percent and overestimated the impact of the higher wages and salaries group by 19 percent. A $1 million increase in the final demand for agricultural, agri-food and petrochemical products was also simulated. The largest impacts on industrial output occurred when agricultural production was shocked ( $3.8 million). This was followed by agri-food products ($3.2 million) and petrochemical products ( $2.7 million). While differences in the models' estimates were minimal when changes in final demand were simulated, Model 2 generated additional information on the distribution of income.
In conclusion, the results generated by the I-O model with the disaggregated household sector, Model 2, were consistent with budget data and economic theory.
8
Shamlan, G. "Examining the acute effects of exercise intensity on subsequent appetite, food intake, resting energy expenditure and fat oxidation." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2016. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/810160/.
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Energy balance is important for weight maintenance with exercise having documented physiological, behavioural, and appetite effects. Exercise is known to acutely influence appetite but evidence for an independent effect of intensity is lacking. The purpose of this dissertation was to investigate the role of exercise intensity on appetite and energy intake (EI), energy expenditure (EE), and the metabolic effects of exercise intensity per se in lean and overweight individuals and to determine whether there was influence of gender or differences between groups. Forty healthy volunteers (30 lean and 10 overweight) undertook 2 periods of exercise matched for energy cost, (i) 8 repeated 60 second bouts of cycling at 95% VO2 max; high intensity exercise (HI) and (ii) 30 minutes of continuous cycling, at a fixed cadence, at 50% VO2 max; low intensity exercise (LI) in a randomised cross-over design. Satiety to a standard meal was assessed subjectively using visual analogue scales. Ad libitum intake was measured 3-h post-breakfast and for 2 days post-exercise. EE and fat oxidation were measured every 30 mins post-exercise. The results showed that in the lean group relative to LI, HI suppressed prospective food consumption, increased EE (P=0.001), fatty acid (NEFA) utilisation (P=0.004) and fat oxidation (P<0.001), but did not affect appetite, EI, plasma glucose, insulin, GLP-1 or lipid levels post-exercise. There was a differential effect of gender on prospective food consumption and NEFA response post-exercise. HI increased EE and fat oxidation post-exercise for men. In the overweight individuals, HI did not differ from LI in terms of appetite, GLP-1, glucose, insulin, lipid or NEFA levels, with no difference in EI, EE and fat oxidation post-exercise. In conclusion, there are different consequences of exercise intensity in short-term control of energy balance depending on BMI and gender; our results support the need for longer term intervention to test these mechanisms.
9
Joubert, Cornel. "Energy expenditure, dietary intake and nutritional knowledge of elite, school-aged gymnasts / C. Joubert." Thesis, North-West University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/783.
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Objective. To compare energy balance and nutrient intake of elite and non-elite
school-aged gymnasts, as well as to evaluate their nutritional knowledge and eating
attitude and its effect on dietary intake and practices.
Methods. Demographic information, anthropometric measurements, menstrual
status, sources of nutritional information, nutritional habits as well as supplement use
was documented. Eating attitudes were measured by the EAT26 test and nutritional
knowledge by a standardised questionnaire. Dietary intake and practices were
determined with a 3-day weighed food record, while energy expenditure was
measured with an Actical® accelerometer (Mini Mitter Co., Inc. Bend, OR, USA).
Results. The total daily energy intake (non-elite = 6 944.37 ± 1 272.28 kJ vs. elite =
6 543.01 ± 2 570 kJ) in both groups was similar to their daily energy expenditure
values (non-elite = 6 393.77 ± 1 244.19 kJ vs. elite = 6 696.09 ± 1 676.58 kJ). Elite
gymnasts tended to have higher protein (21.37 vs. 15.4% total energy intake (TE),
small effect size, d = 0.1) and lower fat (28.9 vs. 33.6% TE, medium effect size, d = -
0.6) intakes. More non-elite gymnasts (n = 7, 88.88%) used micronutrient
supplements than elite gymnasts (n = 4, 45.45%, medium effect size, d = 0.45). Most
of the gymnasts (55%) ate snacks during the day, which consisted mostly of refined
carbohydrates. In the total group of gymnasts the most frequently used source of
nutritional information was the coach (60%). There was no difference in nutritional
knowledge between the groups (elite = 61.8% vs. non-elite = 62.8% respectively).
Lastly, elite gymnasts had a practically significantly higher risk than non-elite
gymnasts to follow a diet (large effect size, d = 1.32), while non-elite gymnasts
exercised practically significantly more self-control over their food intake com pared to
elite gymnasts (large effect size, d = - 1.03). Conclusions. South African elite
gymnasts do not differ from non-elite gymnasts in terms of energy-, carbohydrate-,
protein-, or fat intake. There is also no difference in energy expenditure or risk in
developing an eating disorder, probably due to less competitiveness compared to
other international gymnasts.Thesis (M.Sc. (Dietetics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.
10
Gribbon, Aidan. "Active Video Games and Energy Balance in Male Adolescents." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32275.
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Active video games (AVG) have been shown to acutely increase energy expenditure when compared to seated video games; however, the compensatory effects on energy intake and subsequent energy expenditure are largely unknown. The main objective of this thesis was to examine the acute effects of AVG on energy intake and expenditure in male adolescents. Our results suggest that male adolescents compensate for one hour of AVG play by decreasing their physical activity levels for the remainder of the day. There was no compensation in acute energy intake with AVG play. The results from this thesis suggest that the benefits of one hour of Kinect™ AVG play are offset within 24 hours in male adolescents. Therefore, caution must be exercised when prescribing AVG for interventions aimed at preventing/treating childhood obesity.
11
Snell, Blaire. "Reading and Listening to Music Increase Resting Energy Expenditure During Indirect Calorimetry in Healthy Adults." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4303.
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The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics has developed an evidence analysis library (EAL) for Nutrition and Dietetics professionals. The EAL is updated by members through workgroups consisting of experts in their fields, most often in response to unanswered questions. One such question is: what kinds of activities can be done during the rest period of an indirect calorimetry test in a healthy population? The objective of our study was to determine if listening to self-selected relaxing music or reading on an electronic device or a magazine effects resting energy expenditure (REE) as measured by an indirect calorimetry test in a healthy population. Answering this question would help indirect calorimetry test administrators know if these simple activities can be done during an indirect calorimetry test without significantly affecting REE but helping subjects remain awake. It would also help standardize the current protocol for indirect calorimetry administration. A randomized trial was conducted during an indirect calorimetry test, under three different conditions (resting, reading, listening to music). Six-five subjects (36 females and 29 males) were used in final data analysis. Inclusion criteria included healthy subjects between the ages of 18-50 years with a stable weight. Exclusion criteria included pregnant or lactating women or individuals who were taking medications known to affect metabolism. Reading, either a magazine or electronic device, resulted in a significant increase of 102.7 kcal/day when compared to resting (p<0.0001). There was no difference in REE when subjects read a magazine or on an electronic device. Listening to self-selected relaxing music increased REE by 27.6 kcal/day compared to rest (p=0.0072). Based on our results, we recommend subjects refrain from reading a magazine or electronic device during a test. Whether or not the smaller difference found while listening to music is practically significant would be a decision for the indirect calorimetry test administrators. Further research could be done to determine the effects other activities have on REE during an indirect calorimetry test. Such activities could include; watching television, texting, or playing passive game.
12
McNeil, Jessica. "Examining the Acute Effects of Sleep Restriction and Timing on Energy Balance, Satiety Efficiency and Food Reward in Adults." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34242.
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The main objective of this thesis was to examine the independent effects of sleep duration and timing on appetite, food reward and energy balance. Study 1 investigated the associations between satiety quotient (SQ) with habitual, self-reported sleep duration, quality and timing. No significant associations were noted between SQ and sleep parameters. Short-duration sleepers had a lower mean SQ vs. those with ≥7h sleep/night (P=0.04). Study 2 evaluated associations between changes in sleep duration, efficiency and timing with changes in next day food reward. Greater sleep duration and earlier wake-times were associated with greater food reward (P=0.001). However, these associations were no longer significant after controlling for elapsed time between awakening and completion of the food reward task. Study 3 examined the effects of 50% sleep restriction (SR) anchored during the first (delayed bedtime) or second (advanced wake-time) half of the night on appetite, SQ, food reward, energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE). Greater appetite ratings and explicit high-fat food reward were noted following SR with an advanced wake-time vs. control and SR with a delayed bedtime (P=0.03-0.01). No difference in SQ was noted between sessions. Energy and carbohydrate intakes were greater on day 2 and over 36h in the delayed bedtime vs. control session (P=0.03). Activity EE and moderate-intensity physical activity (PA) time were greater following delayed bedtime vs. control and advanced wake-time on day 1, whereas vigorous-intensity PA time was greater following advanced wake-time vs. delayed bedtime on day 1 (P=0.01-0.04). Greater sleep quality and slow-wave sleep duration between SR sessions were associated with lower EI and increased vigorous-intensity PA time, respectively (P=0.01-0.04). Collectively, these findings suggest that appetite, SQ and food reward are influenced by sleep parameters, but these changes may not alter EI. These findings also suggest that individuals with greater sleep quality in response to SR had greater vigorous-intensity activity time and lower EI.
13
Hafizi, Kaamel. "The effect of Methylphenidate on Energy Expenditure in Individuals with Obesity: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Pilot Trial." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39265.
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Objectives: Most weight loss medications target reductions in energy intake while neglecting energy expenditure, a critical predictor of weight loss/regain. This pilot study examined the effect of short-acting methylphenidate (MPH) on resting energy expenditure (REE), thermic effect of food (TEF), physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE), and how changes in energy expenditure relate to changes in body composition in youth and adults living with obesity.
Methods: This study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled two-parallel arm study. In total, 19 participants were screened, of which 14 participants were randomized into the study, but complete data was only collected for 12, and only analyzed for 10 participants. Those 10 participants aged 28.8 ± 6.9 yrs. (5 Male, 5 Female) were randomized to receive either MPH (0.5 mg/kg) (n = 5) or placebo (n =5) twice daily for 60 days. Participants’ REE and TEF (indirect calorimetry), were measured at baseline (no drug/placebo), and day 60 post-treatment (drug/placebo). Participants’ PAEE (Actical) was measured between screening and baseline for a 1-week period (no drug/placebo), and on day 53 for a 1-week period (drug/placebo). Participants’ anthropometrics were measured using DEXA at baseline, and day 60 post-treatment.
Results: From baseline to day 60, MPH showed a relative difference to placebo in relative REE (Relative REE: F(1, 8) = 4.235, p = 0.074, d = 0.83, 2 = 0.346) of 10%, evidenced by a 6% increase in relative REE kcal/kg (18.53 ± 1.97 Kcal/day/kg at baseline, 19.71 ± 2.52 Kcal/day/kg at final) for the MPH group, and a 4% decrease (19.08 2.36 Kcal/day/kg at baseline, 18.26 ± 2.04 Kcal/day/kg at final) in placebo, translating to moderate-effect size (Cohen’s d=0.63) favouring MPH. From baseline to day 60, there were no significant differences between groups on changes in TEF (TEF AUC: F(1, 8) = 0.079, p = 0.785, d = 0.15, 2 = 0.010) or any PAEE variables such as sedentary behavior (SB: F (1, 8) = 0.455, p = 0.52, d = 0.02, 2 = 0.054), light physical activity (LPA: F (1, 8) = 0.504, p = 0.50, d = 0.16, 2 = 0.059), moderate physical activity (MPA: F (1, 8) = 0.281, p = 0.61, d = 0.19, 2 = 0.034), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA: F (1, 8) = 0.120, p = 0.74, d = 0.15, 2 = 0.015), or vigorous physical activity (VPA: F (1, 8) = 3.495, p = 0.098, d = 0.91, 2 = 0.304) . Mean change in body weight (kg) resulted in a weight loss of roughly -2.66 ± 2.00 kg in the MPH group and -1.64 ± 1.41 kg in the placebo group, differences that were not statistically significant. Mean change in both groups for body fat% of -0.33 ± 2.08 %, mean change in fat mass of -1.05 ± 2.59 kg, and finally a mean change in fat-free mass of -0.06 ± 1.19 kg was reported. Changes in relative REE were inversely correlated with changes in body weight (r = -0.599, p = 0.067), body fat (r = -0.524, p = 0.12) and fat mass (r = -0.599, p = 0.096). These associations were stronger in the MPH group.
Conclusions: Our data suggests that MPH administration may lead to a meaningful increase in relative REE, and these suggested changes were associated with reductions in adiposity among individuals with obesity. These preliminary findings suggest that MPH should be further examined using a larger sample size and study duration to determine its effectiveness in promoting weight loss and maintenance of weight loss in individuals with obesity, a population at high risk of morbidity and premature mortality.
14
Livock, Holly. "Exercising with a Screen or Music and Post-Exercise Energy Compensation: A Randomized Crossover Trial in Male Adolescents." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37817.
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Watching television or listening to music during exercise has been shown to increase
the enjoyment of the activity and decrease fatigue for some people. However, it is
currently unknown how these stimuli during an exercise session play a role in postexercise
energy intake and/or physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE). The purpose
of this thesis was to examine the effects of watching television or listening to music
while exercising on post-exercise energy intake and expenditure in male adolescents.
The study consisted of a randomized crossover design involving 24 male adolescents
aged 12 to 17 years. The participants completed three experimental sessions that
included walking/jogging on a treadmill at 60% of their heart rate reserve for 30 minutes
while watching television, listening to music, or exercising with no other stimulus
(control). Following the exercise sessions participants were given an ad libitum lunch
and were asked to record their food intake for the remainder of the day. An Actical
accelerometer was used to assess PAEE until bedtime. The primary outcome measure
was post-exercise energy intake and energy expenditure. Results showed that
exercising while watching television or listening to music did not significantly affect postexercise
energy intake or energy expenditure. Walking/jogging on a treadmill was found
to be more enjoyable while watching television than with no stimulus present (p=0.03).
Ratings of perceived exertion were not significantly different between conditions.
Overall, our results suggest that watching television or listening to music while
exercising does not impact post-exercise energy intake or expenditure in male
adolescents, which may have positive implications for adolescents who may need
additional motivation to exercise.
15
Jaeger, Hintze Luzia. "Study of the Compensatory Mechanisms of Energy Balance during and After Weight Loss." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38532.
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A number of strategies to lose weight are available. However, a high inter-individual variability is commonly observed in terms of weight loss and its maintenance in individuals enrolled in different interventions. This high variability is mainly explained by individual differences in the activation of compensatory mechanisms triggered by energy deficits. Increases in appetite ratings as well as the rewarding effects of foods are some of the consequences commonly observed from weight loss induced by caloric restriction. On the other side of the energy balance equation, resting energy expenditure (REE) was also found to decrease as consequence of weight loss. Numbers might in fact decrease beyond what could be expected from changes in body weight and composition, highlighting an adaptation in thermogenesis in some individuals. These changes were previously found to be associated with the magnitude of weight loss. However, it is not clear whether different rates of weight loss have a different impact on the compensatory mechanisms described above. Moreover, other questions regarding weight loss maintenance deserve further investigations. For example, the role of exercise, more specifically resistance training (RT), on weight loss maintenance needs additional attention. Accordingly, the present thesis aimed to investigate the effects of caloric restriction on compensatory mechanisms that occur during and after weight loss. We first aimed to determine whether the rate of weight loss differently influence physiological and psychological variables related to energy balance. Secondly, we aimed to elucidate whether early changes in the above mentioned adaptations in energy expenditure (EE) and energy intake (EI) variables predict final outcomes (fat mass - FM and weight loss). Finally, we aimed to determine whether RT promoted greater weight loss maintenance. In Article I and II, we investigated whether different rates of weight loss play a role in EI and EE related-variables. We noted significant increases in fasting appetite measures, as well as increases in satiety measures. REE decreased over time, as did the relative reinforcing value of fruit. No significant group interaction was observed illustrating that different rates of weight loss has no impact on the magnitude of adaptations in EI and EE after weight loss. In article III we demonstrated that early changes in fasting and postprandial appetite measures in response to caloric restriction were associated with greater body weight and FM loss in women. Indeed, greater increases in fasting appetite were associated with greater FM loss, contrary to our hypothesis. However, increases in postprandial appetite were associated with greater FM and body weight loss, independently of changes in eating behaviours. Taken together, articles I and III demonstrated that caloric restriction has a significant impact on increases in appetite and reduction in REE as soon as the in the first week of intervention. Those changes remain significant until the end of the program. In article IV it was shown that 1-year of resistance training (2x/ week) after 6-month of caloric restriction was not sufficient to promote better weight and FM loss in post-menopausal women. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that RT did not improve the differences between measured and predicted measures in REE observed as consequence of weight loss. The picture that emerges is that, increases in appetite and decreases in REE can be observed since the first week of caloric restriction and remain significant until the end of the program, independently of the rate of weight loss. Feeding-related variables such as fasting and postprandial appetite and RRV of a snack food are better predictors of final FM loss, even after adjusting for changes in eating behaviours. In addition, our study demonstrated that different rates of weight loss do not have an independent aspect on either physiological or psychological aspects related to energy balance.
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Deighton, Kevin. "Acute effects of exercise on appetite, food intake and circulating concentrations of gastrointestinal hormones." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/13531.
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Recent years have witnessed significant research into the acute effects of exercise on appetite, energy intake and gut hormone responses. The experiments in this thesis have further investigated this topic by examining the appetite, acylated ghrelin, peptide YY and energy intake responses to energy deficits induced via different exercise protocols and food restriction. To achieve this, 48 young healthy males (mean (SD): age 23 (3) years, body mass index 23.7 (2.7) kg.m-2, maximum oxygen uptake 52.9 (9.8) mL.kg 1.min-1) were recruited into four studies. In study one, 60 min of treadmill running at 70% of VO2 max did not stimulate any increases in appetite or daily energy intake regardless of whether the exercise was performed after breakfast or in the fasted state. In study two, six 30 s Wingate tests stimulated increases in appetite during the subsequent hours compared with 60 min of cycling at 68% of VO2 max. Differences in appetite appeared to be unrelated to changes in plasma acylated ghrelin concentrations and did not influence ad libitum energy intake. Subsequently, endurance exercise resulted in a significantly greater negative daily energy balance than sprint exercise due to a larger exercise energy expenditure. Study three revealed that appetite and energy intake did not differ from a resting control trial after either ten, 4 min cycling bouts at 85 90% of VO2 max separated by 2 min of rest or 60 min of constant cycling at 60% of VO2 max. This occurred despite elevated PYY3-36 concentrations during the hours after exercise. Finally, study four showed that an energy deficit of ~1475 kJ stimulated increases in appetite when induced via food restriction but not when achieved by an acute bout of exercise. This was associated with differences in plasma PYY3-36 concentrations but did not appear to be related to changes in circulating levels of acylated ghrelin and did not influence energy intake. This thesis has shown that appetite perceptions do not differ from a resting control trial during the hours after continuous endurance exercise. Alternatively, supramaximal cycling exercise and subtle reductions in food intake stimulated increases in appetite during the subsequent hours. Such increases in appetite do not appear to be related to changes in acylated ghrelin but may be influenced by plasma PYY3-36 concentrations. Despite differences in appetite, daily energy intake was unaffected by all interventions.
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Mhango, Yvonne. "The effect of credit programme membership on food expenditure and child nutrition in rural Malawi : does female headship have a differential effect?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5757.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 37-44).Although several country-level studies have investigated the impact of access to credit on various outcome variables, few of these studies have looked at the full effect of membership in a credit programme. This study was conducted on a Malawian dataset that was collected through a household rural finance survey. The study differs from other studies in that the operative explanatory variable is not monetary credit but credit programme membership.
18
Dadzie, Nicholas Nyamekeh. "Empirical Essays in Development Economics." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1376961345.
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Hurd, Judy. "The Effect of the Estimate of Resting Metabolic Rate on the Correlation Between Energy Expenditure as Estimated Using Self-Reports of Physical Activity and Food Intake Records in Older Adults." DigitalCommons@USU, 1998. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6132.
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This study measured total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) in adults at least 50 years of age. The goal was to determine the effect of the estimate of resting metabolic rate (RMR) on the relationship between energy expenditure estimates made using (a) self-reports of physical activity and (b) food intake records. The objectives were to determine if (a) RMR estimates based on body composition, body weight, and the 111 metabolic cart were strongly related to each other, and (b) TDEE estimates based on a 7- day physical activity diary and a 7-day food intake record were more strongly related to each other when an RMR was used that was based on body composition, body weight, or the met cart. This was a three-phase study.
In phases I and II, the Pearson r was computed for all combinations of methods . If r > .80, the most practical method for field use was used in the next phase. Phase I: Estimated body composition using bioimpedance (BIA), skinfold (SKF), and girth. Phase II: Measured RMR using a met cart and three equations. Phase III: Computed TDEE using the self-reports. The Pearson r was computed to determine which methods of estimating RMR resulted in the strongest relationships.
Forty-four older adults participated. Phase I: r = .88 for SKF, girth; r = .64 for SKF, BIA. Phase II: rs ranged from .47 to .59 between the met cart-RMR and all the other methods; rs ranged from .84 to .98 for the remaining methods. Phase III: r = .41 between the two estimates of TDEE that used a body weight -RMR; r = .59 between estimates using a met cart-RMR; and r = .58 between estimates using a body composition-RMR. Even though r = .59 and r = .58 are similar, the average individual difference between the two estimates for each participant was smaller for the metabolic cart- RMR (372 calories /day) than for the body composition-RMR (1,045 calories /day), which suggests that body composition is not as useful as a met cart when estimating TDEE for older adults . When estimating clients' daily calorie needs, health professionals ought to consider using a met cart to estimate RMR and TDEE instead of other methods .
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Meyimdjui, Carine. "Essays on Public Policies of Food Crises and Exports Upgrading in Developing Countries." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://theses.bu.uca.fr/nondiff/2019CLFAD027_MEYIMDJUI.pdf.
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Les montées de prix des produits alimentaires au cours de la dernière décennie ont attiré l’attention sur une des sources de vulnérabilité les plus sévères dans les pays en développement. Au regard des défaillances du système financier (en l’occurrence le manque de produits d’assurance appropriés pour faire face aux chocs extérieurs), ces pays pour la plupart importateurs nets, ont vu leurs factures d’importations exploser à la suite des dernières flambées de prix de produits alimentaires. Cette thèse présente quelques essais analysant, d’une part les politiques publiques en réponse aux crises alimentaires, et d’autre part l’amélioration des exportations dans les pays en développement. Constituée de trois essais, la première partie de cette thèse se focalise sur les liens entre des variantes de politiques budgétaires et les chocs de prix alimentaires à l’importation. Le premier essai présente l’effet des chocs de prix alimentaires sur les dépenses publiques, tandis que les essais 2 et 3 s’attellent à analyser les effets des politiques budgétaires discrétionnaires et des relances budgétaires sur la consommation des ménages et l’instabilité socio-politique. La deuxième partie de la thèse porte sur les distorsions des prix au commerce agricole international, et l’amélioration des exportations. Dans le quatrième essai, nous analysons l’impact des variations climatiques sur les distorsions de prix au commerce international. L’essai 5, s’intéresse quant à lui, aux effets de la concentration et de la qualité des exportations sur la volatilité de la consommation des ménagesThe recent surges in food commodity prices have drawn attention on one of most severe sources of vulnerability for developing countries. In addition to financial constraints that these countries already face, (among these, the lack of insurance system to weather external shocks), their households also spend an outsized portion of their budgets on food consumption. Consequently, they experienced substantial increase in their import bills in the wake of surges in food prices. This thesis presents several essays that examine on one hand the public policies taken in response to import food shocks. On the other hand, since trade-related policies as well as exports concentration may also heighten countries’ vulnerability, relevant aspects of international trade are also discussed.The first half of this dissertation examines the link between import food price shocks and fiscal policy. Essay 1 describes the effect of food price shocks on governments' expenditure structure, while Essays 2 and 3 turn to how governments' use of discretionary fiscal policy and fiscal stimulus during food price shocks affect household consumption and socio-political instability.The second half of the thesis consists of two essays addressing agricultural price distortion and exports upgrading. Essay 4 lays out the impact of climatic variability on agricultural price distortions, while essay 5 focuses on how exports concentration and exports quality upgrading impact household consumption volatility
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McNeil, Jessica N. "The Effects of Menstrual Cycle Phases and Adiposity on Energy Balance in Women." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20336.
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Energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE) across the menstrual cycle (MC), while considering body adiposity, have not been previously evaluated in the same individuals. This study mainly examined the variations in energy balance (EB) across MC. Seventeen women (Body fat-DXA:28.5%) participated in three identical sessions during distinct phases of the MC: Early-follicular, Late-follicular/ovulation and Mid-luteal (confirmed by basal temperature and sex-steroid hormones). EI, resting metabolic rate (RMR), physical-activity EE (PAEE), severity of PMS, leptin and relative-reinforcing value (RRV) of preferred foods were measured during each phase. No differences in body fat, EI, RMR, PAEE, leptin and RRV of food were noted across MC. Trends were noted in preferred snack (p=0.06) and combined snack/fruit (p=0.06) intakes, while differences were noted in severity of PMS (p<0.05) across phases. Changes in EB across the MC were not noted. PMS was more severe, and preferred snack and combined snack/fruit intakes were slightly higher during mid-luteal phase.
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Marchesi, Juliana Cristina Lemos de Souza. "Questionário de frequência alimentar para idosos saudáveis: Validação da ingestão de energia pelo método da água duplamente marcada." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/17/17138/tde-20072018-095349/.
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Espera-se que entre 2010 e 2050, a população mundial total terá um aumento de 2 bilhões de habitantes, ao passo que a população idosa chegará ao número de 1,3 bilhões de habitantes. Dentre os diversos fatores envolvidos com expectativa de vida longa, está bem estabelecido que o hábito alimentar desempenha um papel central para a saúde, o que torna importante o conhecimento do padrão alimentar nesta faixa etária. Para a avaliação da ingestão alimentar média a longo prazo em grande número de indivíduos, os Questionários de Frequência de Alimentos (QFAs) são instrumentos particularmente importantes. Objetivo: validar um questionário de frequência alimentar para idosos saudáveis. Casuística e Métodos: Participaram da pesquisa 43 idosos independentes, com a capacidade cognitiva e funcional preservadas, de ambos os gêneros, com idades > 60 anos. Foi avaliado o consumo alimentar dos indivíduos por meio de 3 recordatórios alimentares de 24 horas e um questionário de frequência alimentar, com o auxílio de um livro de fotografias para visualização do tamanho das porções dos alimentos. Como método padrão-ouro, foi utilizada a água duplamente marcada (DLW) para aferição do gasto energético total diário. Para a análise estatística, foi realizada análise descritiva dos dados, calculado o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman, construídos gráficos de dispersão e de Bland-Altman, e também o Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse (ICC). Foi adotado o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: foi observada excelente concordância entre o QFA e DLW para estimativa do consumo de energia em mulheres idosas, assim boa correlação entre o R24h e DLW para estimativa do consumo de energia em homens idosos. Não foram encontradas correlações significativas entre o QFA e DLW para estimativa do consumo de energia em ambos os sexos. Conclusão: Considerando que o objetivo desta pesquisa foi validar o QFA para os dois gêneros (homem e mulher), o mesmo não foi alcançado.Introduction: It is expected that between 2010 and 2050, the total world population will increase by 2 billion inhabitants, while the elderly population will reach 1.3 billion. Among the many factors involved in long life expectancy, it is well established that eating habits play a central role in health, which makes it important to know the food pattern in this age group. For the evaluation of the long-term average food intake in a large number of individuals, Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQs) are particularly important instruments. Objective: to validate a food frequency questionnaire for healthy elderly. METHODS: Participants were 43 independent, with cognitive and functional capacity, of both genders, aged> 60 years. The individuals\' food consumption was evaluated through three 24-hour recalls and a food frequency questionnaire, with the aid of a photo book to visualize the size of the food portions. As a gold standard method, double-labeled water (DLW) was used to measure total daily energy expenditure. For the statistical analysis, a descriptive analysis of the data was performed, the Spearman correlation coefficient was calculated, the dispersion and Bland-Altman graphs were constructed, as well as the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). The significance level of 5% was adopted. Results: excellent concordance was observed between the QFA and DLW for estimation of energy consumption in elderly women, thus a good correlation between R24h and DLW for estimation of energy consumption in elderly men. No significant correlations were found between the QFA and DLW to estimate the energy consumption in both sexes. Conclusion: Considering that the objective of this research was to validate the FFQ for both genders (man and woman), the same was not achieved.
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Larsson, Christel. "Young vegetarians and omnivores : Dietary habits and other health-related aspects." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för kostvetenskap, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-5.
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In the middle of the 1990s many adolescents became vegetarians. There was concern among adults about whether these new young vegetarians got enough energy and nutrients from their dietary intake. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the prevalence of young vegetarians, the food and lifestyle habits, dietary intake and nutritional status of vegetarian and omnivorous adolescents. The prevalence of adolescents eating a vegetarian school lunch in 124 Swedish secondary schools was investigated by interviewing matrons. Information about prevalence of vegetarians, food and lifestyle habits, of 2041 15-year old students from Umeå, Stockholm and Bergen, was obtained by a questionnaire. The dietary intake and nutritional status of thirty 16-20 year-old vegans were compared with thirty age, sex and height matched omnivores. Five percent of the adolescents (16-20 years) in Sweden were found to eat vegetarian food at school lunch. In Umeå there was a significantly higher prevalence (15.6%) of 15-year-old vegetarians compared with Stockholm (4.8%) and Bergen (3.8%). It was also found that more females than males (15 years old) chose a vegetarian dietary regime. Even though the female vegetarians consumed vegetables significantly more often than the omnivores, the intake (32 times/month) was not as often as might be expected of a vegetarian population. The male vegetarians reported eating vegetables not even once a day (25 times/month). No difference in the consumption frequency of fruits/berries, alcoholic beverages, sweets/chocolates and fast foods was seen between vegetarians and omnivores. However, female vegetarians more often than female omnivores consumed dietary supplements. Furthermore, lifestyle characteristics of vegetarians were similar those of omnivores regarding exercise, use of alcohol and smoking habits. No significant difference in validity of reported energy expenditure or energy and protein intakes was found between vegans and omnivores. Young vegans (16-20 year-olds) were seen to have a higher calculated intake of vegetables, legumes, and dietary supplements and a lower intake of ice creams, cakes/cookies, and candies/chocolate than omnivores. The dietary intake was below the average requirements of riboflavin for 73% of the vegans, vitamin B12 for all vegans, vitamin D for 43% of the vegans, calcium for 77% of the vegans and selenium for all vegans and 43% of the omnivores. If intake of supplements was included the intake of e.g. calcium and selenium was still lower than the average requirements for 67% and 73% of the vegans respectively. Low iron stores were as prevalent among vegans as among omnivores (20% and 23% with low stores) and three vegans had low vitamin B12 concentrations in blood. The findings imply that food and lifestyle habits of young vegetarians are different than what previous studies of vegetarians have shown. There is a need for future research of the long-term health effects of being vegetarian.
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Yuba, Tania Yuka. "Evolução dos preços relativos e da estrutura de gastos com alimentos no município de São Paulo: uma aplicação do banco de dados do IPC-FIPE de 1939 a 2010." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/89/89131/tde-14092012-140908/.
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Introdução: A análise das principais tendências sobre consumo de alimentos tem apontado para a diminuição do consumo de alimentos in natura e o aumento do consumo de produtos industrializados. Este padrão de consumo pode levar à deficiências nutricionais e propiciar o surgimento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis como a obesidade, dislipidemias e hipertensão. Os hábitos de consumo alimentar são afetados por uma grande variedade de fatores em que se destacam os econômicos, como preços relativos de alimentos e renda da população. Analisar a evolução dos preços relativos pode nos fornecer subsídios que possibilitam visualizar as tendências da relação entre os grupos alimentares. Objetivos: Analisar a evolução dos preços relativos dos grupos de alimentos a partir da elaboração dos números-índices dos preços relativos para o período de 1939 a 2010 com a utilização do banco de dados do Índice de Preços ao Consumidor da Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas (IPC/FIPE). Metodologia: Para analisar a evolução dos preços relativos, foram utilizados o banco de preços da FIPE e as estruturas de ponderação da FIPE (1939-1988) e do IBGE (1989-2010), desagregadas por classe de renda a partir de 1972. O banco de preços foi organizado, sua consistência foi testada e os preços foram deflacionados pelo IPC/FIPE. Os preços relativos foram calculados e depois agregados por grupo alimentar. Por fim, o índice de preços foi calculado por duas fórmulas: Laspeyres e Konüs-Byushgens. Resultados: Comparou-se o índice geral da alimentação com os índices de cada grupo alimentar, e é possível notar que os grupos de gorduras, óleos, condimentos, açúcares e alimentos processados tiveram um seguimento de queda, por outro lado o índice dos alimentos in natura como frutas e verduras tiveram um ligeiro aumento. Os grupos de cereais, farinhas e massas e os grupos de carnes, leite e ovos tiveram uma tendência mais estável. Conclusão: A evolução dos preços relativos dos alimentos indica uma tendência desfavorável para uma alimentação saudável.Introduction: Analyses of major trends on food consumption point out decreasing fresh food consumption and increasing processed food consumption. Processed food may cause nutritional deficiencies and ease onset of chronic non communicable diseases such as obesity, dyslipidemia and hypertension. Food consumption habits are affected by many factors, and the ones that stand out are the economic factors such as food relative price and population income. Studying the evolution of relative price may give us support to visualize the relationship trends among food groups. Objectives: Analyze the evolution of relative price of food groups by calculating the index-numbers of relative prices from 1939 to 2010 using the Consumer Price Index database from the Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas (Institute for Economic Research Foundation) (IPC/FIPE). Methodology: To analyze the evolution of relative price, we used FIPE´s price database and also the weight structure from FIPE (1939-1988) and from IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) (1989-2010), which were separated by income class since 1972. Price database was arranged, it´s consistency was tested and prices were deflated by IPC/FIPE. Relative prices were calculated and then associated by food group. Ultimately, price index was calculated according to: Laspeyres and Konüs-Byushgens. Results: When comparing total food index against indexes of each food group we noticed that the groups of fat, oil, spices, sugars and sweets and processed food showed decreased indexes whereas fresh foods such as fruits and vegetables showed swift increased indexes. Grain, flour and pasta groups along with meat, milk and egg groups showed a steadier trend. Conclusion: The evolution of relative price of food points out an unfavorable trend toward healthy eating.
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Silva, dos Santos Priscilla 1983. "Ingestão alimentar, gasto energético e composição corporal em usuárias do contraceptivo com acetato de medroxiprogesterona de depósito em seguimento de 12 meses = Food intake, energy expenditure and body composition assessment in depot medroxyprogesterone acetate users up to 12 months." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/308430.
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Orientadores: Arlete Maria dos Santos Fernandes, Elizabeth João PavinDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: O acetato de medroxiprogesterona de depósito (AMPD) é um contraceptivo de uso trimestral, considerado seguro e altamente eficaz, dispensado pelo setor público de vários países entre eles o Sistema Único de Saúde, SUS. Usuárias de contraceptivos hormonais frequentemente se preocupam com efeitos imediatos do uso, entre eles o ganho de peso corporal. Os estudos sobre variação de peso em usuárias de AMPD mostram resultados controversos e, entre os que mostram ganho de peso em gordura em parte das usuárias, não é clara a etiologia do ganho. Poucos estudos avaliaram a ingestão alimentar e gasto energético destas usuárias. Objetivos: Avaliar a ingestão alimentar, ganho de peso e a composição corporal em novas usuárias do contraceptivo acetato de medroxiprogesterona de depósito (AMPD). Desenho do estudo: Ensaio clínico com 20 usuárias de DPMA e 20 de dispositivo intrauterino de cobre (DIU TCu380A), pareadas por idade (±1) e IMC (±1), seguidas por 12 meses. Incluídas mulheres saudáveis, de 18-40 anos, sem antecedentes que pudessem interferir no peso corporal, não obesas e nunca usuárias de AMPD. Avaliou-se a ingestão alimentar (recordatório alimentar), composição corporal (DXA), medidas de cincunferência e dobras cutâneas. As variáveis foram: sociodemográficas, hábitos, valor energético total (VET), gasto energético, peso, IMC, percentagem e medidas de gordura em dobras, relação cintura-quadril e medidas de massa gorda, magra, massa total e razão androide-ginecóide. Resultados: A idade variou de 20-38 anos, mediana de 29 e 30,5 anos, e médias de IMC 24,8 e 24,5kg/m2, respectivamente nos grupos AMPD e DIU. Não houve diferenças no ganho de peso e composição corporal entre os grupos. Aos 12 meses foi observado, no grupo de usuárias de AMPD, aumento nas circunferências da cintura e quadril, aumento significativo do VET associado à maior ingestão de carboidratos, gorduras e proteínas, e do gasto energético associado ao grupo de AMPD. 8/20 usuárias de AMPD ganharam ?5% de peso (média 4,6kg), e apresentaram maiores variações nos depósitos e centralização da gordura em relação às demais usuárias. Conclusões: As usuárias de DPMA apresentaram aumento do apetite aos 12 meses. Estudos deverão comprovar estes resultados em outras populações de mulheres
Resumo: O acetato de medroxiprogesterona de depósito (AMPD) é um contraceptivo de uso trimestral, considerado seguro e altamente eficaz, dispensado pelo setor público de vários países entre eles o Sistema Único de Saúde, SUS. Usuárias de contraceptivos hormonais frequentemente se preocupam com efeitos imediatos do uso, entre eles o ganho de peso corporal. Os estudos sobre variação de peso em usuárias de AMPD mostram resultados controversos e, entre os que mostram ganho de peso em gordura em parte das usuárias, não é clara a etiologia do ganho. Poucos estudos avaliaram a ingestão alimentar e gasto energético destas usuárias. Objetivos: Avaliar a ingestão alimentar, ganho de peso e a composição corporal em novas usuárias do contraceptivo acetato de medroxiprogesterona de depósito (AMPD). Desenho do estudo: Ensaio clínico com 20 usuárias de DPMA e 20 de dispositivo intrauterino de cobre (DIU TCu380A), pareadas por idade (±1) e IMC (±1), seguidas por 12 meses. Incluídas mulheres saudáveis, de 18-40 anos, sem antecedentes que pudessem interferir no peso corporal, não obesas e nunca usuárias de AMPD. Avaliou-se a ingestão alimentar (recordatório alimentar), composição corporal (DXA), medidas de cincunferência e dobras cutâneas. As variáveis foram: sociodemográficas, hábitos, valor energético total (VET), gasto energético, peso, IMC, percentagem e medidas de gordura em dobras, relação cintura-quadril e medidas de massa gorda, magra, massa total e razão androide-ginecóide. Resultados: A idade variou de 20-38 anos, mediana de 29 e 30,5 anos, e médias de IMC 24,8 e 24,5kg/m2, respectivamente nos grupos AMPD e DIU. Não houve diferenças no ganho de peso e composição corporal entre os grupos. Aos 12 meses foi observado, no grupo de usuárias de AMPD, aumento nas circunferências da cintura e quadril, aumento significativo do VET associado à maior ingestão de carboidratos, gorduras e proteínas, e do gasto energético associado ao grupo de AMPD. 8/20 usuárias de AMPD ganharam ?5% de peso (média 4,6kg), e apresentaram maiores variações nos depósitos e centralização da gordura em relação às demais usuárias. Conclusões: As usuárias de DPMA apresentaram aumento do apetite aos 12 meses. Estudos deverão comprovar estes resultados em outras populações de mulheres
Abstract: The depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is a contraceptive used quarterly, considered safe and highly effective, dispensed by the public sector in several countries, including the Health System of Brazil. Hormonal contraceptive users often care about the immediate effects of the use, such as the change in body weight. Studies about weight change in DMPA users show controversial results, and among which show weight gain in fat part of the users, it isn't clear the etiology this gain. Few studies have assessed food intake and energy expenditure of these users. Objectives: To evaluate food intake, weight gain and body composition in new users of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) as a contraceptive. Study design: A clinical trial followed up 20 DMPA users and 20 copper intrauterine device (TCu380A IUD) users, paired for age (±1 year) and body mass index (BMI ± 1kg/m2), for a 12-month period. Healthy, non-obese women aged 18-40 years with no prior conditions that could affect their body weight and who had never used DMPA were enrolled. Food intake (food intake recording), body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), circumferences and skinfold thickness were evaluated. Sociodemographic variables, habits, total energy intake, energy expenditure, weight, BMI, body fat percentage, skinfold thickness, waist-to-hip ratio, fat and lean body mass, total body mass and android-gynoid fat ratio were evaluated. Results: Median age was 29 and 30.5 years and mean BMI was 24.8 and 24.5kg/m2 in the DMPA and IUD groups, respectively. There were no differences in weight gain or body composition between the groups. At 12 months, an increase was found in waist and hip circumference in the DMPA users, as well as a significant increase in total energy intake associated with greater carbohydrate, fat and protein intake, and a significant increase in energy expenditure. In the DMPA group, 8/20 users gained ?5% in weight (mean 4.6kg), with more variations in fat deposits and centralization. Conclusions: Appetite was greater in DMPA users at 12 months. Studies should be conducted to confirm these results in other populations of women
Abstract: The depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is a contraceptive used quarterly, considered safe and highly effective, dispensed by the public sector in several countries, including the Health System of Brazil. Hormonal contraceptive users often care about the immediate effects of the use, such as the change in body weight. Studies about weight change in DMPA users show controversial results, and among which show weight gain in fat part of the users, it isn't clear the etiology this gain. Few studies have assessed food intake and energy expenditure of these users. Objectives: To evaluate food intake, weight gain and body composition in new users of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) as a contraceptive. Study design: A clinical trial followed up 20 DMPA users and 20 copper intrauterine device (TCu380A IUD) users, paired for age (±1 year) and body mass index (BMI ± 1kg/m2), for a 12-month period. Healthy, non-obese women aged 18-40 years with no prior conditions that could affect their body weight and who had never used DMPA were enrolled. Food intake (food intake recording), body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), circumferences and skinfold thickness were evaluated. Sociodemographic variables, habits, total energy intake, energy expenditure, weight, BMI, body fat percentage, skinfold thickness, waist-to-hip ratio, fat and lean body mass, total body mass and android-gynoid fat ratio were evaluated. Results: Median age was 29 and 30.5 years and mean BMI was 24.8 and 24.5kg/m2 in the DMPA and IUD groups, respectively. There were no differences in weight gain or body composition between the groups. At 12 months, an increase was found in waist and hip circumference in the DMPA users, as well as a significant increase in total energy intake associated with greater carbohydrate, fat and protein intake, and a significant increase in energy expenditure. In the DMPA group, 8/20 users gained ?5% in weight (mean 4.6kg), with more variations in fat deposits and centralization. Conclusions: Appetite was greater in DMPA users at 12 months. Studies should be conducted to confirm these results in other populations of women
Mestrado
Fisiopatologia Ginecológica
Mestra em Ciências da Saúde
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Oakley, Hannah B. "Follow up to Recreational Female Runner Study: Further Analysis of Diet and Energy Availability." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429707396.
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Pettersson, Ulrika. "Comparison between two different activity diaries for children and an activity meter." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för kvinnors och barns hälsa, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-395047.
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Background: The level of activity in an individual can be the difference between health and illness. Physical inactivity can cause diseases such as osteoporosis and type-2 diabetes. It has been reported that children live an increasingly inactive life, with less than the recommended a total of 60 minutes daily for children and adolescents of 6-17 years of age. Objective: The objective was to compare two activity diaries and how the results correspond to measurements by an activity meter. Material and methods: This study included 12 children who each carried an activity meter for four days to measure Total Energy Expenditure. In parallel, they filled in two different activity diaries. In the diaries two different calculation methods were used, with a Physical Activity Ratio value or a Metabolic Equivalent of Task value which then was inserted into equations to calculate Total Energy Expenditure. Anthropometric measurements were obtained by use of a stadiometer, a caliper and a bioimpedance scale. Results: The results from the Physical Activity Ratio diary indicated a better match with the results from the activity meter. Conclusions: Between the two diaries significant difference in how the activities were estimated were found, where an overestimation could be seen in the diary that used the Metabolic Equivalent of Task. Differences could also be seen between the activity meter and both diaries, also here the difference were bigger with the Metabolic Equivalent of Task diary. The Physical Activity Ratio diary was better matched with the activity meter.
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Arango, Restrepo Luz. "El Alimento y la muerte en el ritual y las prácticas estéticas contemporáneas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/460894.
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En un juego de contrapesos simbólicos, la muerte y el alimento se conjugan en el ritual de Día de Muertos y en cinco obras de artistas contemporáneos. Explorar este intersticio es el objetivo que nos hemos propuesto en esta investigación. En el ritual, indagamos sobre dos prácticas diferenciadas, la ofrenda en el altar para consumo de los muertos y el intercambio de cráneos de azúcar. En el arte contemporáneo, Joseph Beuys y Marina Abramović emplean el alimento y la materia orgánica como factores expresivos en unas obras que aspiran a vincular el ritual al arte. Además, Félix González-Torres y Jana Sterbak hacen uso de alimentos en sus trabajos, de manera que estos transfieren sus propiedades simbólicas a las obras. Todas las producciones artísticas y manifestaciones estéticas estudiadas dan una visión diferente de la muerte.In a game of history counter opposition, death and food come together in the Día de Muertos [Day of the Dead] ritual and in five works of contemporary artists. The goal set for this research is to explore this intrinsic relationship. In the ritualistic portion of this research, we explore two separate practices: the offerings on the altar for the dead’s consumption and the exchange of sugar skulls. In contemporary art, Joseph Beuys and Marina Abramović use food and organic matter as expressive factors in works aspiring to tie the ritual to art itself. Furthermore, both Félix González-Torres and Jana Sterbak have used food in their works, thus transferring their symbolic properties to the works. Every work and aesthetic manifestations studied provides a different vision of death.
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Bellocchio, Luigi. "Rôle du récepteur cannabinoïde de type 1 sur des populations neuronales spécifiques dans la régulation de l'équilibre énergétique." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR21736/document.
Full textAbstract:
Le système endocannabinoïde (SEC) a récemment émergé comme un important modulateurde la prise alimentaire et de la balance énergétique. Les récepteurs cannabinoïdes de type 1(récepteurs CB1) et ses ligands endogènes, le 2-arachidonoyl-glycérol (2-AG) et l’anandamide(AEA), sont largement présents au sein du cerveau ainsi qu’au niveau des organespériphériques impliqués dans la régulation du métabolisme énergétique, tels que le foie, letissu adipeux, les muscles squelettiques, le pancréas et le tractus gastro-intestinal. Lastimulation pharmacologique des récepteurs CB1 conduit généralement à une augmentation dela prise et du stockage énergétique, tandis que les antagonistes CB1 exercent les effets opposéschez l’animal ainsi que chez l’homme. De surcroît, des corrélations ont été établies entre unesur régulation pathologique du SEC et les troubles métaboliques.Pourtant, plusieurs preuves indiquent que la relation entre le SEC et le métabolismeénergétique pourrait être plus complexe, probablement à cause de la multiplicité des sites oùle SEC peut agir à travers l’organisme. L’objectif général de ce travail de thèse fut dedisséquer les différents mécanismes par lesquels le SEC régule la prise alimentaire etl’équilibre énergétique. Le premier Chapitre de cette thèse détaille les mécanismes neuronauxmodulant l’équilibre énergétique chez les mammifères. Dans le Chapitre II, nous analysonsles différents types neuronaux cérébraux responsables de l’impact de la signalisation desrécepteurs CB1 sur la prise alimentaire stimulée. Dans le Chapitre III, nous proposons que leblocage pharmacologique des récepteurs CB1 exerce un effet anorexigène en agissant sur lesneurones périphériques sympathiques. Enfin, au cours du Chapitre IV nous disséquons le rôlepossible des récepteurs CB1 sur la balance énergétique.Les antagonistes CB1 ont été montrés comme n’exerçant que des effets anorexigènestransitoires, ceux-ci disparaissant après quelques semaines de traitement chez l’animal etquelques mois chez des patients obèses. De plus, les agonistes CB1 résultent en des effets biphasiques typiques. En effet, des doses faibles à modérées augmentent la prise alimentairechez l’animal tandis que de fortes doses diminuent les comportements d’ingestion. Lesrécepteurs CB1 sont exprimés sur différentes populations neuronales, dont les neuronesGABAergiques et glutamatergiques corticaux. Puisque l’activation des récepteurs CB1 induitgénéralement une réduction de la libération des neurotransmetteurs, il est probable que leseffets manifestement contradictoires des manipulations pharmacologiques soient dus à cetteexpression différentielle des récepteurs CB1. En combinant les approches pharmacologiqueset génétiques, nous avons montré que les récepteurs CB1 localisés au niveau du striatumventral sont associés à une action hypophagique via une inhibition de la transmissionGABAergique. Au contraire, les récepteurs CB1 cérébraux modulant les transmissionsexcitatrices sous-tendent l’effet orexigène bien connu des cannabinoïdes (Chapitre II).L’injection aiguë de l’antagoniste CB1, le SR141716 (Rimonabant) a un puissant effetanorexigène dans des conditions de prise alimentaire stimulée, telles que l’hyperphagieinduite par le jeûne. Néanmoins, la nature de cet effet (centrale versus périphérique) ainsi queles circuits neuronaux impliqués sont encore objets d’investigations. Dans le Chapitre III,nous mettons en évidence que l’hypophagie induite par le Rimonabant est indépendante d’unemodulation des transmissions GABAergique, glutamatergique corticale ou sérotoninergiquepar les récepteurs CB1 dans le cerveau, aussi bien que d’actions intrinsèques des récepteursCB1 au niveau de différents noyaux hypothalamiques. En fait, le Rimonabant inhibe la prisealimentaire stimulée en potentialisant directement l’activité du système périphériquesympathique.En ce qui concerne les fonctions métaboliques du SEC, il n’est actuellement pas encoreclairement établi si ce sont les récepteurs CB1 exprimés sur les neurones ou ceux localisés surles organes métaboliques périphériques qui jouent un rôle majeur dans le contrôle du stockageet de la consommation énergétique dans des conditions physiologiques ou pathologiques.Dans ce scenario, au Chapitre IV, nous montrons que les récepteurs CB1 neuronaux jouent unrôle clé dans le développement de l’obésité induite par la diète. Les souris mutantesconditionnelles caractérisées par une délétion des récepteurs CB1 au niveau des neurones duprosencéphale et des neurones périphériques sympathiques (connus pour contrôler la prisealimentaire et le poids corporel) mais pas au niveau des organes périphériques, exhibent unphénotype de type mince ainsi qu’une résistance à l’obésité induite par la diète. Ce phénotyperésulte d’une augmentation de l’oxydation des lipides et de la thermogenèse associée à unediminution de l’absorption énergétique due à une potentialisation de l’activité sympathique.Dans le Chapitre V, nous discutons de la signalisation neuronale des récepteurs CB1 commeune clé déterminante de l’action du SEC sur l’équilibre énergétique. Nous proposons que lesrécepteurs CB1 exercent un contrôle bimodal sur le comportement alimentaire et régulent lesdépenses énergétiques ainsi que l’activité du système nerveux sympathique. Les différencesentre le rôle des agonistes endogènes versus exogènes des récepteurs CB1, mais aussi entre lesagonistes versus antagonistes suggèrent que ces récepteurs pourraient bénéficier de propriétéspharmacologiques particulières à la signalisation du type cellulaire impliquéThe endocannabinoid system (ECS) has recently emerged as an important modulator of foodintake and energy balance. Cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptor and endogenous ligands, 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG) and anandamide (AEA), are largely present in the brain and inperipheral organs involved in the regulation of energy metabolism, such as liver, adiposetissue, skeletal muscle, pancreas and GI tract. Pharmacological CB1 stimulation generallyleads to an increase in energy intake and storage, whereas CB1 antagonists exert the oppositeeffects in both animals and humans. Furthermore, there is evidence of correlations betweenpathological ECS up-regulation and metabolic diseases.However, several pieces of evidence indicate that the relationship between the ECS andenergy intake and metabolism might be more complex than previously believed, likely due tothe different sites where the ECS could act in the body. The general aim of this Thesis workwas to dissect the different mechanisms through which the ECS regulates food intake andenergy balance. The first Chapter of this Thesis is an overview of the neuronal mechanismsregulating energy balance in mammals. In Chapter II, we analysed the brain neuronal typesresponsible of the impact of CB1 signalling on stimulated food intake. Chapter III, reveals thatthe pharmacological blockade of CB1 exerts anorectic effect acting at peripheral sympatheticneurons. Then (chapter IV) we dissected the possible impact of neuronal CB1 onto energybalance.CB1 antagonists were shown to exert only transient anorectic effects, which disappear afterfew weeks of treatment in animals and few months in obese patients. Furthermore, CB1agonists show typical biphasic effects, with low-to-moderate doses increasing food intake inanimals, and high doses decreasing ingestive behaviour. CB1 is expressed in many differentneuronal populations, including GABAergic and cortical glutamatergic neurons. As thegeneral effect of CB1 activation is a reduction of neurotransmitter release, it is possible thatthese apparently discrepant effects of pharmacological manipulations are due to thedifferential expression of the receptor. By using combined pharmacological and geneticapproaches we found that ventral striatal CB1 receptors are endowed with a hypophagicimpact through inhibition of GABAergic transmission. Conversely, brain CB1 receptorsmodulating excitatory transmission mediate the well-known orexigenic effects ofcannabinoids (Chapter II).The acute injection of CB1 antagonist SR141716 (Rimonabant) has an important anorecticeffect in condition of stimulated food intake, such as fasting-induced hyperphagia. However,the nature of this effect (central versus peripheral) as well as the neuronal circuits involved isstill matter of investigation. In Chapter III we show that rimonabant-induced hypophagia isindependent from CB1 modulation of GABAergic, cortical glutamatergic and serotoninergictransmission in the brain, as well as intrinsic actions of CB1 in different hypothalamic nuclei.In fact, rimonabant inhibits stimulated food intake by directly enhancing peripheralsympathetic actions.In relationship to metabolic functions of the ECS, it is not yet clear whether CB1 receptorsexpressed on neurons or on peripheral metabolic organs play a major role in the control ofenergy storage and consumption in both physiological and pathological conditions. In thisscenario, in Chapter IV, we show that neuronal CB1 receptors play a key role in thedevelopment of diet-induced obesity. Conditional mutant mice lacking CB1 expression inforebrain neurons and sympathetic peripheral neurons, known to control food intake and bodyweight, but not in peripheral organs, displayed a lean phenotype and resistance to diet-inducedobesity. This phenotype results from an increase in lipids oxidation and thermogenesis and adecrease in energy absorption due to an increase of the sympathetic tone.As discussed in the Chapter V, neuronal CB1 signalling is a key determinant of the ECSaction on energy balance, by exerting a bimodal control of feeding behaviour and byregulating energy expenditure and sympathetic nervous system activity. The differencesbetween the role of endogenous versus exogenous CB1 agonists, as well as between agonistsversus antagonists suggest that this receptor may have different pharmacological propertiesaccording to the cell type-specific signalling involved
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Low, Rebecca. "The Effect of Housing and Food Expenditures on Diet Quality of Low-Income Households in Salt Lake County." DigitalCommons@USU, 1996. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4669.
Full textAbstract:
During a time of national and local debate over welfare reform, research is needed to determine the effectiveness of specific welfare programs and the impact on the lives of households participating in these programs. The objective of this study was to determine the effect housing and food expenditures have on the diet quality of low-income families. Participants for the study were drawn from government-subsidized housing rolls and housing assistance waiting lists. Diet quality was measured by 16 variables: percent RDA protein, fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, iron, and calcium consumed; percent calories from protein, carbohydrates, fat, and alcohol; and the number of servings from each food group: bread and cereal, fruit, vegetable, meat and protein, dairy, and fats and sweets food groups. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to analyze the relationship between the percent poverty level of the household and the percent of income spent on housing and food with each diet quality variable. No statistically significant correlations were found. Mann-Whitney U tests and t tests were used to determine if diet quality of participants who received housing assistance was different from participants who did not receive assistance. No statistical significance was found. Participant's diets who received food assistance and diets of participants who do not receive food assistance were also analyzed to determine any differences in diet quality. Again, no statistical significance was found between the two groups. The diets of the sample population were found to be fairly average in comparison to overall food consumption patterns of the United States. Consumption of fiber, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products was low. Increased consumer education programs are recommended to improve overall diet.
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Darko, Janice. "Factors Influencing Shopping, Cooking, and Eating Behaviors Among Low-Income Families During a One-Month Period of Time." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2518.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: To evaluate changes in shopping behaviors among low-income families over a one-month period of time in Utah County, Utah.
Design: Two researchers conducted thirteen 90-minute focus groups.
Setting: Two community organizations serving low-income populations and a university campus.
Participants: Seventy-two low-income adults who were the primary household food shoppers and who had at least one child less than 18 years in their household.
Main Outcome Measures: Shopping behavior changes during one month period of time.
Analysis: Focus groups were recorded and transcribed, and then coded independently by two researchers with any differences reconciled. Paired t-tests were used to test differences of food expenditures by food group between the beginning and end-of-the-month shopping behaviors.
Results: Shopping habits among low-income families changed throughout the month and were impacted by use of food assistance programs, food prices, and shopping logistics. Participants reported purchasing more varied foods at the beginning of the month versus more starch-based and canned foods at the end-of-the-month. To overcome economic barriers, participants used numerous strategies including weekly or monthly menu planning, price matching, and bulk buying.
Conclusions and Implications: Low-income families make strategic decisions based on economic circumstances and other factors, including participation in food assistance programs, or the timing of the month, in order to stretch food expenditures. Our results suggest limited economics throughout the month may hinder families' ability to consume a varied, nutrient-rich diet, which may impact future health status.
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Clement, Claire Kathleen. "Processing piety and the materiality of spiritual mission at Syon Abbey, 1415-1539." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2016. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/269847.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation examines the intersection of spiritual values and material life at Syon Abbey, a wealthy Brigittine double monastery in late medieval England. As an institution it was, paradoxically, directed primarily toward an evangelical goal, while being focused on contemplative women who were strictly enclosed. In this dissertation, I assert that this apparent contradiction was resolved through a high degree of collaboration between the abbey’s religious women and men. I argue that Brigittine monasticism, and that of Syon in particular, was uniquely attuned to metaphors and meanings of materiality, which enabled the abbey to transform the women’s mundane material life of food, clothing, architecture, work, finance, and even bureaucracy, into spiritual fruits to be shared with the Syon brethren through dialogue within confessional relationships, and subsequently, with the laity through the media of sermons, sacraments, books, and conversation. I use the abbey’s extensive household financial accounts in conjunction with Brigittine writings and monastic legislative documents to examine the intersection of ideal material life and its spiritual meaning on the one hand, and the abbey’s lived materiality as reflected in its internal economic and administrative actions, on the other. The central question is the degree to which Syon’s material life was one of luxury in keeping with what the Order’s founder, Saint Birgitta, would have seen as worldly excess, or one of moderate asceticism, in keeping with the Brigittine Rule. Major findings are that in most respects (financial management, gender power, officer appointments, clothing, and some aspects of food), Syon’s materiality was lived in accordance with the Rule and the Brigittine mission, but that in some respects, it erred on the side of elite display and consumption (the majority of food items and the architecture and decoration of the abbey church), and in others, the source material is too incomplete to enable conclusions (the decoration of monastic buildings and the distribution of alms). In addition, by analysing the income from boarding of visitors and offerings from pilgrims, I examine the degree of Syon’s impact on the laity and how it changed with the approaching Dissolution, concluding that the abbey had a significant impact that declined only when legal restrictions were applied.
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MacDonald, Brendan. "Is Avocado Toast the Reason I'm Still Living with My Parents?" Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1762.
Full textAbstract:
Is avocado toast the reason that I am still living with my parents? In other words, does the consumption of avocado toast, or more specifically eating out in general, have any impact on one’s ability to be a homeowner. In May of 2017, an Australian real estate developer by the name of Tim Gurner was asked to provide advice to young people who could not afford to purchase a home. He responded by saying, “when I was trying to buy my first home, I wasn’t buying smashed avocado for $19 and four coffees at $4 each,” (Victor, 2017). While the claim may appear to be laughable at first glance, this is not the first time that statements such as this have been made.
The United States Census Bureau tells us that annual homeownership rates for individuals under the age of 35 has been on the steady decline. Additionally, per Goldman Sachs, it is known that the percentage of adults age 18-31 that were married and living in their own homes has decreased from 56% in 1968 to 23% in 2012. This paper assesses and compares the spending habits of different generations, working to discern if there are notable differences particularly between Millennials and other generations. Data sets from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX) and Zillow between the years 2000-2013 were examined. Although there is not data on avocado toast specifically, it is possible to broaden the hypothesis to examine the expenditures on the consumption of meals prepared away from home. For the purpose of this study, I take Tim Gurner’s statement and apply it more broadly to the idea of spending money on the experience of eating out. The results show that the consumption of avocado toast, defined as money spent on meals prepared away from home, does not have an impact on whether an individual owns a home, nor is it an indicator as to whether they will be renters or living with their parents. Rather, the results indicate that owning a home leads to consuming more avocado toast. This means that although it is commonly perceived that Millennials are consumers as opposed to savers, their inability to afford home ownership does not have any direct connection to their spending habits on avocado toast, and more broadly, eating out in general.
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Torres, Carpio Nicole Katherine. "Gasto Catastrófico en Salud y Pobreza Multidimensional." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/653816.
Full textAbstract:
La cobertura en salud hacia toda la población peruana es el principal objetivo del sistema sanitario nacional. Su mal manejo en las inversiones destinadas para alcanzar este objetivo, demuestran poca efectividad. Debido a esto, la población multidimensionalmente pobre queda vulnerable ante cualquier eventualidad que afecte su salud y se ve más propensa a incurrir en gastos de bolsillo que finalmente terminarán siendo catastróficos, para acceder a los servicios médicos correspondientes. En este contexto, estos gastos son preocupantes, ya que a largo plazo empeoran el bienestar del hogar. Para hacer un análisis más exhaustivo, primero se elaborará el Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional. Seguido, por un modelo de variable binaria que ayudará a estimar la regresión final y definirá la relación que existe entre pobreza multidimensional y gasto catastrófico en salud. Otras variables usadas que explican este gasto son: género, ocupación, afiliación a algún seguro, estado civil, nivel educativo y presencia de miembros vulnerables a enfermarse. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que este gasto catastrófico sí es más probable a ocurrir en aquellos hogares multidimensionalmente pobres respecto a los multidimensionalmente no pobres. Esto, resalta la importancia del Estado por elaborar políticas y/o gestionar programas que protejan la salud de la población sobre todo la más vulnerable, con la finalidad de mejorar el crecimiento y desarrollo del país.Health coverage for the entire Peruvian population is the main objective of the national health system. Their mismanagement of investments destined to achieve this objective, show little effectiveness. Due to this, the multidimensionally poor population is vulnerable to any eventuality that affects their health and is more prone to incur out-of-pocket expenses that will ultimately end up being catastrophic, to access the corresponding medical services. In this context, these expenses are worrying, since in the long term they worsen the well-being of the household. For a more comprehensive analysis, the Multidimensional Poverty Index will first be developed. Followed by a binary variable model that will help estimate the final regression and define the relationship between multidimensional poverty and catastrophic health spending. Other variables used to explain this expense are: gender, occupation, affiliation to some insurance, marital status, educational level, and presence of members vulnerable to becoming ill. The results obtained show that this catastrophic expenditure is more likely to occur in multidimensionally poor households than in multidimensionally nonpoor ones. This highlights the importance of the State to develop policies and / or manage programs that protect the health of the population, especially the most vulnerable, in order to improve the growth and development of the country.
Trabajo de investigación
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鄭雅君. "The Impact of Food-Away-From-Home Expenditure on Health Care Expenditure in Taiwan." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/af7ax5.
Full textAbstract:
碩士逢甲大學
財稅學系
106
This paper used data from the “Report of Survey of Family Income and Expenditure” in 2006 and 2016. And the paper also analyze the influencing factors of Taiwan’s health care expenditure by Quantile Regression. In order to observe the distribution and contribution of the explanatory variables to health care expenditure over the two years, we used OB (Oaxaca-Blinder) decomposition and RIF (Recentered Influence Function) decomposition to explore the factors that contributed to the difference in health care expenditure between 2006 and 2016. The result indicates: First, food-away-from-home expenditure, household disposable income, number of employment, 65 years old, adults of family, the gender of the head of the household, educational level of the head of the household, family population, population of income earners and family type have significant influence on health care expenditure in 2006. And the result is also similar to 2016. Second, in OB decomposition, we found that the difference between health care expenditure in 2006 and 2016 was due to the increase in the food-away-from-home expenditure. Third, about the RIF analysis, the main factors for the difference between health care expenditure over the two years are the coefficient effect of the food-away-from-home expenditure, household disposable income, the age of the head of the household, family population, number of employment, the gender of the head of the household and family type.
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Lee, Pin-Huei, and 李品慧. "The Study of the Determinant on Aboriginal Household food Expenditure." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6d7b2r.
Full textAbstract:
碩士景文科技大學
旅遊管理系觀光與餐旅管理碩士班
105
Taiwan aborigine with their own different culture and unique life style compared with general Taiwan residents more on Chinese culture lead to the differentiation of food culture. The main purpose of this research is to explore the influencing factors of daily food consumption expenditure of Aboriginal families based on the data of "Aboriginal Economic Situation Survey" according to the Council of Indigenous People of Executive Yuan, with the total number of 5,214 samples and divided the total households units into low, medium and high three kinds of expenditure levels for the food consumption expenditure. By using Ordered Logit regression analysis, we can approximately estimate about the aboriginal households units according to their population characteristics versus their social experience conditions will bring into influence of each factors of food consumption expenditure. According to this research, the more members in a family, with aboriginal spouse, the education level of headmaster, the income of whole family and those who have housing loan indicated positive impacts on family food consumption expenditure. On the contrary, for those families with higher number of kids below 6 years old and old members above 65 years old and also families whom have government subsidy indicated the negative impacts on family food consumption expenditure. The results of the study can be used by the relevant units as a reference and consideration when setting Aboriginal economic policies.
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Wang, Jou-Hsin, and 王柔心. "Taiwanese Consumers’ Expenditure Types and the Food Industry's Revenue Performance." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2e26zv.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立彰化師範大學
企業管理學系
105
The food industry is an important part of the livelihood sector, and its performance plays a critical role in the development of an economy. This study examined the direct and indirect effects of different types of customer expenditures on the revenue performance of the downstream, midstream, and upstream sectors of the food industry. Using the data from 1976 to 2015, retrieved from the survey data base of family incomes and expenditures provided by the Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistic, Executive Yuan, R.O.C., the study analyzed by regression and the Sobel test the direct and indirect effects of customer expenditures on the revenue performance of the food industry. As shown by the results, there was significant direct effect of consumer food and tobacco expenditures on the downstream sector of the food industry, while there were significant direct effects of consumer restaurant and travel expenditures on the downstream and midstream sectors with the effects declining from the downstream sector to the upstream sector. Consumer restaurant and travel expenditures were found to have indirect effects on the revenue performance of the midstream sector through the downstream sector and on the revenue performance of the upstream sector through the midstream sector. However, such indirect effects were not significant in consumer food and tobacco expenditures. The revenue performance of the downstream sector was found to have significant indirect effect on the revenue performance of the upstream sector through the midstream sector. As revealed by the results, consumer choice in expenditures of specific types has effects on the revenue performance of the food industry, and there also exist significant sector effects on sector revenue performance.
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CHEN, YU-CHUN, and 陳俞均. "Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Expenditure Trends among Taiwanese Adolescents." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/11300558757757155632.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國防醫學院
公共衛生學研究所
104
Nutrition and health, is not only about food nutrient composition, but also food structure. Food processing is defined as any procedure that alters food from its natural state, and may range from minimally to highly processed. It affects patterns of purchase, use and consumption. There is growing evidence that the degree of food processing is related to health outcomes. We compared three surveys 13-18 years apart to evaluate secular changes in ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption by Taiwanese adolescents, and the associated socio-economic factors. The consumption of UPF has the potential to influence an adolescent’s dietary quality, food expenditure and nutrient intakes. Three representative Nutrition and Health Surveys in Taiwan (n=1919 from NAHSIT 1993–1996, n=1650 from NAHSIT 2010-2011 and n=1274 from NAHSIT 2011) for Junior and Senior High School students were studied. Dietary intakes were assessed using one 24-h dietary recall. All food items were classified into four groups according to the degree of processing using the NOVA criteria. During the period studied, participants’ dietary energy intakes rose for UPF (Junior: 23% to 26%; Senior: 21% to 25%). As indicators of socio-economic factors involved, caregivers, household income and financial status had the highest impact on adolescent UPF energy intake and food expenditure. For junior high school students, UPF energy increased by 10%, and the risk of a poor quality diet by more than 45%; correspondingly, senior high school students risk increased by 33%. The UPF energy cost was less than for the Original Foods group by the NOVA classification. Those who consumed more UPF had higher saturated fat and lower monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, dietary fiber, and micronutrient intakes. When adolescents ate more UPF and less Original Foods, they had less satisfactory nutrient profiles. Thus, UPF has a nutritionally significant impact on the adolescent diet. Nutrition education for adolescents may counter these trends through a better understanding of food processing, improved food choice skills, and the encouragement of family food preparation and home dining.
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Rahmanian, Nura. "Comparing agricultural trade dependency and household food expenditure in South Africa." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/50762.
Full textAbstract:
The question of food as a basic need has followed the human race for centuries on end in community after community, all of which have had to continuously re-evaluate its state of food security, occasionally restructuring and reorganizing systems of food production and distribution, as well as relationships and processes related to welfare and economics. In more recent decades the elements around food security became more formalised and in 1974, at the World Food Conference in Rome, food security emerged as a concept.
At its inception, it was proposed that food security could be attained through ensuring sufficient supply by boosting production and widespread distribution by liberalizing trade. South Africa’s agricultural markets were highly regulated before the 1990s, and by the end of that decade they were completely deregulated and opened to the international market. Since then self-sufficiency has decreased in major goods, and dependency has increased, particularly for secondary food products. Still, South Africa continues to provide, by way of production and imports, an adequate supply of food to feed the country. However, at least 40% of the population is unable to meet its dietary needs because they cannot afford to buy the food made available.
This study helps to shed light on the relationship between trade dependency and food security in South Africa by looking at the impact of the former on domestic prices. This it does with the use of a tool introduced in this thesis as the “Trade Dependency and Household Expenditure Share” graph. This graph was developed as follows: on the basis of the Income and Expenditure Surveys (IES) conducted by Stats SA every five years, food items most relevant to the South African population according to expenditure share of household food budgets were selected; in turn trade and consumption data for these food items were collected and on the basis of these, trade dependency figures were calculated; and finally, by mapping these figures against each other on a graph, the aforementioned tool was created. Essentially, the graph represents movement toward or away from food security on account of movement toward or away from self-sufficiency. It can be reasoned to reflect this because of the understanding that shifts in self-sufficiency have certain implications for domestic control over food prices. To test this with the use of scenarios, the impact that shifts in the production levels of certain of these foods have on their commodity prices was tested using the BFAP sector model and the subsequent effect on consumer prices was established using the Error Correction Model (ECM).
The tests were conducted on one net exported food item, three net imported food items and two items that are traded under near autarky. Based on the scenarios, it was clear that where markets are connected to global trade, shifts in production had little influence on domestic prices. Albeit, when a nation is producing surpluses, goods are typically traded at export parity levels and are therefore significantly cheaper than goods traded at import parity. Under self-sufficiency, however, prices are determined by local supply and demand forces, and thus the nation has greater control over domestic prices. Although this thesis does not intend to advocate for complete self-sufficiency at all costs, results support the notion that safety nets and some level of protection with regard to the agricultural sector is necessary for attaining and maintaining national and household food security.
In the final analysis, what this study demonstrates is that a relationship exists between national self-sufficiency—and thus trade dependency—and household food security through the impact of the former on domestic prices. With this relationship established, the significance of movement toward or away from self-sufficiency of products on the “Trade Dependency and Household Food Expenditure Share” graph can be understood by the reader and policy makers as potential movement toward or away from food security.Dissertation (MScAgric)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
tm2015
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
MScAgric
Unrestricted
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HUAN, HSU, and 許歡. "Association between nutrition awareness, food expenditure and medical utilization in older Taiwanese." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/71877996032992298522.
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碩士國防醫學院
公共衛生學研究所
105
This thesis aimed to evaluate the association between nutrition awareness, food expenditure and medical utilization by the participants of the Elderly Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (NAHSIT) between 1999 and 2000. NAHSIT was linked to medical utilization information obtained from Taiwan's National Health Insurance database until 2006. Nutrition awareness was based on the question: "Are you aware or do you take note of food and nutrition information?" Answers were classified as often (high), sometimes (moderate) and seldom (low). In the food expenditure analysis (n=1638, 824 men and 814 women), the distribution of the three awareness groups was 17.7%, 22.6% and 59.8%, respectively. For men, the distribution was 22.1%, 23.8% and 54.1%, and for women 12.5%, 21.1% and 66.4%. In the medical utilization analysis (n=1521, 764 men and 757 women), the awareness proportions were 15.8%, 24.3% and 59.9%. Gender-specific distributions were 20.2%, 26.4% and 53.4% for men, and 11.5%, 22.1% and 66.4% for women. Compared to those with low nutrition awareness, the high awareness group comprised more men, were less old, had a higher education level, better financial status, better dietary quality, more physical activity, less betel nut chewing, better perceived health status and a less poor appetite. Men whose nutrition awareness was high spent 17.3% and 9.3% of their total food expenditure on fruits and dairy foods and NT$ 11.5 per 1000 kcal fats and oils. These expenditures were highest among three awareness groups and food groups. In the moderate nutrition awareness group, they had highest expenditure on poultry and livestock (12% per 1000 Kcal and NT$ 19.7 dollars) among three awareness groups. Those women with high awareness spent 12.4% total food expenditure on dairy foods while those with moderate awareness spent highest expenditures in vegetables (24.5%) and fruits (17.4%) among three awareness groups. These expenditures were highest among three groups. In the medium nutrition awareness group, they had highest expenditure in poultry and livestock (12% per 1000 Kcal and NT$ 19.7 dollars). In women with high awareness spent 12.4% total food expenditure in dairy foods. Those women with medium awareness spent highest expenditures in vegetables (24.5%) and fruits (17.4%) among three groups. In men, their medical service utilization and expenditure did not vary by nutrition awareness except that those with high awareness had longer hospitalization days. However, a contrary trend was found in women. Women in the high (0.55 times) and moderate (0.63 times) awareness groups had shorter hospitalization days compared to the low awareness group. High awareness women also had significantly less emergency department visits (0.53 times) and expenditure (0.44 times) compared to low awareness women. In addition, total medical expenditure was decreased while nutrition awareness increased in women, though not significantly. Regardless of gender, those with high nutrition awareness among older Taiwanese spent more on healthy food, such as fruits and dairy foods. Though men with high nutrition awareness had longer hospitalization days, this did not affect their total medical expenditure. Women with high nutrition awareness had the shortest hospitalizations and less emergency department visits as well as expenditure.
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McGuirk, George Brennan. "Food expenditure measures to supplement net energy ratios for selected countries 1961-2011." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/26910.
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This thesis focuses on the relationship between food expenditures and the economy. In analogous fashion to Maxwell 2013 which calculated energy expenditures as a percentage of national and global gross domestic product (GDP), this thesis examined three available food expenditure datasets to study the relationship between food expenditures as a percentage of GDP and economic growth. The analysis calculated two metrics, Primary Consumption Expenditures and Final Consumption Expenditures which were used to compare the available datasets and create a more robust hybrid dataset containing data for 178 countries with an average time span of 40 years that was used to study the relationship between global economic growth and food expenditures. Historical evidence does not suggest that food has imposed a limit on economic growth; however, recent trends over the past decade associated with biofuel production suggest the global economy has entered a new era with rapidly rising food prices and expenditures. As food resources continue to be used as industrial energy inputs, it is critical to include food expenditures in further analysis of potential impacts energy expenditures may have on economic growth.text
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Páral, Martin. "Impact of foreign direct Investments and government expenditure in agri-food sector to food availibility in Ghana between 2001 -- 2010." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-430675.
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Lee, kuei-Fang, and 李桂芳. "The Cohort Analyses of Food-Away-From-Home Expenditure of the Families in Taiwan." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22952549803982470675.
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碩士朝陽科技大學
休閒事業管理系碩士班
97
Abstract As the structure of social economy changed in Taiwan, the increase of the people out to make a living, woman employ population, national income and food-away-from-home population has driven the development of the food and beverage industry directly. The numbers and sales volume of the food and beverage industry keep growing up steadily every year. The market scale of the food and beverage industry in Taiwan should not be underestimated obviously by observing the change of business volume over the years. In this research, we study the food-away-from-home expenditure of the families among different generations in Taiwan. However, we find the result of research that people growing up with different background, different life experience and personal characteristic among different age levels has different values and patterns of behavior about food-away-from-home expenditure. According to data of balance of payments in each family between years 1991-2006, in the research we analyze the difference of the influence factors of food-away-from-home expenditure among different family generations in Taiwan. In the research, we find the significant correlation between the different generation family and food-away-from-home expenditure. Because of influence of family environment on growth and disposable income increasing while age increasing, the food-away-from-home expenditure of the young generation family is higher than mature age generation. By regression analysis, we find there are several factors which have the significant correlation with family food-away-from-home expenditure and influence it as well. These factors are each generation''s economical variable, social stratum meaning the household head education degree and career, geography location meaning different living area and family life period. The economical variables mentioned above include disposable income, housewife time cost and family lease. The family life period mentioned above means the children less than 6 years old, the 7 to 12 years old child, sex and age of the household head, marital status and family size.
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Tang, Cheng-Wei, and 湯呈緯. "Visual Analytics of the Organic Food Expenditure and the Disease Mortality Rate in Taiwan." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/k27883.
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碩士國立中央大學
企業管理學系
105
Organic is a way of respecting and protecting our environment. In the light of the food safety issues have been arisen in recent years in Taiwan, the demand of organic food from people in Taiwan has been increasing. With the assistance of data visualization, clustering analysis and correlation analysis, the major purpose of this research was tried to figure out the organic food expenditure and the disease mortality rate from the perspectives of the visual analytics. In the past, research regarded on the issue between the organic food and health was conducted through the questionnaire and the relevant research was scarce in Taiwan. Instead of distributing the questionnaire, this research utilizes the E-invoice data retrieved from Fiscal Information Agency and the raw data of death tolls from government open data platform in Taiwan. Through the scatter plot, clustering analysis and the correlation analysis, result of this research demonstrated that except the Parkinson’s disease, all the disease had a negative correlation among mortality rate and organic food expenditure, which means that consuming higher organic food would have relatively lower mortality rate of disease. Especially, heart disease and malignant trachea, bronchus and lung had significantly negative correlation. With the findings of this research, it can provide Taiwan government as an evidence to increase the hectare of organic agriculture since consuming more organic foods will be healthier.
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Chou, Way-Chin, and 周偉欽. "Diversification , Capital Expenditure and Performance - A Study on List of Food Companies in Taiwan." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/c38w4s.
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碩士中華科技大學
經營管理研究所
107
This study discusses the performance of enterprise of Taiwan food listed companies for capital expenditure and diversified management, taking 17 Taiwan-listed food stocks as samples from 2012 to 2018 , Regression analysis on the relationship between cumulative capital expenditure, diversification and enterprise scale for performance of enterprise during the period, The empirical research found that the overall impact of capital expenditure and firm size on the business performance of listed food companies has a significant impact, while the diversified operation has no significant impact on the performance of enterprise.
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Chiu, Hsiao-Yu, and 邱曉瑜. "The Research on the Relationship of Food-Away-From-Home Expenditure And Family Life Cycle." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49260874395497553125.
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碩士朝陽科技大學
休閒事業管理系碩士班
99
As change of economic development and society composition, the society type of Taiwan is from agriculture to industry and commerce. Due to domestic economy is a rapid growth, industry and commerce are prospering, as well as education is available to all, professional women rate is increasing every day. With fewer and fewer time that family spends in kitchen, the population of Food-Away-From-Home is rapidly increasing. The main problem with household survey data is the existence of zero observation expenditure. Taking DGBAS survey of household income and expenditure data for 2009 as research basis, this reaserch is to anylyze the relationship of Food-Away-From-Home expenditure and family cycle life by Tobit theory. The results indicate that all family life cycle (FLC) have significant, positive effect on Food-Away-From-Home expenditure, especially FLC1, FLC5 and FLC7 are top three factors. Also household disposable income, family scope, married women''s employment rate have significant and positive effect. In point of stratum of society, the education level of head of household is master or above, occupation of head of household is physical labor or professional have significant, positive effect. The research on the relationship of Food-Away-From-Home expenditure and family cycle can be used for marketing strategy definition.
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Chang, Miao-li, and 張妙莉. "The Effectiveness of Household LifeCycle on Food-away-from-home Expenditure-The Case of Taiwan Research." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00054220177935656876.
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碩士國立中正大學
國際經濟所
96
The purpose of this study is to know the influence of the family lifecycle and socio-economic status on the food away from home (FAFH) in Taiwan. Data collected from the Taiwan Household survey of 2002, statistical analysis use quantile regression to examine the effect of aging on the different levels of the distribution of FAFH. Our empirical results show that household income is the most influential factor that impacts FAFH; in various family life cycle, the impact to FAFH is difference, being married with no kids and the family with children spend less than single, especially middle aged married couple''s family; at the regional level, education level, occupation of a household head are also important. And the level of affect increase progressively as we move to the upper quantiles. The income elasticities of OLS estimates is 0.483 and of the quantile estimates are 0.395 to 0.951 except q10 is 2.065 greater 1. This implies that FAFH is a normal good and also a necessity for rich households but luxurious for poorer households.
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LIN, CHEN-HSI, and 林禎禧. "The Effect of Working Capital and Capital Expenditure on the Operating Performance of Frozen Food Industry in Taiwan." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3ebh65.
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碩士東海大學
財務金融學系碩士在職專班
104
Abstract This study mainly focuses on the impact of working capital (WC) and capital expenditure (CE) on the corporate performance in the frozen food market in Taiwan. In recent years, the enterprises put a high value on WC and CE. Managers would also like to improve the corporate performance by managing WC and CE to get a better efficiency for the company. The samples of this study are basically the relevant public traded frozen food companies in Taiwan from 1991 to 2015. Evaluate WC with inventory, accounts receivable, accounts payable, current assets and current liabilities and assess CE with fixed assets and acquisition of properties in order to investigate the impact of WC and CE on the corporate performance. According to the empirical result, WC has positive impact to the company ROI performance. The frozen food industry in Taiwan is the business with strong association with the company scale. It shows the fact that factors in large scale industries always increase, factors such as total assets, sales revenue, fixed assets, cash funds or temporary investments. In the research of WC, the accounts receivable of upstream frozen food industries in Taiwan mostly come from the downstream customers, and the customer base is stable but with longer term of promissory notes. Also, the inventory of frozen foods is restricted by the expiration date compared to the downstream frozen food industry facing directly to the retailers and customers. The fast customer flow generates more cash transactions and less accounts receivable. The inventory can be dispatched quicker according to different places. If the food safety goes wrong or epidemic situation breaks up, the upstream and the downstream of the food company will be influenced significantly and negatively. According to the empirical result, CE has reverse impact to the company ROI and business performance. As for CE, fixed assets to total assets, the downstream companies are clearly different from the upstream companies. The fixed assets of upstream companies refer to the land, the factory and equipment of frozen food, but the downstream companies are more for the new equipment and logistic investments for responding to the diversifying needs from customers. It also shows that the frozen food industry puts more capital investments in the changing market when facing directly to the consumers. Therefore, it concludes that working capital management and capital expenditure investments play a crucial role in the improvement of corporate performance in Taiwan frozen food industry. Key words: Working Capital, Capital Expenditure , Business Performance, Return On Investment
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Maxwell, Denise. "Type 2 diabetes: economics of dietary adherence." Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10048/1833.
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This thesis examines the economic and time barriers to dietary adherence for T2D patients living in Edmonton by using utility theory, household production theory and the concept of health capital. Socio-demographic, food consumption, food purchase and time use information was obtained by administering a questionnaire and a food record; collecting grocery receipts and a blood sample; conducting a telephone interview, and taking measurements. Multivariate regression analysis and correlations showed a negative association between fruit and vegetable expenditure and A1c. Diet quality was negatively associated with A1c and total food expenditure but had an inverted U-shaped association with income. While working time was negatively correlated with diet quality and positively correlated with A1c, regression analysis showed a negative association between working time and diet quality only among higher income participants. Budget constraints and time constraints appear to be the barriers to dietary adherence among low-income and high-income patients, respectively.Agricultural and Resource Economics
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Chi-Sheng, Shieh, and 姚俊安. "The Socioeconomic Variables and Food Consumption Expenditure:An Analysis of Taiwan''s Family Income and Expenditure Survey Data in 1992." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/11835917144210457213.
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