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Rasulnia, Bobby Babak. "Food handling practices of high-risk populations." Thesis, Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2008d/rasulnia.pdf.
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Vincenti, Mary Ann. "The association of food intake and perceived health status /." Access Digital Full Text version, 1990. http://pocketknowledge.tc.columbia.edu/home.php/bybib/10938795.
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Thesis (Ed.D.)--Teachers College, Columbia University.Typescript; issued also on microfilm. Sponsor: Joan Gussow. Dissertation Committee: Isobel Contento. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-131).
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Mandarino, Pam. "Temporary Restaurant Closures and Food Handling Violations: Inspection Reports in British Columbia." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3800.
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Unsafe food handling practices are implicated in many restaurant-associated foodborne disease outbreaks. Factors that contribute to unsafe food handling in restaurants include inadequate food safety knowledge, employees who perceive that safe food handling is not under their control, and restaurant cultures that do not prioritize food safety. The purpose of this study was to determine whether temporary restaurant closures were associated with reduced food handling violations after closure in restaurants from the Vancouver Coastal Health Authority and the Fraser Health Authority, in British Columbia, Canada. The theoretical foundations used were the health action process approach and the theory of planned behavior. Mixed-effects Poisson regression analyses showed that the typical restaurant had an estimated 16% increase in the average number of overall food handling violations per inspection after temporary closure, compared with before closure. Restaurant- and employee-related factors responsible for unsafe food handling practices likely result in the continuation of unsafe food handling practices, despite temporary restaurant closures. This study may contribute to positive social change by challenging the assumption that temporary restaurant closures motivate food handlers to improve their food handling practices. To protect the public's health, additional interventions must follow temporary restaurant closures for reasons such as insanitary conditions and improper food handling. Suggested interventions include the provision of targeted learning resources to restaurant managers, the issuing of directives requiring food handlers to attend recognized food safety training courses, and environmental health managers requiring a reduction in problematic menu items.
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El-Khalifa, Mofida Yousif. "Nutritional status of Sudanese adolescent girls and associated food behaviors." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282295.
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This study assesses the nutritional status of Sudanese adolescent girls and examines the determinants of this nutritional status. To represent distinctive socioeconomic classes, the sample included 767 subjects, 11-18 year-old students attending private and public schools in Khartoum (the capital). Anthropometric measurements revealed that there are no significant differences in the heights of the girls in the two schools. However, underweight is common among public school girls (25%), while overweight is common among the private school girls (23%). Questionnaire data showed that the strongest determinants of the girl's nutritional status were whether she attained menarche, her health, mother's estimated weight, whether her mother drives a car and whether her father owns a car. Prevalence of weight changing behavior was common (at the time of the study, 28% were trying to gain weight and 20% were trying to lose weight). A tendency toward normal body weight was detected. Intentions of the girls to change their weights were strongly affected by the girl's body mass index as well as her poor body image. Family influences (advice, encouragement and attempts of parents to change their own weight) were found to play a big role in the girl's decisions to change her weight. Sudanese adolescent girls from both private and public schools are concerned about their body weight. Thus, this study provides information that can be used to enhance nutrition interventions targeting Sudanese adolescent girls.
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Sarver, Joseph Michael. "The Status of Food Safety in China: A Systems Analysis." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1397600140.
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Brown, James Craig. "Socioeconomic status (SES), food insecurity and the double burden of malnutrition within South African households." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29606.
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The co-existence of under- and over-nutrition, termed the double burden of malnutrition (DBM), is associated with a high prevalence of both communicable and non-communicable diseases and is becoming a large public health concern. In general, DBM development is associated with populations undergoing a nutrition transition and urbanisation. DBM can exist at a population, household or individual level. The household form is particularly difficult to target with interventions, because households, and particularly mother-child pairs, are often consuming the same foods. For example, frequent consumption of energy dense and nutrient poor ('junk’) foods can concurrently result in overweight adults, but underweight children. Although, household DBM is linked with poverty and food insecurity and its prevalence is steadfastly increasing it is yet to be investigated in South Africa, despite this country being one of the most inequitable in the world. In addition, South Africa has a high prevalence of obesity (34% of adult females obese), undernutrition (9% of children underweight) and poverty (25% unemployment). with a high prevalence of poverty and food insecurity. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the prevalence, and examine the associated factors of DBM, in South African households. Using the nationally representative data from 2014, South Africa National Income Dynamic Survey wave 4, , the prevalence of household DBM pairs (overweight/obese mother and underweight/stunted child) was estimated. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to examine the relationship between mother-child DBM pairs and (i) socioeconomic status (per capita household income, number of household residents, and mother’s race, education, marital status, household head status), (ii) food security (per capita food expenditure), and (iii) potentially important confounders (mother’s age and urban/rural household). The regression was adjusted for mother’s age as a potential confounder. Mother-child DBM prevalence was 11% in this nationally representative sample of South Africa. Mother’s characteristics of being African (adjusted odds [aOR]: 1.3; 95% confidence intervals [95%CI]: 1.0-1.7) and married (aOR: 1.4, 95%CI: 1.1-1.6) were associated with increased odds of DBM. In contrast mother’s having tertiary education (aOR: 0.7, 95%CI: 0.5-1.0) and greater household per capita income (aOR: 0.9, 95%CI: 0.8-1.0) were protective against DBM. This South African household DBM prevalence is higher than most other developing countries and is associated with mother’s being African, married and having less education; as well as households with less per capita income. This high prevalence warrants urgent attention by policy makers to further investigate this issue in South Africa. Moreover, interventions such as Brazil’s “Green my Favela” should be considered to reduce the cost and increase the supply of nutritious foods to impoverishes households of South Africa.
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Wiström, Anna, and Erika Thelin. "An empirical study about food choice and food handling in relation to health : Astudy among elderly people in the central parts of Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statistiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-216562.
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The relationships between and among questions from a survey in three different areas, namely food and food related health, food safety and hygiene, and information gathering concerning food, with the main focus on the first two areas, are investigated. Data from older people have been analyzed. The questions are both about knowledge and behavior in relation to the areas mentioned above. Earlier studies have shown that people in general do not know about or act according to dietary advises about health and hygiene. The results from this study show that there are fairly strong correlations for all groups but men when it comes to knowledge and behavior about fruit and vegetable consumption. The results also show a significant association between fruit and vegetable consumption and gender and that women consume more than men. A factor model estimating the relationships between health, hygiene and information shows that the fitted factor model can be considered having an acceptable fit, with at least two variables, knowledge about the recommended amount of fruit and vegetables to eat per day and trust for grocery stores concerning food and health, being classified as good indicators.
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Kehoe, Sarah. "The effect of a micronutrient-rich food supplement on women's health and nutrient status." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2012. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/376892/.
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Piaseu, Noppawan. "Food insecurity and health among low income families living in crowded urban areas in Thailand /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7290.
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Hobane, Lelani. "The influence of socio-economic status on the prevalence of food sensitisation and food allergy in children 12 to 36 months in urban Cape Town, South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22948.
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Background: Globally, food allergies (FAs) have become a public health concern with research suggesting a rising prevalence. FAs affect both the individual and their family advocating for a need to understand the extent of the problem. Allergies have increasingly been recognised as diseases of life-style resulting from interaction between genes and the environment in both the pre and post-natal periods. Various factors including socio-economic status (SES) have been identified from studies as risk factors that are associated with FAs in children. Generally higher SES has been correlated with improved health outcomes, however, in respiratory allergies higher SES may be associated with higher prevalence. With regards to SES as a risk factor for food allergy development, literature has indicated evidence of a relationship between SES and allergies but with conflicting results of both high and low SES postulated as risk factors. Methodology: This study is a sub-study of the South African Food sensitisation and Food Allergy (SAFFA) study, an on-going cross-sectional, observational study of IgE-mediated food allergy in an unselected population of children aged 12-36 months. The aim is to explore the influence of SES on food sensitisation and food allergy prevalence in children. We used a variety of measures of SES including household size, parental education, employment status and household income to investigate the association between SES and food allergy prevalence using sensitisation, self-reported respiratory and skin allergy and challenge proven food allergy data from children across the urban Cape Town Metropole. Associations between the SES variables and sensitisation/allergy were assessed using the Z-test for proportions and Chi-square/Fisher's exact. Part A comprises the protocol which describes the methodology of the research. Part B is the review of literature on food allergy prevalence and risk factors associated with food allergy development. Section C presents the "journal ready" manuscript according to the requirements of the Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Journal (Appendix 3). Results: The prevalence of low level sensitisation (at Skin Prick Test (SPT) ≥1mm) to any food was 12.3%, medium level (at SPT≥3mm) was 9.6%, high level (at SPT≥7mm) was 4.5% and challenge proven IgE mediated FA was 2.4%. Of the total 739 participants in the sample, 91 were sensitised to 1 or more foods. A trend of increased sensitisation at SPT≥1mm, ≥3mm, ≥7mm and proven food allergy in children of parents with tertiary education was observed (14.8%, 11.9%, 5.8% and 2.9%) compared to parents who attained primary/secondary education (10.5%, 7.9%, 3.5%, and 2.1%) respectively though these results did not reach statistical significance. Highest risk for food sensitisation (FS) and FA were in children with parents who are employed (p=0.03) and in children who are from homes with higher household income (p=0.02). Household size showed no association with FS and FA. No significant differences in sensitisation patterns were noted between ethnic groups. Conclusion: The analysis showed an existing burden of IgE mediated FAs in South African children advocating for diagnosis and management. SES is associated with food allergy in young children with a positive relationship to parental employment status and income.
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Boyd, Aaron. "The impact of single exposure advertising and socioeconomic status on parenting behavior and children's food choice." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13134.
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Master of Public HealthKinesiology
David Dzewaltowski
Background: Childhood obesity represents a major public health problem. Increasing public and political attention has been directed towards the role of child-directed food advertising in the growth of childhood obesity. As a potential solution, scientists have begun to focus on children’s responses to advertising and on how parents can potentially modify or reduce advertising effects. This study explored the impact of food advertising on parent behavior and children's food choice and how these potential effects are moderated by household socioeconomic status (SES). Methods: Fifty-eight parent-child dyads (ages of 4-6) participated in a true experimental design where half the sample was randomized to be exposed to advertising and categorized as low income or higher income (qualified for free and reduced lunch, n = 11; paid, n = 18) and half was randomized into a control condition (qualified for free and reduced lunch, n = 12; paid, n = 17). Parents completed a questionnaire, viewed a cartoon with energy dense (ED) food commercials or control commercials with their children, and children subsequently choose either an energy dense food or a fruit or vegetable. Throughout the experiment parent and child behavior was videotaped. Binary logistic regression was conducted to examine the impact of advertising and household SES on parent behaviors and children’s food choice. Results: Advertisements had no effect on food choice. More low-income children chose a fruit or vegetable over an energy dense food (OR = 5.8), regardless of whether or not they were exposed to advertising (p<.05). Parents were more likely to be uninvolved in mediating children’s food choice when they were not exposed to advertising. Parents were also less likely to agree to energy dense foods after being exposed to energy dense food advertising compared to control advertising. However, SES moderated the advertising-parental practice effect for parental agreement to an ED food. After exposure to food advertising, more low-income parents agreed to an energy dense food compared to higher income parents. (p<.05). Conclusion: This study has demonstrated a link between advertising exposure and parenting behavior. Results suggest that this relationship may be moderated by socioeconomic status. This encouraging result may indicate that low-income parents are unaware of the various ways advertising could influence their children. Thus, future attempts should be made to investigate whether interventions that target parent-child communication strategies may empower parents to effectively curb unwanted advertising effects in children.
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Luyt, Stanley Arthur. "A study to assess the changes in hygiene of food premises following a specific health education programme." Thesis, Cape Technikon, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/800.
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Thesis (Masters Diploma in Technology (Public Health)) -- Cape Technikon, Cape Town, 1992In order to evaluate a health education programme for food handlers at a meat plant, a bakery/confectionery and a catering premises, changes in hygiene were assessed by the bacteriological analysis of swabs for hygiene indicator organisms from food contact surfaces. In this evaluation three phases were established on the basis of bacteriological assessment prior to, during and after the education programme. The first phase involved the establishment of a base line for hygiene indicator organisms prior to the education programme by taking 5 sets of bacteriological swabs over a two month period at each of the three premises, each swab set consisting of 14 swabs of food contact surfaces making a total of 210 swabs. During this time the food hygiene educational needs of the employees were assessed and on this basis a set of three video taped presentations were produced relating respectively to personal hygiene, environmental hygiene and food handling practices. The second phase consisted of the implementation of a health education programme involving consecutive tutorial sessions at one month intervals during which the video taped programme was presented. At this stage a further 5 sets of bacteriological swabs was taken at each of the premises. The third phase involved the assessment of hygiene shortly after completion of the education programme by taking a final 5 sets of bacteriological swabs of food contact surfaces at each of the premises over a further two month period. Statistically significant reductions in a number of the indicator organisms were observed during the course of the study.
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Fan, Shengjie. "Food safety practices in childcare centers in Kansas." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15760.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Hospitality Management and Dietetics
Kevin R. Roberts
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that one in six Americans become ill,128,000 are hospitalized, and 3,000 die each year due to foodborne illness. Children are at a higher risk of acquiring foodborne illness than adults for several reasons, including: an immune system that has yet to fully develop, limiting their ability to fight infections; a lack of control over the food they consume because their meals are usually provided by others; and the lack of awareness of food safety risks. Thus, it is critical to ensure that childcare center employees practice safe food handling. The purpose of this study was to explore the food safety knowledge, practices, and barriers to safe food handling practices of childcare center employees. Observations were conducted in 10 childcare centers in Manhattan, Kansas. Each childcare center was observed for two days during lunch preparation and service. Observations of foodservice employees were conducted in the kitchen using a structured observation form. Teacher observations were conducted in the classroom using detailed notes. A questionnaire was used to collect demographic, food safety training, and food safety knowledge information. SPSS (v. 20.0) was used to analyze data. Childcare center employees had high average scores on the safety knowledge assessment. The majority of employees received some type of food safety training. Time pressures, availability of equipment, and small food preparation space were found as the main barriers to implementing safe food handling. Childcare center foodservice workers and teachers were knowledgeable about handwashing and time/temperature control, but failed to utilize on the job. Results of this study will help childcare educators to develop materials to improve food safety practices and encourage owners/managers of childcare centers to enhance their food safety behaviors.
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Angolo, Caleb Mwakha. "Food safety knowledge, beliefs and self-reported handling practices of international college students at a Midwestern University." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/8865.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Hospitality Management and Dietetics
Kevin R. Roberts
International college students are becoming a sizable part of the overall college student population in American universities. Studies show that these students come to the United States (U.S) with food habits that could be in variance with the U.S. food safety norms. While food safety in the U.S. is among the safest in the world, foodborne illness has remained a growing concern. Food experts are showing increasing concern about how food habits associated with cultural and ethnic norms are impacting basic food safety practices in the U.S. While minimal research regarding food safety has been conducted with college students in general, no studies have sought to understand food safety practices among international college students. This study investigated self-reported food safety practices of international college students. Specific objectives included: determine international college students’ knowledge regarding basic food safety principles, evaluate international college students’ belief towards food safety, and examine international students’ current food safety practices. The target population was international college students at Kansas State University. An online survey system was used to administer the questionnaires. The respondents were allowed two weeks to complete the questionnaires. To facilitate a higher response rate, two email reminders were sent, the first after one week and another two days prior to the expiration date. SPSS (version 17.0) was used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics were computed to understand the nature of data and provide characteristics of international college students in the study. Independent Samples t-tests were used to examine differences between demographic characteristics. A One-way ANOVA was used to identify differences in food safety knowledge and food handling practices among different ethnic groups regarding food safety. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to measure association between variables. The majority of the respondents did not answer correctly questions related to cooking foods adequately and keeping foods at safe temperatures. The study suggests that most participants had beliefs that enhanced good safety practices. Respondents rarely practiced using a thermometer to determine correct temperatures of cooked foods or using separate cutting boards when preparing raw and ready-to-eat foods. They also reported using towels that were available to others to dry their hands. No significant differences were found between training and self-reported food safety handling practices.
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Ingram, Lorna Theresa. "Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs about Food Additives and Obesity." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7666.
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Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs about Food Additives and Obesity
by
Lorna Theresa Ingram
MS, Long Island University, 2007
BA, Florida International University, 1999
Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
Walden University
November 2019
Obesity is a chronic health problem that affects the health and well being of its population. The purpose of this cross-sectional, descriptive study was to examine whether there is a relationship between individuals’ knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding food additives and obesity. The research questions concerned knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs participants had regarding food additives and obesity. The theoretical foundation for this study was the social learning theory. The participants for this study were recruited from a religious organization in central Florida via announcements in the church bulletin. The method of study was a survey using Survey Monkey online website and the data analysis method was using SPSS software program. According to study results, on average, the level of knowledge regarding food additives and obesity was a score of 5 out of 7, and there was no difference in knowledge, attitudes, or beliefs among the study participants based on age, income, gender, education, or racial group. The linear regression model indicated that there was a statistically significant relationship between associate degree and knowledge; however, assumption testing revealed that there were issues of heteroscedasticity indicating that the results should be treated with caution. Social change implications based on the findings of this study include a need for additional education regarding the relationship between food additives and obesity, particularly among individuals with lower levels of education.
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Tweheyo, Ritah. "Exploring how women negotiate pregnancy in respect to food behaviours and weight status : an interpretative phenomenological study." Thesis, University of Hull, 2016. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:14556.
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This study is a longitudinal exploration of women’s eating behaviours and weight status during motherhood starting from pre-conception, through pregnancy and into the early postpartum period. The study aimed to explore how women negotiate pregnancy in the context of food and weight status using IPA. The rationale was to capture from the diverse voices of different women what is important to them at these different time points and collectively how this informs behaviour in the motherhood journey. The participants consisted of three different, randomly selected sample sets of women 20- 40 years. Focus groups were carried out with 10 never pregnant women, followed by serial individual interviews with five currently pregnant women, and five women who had recently given birth, interviewed at 2 different time points. The findings highlight a change in women’s priorities described in superordinate themes along the motherhood cycle. Women’s priorities changed starting in pre-conception with a strong sense of self and realisation of limited time for childbearing, to focussing on the baby at the expense of the self, during and after pregnancy. The findings strongly show that women’s eating has emotional, biological and gendered meanings during the transition to motherhood. Socialisation, social events, expectations and peer support also strongly influenced how women negotiated conflict in this continuum. There are tensions in the postpartum period between the new focus on the baby (emerging during pregnancy), which prescribes healthful eating, and the stresses of a new motherhood lifestyle which reverts women to emotional eating (present preconceptually). In negotiating these tensions, women adopt the digital discourse as part of self-support behaviours in addition to trust and desire for the support of HCPs and significant others. The findings have implications for lifestyle interventions that acknowledge these tensions, women’s priorities and their coping strategies.
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Saini, Nicky. "The factors influencing the food choice and nutritional status of elderly people living freely on Merseyside." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2000. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5125/.
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Manjang, Buba. "Investigating effectiveness of behavioural change intervention in improving mothers weaning food handling practices : design of a cluster randomized controlled trial in rural Gambia." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7471/.
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Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of a theory-based and culturally adapted community level behaviour change intervention to improve weaning-food preparation and handling in rural Gambia. Methods: (1) A systematic review of the literature on weaning-food hygiene interventions. (2) Mixed method formative research to identify critical control points (CCP) and motivational factors for mothers‟ behaviour on weaning-food, (3) Formulation of the weaning-food hygiene intervention including performing arts. (4) Implementation and evaluation of the intervention with a cluster randomized controlled trial (cRCT). Results: The systematic review found 4 RCTs on weaning-food hygiene interventions. Formative research prioritized 5 CCPs with 6 corrective messages and 5 motivational factors. For the intervention compared to the control arm the composite behaviour score primary outcome was 72% in the intervention versus 19% respectively (p < 0.001). Each individual behaviour was significantly improved except washing of pots dried on clean surface. There was a significant reduction of contamination of weaning-food immediately after cooking and before second feeding, of children's drinking water, of diarrhoea and respiratory symptoms reported for the past 7 days, and hospital admission for diarrhoea. Conclusion: Our public health, community level intervention for mother's hygienic preparation and handling of weaning-food was effective in rural Gambia.
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Bryant, Toni Jo. "Development of a food safety education program on CD/ROM for 4th, 5th, and 6th grade children." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/26.
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Marani, Jodi Elaine. "RELATIONSHIPS OF ACCESS AND AFFORDABILITY TO HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY STATUS AMONG RURAL, LOW INCOME CAREGIVERS." UKnowledge, 2012. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/khp_etds/8.
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Household food security status in rural areas is a significant issue facing caregivers as positive health outcomes depend on appropriate access to healthy foods necessary to lead an active life. Access and affordability of healthy foods are two mediating factors of household food security that may be improved to ultimately increase rates of food security and overall health status among rural, low income populations.
The purpose of the study was to examine the factors of access and affordability of nutritionally adequate food sources in one rural community in relation to food security status through the perspective of its caregivers. In general, populations suffering from low rates of food security report lower access to healthy foods and the inability to afford healthy foods.
The study utilized a primarily qualitative approach; however, thirty-one participants were initially categorized by levels of food security by the US Household Food Security Survey Core Module as a quantitative measure. Twelve participants who were classified as food insecure and were caregivers to children under the age of 18 responded to an in-depth interview focusing on the factors of access and affordability.
Twenty-six (84%) of the thirty-one food pantry clients who completed the initial survey were classified as food insecure. Open-ended interviews of participant perceptions of access and affordability to health foods in relation to food security revealed several major themes titled transportation and physical ability challenges, key issues in store choice, cost barriers in food shopping, strategies to maximize food dollars, and factors involved in food choice.
The results of this study, while they must be interpreted with caution, suggested there were multiple systems interacting that mediated the problem of food insecurity in this rural area through the perception of low income caregivers. The data can be used to improve health promotion programs and inform public health policies that can have a positive impact on overall health in rural areas.
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Hartini, Theresia Ninuk Sri. "Food habits, dietary intake and nutritional status during economic crisis among pregnant women in Central Java, Indonesia." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Univ, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-212.
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Adewuya, Toluwalope O. "Impact of a newly designed food complement (food multimix) on nutritional status and birth outcomes of pregnant women in the Gauteng province of South Africa." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2009. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/5713/.
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Food recipes developed from commonly consumed local traditional foods were packaged as 100 g powdered soup products at an average cost per 100 g of 0.26 USD. This randomised controlled feeding trial involved 120 eligible pregnant women aged between 21-35 years (median gestational age = 18 weeks) assigned to intervention (100 g/d FMM soup + daily diet) or control (100 g/d local commercially sold soup + daily diet, placebo) group from enrolment to term (average, 20 weeks of feeding). Maternal energy uptake increased from 6.67 MJ/day (66% of DRI) to 7.96 MJ (79% of DRI) in the intervention group compared to 7.11 MJ (70% of DRI) in the control group. Intake of FMM + daily diet also provided 19.51 g/d additional protein and total intake of 1085 of DRI. Additional Fe of 11.78 mg/d increased intake from 7.91 mg/d (27% of DRI) to 19.51 mg/d (73% of DRI). Calcium intake increased to 52% of DRI, Mg from 79% to 118% of DRI, Cu to 85% of DRI and Zn from 74 to 103% of DRI. Folate intake increased from 33 to 56% of DRI, B12 to 118% of DRI, vitamin C to 49% of DRI and vitamin A to 164% of DRI. Haematological changes from baseline to the end of the 3rd trimester included a non-significant increase in red cell mass in the intervention group. Significant improvements in Hb levels were observed in both groups. The intervention group showed marked improvements in mean cardiovascular volume and transferring saturation compared to the control group. Serum Fe increased from 11.18 to 11.68 μmol/L in the intervention group but dropped from 12.21 to 10.78 μmol/L in the control group. Average pregnancy weight gain in the intervention group was 11.5 kg compared to 10.40 kg in control subjects. Average birth weight in the intervention group was 3.02 kg compared to 2.71 kg in controls. Incidence of low birth weight (LBW) was 8.8% in the intervention group and 12.5% in the whole group compared to 16.2% LBW in the control group.
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Van, der Merwe J. Debora. "Exposure to polyphenol-enriched rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) and honeybush (Cyclopia spp.) extracts : implications of metabolism for the oxidative status in rat liver." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71804.
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Thesis (PhD(FoodSc))--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Potential beneficial and/or adverse modulatory effects of polyphenol-enriched extracts of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) and honeybush (Cyclopia spp.) on the antioxidant homeostasis in the liver were investigated. Phase II metabolism of aspalathin and mangiferin, the major polyphenols of rooibos and honeybush respectively, was assessed for potential glucuronidation and sulphation. Glucuronidation resulted in a loss of antioxidant activity for aspalathin and mangiferin in post-column HPLC-DAD-DPPH• and HPLC-DAD-ABTS•+ assays and also a decreased activity of iron chelating properties of mangiferin in the FRAP assay. Two independent studies for 28 and 90 days with polyphenol-enriched extracts (PEEs) of unfermented rooibos [Aspalathus linearis (PER)] and honeybush [Cyclopia. subternata (PECsub) and C. genistoides (PECgen)] in male Fischer rats were conducted to assess possible beneficial and/or adverse biological effects. PECgen was only included in the 28 day study. PEEs were characterised by in vitro antioxidant assays and HPLC analysis. The importance of detailed chemical characterization of rooibos and honeybush when investigating biological effects in vivo is clear as distinctive biological effects and major differences in compositions were evident. Biological parameters included were serum chemical parameters, activities of selected antioxidant enzymes, levels of glutathione and the modulation of expression of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense related genes in the liver. Sub-chronic (90 days) exposure of rats to PER and PECsub both adversely affected iron absorption significantly (P<0.05) and significantly (P<0.05) and markedly lowered levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the liver. The high levels of polyphenol intake were implicated and interaction with glutathione was postulated to occur via catechol o-quinone conjugations with GSH. This was also implicated in the significantly (P<0.05) increased activity of glutathione reductase (GR) following 28 days. These findings suggest that PEEs from rooibos and honeybush have the potential to alter the glutathione homeostasis, which could contribute to oxidative status in the liver. PECsub resulted in alterations in the liver biliary system which was manifested as significantly (P<0.05) increased serum total bilirubin (Tbili) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), depending on the age of the rats, level of total polyphenols and duration of exposure. The expression of a number of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense related genes were differentially altered by the PEEs of rooibos and honeybush in rat liver and further indicated potential oxidative stress. Modulatory effects of PEEs on expression of 84 of these genes in rat liver were assessed with a quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) array and provided additional insights into the possible adverse and protective effects of rooibos and honeybush. Further investigation on total polyphenol dose levels and time of exposure in the application of PEEs of rooibos and honeybush as dietary supplements and functional foods is recommended and will also be of value in anticipated regulatory requirements for future substantiation of safety and efficacy.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die moontlike voordelige en/of nadelige modulerende effekte van polifenol-verrykde ekstrakte van rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) en heuningbos (Cyclopia spp.) op die antioksidant homeostasis in die lewer is ondersoek. Die fase II metaboliete van aspalatien en mangiferin, die hoof verbindings in rooibos en heuningbos onderskeidelik, is ondersoek t.o.v. glukuronidering en sulfonering. Glukuronidasie het gelei tot n verlies in antioksidant aktiwiteit van aspalatien en mangiferin soos bepaal in post-kolom HPLC-DAD-DPPH• en HPLC-DADABTS•+ toetse, asook verminderde interaksie met yster van mangiferin in die FRAP toets. Twee onafhanklike studies van 28 en 90 dae is onderneem met polifenol-verrykde ekstrakte (PVEs) van ongefermenteerde rooibos [Aspalathus linearis (PVR)] en heuningbos [Cyclopia. subternata (PVCsub) and C. genistoides (PVCgen)] in manlike Fisher rotte om die moontlike voordelige en/of nadelige biologiese effekte te ondersoek. PECgen was slegs in die 28 dae studie ingesluit. PVEs is gekarrakteriseer deur in vitro antioksidant en HPLC analises. Die belang van chemiese karaktirisering van rooibos en heuningbos tydens ondersoeke na biologiese aktiwiteit is duidelik aangesien verskeie en variërende biologiese aktiwiteite en verskille in die komposisie in die huidige studie gesien is. Die biologiese parameters wat ondersoek is om die effek van die PVEs te bepaal het serum kliniese parameters, aktiwiteit van geselekteerde ensieme, glutatioon en evaluering van die ekspressie van oksidatiewe en antioksidant verwante gene in die lewer, ingesluit. Sub-kroniese (90 dae) blootstelling van rotte aan PVR en PVCgen het yster absorpsie negatief beïnvloed. Die beduidende (P<0.05) verlaagde vlak van gereduseerde glutatioon in die lewer was toegeskryf aan die hoë vlakke van polifenole ingeneem tydens die studie en word moontlik veroorsaak deur n spesifieke katekol o-konjugasie van GSH. Hierdie interaksie was ook moontlik die oorsaak van n beduidende (P<0.05) toename in die aktiwiteit van glutatioon reduktase. Dié bevindinge het moontlike implikasies t.o.v die glutatioon homeostase en is n moontlike indikase dat PVEs van rooibos kan bydra tot oksidatiewe stres. PVCsub het veranderinge in die lewer gal-sisteem tot gevolg gehad aangesien daar n beduidende (P<0.05) verhoging in die serum totale bilirubin en alkalien fosfaat was. Hierdie veranderinge is beïnvloed deur die ouderdom, vlakke van die totale polifenole en die periode van blootstelling. Die uitdrukking van oksidatiewe en antioksidant verwante gene is op verskillende maniere beïnvloed deur die PVEs van rooibos en heuningbos in rot lewer and dien as n verdere indikasie van onderliggende oksidatiewe stres. Die modulerende effekte van PVEs op geenuitdrukking het gelei tot additionele insig aangaande die moontlike skadelike of beskermende eienskappe van PVEs vir gebruik as kruie produkte of dieet aanvullings. Die indikasies van moontlike oksidatiewe stres was duidelik van biologiese parameters en modulering van geenuitdrukking in die lewer, en vereis verdere ondersoek na die polifenool dosis en periode van toediening voordat PVEs van rooibos en heuningbos as funksionele voedsel produkte gebruik word. Hierdie ondersoek sowel as toekomstige ondersoeke in hierdie verband sal van waarde wees vir regulatoriese vereistes omtrent die veiligheid en effektiwiteit van rooibos en heuningbos kruie produkte.
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Coleman, Philip Dennis. "A study of knowledge, attitudes and behaviour with regard to food safety, in the Welsh hospitality and catering industry." Thesis, n.p, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/.
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Hockmann, Volker. "Developing a concept for handling IT security with secured and trusted electronic connections." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2436/324189.
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In this day and age, the Internet provides the biggest linkage of information, personal data and information, social contact facilities, entertainment and electronic repository for all things including software downloads and tools, online books and technical descriptions, music and movies - both legal and illegal [Clarke, 1994]. With the increasing bandwidth in the last few years worldwide, it is possible to access the so-called "Triple-Play-Solutions" - Voice over lP, High-Speed-Internet and Video on Demand. More than 100 million subscribers have signed on across Asia, Europe, and the Americas in 2007, and growth is likely to continue steadily in all three. As broadband moves into the mainstream, it is reshaping the telecommunications, cable and Internet access industrie [Beardsley, Scott and Doman, Andrew, and EdinMC Kinsey, Par, 2003]. Cisco [Cisco, 2012], one of the biggest network companies, will expect more than 966 exabytes (nearly 1 zettabyte) per year or 80.5 exabytes per month in 2015 and the "Global IP traffic has increased eightfold over the past 5 years, and will increase fourfold over the next 5 years. Overall, IP traffic will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 32 percent from 2010 to 2015" . More and more types of sensible data flow between different recipients. News from around the world are transferred within seconds from the one end to the other end of the world, and affect the financial market, stock exchange [Reuters, 2012] and also bring down whole governments. For instance, worldwide humoil might ensue if a hacker broke into the web-server of an international newspaper or news channel like N-TV in Germany or BBC in England and displayed messages of a political revolution in Dubai or the death of the CEO from Microsoft or IBM.
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Giddens, Janice Carol. "The Relationship Between Food Security Status and Overweight Amongst Women Age 16-85 Years Old." MSSTATE, 2007. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-04032007-203629/.
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Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2002 were used to examine demographic factors and BMI as it related to household food security status of women 16-85 years of age. Four designations were used to classify households: fully food secure, marginally food secure, food insecure without hunger, and food insecure with hunger. Significant relationships exist between food security and age, education, ethnicity, poverty income ratio and BMI. Women from food insecure households with hunger were at greater risk of becoming overweight. Households of compromised food security status most likely had an income between 0-130% of the poverty level. Women in households at 100-130% of the poverty level had a higher risk of obesity/morbid obesity. The more years of education women completed, the less risk they had for overweight and food insecurity. Women under 40 had a higher risk of marginal food security and food insecurity without hunger.
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Eggerichs, Jennifer J. "The Association of Types of Shift Work and Food Security Status among Overweight and Obese U.S. Adults aged 20-79, NHANES 2005-2010." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1437580918.
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Maldonado, Andrea. "Is urban agriculture associated with food security and nutritional status of preschool-aged children among low- income-peri-urban households of Lima, Peru?" Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32573.
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In the peri-urban slums of Lima, food insecurity and child malnutrition are prevalent. Urban agriculture (UA) is a coping strategy to help poor urban households meet food needs. This study investigated relationships between UA and food security, and children's diets and nutritional status among poor peri-urban households of Lima. Caregivers (n=197) of young children (9-71 mo.) were recruited from 40 community kitchens. Household sociodemographic, food security, UA activity, child health and anthropometric data were documented. The results revealed no differences between UA and non-UA households in household food security, children's nutritional status or diets. However, stratification of UA activity size into small, medium and large revealed greater frequency of consumption of animal source foods among children of large scale UA households, and decreased child height-for-age z-scores in small scale UA households, but no differences in food security. These findings suggest UA of sufficient volume may contribute to improving children's diets.Dans les bidonvilles périurbains de Lima, l'insécurité alimentaire et la malnutrition de l'enfant sont des problèmes de premiers ordres. L'agriculture urbaine (AU) est une stratégie d'adaptation qui aide des familles pauvres dans les zones urbaines à satisfaire leurs besoins alimentaires. Cette étude a enquêté sur les rapports entre l'AU et la sécurité alimentaire, et l'alimentation et le statut nutritif des enfants parmi les foyers pauvres périurbains de Lima. Les personnes principalement responsables des soins des petits enfants des foyers ont été recrutées des cuisines communautaires. Information sur la socio-démographie, sécurité alimentaire, et l'activité d'AU du foyer, ainsi que les données anthropométrique et la santé de l'enfant ont été documentées. Les résultats n'ont pas révélé de différences au niveau de la sécurité alimentaire entre les foyers qui se livrent à l'AU et ceux qui ne font pas d'AU, ni pour le statut nutritif ou l'alimentation d'enfant. Pourtant, la stratification en bas, moyenne et haute intensité d'activité AU a révélée la plus haute fréquence de consommation d'aliments de source d'animal parmi les enfants des foyers avec beaucoup d'activité AU, et des z-tas d'hauteur-pour-âge diminués parmi les enfants des foyers avec un minium d'activité AU, mais aucune différence dans le statut de sécurité alimentaire. Ces conclusions suggèrent que l'AU peut contribuer à l'amélioration d'alimentation d'enfants.
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Mayle, Andrew W. "The Relationship Between Food Insecurity, Produce Intake and Behaviors, HemoglobinLevels, BMI, and Health Status Among Women Participating in the West Virginia WICand WIC FMNP Programs." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1448964317.
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Truong, Khoa Dang. "Essays on environmental determinants of health behaviors and outcomes." Santa Monica, CA : RAND Corporation, 2008. http://www.rand.org/pubs/rgs%5Fdissertations/RGSD228/.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Pardee Rand Graduate School, 2007.Title from title screen (viewed on June 13, 2008). This website links to the complete document in PDF format. Includes bibliographical references.
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Hanna, Katherine Lavina. "Phytoestrogen status in relation to sociodemographic factors and biomarkers of bone health in older Brisbane women." Queensland University of Technology, 2006. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16246/.
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Background: Phytoestrogens are diphenolic compounds found in plants with a structure and molecular weight similar to oestradiol which enables them to bind to the oestrogen receptor. Isoflavonoids occur mainly within the legume family with highest concentration in soybeans. Lignans are found in a range of plant foods and the richest known source is linseed. Few studies have been published on intake of isoflavonoids and none were located on intake of lignans in Australian women. The validity of methods designed to estimate intake can be assessed using urinary excretion of isoflavonoids and lignans as studies have found an association between intake and excretion of isoflavonoids and lignans. It has been proposed that, through their ability to act like oestrogen, phytoestrogens could decrease bone turnover and attenuate the loss of bone mineral density (BMD) at menopause. The aims of this research were to determine the pattern of intake of isoflavonoids and lignans in 500 women from food and supplements and to assess a questionnaire used to estimate intake using excretion in a sub-sample of 141 women. Associations between usual intake or excretion of isoflavonoids and lignans and biomarkers of bone health were also examined. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 500 women aged 40-80 years participating in the Longitudinal Assessment of Ageing in Women (LAW), a 5 year study being conducted in the Betty Byrne Henderson Centre at the Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital. Subjects were randomly selected from the electoral role and stratified into ten year age groups. Intake of isoflavonoids and lignans from food and supplements was assessed using a specially designed questionnaire containing 110 items. Values for individual items were obtained from published literature and summed to provide average daily intakes of isoflavonoids and lignans (mg/d). A sub-sample of 141 women was recruited to take part in the assessment of the association between phytoestrogen intake and excretion. Participants collected three 24-h urine samples spaced over one week. Samples were analysed using high performance liquid chromatography MS/MS for seven isoflavonoids and four lignans. Bone mineral densities (BMD) of the femur neck, total hip and lumbar spine were measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Bone formation was assessed using serum bone alkaline phosphatase (bone ALP) and osteocalcin (OC) and bone resorption was assessed using deoxypyridinoline (DPD) and urinary excretion of N-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type-I collagen (NTX). Potential confounding factors were also evaluated. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS for windows (version 10). Participants were defined as consumers if they reported intake of one or more serves of soy or linseed in the prior month. Differences in socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics between groups were assessed using ANOVA and Chi Square tests. Associations between intake and excretion of phytoestrogens were assessed using Spearman's rank-order correlations () for non-normal data. Phytoestrogen intake was categorised into four groups for the assessment of the association with markers of bone health. Associations between phytoestrogen excretion and markers of bone health were assessed using Pearson's product moment correlations for normal data (r) and Spearman's rank-order correlations for non-normal data. A value of P < 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Results: Consumption of soy food was reported by 40% and consumption of linseed by 34% of women. Median (range) intakes among soy/linseed consumers for isoflavonoids, 3.87 (0-173) mg/d, and lignans, 2.40 (0.1-33) mg/d, were significantly higher than corresponding intakes among non consumers of 0.005 (0-2.6) and 1.57 (0.4-4.7) mg/d, respectively (P < 0.001). Soy/linseed consumers reported higher intakes of energy (P=0.043), dietary fibre (P=0.003) and polyunsaturated fat (P=0.004); and a higher level of physical activity (P=0.006), SEP (P < 0.001), education (P < 0.001) and supplement use (P < 0.001). Use of non-prescription supplements for menopause in the previous month was reported by 13% of women. A review of supplements available for treatment of menopause indicated that use of soy, red clover, black cohosh and sage could have a role in treatment of menopause symptoms. Evidence supporting the presence of oestrogenic components was available for soy and red clover isoflavonoids only. There was a significant association between intake and excretion of isoflavonoids within the total group (r=0.207, P < 0.05), with a stronger association in soy consumers (r=0.364, P < 0.01). Excretion of isoflavonoids was detected in women who did not report known intake of soy foods, suggesting isoflavonoids could be derived in small amounts from other plant foods or use of soy as an ingredient in processed foods. There was no significant association between intake and excretion of lignans, however both intake and excretion were associated with dietary fibre (r=0.303 and r=0.230, respectively, P < 0.01 for both). Bone ALP was higher among the very low isoflavonoid intake group (P=0.005) for the total sample (P=0.005) and women with BMI≤25 kg/m2 (P=0.002). Data also demonstrated an inverse association between excretion of isoflavonoids and NTX within women with BMI≤25 kg/m2 (r=-0.33, P < 0.05). There was a positive association between lignan excretion and bone ALP in the total sample (r=0.21, P < 0.05) which was strengthened in women with osteoporosis/osteopenia (r=0.41, P < 0.05) and a positive association between lignan excretion and DPD among women with BMI≤25 kg/m2 (ρ=0.28, P < 0.05) All associations remained significant after adjustment for confounding. Conclusions: Few women who chose phytoestrogen-rich foods consumed amounts similar to women with traditional soy-based diets although some achieved high intakes with supplements. Women who consumed soy or linseed foods differed in lifestyle and sociodemographic characteristics that could influence the association with disease in epidemiological studies. Results indicated that the phytoestrogen questionnaire was useful for assessment of isoflavonoids but was not acceptably precise for measurement of lignans. Findings suggest that there is an inverse association between isoflavonoid status and bone ALP and NTX although the precise mechanism of action has not been clarified. The association between lignan intake and bone is less well understood; however findings of a positive association with bone ALP indicate that further research on the lignan content of foods and the inclusion of lignans in studies is warranted.
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Roberts, Susan Jean. "An investigation into dieting practices, nutritional intake and nutritional status of a female population." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 1999. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/5061/.
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Zhang, Yanni. "Dietary and Physical Activity Acculturation and Weight Status in Chinese College Students." PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3121.
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This cross-sectional study examined the relationships between length of residence in the United States (U.S.) and dietary and physical activity acculturation, and the relationships between dietary and physical activity acculturation and weight status in 55 Chinese college students. Length of residence in the U.S. was positively associated with larger portion size, greater amount of physical activity, and change in BMI in male participants. Adoption of a Western diet was associated with weight gain. Portion size change was positively associated with BMI change. Lunch size change was positively correlated with BMI change in males while negatively correlated with BMI change in females. And dinner size change was positively correlated with BMI change in males. This study suggests that dietary acculturation is positively associated with weight gain in Chinese college students. Future interventions focusing on multi-dimensional aspects of dietary behavior change--especially portion size and meal size changes--while emphasizing the importance of changes in physical activity are needed. Such interventions may help maintain healthy weight status and prevent individuals in this population from becoming overweight or obese.
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Phan, Anna. "Predictors of vitamin D status at 4 mos. & change in status in lactating women and their infants from 1 to 4 months postpartum and validation of a food frequency questionnaire to assess vitamin D intake among lactating women." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=107898.
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The objectives of the present study were to determine the vitamin D status at 1 and 4 months and changes since 1 month, to identify the key predictors of vitamin D status at 4 months and changes in lactating mothers and their infants, and to validate the Canadian adapted food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), adapted for Canadians, to assess vitamin D intake in lactating women. Sun exposure, skin pigmentation, anthropometric data, body composition, supplement use, vitamin D intake and plasma 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration were measured in lactating women and their infants (n=44). From 1 to 4 months, maternal 25(OH)D concentration decreased (73.0 ± 21.6 to 62.4 ± 18.3 nmol/L, p<0.001) and infant 25(OH)D concentration increased (60.2 ± 31.0 to 71.5 ± 25.4 nmol/L, p=0.032). Predictors of change (∆) in maternal 25(OH)D concentration included % change in weight, the number of weeks spent in the synthesizing period, and baseline 25(OH)D concentration. Predictors of ∆ in infant 25(OH)D concentration included travel to a latitude <37 °N, baseline 25(OH)D concentration, and ethnicity. Vitamin D intake was a significant predictor of maternal 25(OH)D concentration (p<0.01). Bland-Altman analyses indicated a satisfactory agreement between methods after energy adjustment. Cross-classification of total vitamin D intake between dietary methods classified 69% of mothers into the same tertile and weighted Kappa statistics (KW) was 0.63. Between FFQ and 25(OH)D concentration, 45.2% of mothers were classified into the same tertile with KW=0.14. These findings suggest that the Willet FFQ may be a valid tool for the assessment of vitamin D intake among lactating women which is an important contributor to vitamin D status. Furthermore, predictors are important to identify when seeking solutions to prevent declines in maternal vitamin D status and to maintain infant vitamin D status.Les principaux objectifs de cette étude étaient de déterminer l'état vitaminique D et d'identifier les déterminers clé du changement d'état vitaminique D entre 1 mois et 4 mois postpartum chez les femmes allaitantes et leurs nourrissons, de valider le questionnaire de fréquence alimentaire de Willett (QFA) adapté pour les Canadiens, et d'évaluer l'apport en vitamine D chez les femmes allaitantes. L'exposition au soleil, la pigmentation de la peau, les données anthropométriques, la composition corporelle, la prise de suppléments, l'apport en vitamine D et le niveau de 25-hydroxy vitamine D plasmatique (25(OH)D) ont été mesurés chez les femmes allaitantes et leurs nourrissons (n=44). Durant l'étude, le niveau de 25(OH)D maternelle a diminué (73,0 ± 21,6 à 62,4 ± 18,3 nmol/L, p<0,001) et le niveau de 25(OH)D des nourrissons a augmenté (60,2 ± 31,0 à 71,5 ± 25,4 nmol/L, p=0,032). Les déterminers de changement pour le niveau de 25(OH)D maternelle incluent le pourcentage de changement de poids, le nombre de semaines passées dans la période favorable de synthèse au cours de l'étude, le niveau de 25(OH)D de base, et l'ethnicité. Les déterminers de changement pour le niveau de 25(OH)D chez le nourrisson incluent un voyage sous un climat ensoleillé, le niveau de 25(OH)D de base et l'ethnicité. L'apport en vitamine D a aussi été un déterminer du niveau de 25(OH)D maternelle (p<0,01). Les analyses de Bland-Altman ont indiqué un accord satisfaisant entre les méthodes. La classification croisée de l'apport total en vitamine D entre le QFA et la moyenne des rappels de 24 heures a classifié 69% des mères dans le même tercile avec les statistiques pondérées kappa (KW)=0.63; celle entre le QFA et le niveau de 25(OH)D a classifié 45.2% des mères dans le même tercile avec KW=0.14. Ces résultats suggèrent que le QFA de Willett pourrait être un outil valide pour l'évaluation de l'apport en vitamine D chez les femmes allaitantes, ce qui est un facteur important pour l'état vitaminique D. En outre, il est important d'identifier ces déterminers lors de la recherche de solutions pour la prévention de déclins dans l'état vitaminique D chez la mère et pour e maintien d'état vitaminique D chez les nourrissons.
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Savoie, Roskos Mateja R. "The Role of Farmers' Market Incentives on the Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Food Security Status of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Participants." DigitalCommons@USU, 2016. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4895.
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Socioeconomic status strongly impacts food choices and eating patterns of both adults and children. Low-income individuals tend to eat diets high in calories and fat, and low in nutrient dense foods such as fruits and vegetables. Barriers such as cost, access, availability, and knowledge are commonly reported reasons for limited intake of fruits and vegetables. Low-income individuals are more likely to experience food insecurity, which can also limit the consumption of nutrient dense foods. As a result, low-income individuals are at an increased risk for obesity and chronic diseases.
Farmers’ market incentives were found to significantly increase food security status among program participants and although fruit and vegetable consumption among those participants did increase, the change was not statistically significant for fruit and most types of vegetables. However, mean carotenoid levels were found to increase among participants who received an 8-week intervention that included weekly farmers’ market incentives. Data collected through qualitative interviews indicates that farmers’ market incentives helped participants overcome barriers associated with poor fruit and vegetable intake. Furthermore, parents expressed value in the opportunity for children to select, purchase, prepare, and consume fruit and vegetables purchased at the farmers’ market. However, qualitative and quantitative data suggest that farmers’ market incentive programs would have greater participation if individuals were not required to match their federal nutrition assistance benefits. Further research should be conducted using a completely randomized design and larger sample sizes to determine changes in fruit and vegetable intake among participants of farmers’ market incentive programs. The combination of nutrition education and farmers’ market incentives should be investigated to determine if program participants would further benefit from a combination of two intervention strategies.
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Kuck, Jennifer M. "Differences in dietary patterns by breakfast consumption and weight status in US Adolescence." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1211406587.
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Vanderberghe-Descamps, Mathilde. "Impact of oral physiology of elderly people on their food consumption; what solutions can be found to maintain nutritional status?" Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCK011/document.
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Contexte. Chez l’homme, la mise en bouche d’un aliment est l’étape ultime de la chaîne alimentaire et le début du processus de dégradation et de digestion. Avec l’âge la santé orale évolue et peut parfois rendre l’acte alimentaire difficile.Objectif. L’objectif de cette étude est de déterminer les facteurs (salivaire, dentaire, musculaire) impactant sur les dimensions physiologiques (faculté à former un bol alimentaire, libération et perception de la flaveur) de l’acte alimentaire et/ou la prise alimentaire et la corpulence des séniors. Ceci permettra de d’identifier des techniques culinaires permettant d’adapter la texture des aliments aux problèmes bucco-dentaires.Matériel et méthode. 108 séniors (>65 ans) vivant à domicile et ne présentant pas de pathologie chronique ont été recrutés et caractérisés sur la base des dimensions suivantes : santé orale (examen clinique), auto-évaluation de la santé orale, perceptions sensorielles, faculté à former un bol alimentaire, comportement alimentaire, état de santé général. En parallèle, des techniques culinaires permettant d’améliorer la texture de la viande ont été testées. Leur efficacité a été évaluée via des mesures rhéologiques et la perception du confort en bouche par les séniors eux-mêmes.Résultats et conclusion. L’analyse multidimensionnelle des données montre que les facteurs de santé orale (dentition, salivation, force musculaire) jouent des rôles différents dans les processus de mastication et de prise alimentaire chez les personnes âgées. De plus, l’étude du confort en bouche a permis de sélectionner des techniques culinaires optimisant la tendreté et la jutosité de la viande. Ces résultats permettront de développer une offre alimentaire adaptée aux troubles oraux survenant avec l’âgeContext. In human, oral food intake is the ultimate stage of food supply chain and the beginning of food disintegration and the digestion process. During aging, the oral health changes and sometimes eating food can be a real challenge as food can be hard to masticate, humidify or swallow.Objective. The aim of the present study is to determine which oral factors (salivary, dental, tongue strength) have an impact on physiological – ability to form a food bolus – and psychological – pleasure to eat – dimensions of food oral processing in order to select culinary techniques and help elderlies maintaining an appropriate protein intake in spite of the occurrence of poor oral health.Material and method. Resting and stimulated salivary flow, oral status, the ability to form a food bolus, the pleasure induced by food consumption and the nutritional status were measured on 108 elderly people (65-92 years old, living at home, with no acute pathology at the time of the study). In parallel, culinary technics that aimed at improving meat texture were developed and evaluated throughout physical measurements and oral comfort assessment by the elderly volunteers.Results and conclusion. Multivariate analysis highlighted the fact that oral factors (salivary, dental, muscular) play different roles in food oral processing and eating behavior in elderly people. Moreover, the assessment of oral comfort on the culinary technics showed that some technics improve significantly meat tenderness and juiciness. Those results will help the development of food offer tailored to elderly people with or without oral health impairments
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Brown, Racine Marcus. ""They Come, but They Don't Spend as Much Money": Livelihoods, Dietary Diversity, Food Security, and Nutritional Status in Two Roatan Communities in the Wake of Global Crises in Food Prices and Finance." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4447.
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ABSTRACT
This dissertation explores the associations between recent global crises in staple food prices and finance and the following aspects of life in two communities on the island of Roatàn, Islas de La Bahia (Bay Islands), Honduras: household livelihoods; food commoditization; dietary diversity; food security; and nutritional status. The aims of this study are: ) assess the geographic and economic source(s) of foods consumed by two different communities on Roatàn; b) discover how the most recent economic and food crises have affected foodways and nutrition on Roatàn; c) assess how these crises have affected economic growth of the tourism sector on Roatàn. The two study sites are the towns of West End and Punta Gorda, towns with different histories and different trajectories in the recent tourism boom on the island. West End is a small village located at the western edge of Roatàn and has experienced a steady growth in tourism since the 1980s. Tourism in Punta Gorda has grown noticeably since the cruise ships started making ports of call to the island in the early Twenty First Century.
The theoretical perspective of this study is an amalgamation of bioculturalism and political ecology, as the strengths of these two approaches are complementary. In this case, the project is biocultural in that it investigates the linkages between global and local level political economic processes, cultural traits, and biological health indicators. The project is political ecological because it addresses the intersection of the political economic and the ecological by describing changing land use and subsistence patterns in the context of a shift in the local economy to tourism based wage labor.
In terms of methodology, this project employs a mixed methods approach which triangulates qualitative and quantitative data collected through a variety of means. Participant observation, the detailed observation of and participation in social events, special occasions, work activities, and other events of daily life underpins the entire methodology. Other qualitative methods include informal interviews and semi-structured interviews. Quantitative methods include surveys to assess dietary diversity and food security and anthropometric measurements such as weight and height that serve as a baseline for calculating nutritional indices such as body mass index and body fat percentage.
Overall, the sample is split about evenly in primary household livelihoods between formal tourism work, small scale enterprise, and the category of shipping, seafood, and office work. At the community level, West End is more heavily involved in tourism work and Punta Gorda is more heavily involved in shipping, seafood, and office work. Both communities have a strong component of small scale enterprise, including artisanal fishermen, water taxi operators, and vendors of food and souvenirs.
Both communities are imbedded in a highly commoditized food system, with all households in the sample buying the majority of their food rather than growing or catching it. The two main effects of this circumstance are that dietary diversity and food security are associated with income level and that the current trend of rising food prices, which is associated with a trend of rising fuel prices, is making certain foods harder for some households to obtain.
In general, the sample has a mode of medium dietary diversity and moderate food insecurity. Significant factors influencing dietary diversity are community, occupational group, income group, and how frequently a household does artisanal fishing. Significant factors in food security include occupational group and income group.
For adult respondents, obesity is a pervasive problem and is evident in results for body mass index, body fat percentage, and waste to hip ratio, as well as in frequent discourse about diabetes and hypertension. Child measurement results show no problem with stunting or wasting and a lower prevalence of obesity than in adults.
While the nutritional picture in these two communities is not as dire as it is in many Central American examples, there is room for improvement. Recommendations stemming from this project include: communities gardens to bolster access to a more diverse diet; a cooperative based on fishing of an invasive marine species in order to control its population an provide a sustainable livelihood for artisanal fishermen; and a tourism customer service course to make local people more competitive for a wider array of tourism jobs.
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Kriaucioniene, Vilma. "Social variations in nutritional habits and their trends in Lithuanian adult population." Thesis, Nordic School of Public Health NHV, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:norden:org:diva-3262.
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The aim of this study was to assess the socio-demographic variations in nutritional habits and their trends over the last decade in Lithuanian adult population. Methods: Six health behaviour surveys were carried out within the international FINBALT HEALTH MONITOR project between 1994-2004. For every survey the national random sample of 3000 inhabitants aged 20-64 was taken from the National Population Register. The study material was collected through mailed questionnaires covering sociodemographic characteristics and some nutrition habits. Response rates ranged from 61.7% to 74.4%. Education was measured using five educational levels. The respondents were categorized into three groups: persons with incomplete secondary education (primary or incomplete secondary), secondary (secondary or vocational), and university education. The degree of urbanization was based on the administrative classification of the places of residence. The respondents were grouped as living in cities, towns, or villages. The effect of age, level of education, place of residence, and marital status upon nutritional habits was evaluated using multifactor logistic regression analysis that was carried out separately for men and women. Results: Positive trends in nutritional habits were observed between 1994-2004 in Lithuania. The diet of the Lithuanian population tended to become closer to the WHO recommendations for healthy nutrition. The intake of animal fat decreased. Almost a half of population replaced butter on bread by low fat margarine. The proportion of men using vegetable oil for cooking increased from 31.1% in 1994 to 82.6% in 2004, and the proportion of women – from 47.7% to 89.4, respectively. The consumption of fresh vegetables, fruit, and dark bread has increased. Although all social groups of the Lithuanian population have changed their diet, social differences in nutrition habits still remained significant. Women, highly educated persons and urban population have healthier diet than men, people with lower education and rural population. The odds ratio of using vegetable oil among men with university education was higher by 98% and among women – by 67% than that among persons with incomplete secondary education. The respondent with university education were more than twice as likely as low educated people to consume fresh fruits daily. The proportion of persons drinking whole milk was much higher in villages (OR 4.80 (CI 4.0-5.8) for men and 7.33 (CI 6.1-8.8) for women) compared to cities. Conclusions: Existing social differences in nutritional habits should be considered in the programs for the promotion of healthy nutrition and implementation of Lithuanian Food and Nutrition Action Plan developmentISBN 91-7997-157-1
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Hakopian, Ani. "Food habits and environmental awareness among adolescents in Västerås : A study of neighborhoods with different socioeconomic status based on the NESLA study." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hälsa, vård och välfärd, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-39916.
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Människor med hög socioekonomisk status har bättre matvanor och är mer miljömedvetna jämfört med de individer med låg socioekonomisk status, vilket bland annat beror på högre utbildningsnivå och inkomst. För att etablera goda matvanor krävs att det finns goda förutsättningar, till exempel är tillgången till mataffärer med ett stort utbud av färskvaror associerat med hälsosamma matvanor och frånvaron av bra mataffärer påverkar framför allt utsatta grupper i samhället. Syftet med den här studien är att beskriva matvanor och miljömedvetenheten bland ungdomar och undersöka om det finns skillnader i matvanor, miljömedvetenhet och förutsättningar för goda matvanor mellan ungdomar som bor i stadsdelar med olika socioekonomisk status i Västerås. Studien har en kvantitativ ansats med en tvärsnittsdesign. Sekundära data har använts från studien Neighborhood, sustainable lifestyle and health among adolescents (NESLA), som genomfördes år 2017 på ungdomar från andra och tredje året på gymnasiet. Resultatet visar att ungdomar konsumerar frukt och grönsaker för sällan och konsumerar läsk, godis och chips för ofta. Majoriteten av ungdomarna äter på en snabbmatsrestaurang minst en gång i veckan. Nästan hälften av ungdomarna äter frukost varje dag och majoriteten av ungdomarna äter lunch i skolan varje dag. De flesta ungdomar är miljömedvetna, då majoriteten är oroliga för miljö- och klimatförändringar och tror att det är möjligt att påverka miljön genom egna livsstilsval. Det finns en signifikant korrelation mellan hög miljömedvetenhet och ohälsosamma matvanor. Det finns inga signifikanta skillnader mellan ungdomar från stadsdelar med olika socioekonomisk status och matvanor. Det finns inte heller någon skillnad mellan ungdomar från olika stadsdelar och huruvida de är oroliga för miljöförändringar, men för huruvida ungdomarna tror att de kan påverka miljön genom livsstilen. Ungdomar som bor i stadsdelar med låg socioekonomisk status rapporterar att de har bättre förutsättningar för hälsosamma matvanor jämfört med ungdomar från stadsdelar med medelhög och hög socioekonomiska status. För att diskutera resultatet har den ekologiska modellen använts som teoretiskt perspektiv.Individuals with high socioeconomic status have better food habits and are more environmentally aware, due to higher education level and income. To establish healthy food habits, it requires that there are good prerequisites such as food stores with a wide range of fresh food since it is associated with healthy food habits of an individual and absence of good food stores is mainly affecting disadvantaged groups. The aim of this study is to describe food habits and environmental awareness among adolescents in Västerås and investigate if there are differences regarding food habits, environmental awareness and prerequisites for healthy food habits between adolescents living in neighborhoods with different socioeconomic status. The study is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional study design. Secondary data was used from the study Neighborhood, sustainable lifestyle and health among adolescents (NESLA), which was conducted in autumn of 2017 on adolescents from year two and three in high school. The result shows that the adolescents’ have a low consumption of fruits and vegetables and a high consumption of candy, chips, other snacks and soda. The majority of the adolescents’ eats at a fast food restaurant at least once a week. Almost half of the adolescents’ eats breakfast every day and the majority eats lunch at school every day a regular week. Most of the adolescents are environmentally aware, since they are worried about environmental issues and climate changes and believe that their lifestyle choices can affect the environment. A significant correlation between high environmental awareness and unhealthy food habits is found. There is no statistically significant difference between neighborhood-level socioeconomic status and food habits, and for being worried about environmental issues and climate changes. Significant differences are found between adolescents from neighborhoods with different socioeconomic status and believing in that lifestyle choices affects the environment. Adolescents living in low socioeconomic status neighborhoods reported that they have greater prerequisites for healthy food habits compared to middle-high and high socioeconomic status neighborhoods. The ecological model was used as a theoretical perspective to discuss the results.
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Early, Chrystal S. "Community Risk Factors and Health Inspection Violations in Mississippi Delta Census Tracts." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7634.
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A concerning public health issue in America is about food deserts urban and rural communities that lack grocery retailers that offer affordable, nutritious, and diverse foods. Empirical evidence has shown significant associations between neighborhood disadvantage/disorder risk factors of high poverty and high percentages of ethnic minority residents with presence/ absence of healthy food retailers in food deserts. The purpose of this quantitative correlational study, framed by the disparities in food safety conceptual model, was to examine if county-level poverty, number of African American residents, number of elderly (i.e., age 65 or older) residents, vehicle ownership, and crime rates were significantly associated with presence/absence of healthy food retail environments in a stratified random sample of 160 Mississippi Delta Region counties. Variables were measured using SPSS 25.0 data set from federal sources. Data were analyzed using binary logistic regression. Findings indicated that the percentage of households below poverty level was significantly associated with absence of healthy food retailers, (Wald X2 = 7.62, p = .006). Logistic regression findings further showed that the county percentage of households with at least one vehicle was significantly associated with the presence of healthy food retailers, (Wald X2= 8.75, p = .003). As a result of this study, residents of the Mississippi Delta Region (MDR) may begin to petition their local, county, and state governments to enhance access to healthy foods, and in turn, such government institutions may develop programs and initiatives that help to make healthy foods affordable.
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Larsson, Christel. "Young vegetarians and omnivores : Dietary habits and other health-related aspects." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för kostvetenskap, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-5.
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In the middle of the 1990s many adolescents became vegetarians. There was concern among adults about whether these new young vegetarians got enough energy and nutrients from their dietary intake. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the prevalence of young vegetarians, the food and lifestyle habits, dietary intake and nutritional status of vegetarian and omnivorous adolescents. The prevalence of adolescents eating a vegetarian school lunch in 124 Swedish secondary schools was investigated by interviewing matrons. Information about prevalence of vegetarians, food and lifestyle habits, of 2041 15-year old students from Umeå, Stockholm and Bergen, was obtained by a questionnaire. The dietary intake and nutritional status of thirty 16-20 year-old vegans were compared with thirty age, sex and height matched omnivores. Five percent of the adolescents (16-20 years) in Sweden were found to eat vegetarian food at school lunch. In Umeå there was a significantly higher prevalence (15.6%) of 15-year-old vegetarians compared with Stockholm (4.8%) and Bergen (3.8%). It was also found that more females than males (15 years old) chose a vegetarian dietary regime. Even though the female vegetarians consumed vegetables significantly more often than the omnivores, the intake (32 times/month) was not as often as might be expected of a vegetarian population. The male vegetarians reported eating vegetables not even once a day (25 times/month). No difference in the consumption frequency of fruits/berries, alcoholic beverages, sweets/chocolates and fast foods was seen between vegetarians and omnivores. However, female vegetarians more often than female omnivores consumed dietary supplements. Furthermore, lifestyle characteristics of vegetarians were similar those of omnivores regarding exercise, use of alcohol and smoking habits. No significant difference in validity of reported energy expenditure or energy and protein intakes was found between vegans and omnivores. Young vegans (16-20 year-olds) were seen to have a higher calculated intake of vegetables, legumes, and dietary supplements and a lower intake of ice creams, cakes/cookies, and candies/chocolate than omnivores. The dietary intake was below the average requirements of riboflavin for 73% of the vegans, vitamin B12 for all vegans, vitamin D for 43% of the vegans, calcium for 77% of the vegans and selenium for all vegans and 43% of the omnivores. If intake of supplements was included the intake of e.g. calcium and selenium was still lower than the average requirements for 67% and 73% of the vegans respectively. Low iron stores were as prevalent among vegans as among omnivores (20% and 23% with low stores) and three vegans had low vitamin B12 concentrations in blood. The findings imply that food and lifestyle habits of young vegetarians are different than what previous studies of vegetarians have shown. There is a need for future research of the long-term health effects of being vegetarian.
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Nhlapo, Nthabiseng. "Hygiene and nutritional content of the National School Nutrition Programme in Bloemfontein, South Africa." Thesis, [Bloemfontein?] : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/180.
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Thesis (M. Tech. (Environmental Health)) -- Central University of technology, Free State, 2013Malnutrition and concomitant infections are major contributing factors to child morbidity and mortality in developing countries such as South Africa. Globally, children benefiting from school feeding programmes are generally from communities with low socio-economic statuses. The meals provided through feeding schemes, such as the National School Nutrition Programme (NSNP) in South Africa, are aimed at significantly supplementing the beneficiaries’ daily energy and nutrient requirements. The possible nutrient deficiency of meals provided through such programmes compromises the nutritional well-being of children, promotes malnutrition and renders children more susceptible to infectious diseases. Furthermore, illness, particularly caused by diarrhoeal and infectious diseases, is a major factor contributing to child malnutrition as the human body is unable to efficiently digest foods and absorb nutrients during illness. Therefore, the microbiological safety of the foods served to children via feeding schemes is essential. In an effort to contribute towards the safety and wholesomeness of foodstuffs served through the NSNP, the present study was conducted with a view to assess the nutritional quality and safety of the foodstuffs. The knowledge, attitudes and practises (KAP) of food handlers and NSNP representatives/committee members at the schools were also investigated in order to assess origins of potential food contamination. Data collected via nutritional analyses of meals served to school children were compared to the nutrient-based standards set by the United Kingdom as guidelines for an average school lunch. The carbohydrate, energy, calcium and zinc contents of the school meals were below the standards, the majority of the meals met the protein and iron standards and all meals complied with the standards for lipid and vitamin C contents. During the microbiological analysis study, preparation surfaces yielded higher counts of all detected organisms (total coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and yeasts and moulds) compared to the hands of food handlers. Therefore possible sources of contamination may be foodstuffs, animal pests and environmental elements such as dust. However, significant differences of surface microbial counts could not be established (P > 0.05) and thus cross-contamination may have resulted among surfaces, possibly augmented by shortfalls in cleaning regimes. The majority of the participants of the questionnaire survey reportedly washed their hands and cleaned all surfaces several times during the day with water and detergent. In addition, a disinfectant was used by some of the food preparers during cleaning. Furthermore, participants stated that their aprons were washed daily. These claims were in agreement with the findings of the surface microbial study with regards to the hands, however, they did not match the findings of the preparation surfaces which contained the highest counts of total coliforms, E. coli and S. aureus of the three surfaces analysed, and aprons responsible for the highest yeast and mould counts. Improper storage and food preparation methods, such as the application of high temperatures, excessive exposure to UV light and oxygen, and high moisture conditions, may result in the deterioration of nutrients. Storage conditions which may permit pest infestation may also increase the risk of food-related illnesses and risk could be further elevated by application of improper cleaning and sanitation practices. In order for the NSNP to operate effectively, it is essential that the national and provincial Departments of Basic Education, which are responsible for the overall administration of the NSNP, and schools’ personnel function in an integrated manner through support structures and effective communication. Infrastructural limitations (lack of proper kitchen facilities and ventilation) and shortage of resources while administering the NSNP were the main challenges observed during the present study. Due to these hurdles, adhering to food safety practices and maintaining nutritional quality of foods may be a challenge. Continuous training in personal and general hygiene is also a necessity in preserving food safety. Furthermore, nutritional quality of foodstuffs may be preserved through proper storage practices and application of preparation methods which minimize loss of nutrients.
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Yngve, Agneta. "Intake of fruit and vegetables in European children and their mothers, folate intake in Swedish children and health indicators : overweight, plasma homocysteine levels and school performance /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-555-0/.
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Hatsu, Irene. "Effect of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and Nutrition Education on Nutrition and Health Outcomes of HIV+ Individuals." FIU Digital Commons, 2013. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/924.
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Factors associated with and barriers to participation in Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and the effect participation has on food security, nutrition status, disease status and quality of life was investigated in a cross-sectional study including 175 HIV infected individuals. In addition, the effect of a targeted nutrition education on nutrition knowledge, readiness to dietary behavior change, nutrition status, disease status and quality of life was also investigated among a subset of the population (N = 45) in a randomized clinical control trial.
SNAP participation rate was 70.3%, similar to the State of Florida and national participation rates. SNAP participation was positively and independently associated with being born in the US (P < 0.001), having monthly income less than $1000 (P = 0.006), and receiving antiretroviral treatment (P < 0.001). Participation barriers include denial of participation by program, recent incarceration, living in a shelter where participation is not allowed and unawareness of eligibility status. In regression analyses, SNAP participation was not significantly associated with improved food security, nutrition status, disease status and health related quality of life (HRQOL). Over half (56%) of the population experienced food insecurity and had inadequate intakes of half of the nutrients assessed. Illicit drug, alcohol and cigarette use were high in this population (31%, 55% and 63% respectively), and affected food security, nutrients intake, disease status and HRQOL. The nutrition education intervention resulted in a trend towards improvements nutrition knowledge, self-efficacy, and readiness to change without impacting nutrition status, disease state and quality of life.
Food insecurity and other nutrition related issues, with implications for treatment, management and cost of HIV disease, continue to plague infected individuals living in poverty. More resources, including food and nutrition programs, specifically targeted towards this population are needed to address these issues.
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Cao, Yan, Katie L. Callahan, Sreenivas P. Veeranki, Yang Chen, Ying Liu, and Shimin Zheng. "Vitamin D Status and Demographic and Lifestyle Determinants Among Adults in the United States (NHANES 2001-2006)." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/130.
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This study looked at risk factors associated with vitamin D levels in the body among a representative sample of adults in the U.S., NHANES III (2001-2006) data were used to assess the relationship between several demographic and health risk factors and vitamin D levels in the body. The Baseline-Category Logit Model was used to test the association between vitamin D level and the potential risk factors age, education, ethnicity, poverty status, physical activity, smoking, alcohol, obesity, diabetes and total cholesterol with both genders. Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency were significantly associated with age, race, education, physical activity, obesity, diabetes and total cholesterol level for both genders. Almost half of the adults sampled in these data had vitamin D levels lower than the recommended limits, with the highest frequency among the younger groups. Determining an individual’s vitamin D level is very difficult without proper clinical testing. Many of those who have low vitamin D levels are unaware. With such a high prevalence of individuals with low vitamin D levels in the U.S. and a better understanding of characteristics associated with these lower levels, increased education and prevention efforts should be focused toward those with higher risk characteristics.
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Lund, Alexandra. "Determinants of food insecurity among vulnerable White and Latino households: Contextualizing the impact of sociodemographic and household-level factors." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2013. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/951.
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Household-level characteristics have been shown to be associated with food insecurity but studies among vulnerable populations are sparse. A food security assessment was developed to determine food security and collect sociodemographic and household level data across San Luis Obispo County. The assessments were administered to vulnerable groups through interviews at multiple sites across the County. Three household characteristics (marital status, number of children in the household and number of workers in the household) were examined in this analysis. A total of 808 surveys were collected, 69% in English and 31% in Spanish. Through ethnicity-stratified sequentially adjusted logistic regression models, the association between food insecurity and household characteristics were tested, controlling for sociodemographic, economic and other potentially mediating variables. In the fully adjusted model for Hispanic/Latino households, associations were observed with number of children in the household and workers in the household, but confidence intervals were wide. In the fully adjusted model for White households, marital status was weakly associated with food insecurity. In both groups, per capita monthly income was strongly associated with food insecurity. Several interrelated household and individual level variables determined a households food security status. Because of this complexity, comprehensive social and economic changes are needed to improve food security in California and the rest of the United States. Also, different processes associated with race/ethnicity and coping strategies with regard to food insecurity should be considered when designing studies, planning policies, and conducting interventions.
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Leme, Ana Carolina Barco. "A alimentação saudável na visão dos adolescentes: conhecimentos, percepções e escolhas alimentares." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6138/tde-05112010-155721/.
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Introdução A adolescência é uma fase importante na consolidação das práticas alimentares saudáveis. Os conhecimentos e percepções dos adolescentes sobre alimentação saudável são determinantes para que se incorporem tais práticas. Objetivo Avaliar os conhecimentos e as percepções sobre alimentação saudável e escolhas alimentares de adolescentes. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal, de natureza quanti-qualitativa com coleta de dados primários, com adolescentes, em escola pública no município de São Paulo. Os dados de peso, estatura foram coletados para a avaliar o estado nutricional, por meio do Índice de Massa Corporal, e possíveis associações entre o gênero e a idade foram verificadas. O estado nutricional foi analisado segundo os percentis propostos pela OMS. Utilizou-se a análise da estatística descritiva, teste do qui-quadrado, ANOVA e teste t-student. Para avaliar os conhecimentos, as percepções e as escolhas alimentares foram elaboradas 4 perguntas discursivas sobre o tema alimentação saudável. Utilizou-se a técnica do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo, por meio das seguintes figuras metodológicas: expressões chaves e idéias centrais, para a construção do discurso. Resultados Os adolescentes apresentaram um conhecimento adequado com relação ao conceito de alimentação saudável, sendo que 52,6% relacionaram a uma dieta equilibrada e variada. 55,4% percebiam a sua alimentação como saudável. Com relação às escolhas alimentares observou-se que a maioria dos alunos opta pelo consumo de alimentos com alta densidade energética, durante o intervalo de aula ou em casa. Quanto ao estado nutricional aproximadamente 30% dos adolescentes apresentaram excesso de peso corporal. Os funcionários entrevistados sugerem modificações para a melhoria do valor nutritivo e dos aspectos sensoriais da alimentação escolar. Conclusão - Os adolescentes apresentaram excesso de peso, conhecimentos e percepções adequadas sobre alimentação saudável, mas optam por escolhas alimentares inadequadas. A percepção e a opinião dos funcionários é que há desperdício e não aceitação de alguns alimentos.Introduction: Adolescence is an important period of life for healthy eating practices consolidation. Adolescents´ knowledge and perceptions about healthy eating are determinants to integrate these practices. Objective: Evaluate adolescents´ knowledge and perceptions about healthy eating and food choices. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study with primary data collection, with adolescents from a public school in the city of São Paulo. Weight and high was collected to evaluate the nutritional status, through body mass index, and possible associations between gender and age was verified. Nutritional status was analyzed by WHO percentiles. Descriptive statistic, chi-square test, ANOVA and t-student test were used. To evaluate their knowledge, perceptions and food choices were elaborated 4 discursive questions about healthy eating. The Discourse of the Collective Subject technique was used, through the following methodological figures: key expressions and central ideas, for the discourse construction. Results: Youth presents an adequate knowledge about healthy eating, 52,6% related it to a balance and varied diet; and 55,4% perceive their own diet as healthy. Most of the students refer to choose high energy dense foods, during school break or on their own home. In relation to nutritional status nearly 30% of the adolescents were overweight. The employees interviewed suggested modifications to improve nutritional values and sensory aspects of the school meal program. Conclusion: Adolescents presents overweight and adequate knowledge and perceptions about healthy eating, but their food choices are inadequate. The employees perception and opinion about school meals are related to waste and rejections of some foods.
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Moura, Josimara Fernandes de. "Estado nutricional de trabalhadores que atuam na estratégia de saúde da família na cidade de Manaus-AM, 2010." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2011. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/3441.
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Previous issue date: 2011-08-31CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Introduction: Overweight and obesity rates have been increasing in recent years and little is known of this trend in workers of the Family Health Strategy. Objective: To evaluate the nutritional status of workers working in the health strategy of the family in the city of Manaus-AM, 2010. Methodology: The survey was conducted, from May to October 2010, by selecting a census of the workers of the Family Health Strategy for the South Health District, namely doctors, nurses, dentists, technicians, nurses, technicians, dental hygiene and community health worker, totaling 524 workers in professional practice. Because it is a longitudinal study with three subsequent interviews, we referred to the Human Resources department of the SEMS (Municipal Health Manaus) to raise the workers who were licensed at the beginning of the collection or enjoying holiday period address any one of three interviews, with an interval of 30 days, so 255 became eligible for this study. Of these, 30 were excluded for health-related characteristics, namely: 25 reported previous diagnosis of diabetes, hypertension and / or gastritis, morbidities that interfere with the profile of food intake, and 5 subjects were in the gestational period. Among the 225 subjects who met strict inclusion criteria, seven were interviewed but did not allow performing anthropometry at the first interview, 19 did not complete the three required interviews the evaluation proposed in this project, of which 9 are dropped in the second interview and 10 chose not to continue in the third. We obtained complete data from 199 of the 225 eligible subjects, with a loss of about 11%. Anthropometry was performed in the first two interviews, by measuring weight and height to calculate body mass index and waist circumference in which were classified as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). In anthropometry protocol contained sociodemographic information (gender, age, duration of work in the health strategy of the family, monthly family income, physical activity 150 minutes or more per week). For analysis of food consumption was applied in three stages, two types of dietary survey: 24-hour recall and food marker consumption Surveillance System Food and Nutrition (SISVAN). For evaluation of nutrient intake (calories, carbohydrates, saturated fats, polyunsaturated, monounsaturated and fibers) collected from the 24-hour recall was used for nutritional assessment software Diet Pro version 5.1. With the marker SISVAN, analyzed the difference between the weekly frequencies of consumption of food groups regarding demographic variables in workers. Data analysis was done with the aid of the statistical program STATA version 11.0 and 2.11 R Results: The results were divided into two articles: Article 1 - found a high rate of overweight among women, 62.1% and 51.2%, respectively, male and female. For waist circumference women had 51.8% in the very high risk. It was found that this population is sedentary (75.9%). In relation to food consumption, both sexes consumed energy below recommended levels, but high intake of protein, carbohydrate, saturated fat and fiber. 11 Article 2 - The average consumption of cooked vegetables was higher among those who practiced physical activity (p = 0.032) and among those with higher monthly household income (25 to 30 minimum wages). The average consumption of fruits had significant differences in physical activity, occupation and monthly family income (p <0.05). The average consumption of beans had significant difference with the professional category and income, 25 to 30 minimum wages (p <0.05). The milk group and / or yogurt, too, significant difference in the professional category and monthly income, and the ACD had higher average consumption (p = 0.038) than the other categories and who have a monthly family income between 19 to 24 minimum wages (p = 0.041). The average consumption of crackers and fried chips showed a significant difference between the professional category, education and monthly income. Conclusion: These findings may relate to the development of chronic diseases, requiring adoption of preventive measures and health care of these workers. The survey System Food and Nutrition Surveillance has limitations to relate food intake with diseases, and investigation of food habits of the population in general and this study.
Introdução: As taxas se sobrepeso e obesidade vem aumentando nos últimos anos e pouco se sabe dessa tendência em trabalhadores da Estratégia de Saúde da Família. Objetivo: Avaliar o estado nutricional de trabalhadores que atuam na estratégia de saúde da família na cidade de Manaus-AM, 2010. Metodologia: A pesquisa foi conduzida, no período de maio a outubro de 2010, selecionando-se o censo dos trabalhadores da Estratégia de Saúde da Família do Distrito de Saúde Sul, a saber: médicos, enfermeiros, dentistas, técnicos de enfermagem, técnicos de higiene dental e agente comunitário de saúde, que totalizam 524 trabalhadores em exercício profissional. Por se tratar de um estudo longitudinal, com três entrevistas subsequentes, consultou-se o setor de Recursos Humanos da SEMSA (Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Manaus) no sentido de levantar os trabalhadores que estariam licenciados no início da coleta ou gozando férias em período que incidisse em qualquer uma das três entrevistas, com intervalo de 30 dias, de forma que 255 se tornaram elegíveis para o presente estudo. Destes, 30 foram excluídos por características relacionadas à saúde, a saber: 25 referiram diagnóstico pregresso de diabetes, hipertensão e/ou gastrite, morbidades que interferem no perfil de ingestão alimentar; e 5 sujeitos encontravam-se em período gestacional. Entre os 225 sujeitos que cumpriam rigorosamente os critérios de inclusão, 7 foram entrevistados mas não permitiram realização de antropometria já na primeira entrevista; 19 não completaram as três entrevistas necessárias a avaliação proposta no presente projeto, dos quais 9 desistiram na segunda entrevista e 10 optaram por não continuar na terceira. Foram obtidos dados completos de 199 sujeitos entre os 225 elegíveis, com um perda de cerca de 11%. Foi realizado antropometria, nas duas primeiras entrevistas, por meio de aferição de peso e estatura para cálculo do Índice de Massa Corpórea e circunferência da cintura nos quais foram classificados conforme o preconizado pela Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS). No protocolo de antropometria constavam informações sóciodemográficas (sexo, idade, tempo de trabalho na estratégia de saúde da família, renda mensal familiar, prática de exercício físico 150 minutos ou mais por semana). Para análise de consumo alimentar foi aplicado, em três momentos, dois tipos de inquérito alimentar: recordatório de 24h e o marcador de consumo alimentar do Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional (SISVAN). Para avaliação de consumo de nutrientes (energia, carboidrato, gorduras saturadas, poliinsaturadass, monoinsaturadas e fibras) coletado do recordatório de 24h foi utilizado um software de avaliação nutricional Diet Pro versão 5.1. Com o marcador do SISVAN, analisou a diferença da frequência semanal de consumo de grupos de alimentos em relação as variáveis demográficas em trabalhadores. O tratamento dos dados foi feito com o auxílio do programa estatístico STATA 11.0 e R versão 2.11 9 Resultados: Os resultados foram distribuídos em dois artigos, a saber: Artigo 1 - Verificou uma elevada taxa de sobrepeso entre os sexos, 62,1% e 51,2%, respectivamente, masculino e feminino. Em relação a circunferência da cintura as mulheres apresentaram 51,8 % dentro do risco muito elevado. Foi constatado que essa população é sedentária (75,9%). Em relação ao consumo alimentar, os dois sexos consumiam energia abaixo do recomendado, porém elevada ingestão de proteínas, carboidrato gorduras saturadas e fibras. Artigo 2 - O consumo médio de legumes e verduras cozidas foi maior entre os indivíduos que praticavam atividade física (p=0,032) e também entre aqueles com maior renda mensal familiar (25 a 30 salários-mínimos). A média de consumo de frutas teve diferença significativa em relação à atividade física, categoria profissional e renda mensal familiar (p<0,05). A média de consumo de feijão teve diferença significativa com a categoria profissional e renda mensal, 25 a 30 salários-mínimos, (p<0,05). O grupo de leite e/ou iogurte, também, apresentou diferença significativa com a categoria profissional e renda mensal, sendo que os ACD apresentaram média de consumo maior (p=0,038) que as demais categorias e quem têm renda mensal familiar entre 19 a 24 salários-mínimos (p=0,041). A média de consumo de bolacha salgada e salgadinho frito mostraram diferença significativa entre a categoria profissional, escolaridade e renda mensal. Conclusão: Esses achados podem incidir para o desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, sendo necessária adoção de medidas preventivas e atenção à saúde desses trabalhadores. O inquérito do Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional apresenta limitações para se relacionar consumo alimentar com doenças, além a investigação de hábito alimentar da população em geral e deste estudo.
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Furtado, Ariandeny Silva de Souza. "Fatores associados ao excesso de peso de servidores públicos federais do estado de Goiás." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2015. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/3152.
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Previous issue date: 2015-11-27The aim goal is to know the frequency, distribution, development and monitoring of the factors associated to the excess weight and chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is essential to qualify policies and surveillance and health promotion actions for the execution of the Care Policy Health and Safety of the Federal Civil Servants (PASS). This study aimed to analyze the association between risk factors for NCDs and food consumption with excess weight in federal civil servants. Transversal population-based study which data collection was carried out between September- November 2014, at the rectory and the 10 campuses of the Federal Institute of Goiás (IFG) in the capital and provincial cities of Goiás. The sample was stratified by campus and professional category. Were collected through an electronic questionnaire the following variables: weight and height to calculate BMI; office; sex; age; body perception (silhouette of scale); frequency of physical exercise; dietary intake of sweets, fried foods, legumes - vegetables, soft drinks, canned foods, sausages and place of meals. The qualitative variables were expressed as absolute and relative frequencies and quantitative variables with mean and standard deviation. Poisson regression was used to examine bivariate and multivariate. The overweight (BMI≥30,0Kg - m2) was considered the outcome and other variables were considered independent. Results: Were interviewed 429 servers, with 55.7% technical administrators and teachers 44.3% with a mean age of 36.3 ± 9.2 years, 59.7% were women, 68.8% had less than 40 years and 69.0% were sedentary. About the nutritional status, 55.0% were not overweight (BMI), but 74.8% (n = 321) were perceived with overweight (silhouette of scale). Women had lower prevalence of overweight (67.8%) than men (32.2%), p <0.000. Women also follow more the healthy eating recommendations for frying 72.4% (p <0.003) and vegetables 63.8% (p <0.033), soft drinks, 70.7% (p <0.000) and built-in 68.1 % (p <0.028) than men. Were associated with being overweight: be teaching (OR = 1.325; p = 0.011), male gender (RP = 1.401; p = 0.002), be more than 40 years of age (RP = 1.357; p = 0.004), and being sedentary (RP = 1.310; p = 0.009) and having meals outside the home (RP = 1.310; p = 0.044). Conclusion: The factors associated with excess weight were: to be teaching, male, age less than 40 years, being sedentary and eat meals outside the home.
Conhecer a frequência, a distribuição, a evolução e o monitoramento dos fatores associados ao excesso de peso e às doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) é fundamental para qualificar as políticas e ações de vigilância e promoção da saúde em prol da efetivação da Política de Atenção à Saúde e Segurança do Trabalho do Servidor Público Federal (PASS). Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a associação entre os fatores de risco para as DCNT e o consumo alimentar com o excesso de peso em servidores públicos federais. Estudo transversal de base populacional cuja coleta de dados foi realizada no período de setembro a novembro de 2014, na reitoria e nos 10 campus do Instituto Federal de Goiás (IFG) na capital e cidades do interior de Goiás. A amostra foi estratificada por campus e categoria profissional. Foram coletadas por meio de questionário eletrônico as seguintes variáveis: peso e altura referidos para o cálculo do IMC; cargo; sexo; idade; percepção corporal (escala de silhueta); frequência da prática de exercício físico; consumo alimentar de doces, frituras, legumes-verduras, refrigerantes, enlatados, embutidos e local de realização das refeições. As variáveis qualitativas foram apresentadas com frequências absolutas e relativas; e as variáveis quantitativas, com média e desvio padrão. A Regressão de Poisson com ajuste robusto de variância foi utilizada nas análises uni e multivariada. Para o excesso de peso (IMC≥30,0Kg-m2) foi considerado o desfecho; já as demais variáveis foram consideradas independentes. Resultados: Foram entrevistados 429 servidores, sendo 55,7% técnico-administrativos e 44,3% docentes com idade média de 36,3±9,2 anos, 59,7% eram mulheres, 68,8% tinham menos que 40 anos e 69,0% eram sedentários. Quanto ao estado nutricional, 55,0% não apresentaram excesso de peso (IMC), mas 74,8% (n=321) percebiam-se com excesso de peso (escala de silhueta). As mulheres tiveram menor prevalência de excesso de peso (67,8%) que os homens (32,2%), p<0,001. As mulheres também seguem mais as recomendações da alimentação saudável para frituras 72,4% (p<0,003), legumes e verduras 63,8% (p<0,033), refrigerantes 70,7% (p<0,001) e embutidos 68,1% (p<0,028) do que os homens. Associaram-se ao excesso de peso: ser docente (RP= 1,325; p=0,011), sexo masculino (RP=1,401; p=0,002), ter mais que 40 anos de idade (RP=1,357; p=0,004), e ser sedentário (RP=1,310; p=0,009) e realização das refeições fora de casa (RP=1,310; p=0,044). Conclusão: Os fatores associados ao excesso de peso foram ser docente, do sexo masculino, idade igual ou superior a 40 anos, ser sedentário e fazer as refeições fora de casa.