Academic literature on the topic 'Food-reintroduction'

Broad-scale Australian mammal declines following European settlement have resulted in many species becoming regionally or globally extinct. Attempts to reintroduce native mammals are often unsuccessful due to a suboptimal number of founders being used, high rates of predation and a lack of knowledge of the reintroduction biology for the species concerned. We trialled predator swamping and supplementary feeding in an attempt to offset predation and improve reintroduction success for the burrowing bettong (Bettongia lesueur) in arid South Australia. We compared population longevity of a large release group (1266 animals) with five releases of smaller groups (~50 animals at each). We compared release sites with (n = 5) and without (n = 1) supplementary food to determine whether site fidelity, body condition and reproduction were affected, and whether these traits aided population establishment. Predator swamping did not facilitate reintroduction success, with no bettongs detected more than 122 days after release. While supplementary food increased site fidelity and persistence at release sites, bettongs failed to establish successfully at any site. Neither predator swamping nor supplementary feeding enhanced reintroduction success at our sites but results suggested that supplementary feeding should be explored as an aid to reintroduction success for Australian mammals.

Abstract Background The ability of adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC), to adhere and invade intestinal epithelial cells and survive autophagy implicates them in the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease (CD). Previous studies focused mostly on differences in the abundance of E. coli between patients with CD and healthy controls. Here, we studied changes in E. coli levels, E. coli strains and their ability to utilise carbon sources during treatment with exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN), at food reintroduction, and compared with healthy controls. Methods E. coli strains were isolated from culturing stool samples of twelve children with CD before and during induction treatment with EEN and following that, at food reintroduction. 10 healthy children acted as controls. 69 samples (CD, n = 59; healthy children, n = 10) were investigated in total. Absolute concentration of E. coli was measured with qPCR, changes in E. coli strains using colicin sensitivity spot tests and their ability to utilise carbon sources with Biolog phenotype microarrays. Results There was no significant change in the absolute levels of E. coli in patients with CD before or during EEN, and after food reintroduction. In comparison to healthy children, patients with CD had significantly higher levels of E. coli (p-value= 0.001). There were changes in E. coli at a strain-level in nine out of twelve CD patients as tested using colicin sensitivity tests before, during EEN, and after food reintroduction. Biolog microarrays showed a significant difference in E. coli community utilisation of 17 carbon sources in CD patients at different time points. Utilisation of polysaccharides, D-cellobiose, sucrose, and D-raffinose was increased during EEN compared with treatment initiation and after treatment cessation, at food reintroduction. In contrast, there was a significant reduction in utilisation for L-fucose and L-Rhamnose monosaccharides, sugar alcohols like D-glucose 6-PO4, and fatty acids such as propionic acid and acetoacetic acid by the end of EEN compared with treatment initiation and at reintroduction of habitual diet. In comparison to healthy controls, E. coli utilisation of different carbon sources in patients with CD was significantly different compared with CD patients during EEN only. Conclusion Children with CD experience changes in E. coli strains and in their ability to utilise certain carbon sources during treatment with EEN and compared with healthy controls. Analysis of strain-level metagenomic data will provide a comprehensive depiction of changes in E. coli population during EEN and compared with the healthy status.

AbstractReintroduction practitioners must often make critical decisions about reintroduction protocols despite having little understanding of the reintroduction biology of the focal species. To enhance the available knowledge on the reintroduction biology of the warru, or black-footed rock-wallabyPetrogale lateralisMacDonnell Ranges race, we conducted a trial reintroduction of 16 captive individuals into a fenced predator and competitor exclosure on the An̲angu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. We conducted seven trapping sessions and used radio-tracking and camera traps to monitor survival, reproduction and recruitment to the population over 36 months. Blood samples were collected pre-release and during two trapping sessions post-release to assess nutritional health. The survival rate of founders was 63%, with all losses occurring within 10 weeks of release. Post-release blood biochemistry indicated that surviving warru adapted to their new environment and food sources. Female warru conceived within 6 months of release; 28 births were recorded during the study period and 52% of births successfully recruited to the population. Our results suggest that captive-bred warru are capable of establishing and persisting in the absence of introduced predators. However, the high mortality rate immediately post-release, with only a modest recruitment rate, suggests that future releases into areas where predators and competitors are present should use a trial approach to determine the viability of reintroduction. We recommend that future releases of warru into unfenced areas include an intensive monitoring period in the first 3 months post-release followed by a comprehensive long-term monitoring schedule to facilitate effective adaptive management.

The black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) is one of the rarest mammal species in North America. Captive breeding has prevented extinction of this species, but successful reintroduction of ferrets into their native grassland habitat is a complex endeavor. As specialist predators, ferrets depend almost exclusively on prairie dogs (Cynomys spp.) for both food and shelter, so successful black-footed ferret reintroduction hinges on maintaining large colonies of prairie dogs. However, prairie dogs are also considered agricultural pests and are often subjected to eradication programs. These eradication programs hamper efforts to reintroduce ferrets and disrupt the valuable ecosystem services prairie dogs provide in their role as both keystone and foundation species. Even when agreements are reached to maintain prairie dog colonies, plague (Yersinia pestis), which infects both prairie dogs and ferrets, can threaten the success of a ferret reintroduction program. We describe the research on the complex ecological relationships and socio-environmental challenges of reintroducing endangered black-footed ferrets, with a focus on the most abundant prairie dog species, the black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus).

The northern river otter (Lontra canadensis) is a semi-aquatic carnivore whose range extends throughout most of the United States and Canada. The northern river otter experienced a severe range contraction post-European settlement, but due to widespread management has in recent decades begun to recover much of its former range and habitat. We translocated 27 river otters from Utah and Idaho to the Provo River, Utah from November 2009 through January 2012 in a reintroduction effort to restore the northern river otter to its native range. Of these 27 otters, 6 died as a result of effects related to the translocation. We used linear regression and model selection to determine what factors had the most influence on the immediate mortality of translocated otters. We found that body mass was the most important factor, followed by sex. Indeed, otters at the high end of the body mass spectrum were 4 times more likely to survive a translocation than otters at the low end of body mass. Along with the reintroduction project, we determined the food habits of the northern river otter in the Provo River watershed. We located and monitored otter latrine sites from February 2010 through February 2012, collecting scats on a monthly basis. We identified prey items in otter scat and recorded data as the frequency of prey items per total number of scats, presented as a percentage. Fish was the primary class of prey taken by otters (96.5%), followed by crustaceans (16.9%). Otter diet varied among seasons for nearly all classes (G = 127.8, d. f. = 24, P < 0.001) and families (G = 132.94, d. f. = 18, P < 0.001) of prey. We conclude that otters are potentially selecting prey in the main channel according to their abundance and in inverse proportion to their swimming ability. However, with multiple habitat types that vary in species richness and diversity, it was difficult to determine which prey items otters are selecting for without direct behavioral data on location of foraging. We examined the diet of the northern river otter at the regional and continental scale. We examined 100 publications and 106 prey lists in order to determine the food habits of the northern river otter among ecoregions and seasons. Fish was found to occur in otter diet more often than any other class of prey, followed by malacostracans. At the family level, Astacoidea contributed more to otter diet than any other family of prey. Multiple classes and families varied by ecoregion and/or by season. Crayfish, while not the primary component of otter prey throughout North America, was found to be the primary component when readily available. Furthermore, we developed a model of river otter prey selection which includes factors that may have an impact on the availability of prey to otters. Otter prey selection is likely due to a variety of factors, including the habitat, detectability, catchability, and palatability of prey.

Background The prevalence of reported food hypersensitivity among children has increased in Western countries. However, the prevalence varies largely due to differences in methods used in different studies. Double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC) is the most reliable method to verify or exclude food hypersensitivity. The use of double-blind food challenges is increasing in clinical praxis, but since the method is time- and resource consuming it is rarely used in population-based cohort studies. There is a lack of knowledge on how adolescents and mothers experience participation in double-blind placebocontrolled food challenges and to what extent the food is reintroduced after a negative challenge. While several studies have described the impact of IgEmediated food allergy on Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQL), few studies have described HRQL among children with other food hypersensitivity phenotypes. Aim The aim of this thesis was to estimate the prevalence of reported food hypersensitivity, associated risk factors, and symptom expressions among schoolchildren. We also examined HRQL among children with total elimination of cow’s milk, hen’s egg, fish or wheat due to food hypersensitivity as a group compared with children with unrestricted diet, and after we categorised the children with eliminated foods into different phenotypes of FHS. Finally, adolescents’ and mothers’ experience of DBPCFC was examined as well if the food had been reintroduced. Methods Three studies were based on the Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden (OLIN) paediatric cohort II. The cohort was recruited in 2006 when all children in first and second grade (7-8 years) in three municipalities in Norrbotten were invited to a parental questionnaire study and 2,585 (96% of invited) participated. The questionnaire included questions about food hypersensitivity, asthma, rhinitis, eczema and possible risk factors. The children in two municipalities were also invited to skin prick testing with 10 airborne allergens, and 1,700 (90%) participated. Paper I is based on this initial survey of the cohort. Four years later, at age 11-12 years, the cohort was followed up using the same methods and with the same high participation rate. At the follow-up, 125 children (5% of the cohort) reported total elimination of cow’s milk, hen’s egg, fish or wheat due to food hypersensitivity. These children were invited to a clinical examination and to complete a generic (KIDSCREEN-52) and a diseasespecific HRQL questionnaire (FAQLQ-TF) (n=75). Based on the clinical examination the children were categorised into different phenotypes of food hypersensitivity: current food allergy, outgrown food allergy and lactose intolerance. In addition, a random sample of children with unrestricted diet from the same cohort, answered the generic questionnaire (n=209). Paper II is based on this HRQL study. Children categorised as having current food allergy were invited to a further evaluation including DBPCFC. Eighteen months after the challenges, these children were interviewed about their experiences during and after the challenge (n=17). Paper III is based on these interviews. Paper IV was based on interviews with mothers to children referred to a paediatric allergy specialist for evaluation of food allergy using DBPCFC (n=8). In the two interview studies results were analysed using qualitative content analysis. Results At age 7-8 years, the prevalence of reported food hypersensitivity was 21%. Food hypersensitivity to milk, egg, fish, wheat or soy was reported by 10.9% and hypersensitivity to fruits or nuts by 14.6%. The most common essential food to trigger symptoms was milk, reported by 9%. The most frequently reported food induced symptoms, were oral symptoms mainly caused by fruits, followed by gastrointestinal symptoms mainly caused by milk. The risk factor pattern was different for food hypersensitivity to milk compared to hypersensitivity to other foods. No significant difference in distribution in generic or disease-specific HRQL was found among children with reported total elimination of milk, egg, fish and/or wheat due to FHS compared to children with unrestricted diet. However, a trend indicated that the disease-specific HRQL was most impaired among children with current food allergy compared to children with outgrown food allergy and lactose intolerance. The proportion of poor HRQL defined as ≥75 percentile was significantly higher among children with current food allergy than the other phenotypes. A DBPCFC was an opportunity for the adolescents and the mothers to overcome the fear of reactions to food that had been eliminated for a long time. After the challenge, when the food was partially or fully reintroduced, socializing became easier and both adolescents and mothers experienced more freedom regarding food intake. A negative challenge was not consistently associated with reintroduction of the food. Reasons for reintroduction failure were fear of allergic reactions, that the adolescent did not like the taste of the food, or that living with an elimination diet was considered as normal. Conclusion In this population-based study, one in five of children at age 7-8 years reported food hypersensitivity to any food. The generic HRQL was similar among children with and without food hypersensitivity. However, poor disease-specific HRQL was more common among children with current food allergy compared to children with other FHS phenotypes. If the tested food was reintroduced after a DBPCFC, both adolescents and mothers described a changed life with less fear, and that life had become easier regarding meal preparations and social events. As reintroduction failure was present despite a negative food challenge, follow-ups and evaluations of food reintroduction should be performed independent of the outcome of a food challenge.
Bakgrund Andelen barn med rapporterad födoämnesöverkänslighet har ökat. Prevalensen varierar mycket beroende på var studien genomförts och vilka metoder som använts. Dubbel-blinda placebo-kontrollerade födoämnesprovokationer (DBPCFC) är den mest tillförlitliga metoden för att utesluta eller verifiera födoämnesöverkänslighet. I klinisk praxis används DBPCFC alltmer, men eftersom metoden är resurskrävande används den sällan i populationsbaserade studier. Det saknas kunskap om mödrars och tonåringars egna upplevelser av att delta i DBPCFC och i vilken utsträckning livsmedlet återintroduceras efter en negativ provokation. Studier har beskrivit IgE-medierad födoämnesallergi och dess påverkan på hälsorelaterad livskvalitet men det saknas studier om livskvalitet bland barn med andra fenotyper av födoämnesöverkänslighet. Syfte Syfte med avhandlingen var att undersöka rapporterad förekomst av födoämnesöverkänslighet, riskfaktorer och symtomyttringar bland skolbarn. Vi har även studerat hälsorelaterad livskvalitet bland barn som helt eliminerat baslivsmedel, som hel grupp jämfört med barn utan eliminerad föda, samt efter att barnen kategoriserats i olika fenotyper av födoämnesöverkänslighet. Ett ytterligare syfte var att beskriva ungdomars och mödrars upplevelser, konsekvenser av DBPCFC samt i vilken omfattning livsmedlet återintroducerades. Metod Tre studier baseras på en barnkohort som rekryterades 2006 inom OLIN studierna (Obstruktiv Lungsjukdom i Norrbotten). Kohorten innefattade alla barn i årskurs 1 och 2 (7-8 år) i Luleå, Kiruna och Piteå där 2585 (96 % av de inbjudna) deltog i en föräldrabesvarad enkät. Enkäten innehöll frågor om födoämnesöverkänslighet, astma, rinit, eksem och möjliga riskfaktorer. Barn från Kiruna och Luleå inbjöds även till pricktest med 10 luftburna allergen och 1700 (90 %) deltog. Artikel I baseras på denna initiala enkätstudie. Fyra år senare följdes kohorten upp med samma metoder och höga deltagande. Totalt 125 barn (5 % av kohorten) uppgav total elimination av mjölk, ägg, fisk och/eller vete på grund av födoämnesöverkänslighet. Dessa barn inbjöds till en klinisk undersökning och 94 barn deltog. Sjuttiofem (80 %) av dessa barn besvarade hälsorelaterade livskvalitetsfrågor innefattande det generiska mätinstrumentet KIDSCREEN-52 samt det sjukdomsspecifika frågeformuläret FAQLQ-TF. Frågeformuläret KIDSCREEN-52 skickades även till ett slumpurval av barn utan eliminationskost från samma kohort, och 209 barn (65 %) deltog. Artikel II baseras på denna hälsorelaterade livskvalitetsstudie. Baserat på den kliniska undersökningen kategoriserades barnen med eliminerad kost i olika fenotyper av födoämnesöverkänslighet: pågående födoämnesallergi, utläkt födoämnesallergi och laktosintolerans. De barn som bedömdes ha pågående födoämnesallergi inbjöds till DBPCFC. Arton månader efter provokationen intervjuades deltagarna om sina upplevelser av provokationen och i vilken omfattning livsmedlet återintroducerades. Artikel III baseras på dessa intervjuer. Den fjärde studien baseras på intervjuer av mödrar vars barn remitterats till en pediatrisk barnallergolog för utredning av misstänkt födoämnesallergi med DBPCFC. Intervjuerna har analyserats med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat Vid 7-8 år var prevalensen av rapporterad födoämnesöverkänslighet 21 %. Överkänslighet mot basföda (mjölk, ägg, fisk, vete eller soja) rapporterades av 10.9% och 14.6% uppgav att de reagerade på frukt eller nötter. Klåda i munnen var det vanligaste rapporterade födoämnesutlösta symtomet som huvudsakligen orsakades av frukt. Det näst vanligaste symtomet var mag- och tarmbesvär, huvudsakligen orsakat av mjölk. Riskfaktormönstret för födoämnesöverkänslighet mot mjölk skiljde sig från överkänslighet mot andra födoämnen. Vi fann ingen statistiskt signifikant skillnad i generisk eller sjukdomsspecifik hälsorelaterad livskvalitet mellan barn som helt eliminerat mjölk, ägg, fisk eller vete på grund av födoämnesöverkänslighet jämfört med barn utan eliminerad kost. En trend indikerade att barn med pågående födoämnesallergi hade sämre sjukdomsspecifik hälsorelaterad livskvalitet jämfört med barn med utläkt födoämnesallergi eller laktosintolerans. Dålig livskvalitet, definierat som den ≥75e percentilen i det sjukdomsspecifika frågeformuläret, var vanligast hos barn med pågående födoämnesallergi. Deltagande i DBPCFC var en möjlighet för tonåringar och mödrar att övervinna rädslan för födoämnesorsakade symtom. I de fall då det testade livsmedlet helt eller delvis återintroducerades efter provokationen, upplevde både tonåringarna och mödrarna att det sociala umgänget blev lättare och att de inte längre behövde ha samma kontroll över födoämnesintaget. Ett negativt provokationsutfall resulterade inte alltid i att det testade livsmedlet återintroducerades i kosten. Orsaker till att inte återintroducera födoämnet var rädsla för allergiska reaktioner, att livsmedlet inte smakade gott och att det upplevdes som normalt att leva ett liv utan det eliminerade livsmedlet. Slutsats Vart femte barn rapporterade någon form av födoämnesöverkänslighet i denna populationsbaserade studie. Det var ingen signifikant skillnad i generisk livskvalitet mellan barn med och utan födoämnesöverkänslighet men barn med pågående födoämnesallergi tenderade att ha sämre sjukdomsspecifik livskvalitet jämfört med barn med utläkt födoämnesallergi och laktosintolerans. De deltagare som återintroducerade det testade livsmedlet efter provokationstestet upplevde att livet var mindre begränsat jämfört med innan provokationen. Alla återintroducerade inte det testade livsmedlet trots en negativ provokation, vilket styrker vikten av uppföljning och utvärdering av födoämnesprovokationer.

Studying the reintroduction of hand-raised wolves may embrace several interests such as deepening knowledge on wolf biology and allowing a controlled release in isolated populations in need of genetic influx. Studies on hand-raised wild animals, showing successful reintroduction, suggested that young released wolves might be able to survive in the wild without previous fastidious training. Most of their survival behaviours would be instinctive. In this study, nine young wolves were reintroduced in Tver region (Russia) and followed in order to evaluate their fear of humans, their movement patterns, thanks to GPS-Argos collars fitted to three of the animals, and assess their diet via four methods of scats analysis. We analyzed 46 wolf scats collected from August 2010 to January 2011. We determined the frequency of occurrences of items per scats and per items, and used the Relative Estimated Bulk to estimate the biomass of prey species consumed. Statistics were conducted to test for significance of method comparisons. The results showed that half of the wolves remained near the enclosure weeks to months after release, occasionally leaving the vicinity. The individual wolves behaved differently, they adopted various movement patterns and had diverse home ranges (from 15 km2 to 40 km2). Released wolves preyed more on ungulates, especially moose and on other wild mammals such as mountain hare. They also sporadically hunted domestic animals and regularly consumed vegetal matter along with smaller animals as alternative prey. Finally, all scat-analysis methods significantly assessed (p < 0.01) the relative importance of the main food types.

The reintroduction of food trucks to Vancouver responds to widespread public demand, yet has also been taken up as another tool of urban governance. Licensing restrictions are used to further municipal policy priorities, thus incorporating street food into city branding and urban redevelopment strategies. Although crafted to foster liveability, food truck licensing is also expected to advance the goal of making Vancouver the Greenest City and to project an image of a healthy, sustainable, multicultural city. While street food is being made increasingly accessible, it is simultaneously becoming a tool of biopolitical regulation. As food trucks participate in shaping urban space, they risk contributing to gentrification and the displacement of the very residents this increased accessibility is meant to serve.

<em>Abstract.</em>—The freshwater gadoid, burbot <em>Lota lota</em>, was the subject of a captive breeding program to produce larvae for reintroduction into natural waters of Flanders, Belgium. Burbot broodfish were collected in 2002 from a river in France and maintained in earthen ponds at the Fish Research Center of the Research Institute for Nature and Forest in Linkebeek, Belgium. Each winter, they underwent gonadal maturation. In October, the mature fish were transferred to stocking ponds and fed with live fish. From the middle of December, they were exposed in indoor tanks to a continuous coldwater temperature of 4°C and a simulated natural light regime. This way, natural spawning could be induced without hormonal treatment. Between 582,766 and 984,963 eggs/kg bodyweight were collected from individual fish. Eggs averaged 1.00 mm in diameter. After fertilization, hatching started around day 32–33 when incubated at about 4°C (i.e., between 128 and 132 degree-days). Seventeen days later, at about 4°C, the larvae filled their swim bladder. A few days later (on day 21–24 posthatching when kept on 4°C), the larvae started exogenous feeding. The freshwater rotifer <em>Brachionus calyciflorus</em> proved to be an adequate starter food for growing burbot larvae but had to be replaced by larger food organisms like <em>Artemia </em>after 7–8 d. Burbot larvae were grown to one-summer-old juveniles (average survival 4%, average length 10 cm) in rearing ponds. The survival rate of the juvenile burbot in the ponds after 9 months was higher when the larvae were prefed with rotifers and <em>Artemia</em> prior to stocking in the ponds (survival up to 28% when fed for 18 d prior to the stocking).