Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Food/microbiological analysis'
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Hare, Lesley Gail. "Rapid methods for the determination of food folates." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245806.
Full textMulaudzi, Ludwig Vusimuzi. "Application of flow injection in the assay of selected substances in food and clinical analysis." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 1999. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11162006-163430/.
Full textToure, Ousmane. "Implementation of the hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) method to improve microbiological food safety in peri-urban Mali." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2009. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/1343274/.
Full textAragon-Alegro, Lina Casale. "Avaliação da viabilidade do emprego dos testes VIA e UNIQUE (TECRA® Diagnostics) e VIP® (BioControl Systems) para triagem da presença de Listeria sp em produtos cárneos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9131/tde-12092006-144513/.
Full textOutbreaks of human listeriosis have been a cause of concern to the food industry and health professionals. The routine methods for detecting Listeria sp in foods are time-consuming and involve the use of selective enrichments and culturing on selective agars. In this study, the presence of Listeria sp in 120 meat and meat products samples was investigated by three rapid immunoassays (Tecra® Listeria VIA, Listeria UNIQUE and BioControl VIP®.+ for Listeria) and a cultural procedure. The detection of Listeria sp by the cultural method was done according to Canada\'s Health Protection Branch Method and the detection using rapid tests was done following the manufacturers\' instructions. The agreement between cultural and rapid tests was established at a confidence limit of 95%. Eighty-one samples (67.5%) were Listeria sp positive by at least one of the four methods. L. monocytogenes was present in 49.2% of the samples. Sixty-four samples (53.3%) were positive by the cultural procedure. For the rapid tests, 62 (51.7%) were VIA positive, 65 (54.2%) were VIP® positive and 41 (50.2%) were UNIQUE positive. Fifty-five samples (45,8%) were positive by the cultural method and VIA simultaneously, 55 (45.8%) by the cultural method and VIP® and 35 (43.2%) by the cultural and UNIQUE. VIA detected 4 positive samples that were not detected by any of the other methods, while VIP detected 7 positive samples and UNIQUE only 2. VIA and VIP® tests are fast and easy to execute. They also performed similarly to the cultural method despite the food matrix. UNIQUE, on the other hand, was strongly influenced by the sample type and generated a high number of false positive results what makes its use unpractical.
Paiva, Jeferson Leandro de [UNESP]. "Avaliação microbiológica da alface (Lactuca sativa) em sistema de cultivo hidropônico e no solo, correlacionando os microrganismos isolados com os encontrados em toxinfecções alimentares em municípios da região Noroeste de São Paulo - SP." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94842.
Full textA coleta da alface (Lactuca sativa) e da água de manejo foi realizada no local de cultivo, tanto pelo método de hidroponia (CH) como pelo tradicional no solo (CT) em estabelecimentos hortifrutigranjeiros e restaurante (R) localizados em cidades da região noroeste paulista. As vinte e cinco amostras analisadas foram coletadas em dias alternados, sendo cinco amostras de cada local. As análises foram realizadas com objetivo de verificar se a origem das toxinfecções alimentares envolvendo pratos que contenham alface é proveniente de microrganismos do local de produção das hortaliças. Os resultados obtidos possibilitaram analisar a ocorrência de contaminação cruzada com outras hortaliças enxaguadas no mesmo tonel e comparar o índice de contaminação dos dois tipos de sistema de cultivo. As análises microbiológicas seguiram as metodologias tradicionais descritas por Silva; Junqueira e Silveira (2001), de acordo com a American Public Health Association. Os resultados das análises mostraram grande variação na contagem dos microrganismos. Nas amostras de alface 92% (23) apresentaram crescimento de coliformes totais variando entre 0,4 a ≥240 NMP/g dos quais 40% (10) CT, 32% (8) CH, 20% (5) R; 32% (8) apresentaram coliformes termotolerantes variando entre 0,9 a 46 NMP/g, sendo 24% (6) CT e 8% (2) R; 36% (9) apresentaram Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, onde 12% (3) apresentaram crescimento acima dos parâmetros estabelecidos 5x103 UFC/g, sendo 4% (1) CT e 8% (2) CH. Todas as amostras positivas para coliformes termotolerantes estão dentro dos limites estabelecidos pela ANVISA (BRASL, 2001) de 102 UFC/g. Nenhuma amostra foi positiva para Salmonella spp, atendendo os parâmetros estabelecidos pela ANVISA (BRASIL, 2001) de ausência em 25g do produto. Os resultados obtidos nas análises da água foram de 95% (19) apresentando coliformes totais variando...
The collect of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and the water used to grow it was made in the local of its cultivation through both hydroponics (CH) and the traditional in the soil (CT) methods in fruit/vegetable/poultry stores and restaurants (R) localized in the cities of the Paulista northwest region. The twenty-five samples analyzed were collected in alternate days, being five samples from each place. The analyses were carried out with the target to check if the origin of food toxinfection involving dishes that have lettuce is from microorganisms of the local where the vegetables are cultivated. The results obtained enabled to analyze the occurrence of contamination crossed with other vegetables rinsed in the same cask. Besides, to compare the rate of contamination of the two kinds of cultivation. The microbiological analyses followed the traditional methodologies written by Silva; Junqueira e Silveira, (2001), according to the American Public Health Association. The results of the analyses showed a great variation on the count of the microorganisms. In the lettuce samples 92% (23) presented growing of total coliforms varying between 0, 4 to ≥ 240 NMP/g from which 40% (10) CT, 32% (8) CH, 20% (5) R; 32% (8) presented thermotolerant coliforms varying between 0,9 to 46 NMPg, being 24% (6) CT and 8% (2) R. 36% (9) presented coagulase-positive Staphylococcus, where 12% (3) presented growing over the parameters established 5x103 UFC/g, being 4% (1) CT and 8% (2) CH. All the positive samples for thermotolerant coliforms are inside the limits established by ANVISA (BRASIL, 2001) of 102 UFC/g. No sample was positive for Salmonella spp, attending the parameters established by ANVISA (BRASIL, 2001) of absence in 15g of the product. The results obtained from the analyses of the water were from 95% (19) presented total coliforms varying between... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Cartaxo, Ana Lara Casaca. "Avaliação do funcionamento do sistema HACCP numa unidade de restauração pública." Master's thesis, ISA, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3078.
Full textThe presented dissertation had, as an object, to evaluate the employees behavior of the public catering units and see if the same was reflected in the microbiological quality of food available. To this end, three units were selected based upon their obtained classifications in internal audits, and three ready to eat dishes in order to check if the said dishes presented microbiological traces, which are deemed acceptable at the moment of consumption. After analysis the microbiological results, conclusions in relation to existing hygiene and food safety in the catering unit were drawn. To complement this study, a motivation and satisfaction questionnaire was given to all employees of the three restaurants in study, which aimed to determine the degree of satisfaction and motivation of employees within the company in study. The units that contributed to this study were the units number 1, 2 and 6, as they were those that received the lowest, mind and highest classifications respectively. From all of the available dishes of the restaurant, the Bife à Casa (because it is a cooking meal), the Prawn Salad (because it is a meal that no needs cooking and is served cold) and the Gazpacho (as a dish made by the company’s catering service, packaged in a monitored atmosphere and served cold) were chosen. These dishes were then subject to microbiological analysis, namely for the total count of microorganisms at 30ºC, the detection of Escherichia coli and for the bacterial detection of sulphite-reducing anaerobic bacteria. Through these analytic results, it was possible to assert that the dishes that presented a larger microbiological contamination were those that needed the greatest handling by the employees and were served cold (namely, the Prawn Salad and the Gazpacho). Uniquely, the Bife à Casa was the only dish that was appropriate for consumption, showing satisfactory results. In relation to the results obtained through the questionnaire on motivation and satisfaction, it was possible to observe that, despite the employees dissatisfaction with wages, they feel, overall, satisfied and motivated with the company in focus. It can be concluded thus that the HACCP system being implemented in the company is in no way effective, specifically due to lack of training of the food handlers as well as unprepared spaces within the catering units.
Paiva, Jeferson Leandro de. "Avaliação microbiológica da alface (Lactuca sativa) em sistema de cultivo hidropônico e no solo, correlacionando os microrganismos isolados com os encontrados em toxinfecções alimentares em municípios da região Noroeste de São Paulo - SP /." São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94842.
Full textBanca: Vanildo Luiz Del Bianchi
Banca: Maria Luiza Silva Fazio
Resumo: A coleta da alface (Lactuca sativa) e da água de manejo foi realizada no local de cultivo, tanto pelo método de hidroponia (CH) como pelo tradicional no solo (CT) em estabelecimentos hortifrutigranjeiros e restaurante (R) localizados em cidades da região noroeste paulista. As vinte e cinco amostras analisadas foram coletadas em dias alternados, sendo cinco amostras de cada local. As análises foram realizadas com objetivo de verificar se a origem das toxinfecções alimentares envolvendo pratos que contenham alface é proveniente de microrganismos do local de produção das hortaliças. Os resultados obtidos possibilitaram analisar a ocorrência de contaminação cruzada com outras hortaliças enxaguadas no mesmo tonel e comparar o índice de contaminação dos dois tipos de sistema de cultivo. As análises microbiológicas seguiram as metodologias tradicionais descritas por Silva; Junqueira e Silveira (2001), de acordo com a American Public Health Association. Os resultados das análises mostraram grande variação na contagem dos microrganismos. Nas amostras de alface 92% (23) apresentaram crescimento de coliformes totais variando entre 0,4 a ≥240 NMP/g dos quais 40% (10) CT, 32% (8) CH, 20% (5) R; 32% (8) apresentaram coliformes termotolerantes variando entre 0,9 a 46 NMP/g, sendo 24% (6) CT e 8% (2) R; 36% (9) apresentaram Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, onde 12% (3) apresentaram crescimento acima dos parâmetros estabelecidos 5x103 UFC/g, sendo 4% (1) CT e 8% (2) CH. Todas as amostras positivas para coliformes termotolerantes estão dentro dos limites estabelecidos pela ANVISA (BRASL, 2001) de 102 UFC/g. Nenhuma amostra foi positiva para Salmonella spp, atendendo os parâmetros estabelecidos pela ANVISA (BRASIL, 2001) de ausência em 25g do produto. Os resultados obtidos nas análises da água foram de 95% (19) apresentando coliformes totais variando... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The collect of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and the water used to grow it was made in the local of its cultivation through both hydroponics (CH) and the traditional in the soil (CT) methods in fruit/vegetable/poultry stores and restaurants (R) localized in the cities of the Paulista northwest region. The twenty-five samples analyzed were collected in alternate days, being five samples from each place. The analyses were carried out with the target to check if the origin of food toxinfection involving dishes that have lettuce is from microorganisms of the local where the vegetables are cultivated. The results obtained enabled to analyze the occurrence of contamination crossed with other vegetables rinsed in the same cask. Besides, to compare the rate of contamination of the two kinds of cultivation. The microbiological analyses followed the traditional methodologies written by Silva; Junqueira e Silveira, (2001), according to the American Public Health Association. The results of the analyses showed a great variation on the count of the microorganisms. In the lettuce samples 92% (23) presented growing of total coliforms varying between 0, 4 to ≥ 240 NMP/g from which 40% (10) CT, 32% (8) CH, 20% (5) R; 32% (8) presented thermotolerant coliforms varying between 0,9 to 46 NMPg, being 24% (6) CT and 8% (2) R. 36% (9) presented coagulase-positive Staphylococcus, where 12% (3) presented growing over the parameters established 5x103 UFC/g, being 4% (1) CT and 8% (2) CH. All the positive samples for thermotolerant coliforms are inside the limits established by ANVISA (BRASIL, 2001) of 102 UFC/g. No sample was positive for Salmonella spp, attending the parameters established by ANVISA (BRASIL, 2001) of absence in 15g of the product. The results obtained from the analyses of the water were from 95% (19) presented total coliforms varying between... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
Wang, Chia-Lin. "Probiotic lactobacilli as a soy yogurt starter culture - microbiological, chemical and sensory analyses /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1422974.
Full textPereira, Fernanda Lucília Henriques. "Auditorias internas aos sistemas de segurança alimentar implementados em cantinas universitárias." Bachelor's thesis, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/1558.
Full textAs cantinas universitárias servem refeições a algumas centenas de estudantes, advindo daí a preocupação acrescida com os níveis de segurança alimentar das refeições produzidas. A realização de auditorias internas permite fazer a avaliação do sistema de segurança alimentar implementado, com vista à identificação de falhas potenciais e introdução das correcções necessárias. Os objectivos deste trabalho foram avaliar se os sistemas de segurança alimentar implementados garantem a inocuidade dos alimentos, verificar se os requisitos da legislação vigente são aplicados nas cantinas universitárias e apontar as correcções necessárias ao sistema. Para tal, foi elaborada uma lista de verificação para apoiar a avaliação dos cinco estabelecimentos e procedeu-se à recolha de zaragatoas nas mãos das cozinheiras para a realização de análises microbiológicas e testes de detecção ATP por bioluminescência aos utensílios. Três cantinas obtiveram uma classificação aceitável (entre 81% e 83%) e duas cantinas obtiveram uma classificação satisfatória (superior a 85%). Os módulos que obtiveram mais requisitos não conformes foram: “instalações sanitárias e vestiários”, “armazenamento a baixas temperaturas” e “zona da distribuição”. As análises microbiológicas às mãos das cozinheiras revelaram que estas têm práticas adequadas de higiene: a contagem de microrganismos aeróbios mesófilos a 30 ºC variou entre 0 e 4,8x103 UFC/mão e a contagem de Enterobacteriaceae variou entre 0 e 3,0x10 UFC/mão. O mesmo não se verificou nas análises de detecção de ATP por bioluminescência, em que 40% das tigelas de sopa foram consideradas como tendo uma higienização insatisfatória.
ABSTRACT - Internal Audits for the Food Safety Systems Implemented in University Canteens - University canteens serve meals to hundreds of students, hence the increased concern with the food safety levels of the meals that are produced. Internal audits are performed to evaluate the implemented food safety systems, with a view to identifying potential errors and making the necessary corrections. The objectives of this study were to assess whether the implemented food safety systems ensures food safety, to verify if the requirements of current legislation are applied in university canteens and to make suggestion on the necessary adjustments to the system. To do this, a checklist was created for the evaluation of the five studied establishments, swabs of the hands of the cooks were collected to perform microbiological testing and tests to detect ATP bioluminescence on the tools were performed. Three canteens were rated acceptable (between 81% and 83%) and two canteens were rated satisfactory (above 85%). The modules in which were observed more non-compliant requirements were "toilets and dressing room", "storage at low temperatures" and "distribution area". The microbiological analysis of the hands of the cooks showed that they have a good personal hygiene: the count of mesophilic aerobic microorganisms at 30 °C ranged between 0 and 4.8 x103 CFU/hand and Enterobacteriaceae counts ranged between 0 and 3.0 x10 CFU/hand. The same was not true for the detection of ATP bioluminescence, in which 40% of the soup bowls were found to have a poor hygiene.
Silva, Priscilla Rocha [UNESP]. "Diagnóstico da logística de caqui 'rama forte' e 'fuyu', boas práticas agrícolas e análise dos perigos e pontos críticos de controle." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93478.
Full textConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O Brasil é o quarto produtor mundial de caqui e o Estado de São Paulo responde por aproximadamente 58% da produção nacional. Observa-se uma tendência mundial em exigências quanto à qualidade e segurança do alimento, visto a divulgação de surtos de DTAs (doenças transmitidas por alimentos). Os patógenos responsáveis pelas DTAs podem ser introduzidos nas frutas em qualquer etapa da cadeia produtiva. Deste modo, elaborou-se este trabalho com o objetivo de realizar um diagnóstico das práticas empregadas em pós-colheita do caqui 'Rama Forte' e 'Fuyu', propor medidas de Boas Práticas Agrícolas (BPA) e elaborar um modelo do plano de Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle (APPCC), visando a qualidade e a segurança do alimento para o consumidor. Para diagnosticar os principais perigos e pontos de contaminação no manuseio do caqui, foram aplicados questionários de práticas de campo e pós-colheita em 11 galpões de embalagem de caqui 'Rama Forte' e 'Fuyu', nas principais regiões produtoras do Estado de São Paulo. Amostras para análises microbiológicas foram coletadas em diferentes etapas, da colheita até o varejo, sendo realizadas contagens de bolores e leveduras, coliformes totais e termotolerantes, bem como, pesquisa de Salmonella spp. e Listeria monocytogenes com o sistema BAX®. Os resultados dos questionários indicaram que, o caqui não é submetido a tratamentos fitossanitários pós-colheita; não há aplicação de Boas Práticas Agrícolas e os manipuladores dos diferentes segmentos da cadeia produtiva não recebem treinamento em práticas de higiene pessoal e segurança do alimento. Outros pontos relevantes que comprometem a qualidade do produto e geram perdas significativas são o uso inadequado de embalagens e transporte, o processo de destanização e máquinas de classificação...
It was evaluated the yield, accumulation and exportation of nutrients by sweet pepper plants grafted and non grafted, under protected cultivation. The research was carried out from August 2003 to May 2004, at the Technical School Augusto Tortolero Araújo, part of Paula Souza State Center of Technological Education, in Paraguaçu Paulista, SP, in Brazil. The rootstocks used - AF 2638 and AF 2640, are resistant to Phytophthora capsici Leonian and Meloidogyne incognita race 2. The treatments were constituted of non grafted hybrids 'Rúbia R' and 'Margarita'; grafted on two evaluated rootstocks and grafted on themselves. The experimental design was of completely randomized blocks with eight treatments, four replications and fifteen plants per plot. Five plants were sent for chemical analysis. Evaluations of the total plants height, first fork height, early blossom, length and average number of internodes, total yield and fruits characteristics of 12 harvests, fresh and dry matter of leaves, stems and fruits, were carried out. The samples for the chemical analysis were taken at the 35th, 83th, 135th, 173th and 213th days after transplantation, with the objective of determining the accumulation and exportation of the nutrients. The results proved that the grafted and non grafted plants had average yield, with the average of 132 and 153 t ha-1 for the grafted combinations of 'Rúbia R' and non grafted plants of 'Rúbia R' respectively and 144 and 132 t ha-1 for the grafted combinations of 'Margarita' and non grafted plants of 'Margarita' respectively. The accumulation of the nutrients was equivalent for grafted combinations and non grafted plants, and nutrients in decreasing order of accumulation were: K>N>Ca>Mg>P>S. It was evidenced that grafting sweet pepper plants neither its agronomic performance, nor interfered on the uptake of nutrients' absorption.
Damin, Maria Regina. "Avaliação do efeito da suplementação do leite com hidrolisado de caseína, proteína concentrada de soro e leite em pó desnatado na produção de bioiogurtes fermentados por Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus acidophilus e Bifidobacterium lactis em co-cultura com Streptococcus thermophilus." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9133/tde-11112016-112734/.
Full textThe probiotic bacteria develop slowly in milk and for probiotic yogurt production milk supplementation improves bacteria growth. Beyond that, use of probiotic in combination with Streptococcus thermophiles is common and recommendable. The aim of this research was to evaluate the simultaneous effect of milk supplementation with casein hydrolysate, whey protein concentrate and skim milk powder in the production of bioyogurt. Milk was fermented by Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifídobacterium lactis in co-cultures with Streptococcus thermophiles. The Response Surface Methodology for mixture model was applied and compositions of optimized mixtures for supplementation had been obtained. It was possible to evaluate the effect of the simultaneous supplementation, identify interaction between the ingredients and get optimized compositions of mixture. Mathematical models with lack of fit not significant were obtained and validation experiments confirmed the quality of the adjustment. For co-culture S. thermophiles and L. acidophilus the models were obtained for kinetic parameters time to reach pH 5,0 and 4,5 (tpH5,0 and tpH4,5). The optimization resulted in mixture composition with 50% of casein hydrolysate of casein, 0% of whey protein concentrate and 50% of skim milk powder, with fit the desirability in 95%.The acidifying profiles of pure cultures and co-culture of Streptococcus thermophiles and Lactobacillus acidophilus in milk prepared with the optimum ingredients amounts calculated by RSM and control milk were studied. Stability and bacterial viability during 28 days of cold storage for bioyogurts produced with optimum and control milk had been studied, using co-culture of S. thermophiles and L. acidophilus. The loss of viability of bacteria, post-acidification and texture properties were examined. The microstructure of the two bioyogurts has been analyzed. All produced bioyogurts could have been considered probiotics, as the populations were higher than the minimum recommended one for promotion of beneficial effect to the health. Bioyogurt from milk supplemented at optimum region resulted in 32% of reduction on time necessary to reach pH 4.5, in comparison with that produced from control milk. The S. thermophiles counting remained stable, while L. acidophilus counts decreased, even so the populations were . superior to 1 billion at 28 days of storage. The firmness, yield stress τ0 , elastic G\' and viscous G\" modulus of optimum milk were superior to control milk during the study, while the structural recovery presented opposite behavior. The analysis of the micrographs of optimum milk and the control showed greater number of pores with small diameter for the former, indicating a denser structure.
Fröder, Hans. "Emprego de um método molecular para avaliar a presença de Listeria monocytogenes em saladas de hortaliças folhosas minimamente processadas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9131/tde-17052005-144411/.
Full textThe increasing demand for fresh fruits and vegetables, associated with the desire of convenient goodies, is causing an expansion on the market share of minimally processed products (MP). Minimal processing includes operations such as washing, cutting, peeling and packaging of the product. Amongst pathogenic microorganisms that can be transmitted by MP vegetables are: Listeria monocytogenes (Lm), Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella sp. Searching for these microorganisms is labor intense and time-consuming, however new methods for fast detection of pathogens are commercially available. Methods employing molecular technology are becoming more popular and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is now a good choice. There is an automatized PCR system (BAX®System) that can be used for Lm detection in up to 54 h. The aims of this study was to evaluate the microflora of MP vegetables and to evaluate the effectiveness of the BAX®System for screening Lm on those products. From March to July 2003, 181 samples of MP salads were collected at retail level in the city of São Paulo, SP. Total and faecal coliforms, Enterobacteriaceae, psychrotrophic microorganisms enumeration and Salmonella evaluation were conducted in 133 samples. L. monocytogenes was assessed in 181 samples using the BAX®System and also by plating the enrichment broth onto palcam and Oxford agars. Suspected colonies of Listeria were submited to classical biochemical tests. Population of psychrotrophic microorganisms >106 CFU/g was observed in 51% of the 133 samples and Enterobacteriaceae population between 105 - 106 CFU/g was in 42%. 97 samples (73%) showed population of faecal coliforms >102 CFU/g (Brazilian standard) and Salmonella was detected in 4 samples (3%). L. monocytogenes was detected in 1 spinach sample (0,6%) out of the 181 examined MP vegetables. This positive sample was simultaneously detected by both methods. The other Listeria species identified by plating were L. welshimeri (1 sample of curly lettuce) and L. innocua (2 watercress samples). The results indicate that the MP vegetables had poor microbiological quality and could be vehicle of pathogens such as Salmonella. BAX®System showed good specificity and sensitivity when used for vegetable analysis and was easier to perform and faster than the classical method.
Silva, Priscilla Rocha 1973. "Diagnóstico da logística de caqui 'rama forte' e 'fuyu', boas práticas agrícolas e análise dos perigos e pontos críticos de controle /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93478.
Full textAbstract: It was evaluated the yield, accumulation and exportation of nutrients by sweet pepper plants grafted and non grafted, under protected cultivation. The research was carried out from August 2003 to May 2004, at the Technical School Augusto Tortolero Araújo, part of Paula Souza State Center of Technological Education, in Paraguaçu Paulista, SP, in Brazil. The rootstocks used - AF 2638 and AF 2640, are resistant to Phytophthora capsici Leonian and Meloidogyne incognita race 2. The treatments were constituted of non grafted hybrids 'Rúbia R' and 'Margarita'; grafted on two evaluated rootstocks and grafted on themselves. The experimental design was of completely randomized blocks with eight treatments, four replications and fifteen plants per plot. Five plants were sent for chemical analysis. Evaluations of the total plants height, first fork height, early blossom, length and average number of internodes, total yield and fruits characteristics of 12 harvests, fresh and dry matter of leaves, stems and fruits, were carried out. The samples for the chemical analysis were taken at the 35th, 83th, 135th, 173th and 213th days after transplantation, with the objective of determining the accumulation and exportation of the nutrients. The results proved that the grafted and non grafted plants had average yield, with the average of 132 and 153 t ha-1 for the grafted combinations of 'Rúbia R' and non grafted plants of 'Rúbia R' respectively and 144 and 132 t ha-1 for the grafted combinations of 'Margarita' and non grafted plants of 'Margarita' respectively. The accumulation of the nutrients was equivalent for grafted combinations and non grafted plants, and nutrients in decreasing order of accumulation were: K>N>Ca>Mg>P>S. It was evidenced that grafting sweet pepper plants neither its agronomic performance, nor interfered on the uptake of nutrients' absorption.
Orientador: Eliane Aparecida Benato Rodrigues da Silva
Coorientador: Maria Fernanda P. M. de Castro
Banca: Rogério Lopes Vieites
Banca: José Maria Monteiro Sigrist
Mestre
ANGRI, MATTEO. "FOOD SAFETY AND QUALITY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: THE ROLE OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/10797.
Full textThe safety and quality of food are still a critical issue in developing countries. Diets with a low content of folic acid, for example, may cause serious health problems, especially in children. Severe disorders related to neural tube (NTD) in infants may arise from mothers having inadequate intakes of folic acid (400-600 g/dia) during the mother pregnancy period. Moreover foods, when not properly protected or treated, can be vectors of pathogenic fungi and bacteria thereby representing a potential source of human diseases and an economical loss for the food industry. In the following thesis we have therefore investigated the role of selected lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in increasing the nutritional value of milk through the production of folic acid during the fermentation process. In addition, we focused on their use as “bio-preservatives” against fungal and bacterial spoilage, through the synthesis of antimicrobial compounds (bacteriocins) able to inhibit the growth of filamentous fungi and /or pathogenic bacteria.
Laer, Ana Eucares von. "Caracterização de Escherichia coli produtoras de toxina de Shiga (STEC) isoladas na produção de bovinos de cortes e nas respectivas carcaças dos animais abatidos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9131/tde-17102016-153142/.
Full textShiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are considered important foodborne pathogens that have the intestinal tract of ruminants, in particular cattle, as reservoir. These microorganisms are associated with severe human diseases as hemorrhagic colitis (HC) and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). The aims of this research were to evaluate the occurrence of STEC from different sources during the feedlot cattle breeding and slaughtering; detecting the presence of stx1, stx2, ehxA and eaeA genes; identifying O157:H7 strains through uidA; evidencing Stx and Eh production capacity; identifying stx and eaeA variants and determining STEC strains serotypes and genetic diversity. The potentially pathogenic strains were screened by detection of stx1, stx2, ehxA, eaeA and uidA, and Eh production, amongst 628 isolates studied. Fifty isolates were identified as STEC and 12 others as atypical EPEC. Among the STEC isolates, 76% were from feces, 18% from carcasses and 6% from water samples. Six strains isolated from feces and one from carcass were serotyped as O157:H7, ali being positive for the uidA. No other serogroup linked to outbreaks or sporadic cases of HC and HUS were found. From the 30 strains that showed cytotoxic effect on Vero cells, the great majority (96.7%) was positive for stx. Using an immunochromatographic assay, it was possible to identify the type of Stx produced by 17 out of the 50 STEC strains. All but one of these strains harbored the gene correspondent to the identified toxin. The other strain, even though producing both toxins, presented only stx2. It was possible to determine by PFGE the dissemination and persistence of STEC strains among the animals. 14/50 (28%) STEC strains were positive for the variant Stx2d activatable. Amongst 21 eaeA-positive strains, the variants of this gene were detected only in eight, being seven positive for eae-γ and the other eae-β. The results showed that uidA gene can be considered an excellent tool for screening O157:H7 strains. On the other hand, ehxA and Eh production, could not be considered as good markers for Stx-positive strains detection. A great diversity of serotypes/serogroups was observed among typical STEC strains. It is important to notice that this is the first report of O157:H7 strains in carcasses trom feedlot cattle in Brazil. The detection of STEC strain in fecal samples and in carcasses trom feedlot cattle evidences the potential public health risk, once these strains can contaminate the final product.
Jesus, Daniele Almeida de. "Qualidade microbiológica de amostras de açúcar mascavo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11141/tde-17092010-170504/.
Full textSamples of brown sugar available in different establishments in the city of Araras - SP were acquired for analysis. In the total 49 packages of sugar were collected during a period of four months. The analyses were performed to evaluate the quality of that product for the consumer. Microbiological tests were performed to search the following microorganisms: mesophilic bacteria, yeasts and molds, thermophilic flat-sour spores, thermophilic anaerobic H2S-producing spores, thermophilic anaerobic non-producing H2S spores, Salmonella and total and thermotolerant coliforms. Also humidity (%) and water activity were determined for the samples. The analysis results presented variations in the concentrations of microorganisms studied, being the mesophilic bacteria and thermophilic \"flat-sour\" spores the ones with highest scores, followed by yeasts and molds. All brands showed absence of Salmonella and total and thermotolerant coliforms, in accordance with the Brazilian legislation. Regarding the National Canners Association standards, only brands A, G, H and J were suited to these demands, the others being in disagreement. For the International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis (ICUMSA), standards no brands obtained satisfactory results in relation to microbiological quality. The moisture content ranged from 1.94 to 3.63% and the values of water activity ranged from 0.55 to 0.64, significant difference at 5% significance level. By the results it is considered that the brands are marketed under the law of the country, but most brands do not meet international standards. Humidity rates ranged from 1.94 to 3.63% and water activity ranged from 0.55 to 0.64, with significant difference at 5% significance level. By the results obtained it is considered that all brands sold are in accordance to the laws of the country, but most brands do not meet the international standards.
Valera, Martínez María José. "Development of techniques for the analysis of acetic acid bacteria populations and their interaction in different food environments." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284451.
Full textEl desarrollo de técnicas moleculares para la detección, identificación y tipificación de bacterias acéticas es la clave para una mejor comprensión de la coexistencia de esta microbiota relacionada con productos alimentarios. Se han aplicado diferentes técnicas dependientes e independientes de cultivo para la identificación y cuantificación de bacterias acéticas que se encuentran en uvas sanas y vino procedentes de las Islas Canarias, así como en biofilm de vinagre de fresa. Se detectaron especies y géneros de bacterias acéticas que no habían sido anteriormente descritos en estos nichos. El diseño de cebadores específicos y sondas TaqMan-MGB sobre la región del espaciador intergénico (ITS) entre los genes 16S-23S rRNA permitió la detección de dos especies muy relacionadas como son Acetobacter malorum y Acetobacter cerevisiae mediante PCR en tiempo real. El uso de cebadores degenerados hizo posible la detección de la presencia del gen que codifica la celulosa sintasa y correlacionar este gen con el fenotipo de producción de celulosa en bacterias acéticas de diferentes especies. Por otra parte, el screening funcional realizado sobre el genoma de Komagataeibacter europaeus Gae02 permitió la detección de una proteína, con secuencia homóloga a la actividad prefenato dehidratasa, que presentó actividad quorum quenching.
The development of molecular techniques for detection, identification and typing of Acetic Acid Bacteria is the key for a better understanding of the coexistence of this microbiota in food products. Different culture-dependent and -independent techniques were applied for the identification and the enumeration of Acetic Acid Bacteria microbiota present on healthy grapes and in wine of the Canary Islands as well as in strawberry vinegar biofilm. Species and genera of AAB not previously reported in these niches were detected. The design of specific primers and TaqMan-MGB probes in the 16S-23S rRNA gene internal transcribed region was successfully performed for the detection of the closely related species of Acetobacter malorum and Acetobacter cerevisiae using Real-Time PCR. The use of degenerated primers allowed the detection of cellulose synthase gene and the correlation of this gene with the cellulose production phenotype in AAB strains of different species. On the other hand, the functional screening in the genome of Komagataeibacter europaeus Gae02 allowed the detection of one protein, homologous to prephenate dehydratase, with quorum quenching activity.
Sangaletti, Naiane. "Estudo da vida útil do queijo Minas frescal disponível no mercado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11141/tde-19102007-100720/.
Full textThe Minas fresh cheese is very perishable product and its a short shelf life. Good practical of hygienic condition is necessary during its production and adjusted storage to prevent the proliferation of pathogenic and damage microorganism. This work had the objective evaluating the shelf life of the Minas fresh cheese for 30 days storaged at 4°C, through sensorial analyses, microbiological and physic-chemistries. Six marks of Minas fresh cheese commercialized in supermarkets in city Piracicaba/SP were selected, those are registered in Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF), but just one of them is inside of the standards of the current law (BRASIL, 2001). The select cheese was acquire direct of the Factory Dairy. The analyses were carried out in the periods of 1, 10, 20 and 30 days after the manufacturing of the product in the three different lots named A, B and C. The counting of the population of psychrotrophic microorganism total, psychrotrophic proteolytic, psychrotrophic lipolytic, lactic acidy bacteria as well as of mesophilic bacteria pesent constant increase showing growth of 8,50, 8,04, 8,30, 6,05 and 7,7 log UFC/g, respectively. On the 30th day of the lot C the product showed improper for the consumption with 1,7x104 NMP/g de Escherichia coli. It was observed a reduction of pH of 6,66 the 5,85 (0,81) and the increase of the lactic acidy of 0,044 the 0,07% (0,026%). The content of the cheese fat was 21,3% therefore its reduction wasn't observed. The amount of free fatty acid was determined by lipolysis which increased in 0,22 mg KOH/g of fat together with the evolution of the lipolytics microorganisms. The protein varied from 21,30% to 22,10% without difference significant statistics. The sensorial analysis carried through by the test of acceptance out the hedônic scale had punctuation between 6,5 the 7,5 what it indicates that the judges liked slightly and moderately respectively during the period of 30 days. The conclusion is that the development of the mesophilic bacteria, total psychrotrophic microorganism total, psychrotrophic proteolytic, psychrotrophic lipolytic and lactic acidy bacteria has constant growth in the cheese under refrigeration taking it this if to spoil with passing of the time. In the same way the significant increase of the acidity and free fatty acid. Despite of the increase of the microorganisms and the chemical alterations the product did not have sensorial changes how much to the attributes appearance, color, odor, flavor and in the presence the storage days. A time that the cheese is produced under excellent sanitary conditions hygienical, it is capable to reach the period of 30 days of shelf life when kept 4° C.
Killner, Mario. "Paralelos entre métodos fenotípicos, imunológicos e genotípicos para detecção rápida de Salmonella spp em matrizes alimentares sem contaminação experimental: avaliação em condições reais e simultâneas de uso." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9131/tde-07082008-074638/.
Full textSalmonella spp is an important foodborne pathogen. The detection in foods by the cultural methodology takes at least five days to be completed and several automated systems and kits are available in the market for rapid detection of this pathogen. Most rapid methods are validated by internationally recognized organizations, but most validations have been conducted in artificial laboratory conditions, working with inoculated food samples, hardly reflecting the real conditions of a routine testing laboratory. In this study, seven immunological and genotypic rapid methods were used simultaneously for the detection of Salmonella spp in 244 non-inoculated food samples, and compared to the ISO 6754:2002 cultural method, used as reference. The rapid methods evaluated were BAX Salmonella, VIDAS Salmonella (SLM), Transia Plate Salmonella Gold, TECRA UNIQUE SALMONELLA, VIP Salmonella, Singlepath Salmonella and 1-2 Test. The lowest detection level for each method was also determined using three different food matrices experimentally contaminated with five levels of inoculum. Based on results obtained by the ISO 6754:2002 method, 50 (20.5%) samples were positive for Salmonella spp. In the conditions of the study, the agreement percentage of positive results obtained by each rapid method when compared to the positive results of the reference method varied between 42.3% and 100% in the non-inoculated food samples and between 75% and 100% in the experimentally contaminated samples, depending on the method and the tested food matrix. All rapid methods presented false-positive and false-negative results, and their frequency varied according to the method and the tested food matrix. Results confirmed that these rapids methods should be used for screening exclusively, and the selection of a rapid method for detection of Salmonella spp in foods may have an intrinsic risk. The degree of this risk needs to be determined before a particular method is selected.
Mariano, Luísa Alexandra Antunes. "Qualidade dos alimentos prontos a servir do distrito de Aveiro." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/7972.
Full textNos últimos anos, observou-se um aumento do consumo de alimentos prontos a comer em estabelecimentos de restauração a nível mundial. Consequentemente, a vigilância microbiológica dos alimentos produzidos nestas unidades tornou-se uma área de grande interesse do ponto de vista da Saúde Publica. O objectivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade microbiológica dos alimentos prontos a comer (alimentos cozinhados, alimentos mistos e saladas) servidos em restaurantes, escolas e lares do Distrito de Aveiro. Esta avaliação foi realizada de acordo com a legislação elaborada pelo Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge. O período de estudo foi de sete anos (2004 a 2010). Foram estudadas 3295 amostras de alimentos e 2031 amostras de utensílios utilizados na confecção dos alimentos. Os alimentos e utensílios foram submetidos e avaliados através de análises microbiológicas de quantificação de microrganismos a 30°C, bolores e leveduras, coliformes totais, E. coli, S. aureus, Clostridium e presença de Listeria e Salmonella. Os resultados mostraram que os alimentos mistos foram os que apresentaram maior percentagem de amostras não satisfatórias (41%). Dos três tipos de instituições estudadas os restaurantes foram os que apresentaram alimentos com pior qualidade microbiológica (25% de amostras não satisfatórias) e os lares foram as que apresentaram menos amostras não satisfatórias (14% de amostras não satisfatórias). Nas escolas a percentagem de amostras não satisfatórias foi de 15%. Os microrganismos a 30°C foram os que mais frequentemente ultrapassaram o valor legislado (em 19% das amostras). Os microrganismos patogénicos mais implicados na má qualidade dos alimentos foram os Staphylococcus aureus (ultrapassaram o valor limite em 1% das amostras). Durante o período de estudo observou-se um aumento progressivo da qualidade microbiológica dos alimentos prontos a comer. Apesar da implementação do sistema HACCP nos estabelecimentos de restauração em Portugal em 1998, a percentagem de alimentos prontos a comer, servidos nestes estabelecimentos, que apresentam má qualidade microbiológica é ainda muito alta (18% em média).
In recent years, emerged a trend of increasing consumption of ready to eat food in catering establishments worldwide. Consequently, the microbiological surveillance of food produced in these units has become an area of great interest from the point of view of Public Health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of ready to eat food (cooked food, mixed food and salads) served in restaurants, schools and nursing homes in the District of Aveiro. This evaluation was performed in accordance with the rules established by the National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge. The study period was seven years (2004 to 2010), and were analyzed 3295 samples of food and 2031 samples of cooking utensils. The food and cooking utensils were evaluated through microbiological quantification of microorganisms at 30 ° C, yeasts and molds, total coliforms, E. coli, S. aureus, Clostridium and presence of Listeria and Salmonella. The results showed that mixed food presented the highest percentage of unsatisfactory samples (41%). Of the three types of institutions studied, the restaurants were those with the worst microbiological quality of food (25% of unsatisfactory samples) and old nursing homes showed the best quality (14% of unsatisfactory samples). In schools the percentage of unsatisfactory samples was 15%. Microorganisms at 30 ° C were the parameter that more often exceeded the legislated value (19% of samples). The pathogenic microorganisms most commonly implicated in the poor quality of food were Staphylococcus aureus (exceeded the limit in 1% of samples). During the study period there was a progressive increase in the microbiological quality of ready to eat food. Despite the implementation of HACCP in restaurants in Portugal in 1998, the percentage of ready to eat food served in these establishments that present a poor microbiological quality is still very high (18% on average).
Oliveira, Ricardo Pinheiro de Souza. "Condições microbiológicas e avaliação da pasteurização em amostras de leite comercializadas no município de Piracicaba - SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11141/tde-18072005-164621/.
Full textMilk is one of the most valuable of all foods in nature and its importance is based on its high nutritive value. Milk is rich in proteins, vitamins, fat, mineral salts, and high digestibility. These factors are relevant for it to be considered an excellent culture medium for most microorganisms. Pasteurization is necessary and its main purpose is to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms, in addition to reducing to the maximum the number of microorganisms in general. However, some of them may still outlive the thermal treatment applied. The aim of this project was to evaluate the microbiological conditions and efficiency of the industrial pasteurization of type-A,-B and-C milk, and the microbiological conditions of raw milk, through the number of mesophillic, thermophilic and psychrotrophic aerobe bacteria, Staphylococcus positive coagulase, through the determination of the Most Probable Number (MPN) of total and fecal coliforms, and also through the research on Salmonella spp. in 30 samples of milk commercialized in Piracicaba-SP. Based on DIPOA legislation (Brazil, 2002), the results showed that 44.4% of the type-A milk samples did not meet the microbiological standard for mesophillic aerobe for total and fecal coliforms, 66.7% and 55.6% of the same milk samples, respectively, were not in accordance with the present legislation. For the type-B milk, no sample failed to meet the microbiological standard in relation to mesophillic aerobes. However, for total and fecal coliforms, 33.3% of the samples were in disagreement with the present legislation. Type-C milk was the one presenting the best result. All samples were in accordance with the microbiological analysis performed in this work. The raw milk examined showed high values for all microbiological analyses. No infected samples with Salmonella spp. were found in the analyzed milk samples. The greatest value found for Staphylococcus positive coagulase was 1.1 x 102 UFC/mL, thus, far from the infective dose, although somewhat concearning since milk is considered na excellent environment for the infestation of bacteria. After the pasteurization (62.8ºC/30) performed in the Food Microbiology Laboratory, of the Agroindustry, Foods and Nutrition Department, ESALQ/USP, all samples that analyzed again, based on the microbiological parameters mentioned above, met the national legislation in force (Brazil, 2002). The results found in the research may be an indication of probable failures regarding time/temperature during the industrial pasteurization; infected raw-material; defecient sanitation of product lines or post-pasteurization contamination.
Rosa, Vanessa Pires da. "Efeitos da atmosfera modificada e da irradiação sobre as características microbiológicas, físico-químicas e sensoriais do queijo minas frescal." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11141/tde-08092004-155552/.
Full textThe experiment was divided into two parts. Initially, it was studied the Minas Frescal cheeses packed under atmospheric air, modified atmosphere of 70% CO2 and 30% N2 (ATM) and vacuum. Second the cheeses packed under these three treatments had been radiated by doses of 2 KGy. In the two parts of the experiment, it was analyzed the microbial evolution and, the sensory and physical-chemical characteristics of the cheeses under the different treatments during a 4ºC-storage. In the first phase of the experiment it was verified that the ATM and the vacuum decreased the intensity of the total population growth of aerobic mesophilic and psichorotrophs and had reduced the population of Staphylococcus positive coagulase, but they had not been efficient controlling the total coliforms and Escherichia coli, while in control all the populations had continuously grown, according to the sensory characteristics of the cheeses, color, odor and appearance. These characteristics were kept the same during the 40 days of storage, and the control decreased the acceptability levels gradually, being rejected in the 17th day. In the second part of the experiment, it was observed that a 2KGy-irradiation over the Minas Frescal cheeses reduced the populations of aerobic mesophilic, aerobic and anaerobic psichorotrophs, Staphylococcus positive coagulase, total coliforms and Escherichia coli. The ATM and vacuum treatments were very efficient therefore they prevented the growth of these microrganisms during the storage, while in control, the aerobic mesophilic and psichrotrophs population grew during the storage. According to sensory aspects, the ATM treatment was the most efficient one, because it kept the appearance, texture and flavor for more than 43 days while the vacuum kept for 36 days and the control for only 8 days. The use of the irradiation with modified atmosphere and low temperatures of storage increased the shelflife of the cheeses, hindering the growth of the microbial populations in the product and keeping product sensory characteristics.
Castro, Maria Rita de Cássia Contin. "Avaliação da qualidade microbiológica de leite humano cru recebido em Banco de Leite Humano." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11141/tde-21112006-143442/.
Full textThis paper aimed to analyze the microbiological quality of the raw human milk which is received in a human milk bank (HMB) by quantifying the aerobic mesophiles, Staphylococcus aureus (SCP), total coliforms and Escherichia coli. Sixty (60) samples of raw human milk received in HMB were microbiologic analyzed and the results were as follows: the E. coli microorganism was positive in 50% of the analyzed samples, the total coliforms were in 75% of them, the ECP in 46,6% and in 96,6% of the total amount of samples aerobic mesophiles microorganisms were detected. From the total analyzed samples, the population of E. coli was positive in 93,33% (28 samples) with a variation between 1 and 99 NMP/mL; 3,33% (1 sample) was between 104 and 9,9x104 NMP/mL; 3,33% (1 sample) was from 105 to 9,9x105 NMP/mL. The population of the total coliforms which was positive in 57,77% (26 samples) of the total analyzed samples were between 1 and 99 NMP/mL; 24,4% (11 samples) were between 102 and 9,9x102 NMP/mL; 2,22% (1 sample) were between 103 and 9,9x103 NMP/mL; 8,88% (4 samples) were between 104 and 9,9x104 NMP/mL; 4,44% (2 samples) between 105 and 9,9x105 NMP/mL and in 2,22% (1 sample) from 106 to 9,9x106 NMP/mL. The aerobic mesophiles microorganisms were presented in almost all the samples, being: 17,24% (10 samples) with a variation of 1 to 99 UFC/mL; 17,24% (10 samples) between 102 and 9,9x102 UFC/mL; 10,34% (6 samples) were between 103 and 9,9x103 UFC/mL; 25,86% (15 samples) between 104 and 9,9x104 UFC/mL; 17,24% (10 samples) between 105 and 9,9x105 UFC/mL; 10,34% (6 samples) between 106 and 9,9x106 UFC/mL and in 1,72% (1 sample) between 107 and 9,9x107 UFC/mL. However 3,33% (2 samples) showed to be negative. From the total analyzed samples, the SCP group presented in 78,57% (22 samples) with a variation between 1 and 99 UFC/mL; 3,57% (1 sample) between 102 and 9,9 x 102 UFC/mL; 10,71% (3 samples) between 103 e 9,9x103 UFC/mL and 7,14% (2 samples) were between 104 and 9,9x104 UFC/mL.
Domingues, Joana Cardoso dos Reis. "Sistema HACCP: implementação do sistema de autocontrolo num catering de aviação." Bachelor's thesis, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/870.
Full textA transmissão de agentes patogénicos através do consumo de alimentos pode constituir um problema sério de Saúde Pública e, por isso, as questões relacionadas com a segurança alimentar têm suscitado uma crescente preocupação nas autoridades, indústrias, produtores, fornecedores e consumidores. Sinal desta preocupação é toda uma nova legislação alimentar que tem sido desenvolvida. A Análise de Risco é uma ferramenta fundamental para a implementação de sistemas de autocontrolo da cadeia alimentar, como o Sistema HACCP que, assente em sete princípios, de carácter pró-activo, sistemático e científico, valoriza a prevenção em detrimento dos testes ao produto final e tem por objectivo identificar os perigos e concentrar o controlo da produção de alimentos para consumo nos chamados pontos críticos de controlo (PCC). Igualmente indispensável, para a eficácia do Sistema HACCP, é a implementação de programas de pré-requisitos, como as boas práticas de higiene e de fabrico, assim como a formação e sensibilização de todos os operadores da cadeia alimentar para esta problemática. Tendo como exemplo um catering de aviação, viu-se realçada precisamente a importância da sólida implementação dos programas de pré-requisitos, do total envolvimento e sentido de responsabilidade dos manipuladores e da actuação dirigida, persistente e determinada da equipa HACCP responsável.
ABSTRACT - Food-borne illness is a serious Public Health problem. This fact has increased public awareness and is today a major concern to authorities, industry, production, supplying sectors and consumers, as a new food hygiene legislation is being created. Risk Analysis is a fundamental tool for the implementation of self-control systems in the food chain, such as the HACCP which is based in seven principles, has an active, systematic and scientific character prioritizing prevention instead of testing of the final product. The objective of this method is to identify hazards and center food production control in critical control points (CCP). The implementation of prerequisites, such as good manufacturing practice and good hygiene practice, are vital for the efficiency of the HACCP. The consciousness of the food industry operators, along with continuous training programs of the operators play an important role to solve the problem. This essay applies the above concepts to a flight catering business where the establishment of a self-control system, along with employee training, and a firm hold, guidance and persistent actions of the HACCP team is enhanced.
Moreirinha, Ana Catarina Fernandes. "Development of infrared spectroscopy for assessing bacterial quality in foods." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/15278.
Full textRapid and specific detection of foodborne bacteria that can cause food spoilage or illness associated to its consumption is an increasingly important task in food industry. Bacterial detection, identification, and classification are generally performed using traditional methods based on biochemical or serological tests and the molecular methods based on DNA or RNA fingerprints. However, these methodologies are expensive, time consuming and laborious. Infrared spectroscopy is a reliable, rapid, and economic technique which could be explored as a tool for bacterial analysis in the food industry. In this thesis it was evaluated the potential of IR spectroscopy to study the bacterial quality of foods. In Chapter 2, it was developed a calibration model that successfully allowed to predict the bacterial concentration of naturally contaminated cooked ham samples kept at refrigeration temperature during 8 days. In this part, it was developed the methodology that allowed the best reproducibility of spectra from bacteria colonies with minimal sample preparation, which was used in the subsequent work. Several attempts trying different resolutions and number of scans in the IR were made. A spectral resolution of 4 cm-1, with 32 scans were the settings that allowed the best results. Subsequently, in Chapter 3, it was made an attempt to identify 22 different foodborne bacterial genera/species using IR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate analysis. The principal component analysis, used as an exploratory technique, allowed to form distinct groups, each one corresponding to a different genus, in most of the cases. Then, a hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to further analyse the group formation and the possibility of distinction between species of the same bacterial genus. It was observed that IR spectroscopy not only is suitable to the distinction of the different genera, but also to differentiate species of the same genus, with the simultaneous use of principal component analysis and cluster analysis techniques. The utilization of IR spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis were also investigated in Chapter 4, in order to confirm the presence of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. isolated from contaminated foods, after growth in selective medium. This would allow to substitute the traditional biochemical and serological methods that are used to confirm these pathogens and that delay the obtainment of the results up to 2 days. The obtained results allowed the distinction of 3 different Listeria species and the distinction of Salmonella spp. from other bacteria that can be mistaken with them. Finally, in chapter 5, high pressure processing, an emerging methodology that permits to produce microbiologically safe foods and extend their shelf-life, was applied to 12 foodborne bacteria to determine their resistance and the effects of pressure in cells. A treatment of 300 MPa, during 15 minutes at room temperature was applied. Gram-negative bacteria were inactivated to undetectable levels and Gram-positive showed different resistances. Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus decreased only 2 logs and Listeria innocua decreased about 5 logs. IR spectroscopy was performed in bacterial colonies before and after HPP in order to investigate the alterations of the cellular compounds. It was found that high pressure alters bands assigned to some cellular components as proteins, lipids, oligopolysaccharides, phosphate groups from the cell wall and nucleic acids, suggesting disruption of the cell envelopes. In this work, bacterial quantification and classification, as well as assessment of cellular compounds modification with high pressure processing were successfully performed. Taking this into account, it was showed that IR spectroscopy is a very promising technique to analyse bacteria in a simple and inexpensive manner.
A deteção rápida e específica de bactérias que podem provocar deterioração de alimentos ou doenças associadas ao seu consumo é cada vez mais importante na indústria alimentar. A deteção, identificação e classificação de bactérias são geralmente realizadas utilizando métodos tradicionais baseados em testes bioquímicos e/ou serológicos e em métodos moleculares baseados em análise de DNA ou RNA. Contudo, estas metodologias são dispendiosas, demoradas e trabalhosas. A espectroscopia de infravermelho é uma técnica confiável, rápida e económica, que pode ser explorada como ferramenta para a indústria alimentar. Nesta tese foi avaliado o potencial da espectroscopia de infravermelho para estudar a qualidade bacteriana de alimentos. No capítulo 2, foi desenvolvido um modelo de calibração que permitiu prever com sucesso a concentração bacteriana de fiambre naturalmente contaminado, mantido em refrigeração durante 8 dias. Nesta parte, foi desenvolvida a metodologia que permitiu obter a melhor reprodutibilidade dos espectros das colónias de bactérias, com preparação mínima das amostras, que foi utilizada no trabalho subsequente. Foram realizadas várias tentativas para a obtenção de espectros de infravermelho, testando diferentes resoluções e número de scans. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos utilizando uma resolução espectral de 4 cm-1 e 32 varrimentos. De seguida, no capítulo 3, foi feita uma tentativa de identificar 22 bactérias provenientes de alimentos usando a espectroscopia de infravermelho associada a análise multivariada. A análise de componentes principais, utilizada como método exploratório, permitiu a formação de grupos distintos, cada um correspondendo a um género diferente, na grande maioria dos casos. Posteriormente, foi realizada uma análise hierárquica por clusters de forma a investigar a formação de grupos e a possibilidade de distinção de espécies dentro de um mesmo género de bactérias. Observou-se que a espectroscopia de infravermelho é adequada não só para a distinção de diferentes géneros, mas também para diferenciar espécies dentro de um mesmo género, com o uso simultâneo de análise de componentes principais e análise hierárquica por clusters. A utilização de espectroscopia de infravermelho e análise estatística multivariada foram também investigadas no capítulo 4 para confirmação da presença de Listeria monocytogenes e Salmonella spp., isoladas a partir de alimentos contaminados, após crescimento em meio selectivo. Isto permitiria a substituição dos métodos bioquímicos e serológicos que são usados para confirmar a presença destas bactérias patogénicas e que podem atrasar a obtenção de resultados por 2 dias. Os resultados obtidos permitiram a distinção de Salmonella spp. de outras bactérias que se possam confundir com elas. Por fim, no capítulo 5, o processamento por alta pressão, uma metodologia emergente que permite produzir alimentos microbiologicamente seguros e aumentar o seu tempo de prateleira, foi aplicada a 12 bactérias alimentares, de forma a determinar a sua resistência e os efeitos da pressão a nível das células. Foi aplicado um tratamento de 300 MPa, à temperatura ambiente e durante 15 minutos. As bactérias de Gram-negativo foram inativadas até níveis não detetáveis, enquanto as de Gram-positivo mostraram diferentes níveis de resistência. As espécies Bacillus cereus e Staphyloccus aureus decresceram apenas 2 unidades logarítmicas enquanto a espécie Listeria innocua diminuiu cerca de 5 unidades logarítmicas. A espectroscopia de infravermelho foi utilizada na análise das colónias bacterianas antes e após o tratamento por alta pressão, de forma a investigar as alterações que são provocadas nos componentes celulares com este tipo de processamento. Descobriu-se que a alta pressão altera bandas espectrais correspondentes a alguns componentes celulares, de entre os quais proteínas, lípidos, oligopolissacarídeos, grupos fosfato da parede celular e ácidos nucleicos, podendo indicar rutura da parede/membrana celular. Neste trabalho, a quantificação de bactérias e a sua classificação, bem como a análise de modificação nos componentes celulares após processamento por alta pressão foram realizados com sucesso. Assim, a espectroscopia de infravermelho demonstrou ser uma técnica bastante promissora para analisar bactérias provenientes de alimentos de uma forma simples e pouco dispendiosa.
Nunes, Tatiana Pacheco. "Efeito da irradiação combinada à embalagem em atmosfera modificada na qualidade de rúcula (Eruca sativa Mill.) minimamente processada." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9131/tde-03112016-180803/.
Full textChanges in consumption habits and the presence of bioactive compounds with antioxidant capacity, which have the property to protect against degenerative disease, has increased the demand for minimally processed vegetables. Since foodbome diseases associated with these vegetables are increasing problems on the intemational scene, this study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of associating irradiation with modified atmosphere packaging (15% O2, 5% CO2 and 80 % N2) in minimally processed arugula (Eruca sativa Mill.), to ensure the food safety. Sanitization in ozone-treated water (0.08 ppm/5 minites) reduced psychrotrophic, mesophilic, lactic acid bacteria, Pseudomonas and fecal coliform by 1 log. Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella were not isolated in samples. D10 values for Salmonella and L. monocytogenes inoculated in arugula samples ranged frem 0.16 to 0.22 kGy and from 0.33 to 0.48 kGy, respectively, not statistically different (P> 0.05) with the type of packaging used (air and modified atmosphere). The 2 kGy dose with modified atmosphere packaging was the most efficient treatment reducing the population of L monocytogenes at non detectable levels during the storage period up to 16 days at 5°C. The vitamin C content decreased in irradiated (1 and 2 kGy) and non-irradiated samples during the storage period, on the other hand, irradiation caused a very significant increase in flavonoid content. No significant change in carotenoids with pro-vitaminic A activity content was observed after irradiation or storage period. The sensory evaluation showed that the exposition to 2 kGy did not affect the acceptance of arugula. What is more, the population risk perception of food irradiation is significantly influenced (P≤:0.05) by the type of the given information. The combination of irradiation and Good Manufacture Practices improve the microbiological safety of these products, however it is necessary to provide more information about this technology so it can be commercially acceptable in Brazil.
Cordeiro, Daniela. "Qualidade do mexilhão Perna perna submetido ao processo combinado de cocção, congelamento e armazenamento." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11141/tde-27102005-150046/.
Full textThe mussels cultivated in the coast North of São Paulo, city of Ubatuba, are commercialized in natura, constituting risk to the population. With the growth of the activity it is possible to suggest the implantation of a unit of mussel processing that promotes an increase of the storage time, facilitating the commercialization and allowing the exportation, besides supplying to the consumer a product of better quality. The mussels had been submitted to the processing for cooking, freezing and storage, being then determined the freezing point, the speed of freezing to the curves of freezing of the semidesconchado mussel. The microbiological quality and physicochemical of the product were evaluated. The processing of the mussel was started with the immersion in boiling water per 10 minutes. After the withdrawal of the shells, the mussels had been frozen individually IQF (Individually Quick Frozen) at -20ºC and stored at -18ºC during 90 days. The curve of freezing of the mussel presented typical general form, with the freezing point placing from zero to -1,5ºC; the freezing speed varied from 2 cm.h-1 to 3,3 cm.h-1, as the disposal
Harami, Juliana Bolfarini. "Desenvolvimento de cereal em barra com gelado comestível simbiótico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9133/tde-26012017-133420/.
Full textFunctional foods supplemented with probiotic microorganisms and prebiotic ingredients are increasingly popular as they improve consumer health, and these foods nowadays form a new group of food products called synbiotic products. The present study aimed to develop a food product for consumption in individual portions, associating a cereal bar and a low fat ice cream bar containing the probiotic microorganisms Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis Bb-12, supplemented or not with the prebiotic ingredient inulin, to verify the viability of the probiotics and to evaluate the sensory acceptability of the products and their physical-chemical characteristics during storage at -18°C. Employing a 22 design, four trials of the ice cream portion were produced in triplicate, all of them supplemented with probiotics: T1 (control), T2 (with inulin), T3 (with reduced fat content) and T4 (with inulin and reduced fat). The products were stored at -18°C for up to 168 days. The parameters evaluated in the ice cream portion included: pH (before and after the aging of the mix, and after 168 days of storage); overrun (after the freezing stage); viability of the probiotics (in the final mixture and after 1,2, 7, 14, 21, 28, 84, and 168 days); instrumental hardness (TA-XT2 texturometer); and melting rate (after 14 days). The four trials of the final product (cereal bar associated with ice cream bar) were submitted to sensory evaluation by an untrained panel, employing the acceptability test, with a 9-point structured hedonic scale, after 7, 28, and 84 days of storage. The compositional analyses of the ice cream and cereal bars were carried out individually for each portion. The populations of L. acidophilus e B. animalis were above 7 log CFU/g, for up to 168 days for the formulations supplemented with inulin and/or fat substitute, and the addition of inulin contributed to the maintenance of the viability of B. animalis throughout storage. The addition and/or substitution of ingredients in the ice cream formulations did not significantly affect pH and overrun. As for hardness and melting rate, significant differences were observed (p<0.05). However, such differences did not influence the product acceptance by the consumer, as no differences for sensory acceptability between the four trials evaluated was observed, and scores were always above 7, without any interference of the storage period on this acceptability. The study showed that the association of a cereal bar and a low fat non-fermented probiotic ice cream, containing 1.5% milk fat and supplemented with 8.0% inulin, is technologically feasible to provide consumers with a synbiotic functional food product, as an option for consumption of individual portions.
Moreno, Izildinha. "Efeito de autólise de culturas lácticas na proteólise do queijo Prato." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9131/tde-01092016-175444/.
Full textThis paper reports a study aimed at evaluating the variations that occur in the interrelationship between autolysis of lactic starter bacteria and the development of proteolysis in Prato cheese produced in four different regions of Brazil: Santa Catarina (Cheese A), Goiás (Cheese B), São Paulo (Cheese C) and Minas Gerais (Cheese D). Quantitative analysis of microbial population yielded similar microbiological profiles for all the cheese samples investigated. After 5 days ripening, lactococci and streptococci were present in higher numbers than mesophilic and thermophilic lactobacilli, leuconostoc and lactate fermenting bacteria. However, the populations of the latter species had considerably increased by the time the ripening process completed 45 days. Enterococci and citrate fermenting bacteria remained present in relatively low numbers throughout ripening. The findings from qualitative analysis confirmed the predominance of non-starter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB) in the cheeses from four different origins, especially Lactobacillus sp. Other genera of non-starter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB) were identified in smaller proportions: Enterococcus sp., Pediococcus sp., Aerococcus sp., Tetragenococcus sp. and Streptococcus sp. Cheese C differed from the cheeses in that it no evidence was found of the presence of Pediococcus sp. and Streptococcus sp. The bacteria of the lactic starter culture Lactococcus lactis sp. and Leuconostoc sp. were also found to be present, although in lower numbers. Autolysis was studied by: (1) determination of aminopeptidase activity; (2) detection of autolysins by zymograms and (3) detection of intracellular enzymes by immunoblotting. The release of aminopeptidase was highest in cheese D, followed by C, B and A. No bands of lytic activity were appeared in the zymograms of Cheeses A and B in all conditions evaluated. At pH 7,4 and 44°C, a low-intensity band of 30 KDa was found in cheeses C e D, whereas another low-intensity band was observed only in cheese D. At pH 6,8 and 42°C, bands of 40KDa were observed in cheese C (low intensity) and cheese D (high intensity), in addition to two more low-intensity bands of 90KDa and 110KDa in cheese D. Immunoblotting with antiserum anti-Lc produced only minor signs of positive reaction, evidenced by the formation of low-intensity bands of 100 Kda in cheeses A and B and two high-intensity bands of 75 Kda and 100 Kda in cheeses C and D. Since these were present in smaller numbers to those revealed with crude cytoplasm of Lac. lactis subsp. lactis, it was concluded that autolysis did practically non occur. Immunoblotting with antiserum anti-D-LDH also detected sings of positive reaction in cheeses A and B, whereas in cheeses C e D positive high-intensity signs of 37Kda were found relative to D-LDH protein, indicating lysis of Lab. helveticus. The evolution of proteolysis was determined quantitatively during the ripening process and evaluated on the basis of the following parameters: NS-pH4,6/NT% and NNP/NT% indexes, tyrosine content, electrophoresis (Urea-PAGE) and quantification of free amino acids. No significant differences were found between cheeses A, B, C and D in the ear1y stages of ripening. However, with the on-going fragmentation of proteins during ripening, a gradual increase of the ripening indexes occurred, with the highest values being observed in cheese D, followed by C, B e A. The electrophoretic profiles were similar for the four cheeses investigated and clear1y showed that the clotting agent or milk coagulant and plasmin were responsible for the initial breakdown of the caseins. The degradation rate of Q.sl- and p-casein followed the following order: D > C ≥ B > A. The buildup of free amino acids was also faster in cheese D, followed by cheeses C, B e A. At the end of the ripening process studied (45 days), the volatile compounds were identified using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS), whereas the instrumental texture profile was measured and evaluated by Texture Profile Analysis (TPA). Cheese samples were evaluated by descriptive and quantitative sensory analysis. With rare exceptions, the cheeses of four different origins contained the same volatile compounds, although in different quantities. Alcohols and esters were the predominant volatile compounds in cheeses A and B and benzaldehyde, 3-methyl-butanal-2 and hexanal in cheeses C and D. Autolysis of Lb. helveticus accelerated proteolysis in cheese D, thereby reducing ripening time by 45% without any negative effect on either flavor or texture development. Cheeses B, C and D exhibited the most typical Prato cheese characteristics, in spite of the fact that the buttery aroma and sweet taste were more pronounced in cheese D. Cheese A was rated as the cheese with the less typical overall Prato cheese profile and was also the one that exhibited the highest degree and number of flavor defects, notably aftertaste and bitterness. The cheeses investigated did not present any significant differences as to elasticity and cohesiveness. Minor changes in the physical-chemical composition of the cheeses - mainly related to the moisture and casein levels - influenced parameters such as firmness and adhesiveness. The present study demonstrates for the very first time the absence of autolysis of Lc. Lactis sp. in Prato cheese from four different origins, as well as the occurrence of autolysis of Lb. helveticus in two of the cheeses analyzed (cheeses C and D). The pronounced autolysis of this species had a positive impact on proteolysis and was responsible for the release of increased quantities of free amino acids in these cheeses. The differences in the evolution of proteolysis observed between cheeses C and D - lower rate of proteolysis in cheese C, in spite of pronounced autolysis of Lb. helveticus - were attributed to poor uniformity of the physical-chemical composition of this cheese, particularly as related to pH and the salt and moisture levels (S/M).
Biato, Denise Oliveira. "Detecção e controle do off flavor em tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), por meio de depuração e defumação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11141/tde-19052005-141438/.
Full textCurrently, economic losses are a reality due to the fish off flavor provoked by the handling used in the culture and by the water quality of the fish tanks, which are not always satisfactory. Microbiological, physical-chemical and sensory evaluations of the fish were carried out in order to detect probable alterations that would compromise the fish quality. The off flavor detection, as well as, the suggestion for depuration before distribution and sale, and the use of the smoking as a way of disguising this problem were the objectives of this research. Microbiological, physical-chemical and biological analyses of the waters in the fish and the depuration ponds were performed to monitor the quality of the fish. The fish Nile Tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus) from the area of Arthur Nogueira, in the State of São Paulo was submitted to the depuration (3, 5 and 7 days). The fish submitted to the depuration and the control fish were compared in order to find the best depuration period. No significant differences (p>0.05) for centesimal composition, non-protein nitrogen - NNP, total base volatile nitrogen BNVT, and pH were found among the depuration periods. The depuration process provoked a more intense weight loss in the first three days for depuration. Through the sensory analyses, we could verify that the control fish presented a greater off flavor intensity than the others. The three-day depuration showed a similar statistical efficiency (F Test) than that of the five-day treatment, but differed from that of the 7-day treatment. As for the flavor attribute, the 3, 5, and 7-day treatments did not show a significant difference, statistically. The water in the fish pond presented eutrophization problems and presence of geosmine, whereas the water in the depuration pond was clear and geosmine-free. The fish that did not go through depuration (control) were submitted to smoking. Fresh fish fillets were compared to the smoked ones. As to the centesimal composition, we verified that they were significantly affected (F Test). As to non-protein nitrogen NNP, total base volatile nitrogen BNVT and pH, there were no significant changes (p>0.05) either among the treatments. Through sensory analysis, we verified that the fresh fish presented a more intense off flavor than the smoked ones. As to odor and flavor, there was a significant (p>0.05) difference among the treatments. The depuration process was efficient in the elimination of the off-flavor in the tilapia, for, according to our analyses, we could conclude that the ideal period for this elimination was 5 days of depuration, carried out in a pond with clean running water. When compared to the fresh fish, the smoked fish was better accepted by the panelists. The smoking process is a way of disguising the off flavor; it is a simple, inexpensive process, which can be readily adopted by producers a way of adding value to the fish.
Salan, Eduardo Oliveira. "Tratamento térmico de mexilhões Perna perna como forma de assegurar a qualidade - avaliação do crescimento de Bacillus cereus e de Staphylococcus aureus." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11141/tde-03062005-164836/.
Full textMussels are seafood frequently ingested raw or partially cooked and the habit of boiling bivalves only to open the valves, is insufficient to eliminate several species of pathogenic bacteria. Seeking to improve the quality of the cultivated and marketed Perna perna mussel in the district of Ubatuba, SP, this research studied the microbiological growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus in fresh and pre-cooked mussels, and the elimination by thermal treatments, being evaluated its physicochemical and sensorial characteristics. For such, lots of 1 kg of mussel was inoculated individually with strains of S. aureus and B. cereus, and maintained by 10 hours at environmental temperature (25ºC±1ºC) and under refrigeration (7ºC±1ºC). Six thermal treatments were established, 3 in steam (5, 10 and 15 min) and 3 in boiling water (5, 10 and 15 min), being looked in the elimination of B. cereus and S. aureus, and also evaluating the performance, and physical-chemical and sensorial aspects. Microbiological growth was verified after 10 hours for both microorganisms, and this being more evident in the treatments maintained at environmental temperature. Pre-cooked mussel obtained the largest microbial developments, if compared to fresh mussels. About the thermal treatments, everyone was efficient, eliminating at least 2 logarithmic cycles, however, thermal treatments in boiling water obtained better results than the steam treatments. The physical-chemical and sensorial analyses, didn't present statistical difference among the thermal treatments studied. Use of high temperatures for a determinate period, obtained lost in some minerals, like potassium and boron, and others minerals not presented alteration in relation to the heat time exposure. Already in the performance, it was obtained statistical difference, being the best performances reached in the smallest times of heat exposition, and the treatments in boiling water presented better results than the steam treatments. The thermal treatment, binomial time-temperature, of 10 min in boiling water, is enough to reduce the microorganisms, allowing the retention of the nutrients and performance of 54.36%, could be recommended for the producers seeking to improve the traditional handling.
PIETTA, ESTER. "Valutazione della sicurezza di Enterococcus faecium nella catena alimentare." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/6075.
Full textEnterococcus faecium is commonly found in high numbers in ready to eat foods, being a member of the bacterial communities of a variety of fermented foods, including cheese and sausages, and is widely used as human and animal probiotic. However, this bacterial species is a leading cause of nosocomial infection, mainly endocarditis and urinary tract infections. Recent studies have demonstrated that E. faecium species consists of two very distinct clades: the hospital associated (HA) clade “A”, which includes most of the strains responsible for human infections, and the community associated (CA) clade “B”, that contains primarily human commensal isolates. Deeper analysis revealed a further split within clade A into sub-clade A1 (which groups the vast majority of clinical isolates), and sub-clade A2, associated with animals and sporadic human infections. In 2012, the European Food Safety Authority has issued a guideline for the safety assessment of E. faecium used as animal probiotics, concluding the strains belonging to the hospital-associated clade should not be used in animal nutrition. However, the differentiation of the two clades has been performed using data mainly deriving from human and animal isolates, and only a limited number of strains from the food chain were considered. Aim of this doctoral thesis was to assess the safety of E. faecium in fermented food, considering strains isolated from artisanal cheese and meat products, and using both whole genome-based techniques and physiological studies. None of the food isolates studied in this work belong to the epidemic clade A1, however a strain isolated from a ready to eat salami revealed several A1-specific traits, such as specific IS, transposases and antibiotic resistance genes. These results, as well as other data, underline the emergency of deeper understanding the role of E. faecium isolated from fermented foods as risk factor for human health.
Barros, Érica Amanda de [UNESP]. "Produção de bebida mista de extrato hidrossolúvel de soja e suco de uva submetida a diferentes doses de radiação gama." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/136317.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A irradiação é uma técnica de conservação ainda pouco aceita para alimentos e bebidas no Brasil, devido a grande parte da população desconhecer seus mecanismos de ação. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os aspectos físico-químico, bioquímico, microbiológico e sensorial de bebida mista de extrato hidrossolúvel de soja (EHS) e suco de uva, submetida à radiação gama. Neste estudo, foram realizados quatro experimentos, visando selecionar o melhor cultivar de soja (BRS-213, BRS-258 e EMBRAPA-48) em relação às características bioativas após a aplicação de diferentes doses de radiação gama (experimento 1). No segundo experimento, selecionou-se o método mais apropriado de produção do EHS a partir de duas formas de extração; determinou-se também a dose de radiação adequada para se aplicar ao EHS (etapa 1) e ao suco de uva (etapa 2), no experimento 3. No experimento 4 foi determinada a temperatura ideal de armazenamento e a adição ou não do conservante ácido benzoico em bebida mista de EHS e suco de uva. Para o experimento 1, realizou-se análises bioquímicas, sendo que nos demais, foram realizadas análises físico-químicas, bioquímicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais. No experimento 4, realizou-se também o teste de vida de prateleira. A partir dos resultados submetidos à estatística descritiva e inferencial (testes paramétricos - t e ANOVA; e testes não paramétricos -Kruskall-Wallis e Friedmann) constatou-se que a elevação da dose de radiação gama aumentou o teor dos compostos fenólicos para os cultivares de soja BRS-213 e BRS-258, bem como a atividade da enzima superóxido dismutase no cultivar BRS-213 (experimento 1). O EHS extraído a frio apresentou maior teor de proteína, lipídios e compostos fenólicos que o EHS extraído a quente. Por outro lado, a segunda extração apresentou melhores resultados na análise sensorial (experimento 2). No experimento 3 o EHS (etapa 1) submetido a 8 kGy apresentou menor teor de proteína e de compostos fenólicos. O EHS e o suco de uva (etapa 2) submetidos a 8 kGy demonstraram variação na cor e redução das notas do atributo sabor quando comparados aos demais tratamentos. A partir da dose de 2 kGy eliminou-se os bolores e leveduras do suco de uva. A bebida mista refrigerada e com adição de ácido benzoico apresentou maior vida de prateleira (9 meses). Concluiu-se que a dose de 4 kGy associada a refrigeração e ao conservante foi indicada para bebida mista de EHS com suco de uva, preservando suas características fitossanitárias, físico-químicas, bioquímicas e sensoriais.
The gamma irradiation is a conservation technique still not accepted for food and beverages in Brazil, due to much of the population ignore their mechanisms of action. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the physic-chemical, biochemical, microbiological and sensory aspect of mixed beverage of soybean hydrosoluble extract and grape juice, submitted to gamma radiation. In this study, four experiments were conducted in order to select the best soybean cultivar regarding the bioactive characteristics (BRS-213, BRS 258 and EMBRAPA-48) after application of different doses of gamma radiation (experiment 1). In the second experiment, we selected the most appropriate method of producing soybean soybean hydrosoluble extract (EHS) from two forms of extraction. Also determined the adequate dosage of radiation to be applied to the EHS (step 1) and grape juice (step 2), in experiment 3. And the experiment 4 was determined the ideal storage temperature and with or without addition of the preservative benzoic acid in the mixed beverage of EHS and grape juice. For the experiment 1 was performed biochemical analyzes, and in the other were conducted in physical-chemical, biochemical, microbiological and sensory analiyses. In experiment 4, it was also carried shelf life test. When results submitted to descriptive and inferential statistics (tests parametric- t and ANOVA, and nonparametric tests -Kruskall-Wallis and Friedman) it was found that the elevation of gamma radiation dose increased the content of phenolic compounds for the soybean cultivars BRS-213 and BRS-258 and SOD activity in cultivar BRS-213 (experiment 1). The EHS cold extraction has a higher protein, lipid and phenolic compounds content that the EHS hot extraction. On the other hand, the second extraction showed better results in sensory analysis (experiment 2). In experiment 3 EHS (step 1) submitted to 8 kGy showed lower protein and phenolic compounds content. The EHS and grape juice (step 2) submitted to 8 kGy showed variation in color and reduction of notes of flavor attribute when compared to other treatments. From the dose of 2 kGy eliminates molds and yeast of grape juice. The refrigerated mixed beverage and with the addition of benzoic acid had longer shelf life (9 months). It was concluded that the dose of 4 kGy associated with refrigeration and preservative was nominated for mixed beverage of EHS with grape juice, preserving their phytosanitary characteristics, physical-chemical, biochemical and sensory.
Martins, Cecilia Geraldes. "Efeitos da radiação gama na microbiota e no teor de vitamina C de agrião (Nasturtium officinale) orgânico minimamente processado: aceitação e intenção de compra do produto irradiado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9131/tde-10112016-173145/.
Full textWith the increase in the consumption of fresh vegetables and the globalization of the market for fresh fruits and vegetables, the concern with foodborne diseases associated with these products has also increased. In Brazil, the production of organic vegetables has increased approximately 40% per year in the last decade. Considering the above, 108 samples of irradiated, minimally processed, organic watercress from producers in the region of Sao Roque, Sao Paulo, were collected through November 2005 to March 2007, to assess the microbial ecology and vitamin C content. Samples of organic watercress collected at the farm level and at the industry level showed populations higher than 3,0 UFC/g for aerobic mesophilic, psychrotrophic, Pseudomonas spp, fecal coliforms and E. coli. Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes were not detected along the production chain. Comparing the minimal process and the combination of minimal process and irradiation, the combination was more efficient since even the lower dose (1 kGy) was sufficient to reduce the population of the various groups of microorganisms. The ascorbic acid, dehidroascorbic acid and vitamin C content varied at all stages of minimal processing as well as with the exposed doses of irradiation (1, 2 and 3 kGy). The population of L. monocytogenes decreased approximately 4.5, 5.5, and 5.9 log cycles, depending on the exposed doses, throughout the shelf life of irradiated minimally processed organic watercress. Similar behavior was showed by the Salmonella population. Sensory evaluation results showed that previous knowledge or none by consumers does not interfere with the acceptance and intention of purchase of irradiated minimally processed organic watercress. Thus the process of irradiation to improve the microbiological quality of minimally processed organic watercress is feasible provided that Good Agricultural Practice, Good Practice Production and Good Irradiation Practice are followed.
Buriti, Flávia Carolina Alonso. "Sobremesa aerada simbiótica: desenvolvimento do produto e resistência do probiótico in vitro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9133/tde-18102016-103240/.
Full textThe aim of the present study was to develop a mousse-type synbiotic aerated dessert with low fat content, supplemented with the Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 probiotic culture, the prebiotic ingredients oligofructose and inulin and whey protein concentrate (WPC), to be stored refrigerated and frozen, and to compare the effect of these ingredients on the product characteristics and the in vitro resistance of the added probiotic microorganism. Using a simplex centroid design, seven guava mousse-making trials were studied during storage at 4°C for 28 days and at -18°C for 112 days. The highest populations of L. acidophilus were achieved in frozen products, always above 7 log CFU/g at up to 12 weeks of storage at -18°C. L. acidophilus viability was satisfactory up to 28 days in the refrigerated mousses supplemented with WPC, with populations between 6.2 and 7.7 log CFU/g. For the other mousses, the populations decreased around 2 log cycles afier 28 days of refrigerated storage. Reductions in L. acidophilus survival during the in vitro assays were high both for refrigerated and frozen mousses. For the refrigerated mousses, the total or partial substitution of milk fat by inulin increased the probiotic survival during the in vitro assays in the first week. In terms of the whole storage, L. acidophilus survival decreased less during the in vitro assays for the frozen mousses. The substitution of milk fat by inulin and WPC and the frozen storage lead to significant differences in the texture of mousses (p<0.05), without affecting their sensory acceptability. Considering the maximum probiotic populations during storage and the survival under the in vitro simulated gastrointestinal conditions, the best results for the refrigerated product were obtained with the partial substitution of milk fat by WPC at 2 to 3%. The simultaneous addition of inulin and WPC is recommended. However, the total proportion of both ingredients together should not exceed 2.6%, so as to obtain a texture profile and a sensory acceptance similar to the traditional product. Particularly for frozen mousses, the mixture of 2% milk fat and 2% inulin in the formulation is also suggested, for which the best results on probiotic survival in the in vitro assays were observed.
Carmo, Adriana Marta Silveiro do. "Avaliação de risco relativo das várias fases da redistribuição de refeições para consumo humano : estudo de caso." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14340.
Full textO desperdício alimentar tem um impacto significativo a nível ambiental, económico e social. Sempre que a sua redução não seja possível, deverá ser promovida a reutilização dos alimentos, através de mercados secundários ou da doação aos membros mais vulneráveis da sociedade. O presente estudo pretendeu caracterizar o processo de redistribuição de refeições e desenvolver um modelo quantitativo de análise do risco relativo associado ao processo. Foi feita uma recolha de dados de temperatura das refeições desde a doação até ao consumo, com recurso a data logger e inquéritos de dados de consumo aos beneficiários. Com base em modelos de crescimento e curvas de dose-resposta disponíveis na literatura, e concentrações iniciais fixas, foi modelado o crescimento de Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus e Listeria monocytogenes e calculados os riscos relativos nos momentos da recolha da refeição e do consumo. O risco relativo médio foi de 1,30; 1,27 e 1,02 na recolha e 1,25; 1,57 e 1,04 no 1º consumo, respetivamente para Salmonella, S. aureus e L. monocytogenes. Considerando um controlo do processo na sua fase de preparação (máximo 1h a 10ºC), foi possível reduzir o risco relativo na recolha para 1,06; 1,11 e 1,0. O risco associado ao processo de reaproveitamento de refeições pode ser reduzido através de um maior controlo das temperaturas de conservação nas instituições mediadoras e da sensibilização dos beneficiários para a melhoria da conservação e para a importância do consumo dentro do prazo estabelecido.
ABSTRACT - Relative Risk Assessment of meals redistribution for human consumption - Case study - Food waste has a significant environmental, economic and social impact. When it´s not possible to reduce this waste, re-use of food through secondary markets or giving to the most vulnerable members of society should be promoted. The present study aimed to characterize the process of reuse of meals and to develop a quantitative model of relative risk analysis associated to the process. Meal temperature data were collected from donation to consumption using data logger and consumer data surveys. Based on growth models and dose-response curves available in the literature, and fixed initial concentrations, the growth of Salmonella, Stapylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes was modeled and relative risks were calculated at times of meal collection and consumption. The mean relative risk was 1.30; 1.27 and 1.02 at collection and 1.25; 1.57 and 1.04 at the 1st consumption, respectively for Salmonella, S. aureus and L. monocytogenes. Considering a control of the process in its preparation phase (maximum 1h at 10ºC), it was possible to reduce the relative risk at the collection to 1.06; 1.11 and 1.0. The risk associated with the meal reuse process can be reduced through a better control of the storage temperatures in the mediating institutions and the awareness of the beneficiaries to improve the conservation and consumption within the established period.
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Fogo, Verônica Simões. "Prevalência e caracterização de Escherichia coli O157:H7 e outras cepas produtoras de toxina de Shiga (STEC) na linha de abate de carne bovina destinada à exportação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9131/tde-27012017-123850/.
Full textEscherichia coli is a microorganism present in the intestinal tract of humans and warm-blood animals, being part of the normal microbiota and harmless to the host. However, some strains are able to cause human and animal infections. Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), regarded as foodborne pathogens, can cause since mild or severe and bloody diarrhea to major complications, such as hemorrhagic colitis (HC), hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). Cattle are considered the main reservoir of this pathogen and the transmission to humans happens, most of the times, due to the consumption of contaminated food or water. The aim of the present research was to determine the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 and other STEC on hide samples of beef cattle and on their corresponding carcasses, sampled prior to evisceration, and half-carcasses, sampled after evisceration; identity the genes that code for the virulence factors (stx1, stx2, eaeA e ehxA) of the isolates; detect E. coli O157:H7 strains using the gene uidA as epidemiological marker; identify the serotypes of the STEC isolates; verify the citotoxicity of the isolates in Vero cells and evaluate their resistance to different antibiotics. From 198 animals sampled, seven (3.5%) carried STEC strains. In six (3%) of them, STEC was detected on hide and in one (0.5%) it was isolated from half-carcass. The 23 strains isolated from hide presented the profile stx2, eaeA, uidA e ehxA, and were regarded as enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), and the one isolated from half-carcass presented the profile stx2, uidA e ehxA. From the 24 isolated strains, 13 (54.2%) belonged to the serotype O157:H7. Besides this serotype, other strains belonging to serotypes that have been previously described and associated with severe human infections in Brazil and other countries, such as O174:H21 , O6:H49, ONT:H7, ONT:H8 and OR:H10, were isolated. From seven animals with strains harboring stx2, and ehxA, five (71.4%) presented verocytotoxigenic strains and one (14.2%) presented enterohemolisin producing strains. Regarding the antibiotics tested, four (16.7%) of the 24 isolated strains were resistant to some antibiotic, being three (12.5%) to streptomycin and one (4.2%) to streptomycin and ampicilin. Faced with these results, the production of enterohemolisin and the search of the genes ehxA and uidA can not be considered good epidemiological markers for the serotype O157:H7. The isolation of STEC strain from the half-carcass alerts for the need of surveillance on the presence of these microorganisms, since they may contaminate the final product, representing a risk to consumers health.
Azevedo, Angela Palamin. "Prevalência e características de Salmonella spp em carne bovina brasileira para exportação: contribuição para uma avaliação de risco." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9131/tde-04052016-172852/.
Full textBrazil is an important bovine meat producer and exporter. Microbiological surveys are generally run with meat samples collected at retail level and not with meat for export, explaining the lack of data on the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of pathogens of relevance in exported food products. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of Salmonella spp in bovine meat destined for export, through surface sampling of hides and carcasses of 200 animals, from 12 farms, slaughtered in 2008 in an export slaughterhouse located in São Paulo, Brazil. Sampling was done from the hides right after bleeding (Co) and from carcasses of the same animal after removal of the hide (Ca I) and after cleaning but before chilling (Ca II). Isolation and identification of Salmonella spp were done according to ISO 6579:2002, with some modifications. The pathogen was detected in 14 samples of hides (7,0%), 5 of carcasses Ca I (2,5%) and 4 of carcasses Ca II (2,0%). The most prevalent serovars were S. Give (52,0%), followed by S. Abaetetuba (16,0%), S. Typhimurium (8,0%), S. Agona (4,0%) and S. Dublin (4,0%). Four isolates (16,0%) were not typable. Molecular typing using PFGE indicated that the isolates presented 12 molecular profiles, ten of them containing one single isolate. Fifteen isolates belonged to only two distinct profiles, with 91.7% similarity. Invasion Efficiency tests, run with Caco-2 cells, indicated that most isolates (92,0%) presented low virulence potential. 68,0% of the isolates were multiresistant to antimicrobial drugs, presenting 12 different resistance profiles. Different animals, coming from the same rearing farm, harbored salmonellae belonging to same serovar and presenting the same genetic and antimicrobial resistance profiles, indicating cross contamination in the slaughterhouse during production of meat. The occurrence of salmonellae that can disseminate in the slaughterhouse and the multiresistance presented by the strains strengthen the need for adoption of proper hygiene control measures and care in the use of antibiotics in human and veterinary therapeutics.
Silva, Natália Menezes. "Processamento e condições higienicossanitárias de frutos e polpas em comunidades quilombolas." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/5854.
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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
The pulp processing is a possibility for use of fruits by traditional people like the quilombolas, inserted in a context in which native fruits are little consumed. Therefore, the hygienic and sanitary quality is essential in the production of safe food. This study aimed to evaluate the processing and hygienic and sanitary conditions of fruits and fruit pulps in quilombola community. The survey was conducted in the Community of the Remnant of Quilombo do Pombal, Goiás, Brazil. To evaluate the physical and functional conditions was applied a checklist before and after the implementation of structural adjustments, training and implementation of the Manual of Good Practices and Standard Operating Procedures. Data were categorized according to the percentage of adequacy. Microbiological analyzes of 32 samples were taken including, fruits of Cerrado found in the community and fruits and their pulps in different steps of the flowchart production. The hazards and critical control points were listed in the production flow chart. The physical and functional diagnostic performed indicated average compliance of blocks of 30.18%, being classified in Group 3, unsatisfactory. After interventions, there was 62.13% of compliance, with classification in Group 2, regular (p <0.05). The intervention effect was significant (p <0.05) for five of the seven blocks evaluated. Microbiological analysis indicated that all the native fruits collected are in accordance with the recommendations of the current health legislation. Fruits and pulps included into processing flowchart presented in accordance with sanitary standards for fecal coliform count and detection of Salmonella spp, however, the mold count and yeast in eight pulps analyzed indicated that five of them had counts above the established by legislation. The results suggest fruit contamination since the harvest and multiplication of such micro-organisms in the remaining stages. The washing and filling steps were able to reduce the load of molds and yeasts. It is understood that the physical and functional adaptations implemented were important to increase the percentage of adequacy of the items, however, the persistence of shortcomings in the work process may compromise the quality of the final product, stressing the need for compliance with good practices.
O processamento de polpas constitui uma possibilidade para utilização de frutos por povos tradicionais como os quilombolas, inseridos em um contexto no qual frutos nativos são pouco consumidos. Para tanto, a qualidade higienicossanitária é fundamental na produção de um alimento seguro. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o processamento e as condições higienicossanitárias de frutos e polpas de frutas em comunidade quilombola. A pesquisa foi realizada na Comunidade dos Remanescentes do Quilombo do Pombal, Goiás, Brasil. Para avaliação das condições físico-funcionais foi aplicada lista de verificação antes e após a realização de adequações estruturais, capacitações e implementação do Manual de Boas Práticas e Procedimentos Operacionais Padronizados. Os dados foram categorizados de acordo com o percentual de adequação. Foram realizadas análises microbiológicas de 32 amostras incluindo, frutos do Cerrado encontrados na comunidade e frutos e suas polpas em diferentes etapas do fluxograma. Foram elencados os perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle no fluxograma de produção. O diagnóstico físico-funcional realizado indicou média de conformidade dos blocos de 30,18%, sendo classificado no Grupo 3, insatisfatório. Após intervenções, verificou-se 62,13% de conformidade, com classificação no Grupo 2, regular (p<0.05). O efeito da intervenção foi significativo (p<0,05) para cincos dos sete blocos avaliados. A análise microbiológica indicou que todos os frutos nativos coletados estão em conformidade com as recomendações da legislação sanitária vigente. Os frutos e polpas inseridos no fluxograma de processamento apresentaram-se de acordo aos padrões sanitários para contagem de coliformes termotolerantes e pesquisa de Salmonella spp, porém, a contagem de bolores e leveduras em oito polpas analisadas, indicou que cinco apresentaram contagem acima do estabelecido pela legislação. Os resultados sugerem contaminação do fruto já na colheita e a multiplicação destes micro-organismos nas demais etapas, sendo que as etapas de lavagem e envase foram capazes de reduzir a carga de bolores e leveduras. Entende-se que as adequações físico-funcionais implementadas foram importantes para o aumento do percentual de adequação dos itens, contudo, a persistência de falhas no processo de trabalho pode comprometer a qualidade do produto final, ressaltando a necessidade de adequação às boas práticas.
Froder, Hans. "Desenvolvimento de métodos para a quantificação direta de Salmonella sp. por PCR-tempo real e por transcriptase reversa-PCR-tempo real." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/9/9131/tde-25012011-175156/.
Full textIn order to get fast and trustworthy results that allow monitoring the microbiological food safety either by industries or governmental agencies, diverse alternative methods have been developed for Salmonella detection and quantification. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the viability of the use of QIAamp® DNA Stool Mini Kit for Salmonella DNA extraction and purification; to validate assays based on real time-PCR (PCR-RT) to quantify Salmonella DNA by using ttr or tuf, and to develop an assay to quantify Salmonella based on reverse transcriptase- PCR-real time (RT-PCR-RT). For QIAamp® DNA Stool Mini Kit evaluation feces taken directly from the rectum of infected or health animals were used, with the former being artificially contaminated. Samples were submitted to DNA extraction, according to manufacturers protocol. The isolated DNA were quantified using a Salmonella-specific PCR-RT targeting the ttr locus. The same assay was used for Salmonella cells originated from culture medium. The PCR-RT assay with tuf as target was first validated employing different Salmonella serovars and other Enterobacteriaceae strains. After, its efficiency was evaluated on food-models (chicken and swine) spiked with high (≈ 6 log CFU/mL) and low (≈ 2 log CFU/mL) Salmonella Typhimurium DT 104 populations. The validation of the quantitative RT-PCR-RT method was first conducted with cells grown in culture medium, and then in the same food-model used for PCR-RT. For both methods aliquots of foodmodels were maintained at 20 ºC and 8 ºC being evaluated at different incubation times. Enumeration of total mesophilic microorganisms and Salmonella based on conventional methods were used as controls. The DNA recovery rate in swine feces artificially inoculated, after QIAamp® DNA Stool Mini Kit treatment, was between 25% to 50% depending the initial amount of cells. Using the extracted DNA and submitting it to PCR-RT for ttr a detection level of 2,8 CFU eq/g of feces was obtained. This method showed lower sensitivity than the conventional. Salmonella quantification by PCR-RT employing tuf showed a detection level lower than 1 log CFU eq. The results obtained with this method and cells suspended in culture medium or in food-model systems were, in general slightly lower that those obtained with the conventional method. The efficiency of amplification for PCR-RT tuf was 94%. Detection limit of RT-PCR-RT was similar to that of ttr (2 log CFU eq) and efficiency of amplification was 100%. tuf was expressed in logarithmic phase of bacteria growth curve showing that it is a good viability indicator for Salmonella.
Cosby, Catherine Moore. "A sanitation assessment of food contact surfaces in child care centers using microbiological analysis and rapid sanitation assays." 2005. http://etd.utk.edu/2005/CosbyCatherine.pdf.
Full textNgwenya, Lloyd. "Microbiological analysis of bacterial pathogens in poultry feeds and water resources in Blouberg Poultry Value Chain Project, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2961.
Full textPoultry is a good source of animal protein for many households due to its affordability. However, it is prone to bacterial infections which can be passed on to consumers, hence chickens that are reared without constant health checks present a potential health threat to humans. The objective of the study was to identify the zoonotic bacterial pathogens in poultry feeds and water resources in Blouberg poultry value chain project. A total of 88 samples comprising of 14 feed samples, 14 water samples, 60 mouth and rectal swab samples were collected from the farms. The samples were screened for the presence of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. through selective cultivation. Only coliforms and the dominant isolates were identified as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and Enterobacter spp., Salmonella and Shigella spp. were not detected in all the samples. E. coli strains that were isolated from the water sources and mouth and rectal swabs of the chickens showed a significant resistance to gentamycin, neomycin, penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin and ampicillin (p<0.05). Klebsiella pneumoniae showed resistance to neomycin; penicillin; erythromycin (p<0.05) while K. oxytoca and E. absuriae showed similar antibiotic resistance profile as penicillin, erythromycin, nalidixic acid and ampicillin. E. coli and K. pneumonia are mostly implicated in poultry disease outbreaks and they are enteric pathogens in humans as well. The presence of pathogens in poultry presents a great risk of secondary infection in humans and this will lead to socio-economic problems for the affected communities. The information generated in this study will guide the relevant stakeholders who handle poultry feeds and water resources in following good management practices. 1
National Research Foundation (NRF)
Meireles, Juliana Lobo. "Desenvolvimento de produtos típicos italianos numa unidade de restauração." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/54867.
Full textAo longo das últimas décadas, devido ao desenvolvimento crescente da sociedade, ocorreram mudanças consideráveis no seu modo de vida, especialmente nos seus hábitos alimentares. Deste modo, surge a necessidade de reestruturação dos fornecedores de serviços alimentares, inovando em técnicas de produção de alimentos e nos serviços prestados, assegurando a segurança de produtos alimentícios em toda sua extensão, desde a produção até a comercialização. O presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo o desenvolvimento de um novo serviço alimentar, mais concretamente um serviço típico italiano, numa das unidades de restauração, nomeadamente no complexo CP III, do campus de Gualtar. Neste sentido, ampliou-se o serviço do bar CP III ao fornecimento de pizzas frescas, massas quentes e frias, saladas e sobremesas típicas italianas, tentando-se simplificar o máximo possível todas as operações, atendendo às limitações físicas do espaço, de forma a tornar o serviço o mais eficiente possível e naturalmente cumprindo todos os requisitos de segurança alimentar e procedimentos implementados e certificados. Para a elaboração do molho carbonara foi utilizado o método sous vide, que se caracteriza por cozinhar em sacos plásticos selados a vácuos a baixas temperaturas. De forma a averiguar a aceitação do público consumidor relativamente aos novos produtos, realizaram-se provas sensoriais que revelaram uma aceitação bastante positiva dos mesmos. Por fim, de forma a assegurar a qualidade microbiológica dos alimentos e a segurança dos consumidores, assim como a validação dos processos desenvolvidos para a produção dos molhos de tomate e carbonara, foram realizadas análises microbiológicas que revelaram resultados que se classificam como satisfatórios e aceitáveis.
Over the last decades, due to the ever-increasing development of society, there have been considerable changes in the way of life of populations, especially when approaching their eating habits. Therefore, there is a need for food services restructuration, by innovating on food production techniques and in the provided services, ensuring the safety of food products in all its extension, from production to commercialization. The main objective of the current thesis is the development of a new food service, namely a typical Italian service, in one of the catering units at Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, specifically at CP III. In that sense, the service provided by the CP III’s bar was extended to supply fresh pizzas, hot and cold pastas, salads and typical Italian desserts, in an attempt to simplify as much as possible all the procedures, taking into account diverse physical limitations, i.e. space, aiming at increasing the service’s efficiency and meet all food safety requirements, and implemented and certified processes. The sous vide method was used to prepare the carbonara sauce, which is characterized by cooking in plastic bags sealed under vacuum at low temperatures. In order to ascertain the consumers’ acceptance of the new products, sensorial tests were performed, which revealed a very positive acceptance. Lastly, to ensure the microbiological quality of food and consumer’s safety, as well as the validation of the processes developed for the production of tomato and carbonara sauces, microbiological analyses were performed, revealing results that were classified as satisfactory and acceptable.
Pereira, Leandro Tomás. "Microbiological analyses for safety and quality assessment of foods and lunch boxes." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/28347.
Full textEste relatório apresenta as atividades realizadas e competências adquiridas durante os 10 meses de estágio curricular no Laboratório de Microbiologia do CINATE, um laboratório de análises e ensaios a alimentos e embalagens da Escola Superior de Biotecnologia (ESB) da Universidade Católica Portuguesa. Este estágio permitiu a realização de várias funções, sendo as mais relevantes a realização de ensaios de pesquisa e contagem de microrganismos em alimentos, águas e zaragatoas de superfícies para verificar estados de higiene e contaminação, mas também as funções de manutenção de um laboratório de microbiologia. Este estágio provou ser enriquecedor e proveitoso, pois permitiu o desenvolvimento de competências laboratoriais e analíticas na área da microbiologia aplicada à segurança alimentar. Adicionalmente, o relatório apresenta conceitos de segurança alimentar, aborda importantes patogénicos transmitidos por alimentos, bem como as entidades reguladoras de critérios microbiológicos de segurança e qualidade da indústria alimentar. Paralelamente, foi realizado um estudo acerca dos aspetos de segurança alimentar relacionados com o uso de lancheiras no transporte de refeições. A utilização de lancheiras no transporte de refeições tem aumentado pela maior preocupação da população com a alimentação, no entanto, pode tornar-se um potencial vetor de transmissão de microrganismos patogénicos caso não sejam adotadas práticas corretas de manutenção e higiene. Para a determinação do conhecimento da população sobre este assunto, foram aplicados inquéritos online e em pessoa respondidos em paralelo com a avaliação da qualidade microbiológica deste modo de transporte e armazenamento de refeições, na qual foram analisadas lancheiras (n=102) de alunos e funcionários da ESB, da região do Porto. As amostras recolhidas foram analisadas para contagens de unidades formadoras de colónias (UFC) de microrganismos totais a 30 °C, Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli e deteção de microrganismos patogénicos (Listeria monocytogenes e Salmonella spp.) através de cultivo em meios apropriados e testes de confirmação bioquímicos segundo procedimentos baseados em normas nacionais e internacionais. Detetou-se E. coli em apenas uma amostra com uma concentração de 1,0 log UFC/100 cm2 de área interna da lancheira. Não se detetou Salmonella spp. nem L. monocytogenes, no entanto, obteve-se crescimento de outras espécies de Listeria em 8% (n=8) das lancheiras. Os resultados dos indicadores de higiene, microrganismos totais a 30 °C e Enterobacteriaceae foram comparados com os valores-limite estabelecidos por normas encontradas para superfícies de contacto com alimentos e descobriu-se que a maioria das lancheiras (59,8%) apresentou boas condições de higiene segundo as contagens de microrganismos totais a 30ºC. Este estudo exploratório é indicador da perceção e atitude da população relativamente aos cuidados de higiene e segurança alimentar no transporte de refeições que, em alguns casos, de acordo com os resultados dos inquéritos, eram inadequados. Os resultados da análise microbiológica indicaram, contudo, que as condições de higiene são maioritariamente aceitáveis. Maiores esforços deveriam então ser dirigidos à informação da população acerca das boas práticas de utilização de lancheiras de modo a assegurar a segurança alimentar.
Mestrado em Microbiologia