Academic literature on the topic 'Food industry and trade – Great Britain'
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Journal articles on the topic "Food industry and trade – Great Britain"
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Newell, Dianne. "The Politics of Food in World War II: Great Britain’s Grip on Canada’s Pacific Fishery." Historical Papers 22, no. 1 (April 26, 2006): 178–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/030970ar.
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Abstract Maintaining and transporting food supplies during wartime are crucial activities. How to fulfill these obligations often is an important point in determining a government's wartime trade strategy. An example is the case of Great Britain during World War II. Britain attempted to control the cost and quality of its imported foodstuffs by influencing the production, supply and price within supplying countries. British food missions were established to negotiate the best-possible agreements and to protect Britain's long-term commercial interests. This self-interest can be seen in the food programme established by the British Ministry of Food and in the negotiations with British Columbia packers for canned salmon. Britain needed this nutritious and practical foodstuff, but refused to enter into longterm contracts with Canadian suppliers. The British Columbia salmon was considered too expensive, and Britain wanted to return to the cheaper Japanese and Russian suppliers after the war. The ultimate result was that the BC salmon canning industry was seriously curtailed at war's end, and the very existence of the resource was threatened.
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Becuwe, Stéphane, Bertrand Blancheton, and Christopher M. Meissner. "The French (Trade) Revolution of 1860: Intra-Industry Trade and Smooth Adjustment." Journal of Economic History 81, no. 3 (September 2021): 688–722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050721000371.
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The Cobden-Chevalier treaty of 1860 eliminated French import prohibitions and lowered tariffs between France and Great Britain. The policy change was largely unexpected and unusually free from direct lobbying. A series of commercial treaties with other nations followed. Post-1860, we find a significant rise in French intra-industry trade. Sectors that liberalized more experienced higher two-way trade. Our findings are consistent with the idea that trade liberalization led to “smooth adjustment” that avoided costly inter-sectoral re-allocations of factors.
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Woodcock, Jamie. "How to beat the boss: Game Workers Unite in Britain." Capital & Class 44, no. 4 (February 12, 2020): 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309816820906349.
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This article provides an overview of the growth of game worker organising in Britain. These workers have not previously been organised in a trade union, but over the last 2 years, they have developed a campaign to unionise their sector and launched a legal trade union branch. This is a powerful example of so-called ‘greenfield’ organising, beyond the reach of existing trade unions and with workers who have not previously been members. The article provides an outline of the industry, the launch of the Game Workers Unite international network, the growth of the division in Britain as well as their formation as a branch of the Independent Workers’ Union of Great Britain. The aim is to draw out lessons for both the videogames industry, as well as other non-unionised industries, showing how the traditions of trade unionism can be translated and developed in new contexts.
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Forrest, David. "AN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL REVIEW OF GAMBLING IN GREAT BRITAIN." Journal of Gambling Business and Economics 7, no. 3 (December 9, 2013): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/jgbe.v7i3.816.
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The paper considers the nature and scale of the benefits and costs of gambling, with special reference to machine gaming. Although the industry is argued to be unlikely to have a significant macroeconomic impact, evidence is consistent with it generating considerable benefits to individual (responsible) consumers, whether measured by consumer surplus or through the pattern of responses to a wellbeing question. At the same time, a minority of users of gaming facilities, problem gamblers, appear to make consistently flawed decisions such that those with gambling disorder experience exceptionally low wellbeing. Public policy and regulatory decisions should consider the effects, on the margin, on both the net benefits to recreational gamblers and the net costs to problem gamblers. Many policy decisions may involve a trade-off between the welfare of recreational gamblers and the welfare of problem gamblers. Contemporary interest in targeted policies appears to represent an attempt to avoid the need to confront such a trade-off by searching for policies which are aimed very explicitly at problem gamblers alone.
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Brown, John C. "Imperfect Competition and Anglo-German Trade Rivalry: Markets for Cotton Textiles before 1914." Journal of Economic History 55, no. 3 (September 1995): 494–527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700041619.
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This article reappraises export performance on international markets before World War I by examinnig the case of cotton textiles. The German industry expanded its market share from the 1850s to 1914 despite remaining a high-cost industry relative to Great Britain. Evidence from contemporary accounts and analysis of trade data from 1913 suggests that German success arose in part from the importance of monopolistic competition in export markets for finished cloth. Germany’s relative wealth, geographic position, and perhaps the intensive marketing efforts of its industry may have enabled it to counter the cost advantage of its British rival.Their heads are still gay with crimson kerchiefs, but those kerchiefs do not come from Manchester.—E. E. Williams
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Ackers, Peter. "Colliery Deputies in the British Coal Industry Before Nationalization." International Review of Social History 39, no. 3 (December 1994): 383–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002085900011274x.
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SummaryThis article challenges the militant and industrial unionist version of British coal mining trade union history, surrounding the Miners' Federation of Great Britain and the National Union of Mineworkers, by considering, for the first time, the case of the colliery deputies' trade union. Their national Federation was formed in 1910, and aimed to represent the three branches of coal mining supervisory management: the deputy (or fireman, or examiner), overman and shotfirer. First, the article discusses the treatment of moderate and craft traditions in British coal mining historiography. Second, it shows how the position of deputy was defined by changes in the underground labour process and the legal regulation of the industry. Third, it traces the history of deputies' union organization up until nationalization in 1947, and the formation of the National Association of Colliery Overmen, Deputies and Shotfirers (NACODS). The article concludes that the deputies represent a mainstream tradition of craft/professional identity and industrial moderation, in both the coal industry and the wider labour movement.
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Muirhead, B. W. "The Politics of Food and the Disintegration of the Anglo-Canadian Trade Relationship, 1947-1948." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 2, no. 1 (February 9, 2006): 215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/031035ar.
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Abstract This paper examines a somewhat peripheral event in postwar transatlantic diplomacy, the 1947-48 food negotiations between Canada and the United Kingdom, because the process and the outcome of these talks illuminate the deterioration in the traditionally close relationship between the two countries. Because of the financial strains caused by British wartime expenditures, Canada was unable to negotiate a reestablishment of the prewar trade relationship, in which surpluses in her trade with Great Britain financed deficits in her accounts with the United States. The British negotiating strategy forced the Canadian government to reconsider its traditional dependence on the British connection, which had hitherto been so fundamental to Canadian history. This paper therefore challenges the view that Canadian politicians ''sold out'' the country in shifting attention from Britain to the United States after World War II.
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Pasińska, Dorota. "Konkurencyjność krajów Unii Europejskiej w handlu zagranicznym produktami wołowymi." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 19(34), no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2019.19.4.58.
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The main purpose of the article is an attempt to assess the competitiveness of European Union trade in foreign trade in beef products in 2017 compared to 2005. In order to achieve the objective of the study, a comparative analysis (for exports, import value, balance of foreign trade in beef products, the index of revealed comparative advantage of RCA, the comparative advantage of Lafay and the Grubel-Llyod indicator) was used. In 2005 and 2017, the following countries had a comparative advantage in trade in beef products: Austria, France, Ireland, Luxembourg and Poland. Those which did not have a comparative advantage: Bulgaria, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, Greece, Italy, Malta, Spain, Sweden, Portugal and Great Britain. In 2017, most EU countries implemented the intra-industry trade model. In 2017, compared to 2005, some EU countries changed their trade model from inter-industry to intra-industry or vice versa. In 2017, Poland was fifth among the largest EU exporters of beef products in the EU, and the share of beef products imported to Poland in the import of beef products of EU countries was very low (and amounted to about 1%).
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Hanagan, Michael. "Family, Work and Wages: The Stéphanois Region of France, 1840–1914." International Review of Social History 42, S5 (September 1997): 129–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000114816.
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Exploring issues of the family wage, this paper examines labour markets, family employment patterns and political conflict in France. Up to now, the debate over the family wage has centred mainly on analysing British trade unions and the development of an ideal of domesticity among the British working classes, more or less taking for granted the declining women's labour force participation rate and the configuration of state/trade union relations prevailing in Great Britain. Shifting the debate across the Channel, scholars such as Laura Frader and Susan Pedersen have suggested that different attitudes to the family wage prevailed. In France, demands for the exclusion of women from industry were extremely rare because women's participation in industry was taken for granted. But a gendered division of labour and ideals of domesticity remained and made themselves felt in both workforce and labour movement.
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Darity, William. "British Industry and the West Indies Plantations." Social Science History 14, no. 1 (1990): 117–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014555320002068x.
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Is it not notorious to the whole World, that the Business of Planting in our British Colonies, as well as in the French, is carried on by the Labour of Negroes, imported thither from Africa? Are we not indebted to those valuable People, the Africans for our Sugars, Tobaccoes, Rice, Rum, and all other Plantation Produce? And the greater the Number of Negroes imported into our Colonies, from Africa, will not the Exportation of British Manufactures among the Africans be in Proportion, they being paid for in such Commodities only? The more likewise our Plantations abound in Negroes, will not more Land become cultivated, and both better and greater Variety of Plantation Commodities be produced? As those Trades are subservient to the Well Being and Prosperity of each other; so the more either flourishes or declines, the other must be necessarily affected; and the general Trade and Navigation of their Mother Country, will be proportionably benefited or injured. May we not therefore say, with equal Truth, as the French do in their before cited Memorial, that the general Navigation of Great Britain owes all its Encrease and Splendor to the Commerce of its American and African Colonies; and that it cannot be maintained and enlarged otherwise than from the constant Prosperity of both those branches, whose Interests are mutual and inseparable?[Postlethwayt 1968c: 6]The atlantic slave trade remains oddly invisible in the commentaries of historians who have specialized in the sources and causes of British industrialization in the late eighteenth century. This curiosity contrasts sharply with the perspective of eighteenth-century strategists who, on the eve of the industrial revolution, placed great stock in both the trade and the colonial plantations as vital instruments for British economic progress. Specifically, Joshua Gee and Malachy Postlethwayt, once described by the imperial historian Charles Ryle Fay (1934: 2–3) as Britain’s major “spokesmen” for the eighteenth century, both placed the importation of African slaves into the Americas at the core of their visions of the requirements for national expansion. Fay (ibid.: 3) also described both of them as “mercantilists hardening into a manufacturers’ imperialism.” For such a “manufacturers’ imperialism” to be a success, both Gee and Postlethwayt saw the need for extensive British participation in the trade in Africans and in the maintenance and development of the West Indies.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Food industry and trade – Great Britain"
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Wickramasinghe, Kremlin. "Quantifying the impact of policies addressing sustainable and healthy diets." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.711872.
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Kirchhelle, Claas. "Pyrrhic progress : antibiotics and western food production (1949-2013)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:08832606-eeb5-45a7-a0a4-33eb28f74d3e.
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This dissertation addresses the history of antibiotic use in British and US food production between 1950 and 2013. Introduced to agriculture in the 1950s, antibiotics underpinned the 20th-century revolution in Western food production. However, from the late 1950s onwards, controversies over antibiotic resistance, residues and animal welfare began to tarnish antibiotics' image. By mapping both the enthusiasm and the controversies surrounding antibiotic use, this dissertation shows how distinct civic epistemologies of risk influenced consumers', producers' and officials' attitudes towards antibiotics. These differing risk perceptions did not emerge by chance: in Britain, popular animal welfare concerns fused with new scenarios of antibiotic resistance and drove reform. Following 1969, Britain pioneered antibiotic resistance regulation by banning certain feed antibiotics. However, subsequent reforms were only partially implemented, and total antibiotic consumption failed to sink. Meanwhile, scandals and public pressure forced the American FDA to install the first comprehensive monitoring program for antibiotic residues. However, differing public priorities and industrial opposition meant that the FDA failed to convince Congress of resistance-inspired bans. The transatlantic regulatory gap has since widened: following the BSE crisis, the EU phased out growth-promoting antibiotic feeds in 2006. The US proclaimed only a voluntary and partial ban of antibiotic feeds in December 2013. In the face of contemporary warnings about failing antibiotics, the dissertation shows how one group of substances acquired different meanings for different communities. It also reveals that the dilemma of antibiotic regulation is hardly new. Despite knowing about antibiotic allergies and resistance since the 1940s, no country has managed to solve the dilemma of preserving antibiotics' economic benefits whilst containing their medical risks. Historically, effective antibiotic regulation emerged only when differing perceptions of antibiotics were broken down either by sustained regulatory reform or large crises.
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Percival, James Mark. "Making music radio : the record industry and popular music production in the UK." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/362.
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Music radio is the most listened to form of radio, and one of the least researched by academic ethnographers. This research project addresses industry structure and agency in an investigation into the relationship between music radio and the record industry in the UK, how that relationship works to produce music radio and to shape the production of popular music. The underlying context for this research is Peterson's production of culture perspective. The research is in three parts: a model of music radio production and consumption, an ethnographic investigation focusing on music radio programmers and record industry pluggers, and an ethnographic investigation into the use of specialist music radio programming by alternative pop and rock artists in Glasgow, Scotland. The research has four main conclusions: music radio continues to be central to the record industry's promotional strategy for new commercial recordings; music radio is increasing able to mediate the production practices of the popular music industry; that mediation is focused through the social relationship between music radio programmers and record industry pluggers; cultural practices of musicians are developed and mediated by consumption of specialist music radio, as they become part of specialist music radio.
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Tate, Jonathan Graham. "Industry, technology and the political economy of empire : Lancashire industrialists and the cotton supply question, c.1850-1910." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2015. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=228009.
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The role of nineteenth-century industrialists in British imperial expansion and governance has been debated for many years. Major recent interpretations, such as Peter Cain and Tony Hopkins's 'gentlemanly capitalism' and Gary Magee and Andrew Thompson's 'cultural economy', have conceived industrialists' involvement mostly in terms of promoting manufactured exports. Industrialists' reliance on imported raw materials has however been comparatively neglected. Using the case of study of raw cotton, nineteenth-century Britain's most valuable industrial commodity import, this thesis revises how we understand the contribution Lancashire industrialists made to the formation of imperial policy. Analysing examples from the formal and informal empire in India, Egypt, and sub-Saharan Africa, it shows that interactions between technology, business lobbying, and ideas of political economy fostered cotton-growing schemes. Fluctuations in the quantity and, significantly, the quality of cotton supplies fostered interest in reforming or creating new supply chains, promoting the formation of business associations, pre-eminently the Cotton Supply Association and the British Cotton Growing Association. These associations lobbied governments to make supply chains more suited to Lancashire technological systems, and led to the promotion of standardised cotton types through the export of European knowledge and skills, the erection of processing machinery and transportation systems, and the regulation of colonial labour. The main argument is that if the focus is shifted to supplies rather than markets, industrialists, directly and indirectly, were often important influences on imperial governance and overseas economic change. While fiscal and financial considerations often provided the framework for government-backed cotton-growing schemes, because cotton was a complex commodity officials had to implement industrialists' advice to create supply chains that would serve these ends. By providing fresh insights for understanding the relationship between supply chains, business mobilisation, and European imperialism, this thesis lays the foundations for further much-needed work on the 'supply-side' economics of global empires.
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Morris, Katherine-Anne. "Oil, power, and global hegemony." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97090.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study explores the impact of primary energy on the measurement of state power and hegemony. Through an examination of British and American hegemonies, the role of coal, oil and petroleum on the hegemonic cycle is assessed, and the argument is presented for the inclusion of energy as a primary element underpinning the state power base. Utilising the Hegemonic Stability Theory approach to the study of global hegemony, a framework for the assessment of the role of energy on international hegemony is constructed. The Hegemonic Stability Theory approach employed in this study is augmented through the incorporation of several complimentary theoretical approaches, in order to improve the theory’s applicability to multiple cases. Through an examination of the economic, financial, and military/naval ‘pillars’ of the respective hegemonic powers, the study determines that energy has had a marked impact on both British and American hegemonies. Technological developments, notably the steam engine, and the subsequent conversion of the Royal Navy, the cornerstone of British hegemony, from sail to steam, made coal vital to the British Empire. In contrast, the use of oil and petroleum during the United States hegemonic reign indicate that access to oil and petroleum not only benefitted the United States material power base, but has become vital to sustaining American hegemony. This study makes a plausible case for the inclusion of energy as a factor in the assessment of state power, and draws attention to the importance of ensuring energy security and maintaining technological leads.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie verhandeling ondersoek die impak wat grond-energie het as maatstaf op staatsmag en hegemonie. Na afleiding van ‘n gevalle studie van beide Britse en Amerikaanse hegemonies - die rol wat steenkool, olie en petroleum speel op die hegemoniese siklus – stel hierdie navorsingstuk voor dat grond-energie ingesluit moet word as ‘n kriterium van hoe staatsmag gemeet word. Hierdie tesis wend Hegemoniese Stabiliteitsteorie aan om internasionale hegemonie te ondersoek. ‘n Raamwerk om die belang van energie te meet in internasionale hegemonie word opgestel. Die Hegemoniese Stabiliteitsteorie aanslag word aangepas deur verskeie komplimentêre teoretiese benaderings te inkorporeer en sodoende die teorie meer toepaslik te maak op verskeie gevallestudies. Deur die ekonomiese, finansiële en militêle/vloot ‘pilare’ van die onderskeie hegemoniese magte te ondersoek, bevind hierdie verhandeling dat energie ‘n bepalende invloed gehad het op beide Britse en Amerikaanse hegemonies. Tegnologiese ontwikkelings, mees opmerklik die stoomenjin en die gevolglike oorgang van die Koninklike Vloot (die hoeksteun van Britse hegemonie) van seil- na stoomenjins, was die gevolg dat steenkool van uiterse belang geword het vir die Britse Ryk. In kontras word aangedui dat die gebruik van en toegang tot olie en petroleum tydens die hegemoniese bewind van die Verenigde State van Amerika nie net die materiële magsbasis bevoordeel het nie, maar asook bepalend geword het om Amerikaanse hegemonie te handhaaf. Hierdie verhandeling maak die aanneemlike voorstelling dat energie ingesluit moet word as ‘n faktor om staatsmag te meet, en dui die belang daarvan aan om tegnologiese vooruitgang te onderhou en sodoende energie sekuriteit te verseker.
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McIntyre, Edward Forrester. "Implementation of national vocational qualifications in the UK utilizing Birmingham College of Food, Tourism and Creative Studies as a systems model /." Online version of thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/10862.
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Wrightson, Nicholas Mikus. "Franklin's networks : aspects of British Atlantic print culture, science, and communication c.1730-60." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670081.
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Galpern, Steven Gary. "Britain, Middle East oil, and the struggle to save Sterling, 1944-1971." Thesis, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3110610.
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Hsu, William Shiu-Foo, University of Western Sydney, and College of Law and Business. "A time to change : an 18-month investigation into the impact of political changes and macro-economic pressures on the Hong Kong tourism and hotel industry (1997-1998)." 2004. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/31253.
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This dissertation examines how various factors have placed the Hong Kong tourism and hotel industries under pressure. Many contributory factors were the macro-level financial storm known as 'the Asian Economic Crisis', which directly affected regional and international travellers coming to Hong Kong. Other factors with local implications were embedded during the British colonial rule and have long been a part of the Hong Kong economy such as the stock and real-estate markets. When this 'bubble economy' was pierced and deflated, the impact could be felt in all business sectors. The new century is an opportune time for changes.For example, sustainable resolutions should be collaborations involving the SAR Government and the tourism and hotel industry to ensure the support of the practitioners. A renewed commitment to quality service-centred career training through application oriented hospitality education programs will help provide the catalyst needed to help the Hong Kong tourism and hotel industry rebound.Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)
Books on the topic "Food industry and trade – Great Britain"
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Great, Britain Parliament. Corn imported: An account of all corn and flour imported into Great Britain from Canada, during the last five years, specifying the quantities in each year. [London: s.n., 2001.
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Business and Technician Education Council (Great Britain) and Edexcel (Organization), eds. Hospitality. Harlow: Heinemann, 2008.
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Congress, Trades Union. The university for industry: Guidelines for trade unions. London: Trades Union Congress, 1998.
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A foot in the past: Consumers, producers and footwear in the long eighteenth century. Oxford: Pasold Research Fund/Oxford University Press, 2006.
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Upson, Richard. Scrutiny of library services in the Department of Trade & Industry. [London]: [Department of Trade and Industry], 1985.
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National Association of Teachers in Further and Higher Education. Response to "Fairness at work": Department of Trade & Industry white paper. [London]: NATFHE, 1998.
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Great American Food Show (2nd 1997 Manila, Philippines). When quality counts: The 2nd Great American Food Show, Philippines '97, February 25-26, 1997, Manila, Philippines. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, USDA Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1996.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Food industry and trade – Great Britain"
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Bagwell, Philip S. "The New Unionism in Britain: the Railway Industry." In The Development of Trade Unionism in Great Britain and Germany, 1880–1914, 185–200. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315212296-11.
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Robinson, Robb. "Fish and Naval Forces: The Edwardian Background." In Fishermen, the Fishing Industry and the Great War at Sea, 5–22. Liverpool University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781786941756.003.0002.
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This chapter describes Britain as the world's leading military and mercantile maritime nation that possessed the largest and most sophisticated fishing industry during the Edwardian era. It talks about the waters surrounding the British Isles that were home to countless species of fish, many of which were taken by different groups of fishermen in a diversity of locations using a varied range of catching equipment and craft. It also refers to the trawl and herring fisheries of the British fish trade that employed very large numbers of Edwardian fishermen and fishing vessels. The chapter analyzes the British trawling trade that had expanded markedly since the mid-nineteenth century when the construction of the national railway network provided reliable access to inland markets. It details how the railways helped make fresh white fish an article of cheap mass consumption in many burgeoning inland industrial towns and cities.
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Birrell, Derek, and Paul Carmichael. "Brexit, Devolution and Northern Ireland’s Political Parties: Differential Solutions, Special Status or Special Arrangements?" In Contested Britain, 203–18. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529205008.003.0015.
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Uniquely, Northern Ireland is distinctive within the UK in having power sharing arrangements between the parties. The parties within this system must confront the particular problems posed by Brexit: that Northern Ireland would be the only part of the UK with a land border with the EU, and that there are serious implications for cross border travel and trade, the large 'agri-food' industry and existing EU support for socio-economic improvement and the peace process. Underpinning the difficulties are fundamental policy cleavages between the two largest parties constituting the Northern Ireland Executive: the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), which is in favour of leave, and Sinn Fein, which is in favour of remain. This chapter explains the implications for the Brexit negotiations, and examines the consequences of this deep division in the lack of a consensus in Northern Ireland on Brexit issues, total lack of agreement on government departments or Assembly committees publishing reports and little response to the fears of civic society about the consequences of Brexit.
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Hanson, Robin. "Start." In The Age of Em. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754626.003.0006.
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You should expect the next great era after ours to be as different from our era as ours is from past eras. In the last few million years, the three biggest changes on Earth were arguably the arrival of humans, the arrival of civilization based on farming, and then civilization based on industry ( Boserup 1981 ; Morris 2015 ). As I’ll discuss more in Chapter 2 , prior Eras section, each of these three eras greatly changed people, society, and the Earth. people who adopted these new ways of life quickly displaced and dominated those who continued with old ways. Compared with primates, wandering human hunter-gatherers greatly expanded technology, art, language, norms, and politics, and displaced many top animal predators. Then farmers and herders stopped wandering, expanded marriage, war, trade, law, class, and religion, and hunted many animals to extinction. Finally, our industrial era has expanded schools, cities, firms, and individual wealth; it has displaced even more of nature and almost all foragers, and it has seen a partial return to forager values. Over this whole period, we’ve seen increases in travel, talk, organization, and specialization. We’ve also had faster change, innovation, and economic growth, and a more integrated and unequal world culture. We have also, I will argue, become increasingly maladaptive. Our age is a “dreamtime” of behavior that is unprecedentedly maladaptive, both biologically and culturally. Farming environments changed faster than genetic selection could adapt, and the industrial world now changes faster than even cultural selection can adapt. Today, our increased wealth buffers us more from our mistakes, and we have only weak defenses against the super-stimuli of modern food, drugs, music, television, video games, and propaganda. The most dramatic demonstration of our maladaptation is the low fertility rate in rich nations today. While the industrial era has deluded many into thinking that old constraints no longer apply, as we will see in Chapter 2, Limits section, many recent constraint-evading trends simply cannot continue forever. Even if our descendants eventually conquer the stars, if we haven’t greatly misunderstood physics then our long-lived but bounded universe must eventually limit innovation and growth. And without strong regulation from a universespanning government, we should eventually see less change, more adaptive behavior, and (perhaps surprisingly) near-subsistence living standards.