Relevant bibliographies by topics / Food web studies

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Food web studies'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 19 February 2023
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Food web studies"

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Cordone, Georgina, Tomás I. Marina, Vanesa Salinas, Santiago R. Doyle, Leonardo A. Saravia, and Fernando R. Momo. "Effects of macroalgae loss in an Antarctic marine food web: applying extinction thresholds to food web studies." PeerJ 6 (September 12, 2018): e5531. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5531.

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Antarctica is seriously affected by climate change, particularly at the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) where a rapid regional warming is observed. Potter Cove is a WAP fjord at Shetland Islands that constitutes a biodiversity hotspot where over the last years, Potter Cove annual air temperatures averages increased by 0.66 °C, coastal glaciers declined, and suspended particulate matter increased due to ice melting. Macroalgae are the main energy source for all consumers and detritivores of Potter Cove. Some effects of climate change favor pioneer macroalgae species that exploit new ice-free areas and can also decline rates of photosynthesis and intensify competition between species due to the increase of suspended particulate matter. In this study, we evaluated possible consequences of climate change at Potter Cove food web by simulating the extinction of macroalgae and detritus using a topological approach with thresholds of extinction. Thresholds represent the minimum number of incoming links necessary for species’ survival. When we simulated the extinctions of macroalgae species at random, a threshold of extinction beyond 50% was necessary to obtain a significant number of secondary extinctions, while with a 75% threshold a real collapse of the food web occurred. Our results indicate that Potter Cove food web is relative robust to macroalgae extinction. This is dramatically different from what has been found in other food webs, where the reduction of 10% in prey intake caused a disproportionate increase of secondary extinctions. Robustness of the Potter Cove food web was mediated by omnivory and redundancy, which had an important relevance in this food web. When we eliminated larger-biomass species more secondary extinctions occurred, a similar response was observed when more connected species were deleted, yet there was no correlation between species of larger-biomass and high-degree. This similarity could be explained because both criteria involved key species that produced an emerging effect on the food web. In this way, large-biomass and high-degree species could be acting as source for species with few trophic interactions or low redundancy. Based on this work, we expect the Potter Cove food web to be robust to changes in macroalgae species caused by climate change until a high threshold of stress is reached, and then negative effects are expected to spread through the entire food web leading to its collapse.
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Carney, Heath J. "Food web approaches in biodiversity studies and conservation." SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010 26, no. 5 (June 1998): 2409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03680770.1995.11901184.

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Thompson, R. M., E. D. Edwards, A. R. McIntosh, and C. R. Townsend. "Allocation of effort in stream food-web studies: the best compromise?" Marine and Freshwater Research 52, no. 3 (2001): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf00041.

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The amount and allocation of effort needed to characterize stream food webs was investigated in five replicate streams. Two areas were considered:analysis of community composition (number of individuals sampled)and of diets (number of individuals gutted per animal taxon). Food webs were described by use of consistent methodology, then the effort was retrospectively reduced by considering half of the gut samples (halving dietary analysis effort)and by successively reducing the number of individuals included. Food webs with a reduced number of individuals overestimated connectance and prey:predator ratios, and underestimated species richness, links per species and mean chain lengths. These changes were due to loss of some invertebrate predator species when effort was reduced. In contrast, for dietary analysis the amount of effort expended on non-predatory invertebrates was more influential; halving effort in dietary analysis of non-predatory taxa reduced estimates of connectance and links per species. This study suggests that the effort needed to produce a reasonable estimate is highly dependent on the food-web attribute in question, and that aiming for equity of effort across taxonomic groups is as important as expending greater effort in general.
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Middelburg, J. J. "Stable isotopes dissect food webs from top to the bottom." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 9 (September 10, 2013): 14923–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-14923-2013.

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Abstract. Stable isotopes have been used extensively to study food web functioning, i.e. the flow of energy and matter among organisms. Traditional food-web studies are based on the natural variability of carbon and nitrogen isotopes and are limited to larger organisms that can be physically separated from their environment. Recent developments allow isotope ratio measurements of microbes and this in turn allows then measurement of entire food webs, i.e. from small producers at the bottom to large consumers at the top. Here, I provide a concise review on the use and potential of stable isotope to reconstruct end-to-end food webs. I will first discuss food web reconstruction based on natural abundances isotope data and will then show that the use of stable isotopes as deliberately added tracers provides complementary information. Finally, challenges and opportunities for end-to-end food web reconstructions in a changing world are discussed.
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Middelburg, J. J. "Stable isotopes dissect aquatic food webs from the top to the bottom." Biogeosciences 11, no. 8 (April 28, 2014): 2357–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2357-2014.

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Abstract. Stable isotopes have been used extensively to study food-web functioning, that is, the flow of energy and matter among organisms. Traditional food-web studies are based on the natural variability of isotopes and are limited to larger organisms that can be physically separated from their environment. Recent developments allow isotope ratio measurements of microbes and this in turn allows the measurement of entire food webs, in other words, from small producers at the bottom to large consumers at the top. Here, I provide a concise review on the use and potential of stable isotopes to reconstruct end-to-end food webs. I will first discuss food web reconstruction based on natural abundances isotope data and will then show that the use of stable isotopes as deliberately added tracers provides complementary information. Finally, challenges and opportunities for end-to-end food web reconstructions in a changing world are discussed.
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Soto, David X., Gacia, Esperança, and Catalan, Jordi. "Freshwater food web studies: a plea for multiple tracer approach." Limnetica, no. 32 (June 15, 2013): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.23818/limn.32.10.

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Cameron, Erin K., Maja K. Sundqvist, Sally A. Keith, Paul J. CaraDonna, Erik A. Mousing, Karin A. Nilsson, Daniel B. Metcalfe, and Aimée T. Classen. "Uneven global distribution of food web studies under climate change." Ecosphere 10, no. 3 (March 2019): e02645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2645.

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Kondoh, Michio. "Anti-predator defence and the complexity–stability relationship of food webs." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1618 (April 24, 2007): 1617–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.0335.

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The mechanism for maintaining complex food webs has been a central issue in ecology because theory often predicts that complexity (higher the species richness, more the interactions) destabilizes food webs. Although it has been proposed that prey anti-predator defence may affect the stability of prey–predator dynamics, such studies assumed a limited and relatively simpler variation in the food-web structure. Here, using mathematical models, I report that food-web flexibility arising from prey anti-predator defence enhances community-level stability (community persistence and robustness) in more complex systems and even changes the complexity–stability relationship. The model analysis shows that adaptive predator-specific defence enhances community-level stability under a wide range of food-web complexity levels and topologies, while generalized defence does not. Furthermore, while increasing food-web complexity has minor or negative effects on community-level stability in the absence of defence adaptation, or in the presence of generalized defence, in the presence of predator-specific defence, the connectance–stability relationship may become unimodal. Increasing species richness, in contrast, always lowers community-level stability. The emergence of a positive connectance–stability relationship however necessitates food-web compartmentalization, high defence efficiency and low defence cost, suggesting that it only occurs under a restricted condition.
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Jacob, U., K. Mintenbeck, T. Brey, R. Knust, and K. Beyer. "Stable isotope food web studies: a case for standardized sample treatment." Marine Ecology Progress Series 287 (2005): 251–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps287251.

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Pakhomov, Evgeny A., Natasha Henschke, Brian P. V. Hunt, Gabriele Stowasser, and Yves Cherel. "Utility of salps as a baseline proxy for food web studies." Journal of Plankton Research 41, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fby051.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Food web studies"

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Prast, Mario. "Studies on the impact of food web effects on nitrification in aquatic sediments." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=984951970.

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Boggavarapu, Sravya. "Food nutrition program reporting system." Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/14032.

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Master of Science
Department of Computing and Information Sciences
Daniel Andresen
FNPRS program offers nutrition education all over the counties in Kansas. It is necessary to keep track of the budget expenses for the program, resources used and many other parameters involved in the program. There exist number of commodities and products in the process of educating people. Research is needed to determine which value-added products or processes are economically possible and what percentage of it is accepted by people. For these issues, it is very important to maintain this information in a database and generate reports accordingly. The aim of the project is to create a web interface for users to enter the program information regarding the various programs conducted by Family Nutrition Program. The various kinds of data include information about the budget for the program, information about the various collaborating agencies, various kinds of resources used, services provided, proposed equipment and travel funds etc. Users for this application are county agents who take the responsibility of conducting the program and managing their data. Creating a web interface provides a solution to facilitate the agents to manage their data more efficiently and to monitor their records on a day to day basis. It also aims for generating reports for Family Nutrition Program in order to keep a check over their advancements in the program. This project involves handling of various kinds of information such as FNP Proposals, Agent information, FNP Funds, Collaborating Agencies. Database maintenance is made simple thereby allowing the administrators to add as much as data possible and manage accordingly.
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Hansen, Signe. "From chef to superstar : food media from World War 2 to the World Wide Web." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10632.

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Includes bibliographical references (p. 305-338).
This thesis examines representations of food in twenty-first century media, and argues that the media obsession with food in evidence today follows directly from U.K. and U.S. post-war industrial and economic booms, and by the associated processes of globalisation that secure the spread of emergent trends from these countries to the rest of the so-called Western world. The theoretical frame for the work is guided in large part by Guy Debord's Society of the Spectacle (1967), which follows a Marxist tradition of examining the intersection between consumerism and social relationships. Debord's spectacle is not merely something to be looked at, but functions, like Marx's fetishised commodity, as a mechanism of alienation. The spectacle does this by substituting real, lived experience with representations of life. Based on analyses of media representations of food from the post-war period to the present day, the work argues against the discursive celebration of globalisation as a signifier of abundance and access, and maintains, instead, that consequent to the now commonplace availability of choice and information is a deeply ambiguous relationship to food because it is a relationship overwhelmingly determined by media rather than experience. It further argues that the success of food media results from a spectacular conflation of an economy of consumerism with the basic human need to consume to survive. Contemporary celebrity chefs emerge as the locus of this conflation by representing figures of authority on that basic need, and also, through branded products (including themselves), the superfluity of consumerism. The subject of the work, therefore, is food, but the main object of its critique is media. Food media from World War 2 to the World Wide Web is about the commodification of history and politics, through food, and the natural (super)star of this narrative is the modern celebrity chef.
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Österblom, Henrik. "Complexity and Change in a Simple Food Web : Studies in the Baltic Sea (FAO Area 27.IIId)." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Systems Ecology, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-953.

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An influence at one trophic level can result in dynamic impacts also on other components of a food web. These dynamics are known as trophic cascades, and can be both top-down and bottom-up. After a near-collapse of the Baltic cod Gadus morhua stock in the 1980s, its main prey sprat Sprattus sprattus increased dramatically. The main food of sprat, marine copepods, decreased during the same time period, likely a combined effect of increased predation pressure from sprat and decreasing salinities. This shortage of food for sprat resulted in decreasing quality of sprat as a food source for common guillemots Uria aalge. However, a recent increase in fishing for sprat has again resulted in better feeding conditions for guillemots.

Human impacts on this simple food web can be complex. In the early 20th century, marine mammals were abundant and nutrient levels were low in the Baltic Sea. This thesis illustrate that this situation corresponded to lower fish biomass. A reduction of seals early in the century led to reduced top-down control, which resulted in increasing fish stocks. Later, in the 1950s, the largest inflow of salt water during the century mobilized accumulated phosphorus from the deep sediments, which stimulated nitrogen fixation. Combined with increasing anthropogenic nutrient loads, this led to increased primary production and a rapid change from an oligotrophic to a eutrophicated state. This change can be termed a regime shift, which also stimulated fish production. Subsequent over-fishing of cod likely caused a second regime shift, from a cod- to a clupeid- dominated state, which led to the described effects on the common guillemots.

Several factors affect the life-history of this long-lived seabird. Bycatches in gillnet fisheries is one factor directly affecting guillemot survival, and the proportion of bycatches increased during a period of increasing fishing effort. Surprisingly, avian cholera, a previously undocumented disease in common guillemots, was found at times to cause considerable adult mortality. Common guillemot life-history information can communicate the diversity of factors influencing marine ecosystems – hopefully this can increase our understanding of how complex even "simple" food webs are.

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Österblom, Henrik. "Complexity and change in a simple food web : studies in the Baltic Sea (FAO Area 27.IIId) /." Stockholm : Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm university, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-953.

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Sievers, Katja. "Predicting ecological impacts of climate change and species introductions on a temperate chalk stream in Southern Britain : a dynamic food web model approach." Thesis, Bournemouth University, 2011. http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/19386/.

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To predict the impact of future disturbances such a climate change and introduction of non-native species on ecosystems, it is important to understand how disturbances may affect community composition. This is inherently diffcult since species may be expected to respond differently to disturbances such as elevated temperatures or the introduction of a new species. Furthermore, since the species in an ecosystem are interlinked by energy, nutrient and information transfers, disturbances may be amplified or absorbed, depending on the nature of the disturbance and the resilience of the ecosystem. Some species have a disproportionate effect on ecosystem function and are often referred to as keystone species. By definition the loss of a keystone species causes a catastrophic change in community composition. Therefore, the identification of keystone species could help to target conservation efforts more effciently. A dynamical food web model, representative for a chalk stream (the River Frome, Dorset) was developed and manipulated. Changes in community composition and biodiversity were assessed. For the identification of keystone species each species node was removed in turn. Although impacts were found, particularly after the removal of important prey nodes and top predators, no catastrophic shift was observed and, consequently, no keystone species were identified. Impacts of species introductions were assessed by adding representative model species to the food web. The largest impact was observed after the addition of a small competitor at intermediate trophic level. The addition of a top predator had moderate impact, whereas no negative impact was found after the addition of a larger bodied species at intermediate trophic level. Possible impacts of climate change, specifically elevated temperatures, were assessed by increasing the metabolic rates of the species nodes. No impacts were found, when energy inputs were raised accordingly, but severe impacts, were observed when energy inputs were restricted. In general, the ecosystem was considered fairly resilient to most of the tested disturbances, possibly owing to the high natural variability of the community. The findings of current study suggest that rather than focusing conservation efforts on single species, the focus should be on 'keystone structures' that maintain high ecosystem resilience.
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DeVanna, Kristen M. "Spatial Correlation and Facilitation Between Dreissena and Hexagenia: Possible Food-Web Disruption?" University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1320935549.

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McKnight, Julie. "Trophic enrichment patterns of d 13C in organic matter of molluscan shell: Implications for reconstructing ancient environments and food webs." Scholar Commons, 2009. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/2097.

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Shell organic matrix proteins in fossils are valuable geochemical archives for studying ancient environments and food webs. Compound-specific studies of stable carbon isotope ratios offer particularly good resolution of trophic level of consumers and the identities of primary producers and can be used to detect diagenetic alteration of isotopic ratios. To interpret compound specific isotope data, however, controlled diet studies in the laboratory are needed to reveal trophic enrichment patterns of 13C in tissues and shell organic matter. This study examines the relationship between d 13C of 11 amino acids in diet, soft tissues, and shell organic matter in laboratory-cultured Strombus alatus, an herbivorous marine gastropod. The d 13C values of amino acids in this animal's foot and mantle tissues are consistently enriched in 13C relative to the diet. Phenylalanine (+1.8 ppm) and alanine (+3.8 ppm) showed the least fractionation between diet and tissues, while aspartic acid (+10.7 ppm) and glutamic acid (+14.6 ppm) showed the greatest enrichment. On average, nonessential amino acids exhibited greater enrichment than did essential amino acids (+7.1 ppm vs. + 4.1 ppm). Shell organic matter amino acids showed a very similar pattern, with aspartic and glutamic acids again showing the greatest enrichment (+7.2 ppm and +11.1 ppm respectively). Nonessential amino acids in shell (+4.9 ppm) were also more enriched than the essential amino acids (+3.5 ppm). Overall, the carbon isotopic compositions of amino acids in shell organic matrix appear to parallel those in animal tissue, validating the utility of employing this material as a surrogate for animal tissue in fossil samples. Interpreting trophic position information in consumers is difficult, however, as the variation in the magnitude of trophic enrichments for glutamic and aspartic acids between species, tissue types and diet is still poorly understood. As phenylalanine has the most consistent diet-consumer enrichments, the most suitable application for d 13C isotope analysis at this time is the reconstruction of base food sources.
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Holliland, Per B. "Trophic interactions and behaviour : Studies relevant to a Baltic Sea biomanipulation." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Systemekologiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-79075.

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The main theme of this thesis is the interactions of animals with the environment and each other. The thesis was written within the framework of a biomanipulation project “Pikeperch in Himmerfjärden”. With the aim to investigate possible trophic pit-falls, give the manipulation the best possible start, and find ways to monitor the progression of the manipulation. In Paper I the diet of the invader cladoceran Cercopagis pengoi is analysed with stable isotopes; conducted prior to stocking. C.pengoi has a preference for large copepods, indicating possible competition with fish. Paper II investigates the behavioural differences between pikeperch fingerlings reared in different environments (pond vs. tank). Results suggest that fish reared in semi-natural ponds are more likely to survive directly after stocking. In Paper III and IV, the diel vertical migrations (DVM) of copepods are in focus. In Paper III the migrations of two copepod species: Acartia spp. and Eurytemora affinis are studied over season and life stage. The amplitude of migration was found to increase with ontogeny for both species, indicating evasion of visual predators. Paper IV examines the varying migratory patterns of adult female E. affinis finding that these animals migrate more actively when feeding conditions deteriorate and growth decreases. The overall conclusions of the thesis are that behavioural, not only direct trophic interactions are key when studying ecosystems.

At the time of the doctoraldefense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status asfollows: Paper2: In press. Paper 4: Manuscript.

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Galante, Andréa Polo. "Desenvolvimento e validação de um método computadorizado para avaliação do consumo alimentar, preenchido por indivíduos adultos utilizando a Web." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/89/89131/tde-11032013-155020/.

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Objetivo: O principal objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver e validar um método computadorizado para avaliação do consumo alimentar, preenchido por indivíduos adultos utilizando a Web. Metodologia: Foi desenvolvido um sistema computadorizado contendo base de dados de alimentos provenientes das principais Tabelas de Composição de Alimentos. No total, 561 indivíduos manifestaram interesse em participar da pesquisa. Após os critérios de exclusão adotados, 93 indivíduos fizeram parte da amostra. Para a validação, foi utilizado como método de referência o Recordatório de 24 horas (R24h) aplicado por telefone. Foi solicitado o preenchimento de 3 registros alimentares (RAPls) on-line em dias alternados e, no dia seguinte ao seu preenchimento, os mesmos indivíduos foram entrevistados por telefone. Utilizaram-se teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e ajustes pela variância intrapessoal e pela energia para as variáveis dietéticas, coeficientes de correlação de Pearson e de Spearman, teste t-pareado e teste de Wilcoxon, classificação dos indivíduos em quartis, Kappa ponderado e os gráficos de 81and Altman. Resultados: A amostra final foi constituída por 60 indivíduos, dos quais 72% eram do gênero feminino e 70% possuíam curso superior completo. Em relação ao estado nutricional, 55% dos entrevistados eram eutróficos. Lipídio, cálcio, ferro, sódio, vitamina 86 e vitamina C apresentaram médias estatisticamente iguais entre ambos os métodos. Os coeficientes de correlação após os ajustes foram todos estatisticamente significantes e variaram de 0,31 (Vitamina 86) a 0,87 (energia). A concordância bruta entre os quartis após o ajuste variou de 40% (carboidratos) a 61,7% (energia), enquanto para os quartis opostos variou de 6,7% (vitamina C) a 21,7% (sódio). Observou-se que todos os nutrientes e energia apresentaram valores acima de 0,40 para o Kappa ponderado. Conclusões: O sistema computadorizado NutriQuanti, quando preenchido por usuários da internet, apresentou bom desempenho para classificar os indivíduos segundo seu consumo de energia e os nutrientes avaliados
Objective: The main purpose of this study was to develop and validate a self-administered computerized method to assess food consumption in adults using the internet. Methods: A computerized program containing a food nutrient database from the main food composition tables has been developed. Five hundred and sixty one individuais have manifested interest in participate in the study. After application of the exclusion criteria, the sample consisted of 93 individuais. For validation of the computerized method, the 24h-recall method administered by telephone was used as reference. The individuais were asked to complete 3 food records on the internet, in alternate days. After completing each food record, the same individuais were interviewed by telephone. The following statistical tests were used: Kolmogorov-Smirnov, adjustment for the intraindividual portion of the variance and for energy intake for the diet variables, Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients, t-test for paired samples and Wilcoxon test, cross-c1assification, weighted Kappa and 81and Altman graphics. Results: The final sample consisted of 60 individuais, of whom 72% were female and 70% had completed graduated course. As far as nutritional status, 55% were eutrophic. Mean intake of fat, calcium, iron, sodium, vitamins 86 and C were statistically the same (similar) between the two methods. After adjustment, all correlation coefficients were statistically significant and varied from 0.31 (Vitamin 86) to 0.87 (energy). The raw concordance between quartiles, after adjustment, varied from 40% (carbohydrate) to 61.7% (energy), and for the opposite quartiles varied from 6.7% (vitamin C) to 21.7% (sodium). Ali the nutrients, as well as the energy, have shown values above 0.40 for the weighted Kappa test. Conclusions: The self-administered on-line NutriQuanti computerized program has performed well when classifying the individuals according to their energy and nutrient intake.
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Books on the topic "Food web studies"

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Qing, Xu, ed. Zhongguo de liang shi an quan: Yi Shanghai wei shi jiao. Shanghai: Shanghai cai jing da xue chu ban she, 2011.

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1961-, Li Jianping, and Li Yushan, eds. Geng di bian hua yu liang shi an quan dui ce: Yi Shanxi Sheng wei li. Beijing: Ke xue chu ban she, 2011.

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Dang kuai zi yu shang dao cha: Kan Zhong Xi yin shi wen hua bi jiao = When east meet west. Taibei Shi: Sai shang tu wen shi ye you xian gong si, 2008.

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Gao, Shuyuan. Jing ji zheng ce yu chan ye fa zhan: Yi Ri zhi shi qi Taiwan feng li guan tou wei li. 8th ed. Taibei Xian: Dao xiang chu ban she, 2007.

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Jiyejia de ni jing jing ying xue: Anbu Xiuren, fan bai wei sheng de jing ying ke. Beijing Shi: Zhong xin chu ban she, 2010.

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Traunspurger, Walter, ed. Ecology of freshwater nematodes. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789243635.0000.

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Abstract This book, with its 12 chapters, not only encourages all ecologists to consider free-living nematodes as a model organism in their investigations, but also shows how important it is to study the fundamentals of ecology, for example, the distribution and diversity of a group of organisms as well as the interactions of those organisms with others. Detailed studies of this type will ultimately provide a better understanding of food webs, their role in the respective habitat, and the changes therein caused by human activities. In this context, research during the past 20 years has determined that, in addition to aquatic environments, nematodes are good indicators of sediment and soil quality. This book takes into account much of the recent research on the ecology of freshwater nematodes. It contains many new chapters as well as revisions and updates of the chapters of the 2006 book. The objective was to write a comprehensive yet readable guide for interested biologists, from students to career scientists.
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(Editor), K. Dettner, G. Bauer (Editor), and Wolfgang Volkl (Editor), eds. Vertical Food Web Interactions: Evolutionary Patterns and Driving Forces (Ecological Studies). Springer, 1997.

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(Editor), Mercedes Pascual, and Jennifer A. Dunne (Editor), eds. Ecological Networks: Linking Structure to Dynamics in Food Webs (Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity Proceedings). Oxford University Press, USA, 2005.

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Miller, David, Claire Harkins, Matthias Schlögl, and Brendan Montague. Impact of Market Forces on Addictive Substances and Behaviours. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198753261.001.0001.

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This book examines the ‘web of influence’ formed by industries which manufacture and sell ‘addictive’ products in the EU. The differences between alcohol, food, gambling, and tobacco as consumer products are obvious. However, we explore whether food, alcohol, and gambling industries are merely replicating tobacco tactics or innovating in corporate strategy. Using a new data set on corporate networks formed by the tobacco, alcohol, food, and gambling industries at the EU level, the book shows the interlocking connections between corporations, trade associations, and policy intermediaries, including lobbyists and think tanks. Quantitative data guide qualitative studies on the content of corporate strategy and the attempts of corporations to ‘capture’ policy and three crucial ancillary domains—science, civil society, and the news and promotional media. The effects of these three arenas on policy networks and outcomes are examined with a focus on new forms of policy partnership such as corporate social responsibility and partnership governance. Drawing on our structural data, we show the comprehensive engagement of industry with science-policy issues in the EU, the ways that corporations can dominate agendas and decision making, as well as the potential for popular pressures and public health agendas to be effective. The book concludes by asking what solutions might be possible to the evident public health challenges posed by the addictions web of influence. It proposes key evidence-based transparency and public health reforms that have the best chance of minimizing the burden of disease from addictions in the medium to long term.
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Takeda, Wakako, Cathy Banwell, Kelebogile T. Setiloane, and Melissa K. Melby. Intersections of Food and Culture. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190626686.003.0011.

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This chapter examines how culture influences what people eat, and how food practices function to enculturate the next generation. We examine four case studies of two food items (sugars and animal proteins) in countries ranging from developing to developed economies, and Western, Eastern, and African cultures. The first three case studies focus on sugar (Australia, Japan, and Thailand) with Australia providing a case study from a Western developed country, Japan providing an example from an Eastern developed country, and Thailand providing an example from a new industrialized country. These three countries have seen changes in sugar consumption paralleling increases in non-communicable diseases. Although global concern for malnutrition is increasingly focused on overconsumption and obesity, it is important to remember that much of the world’s population still struggles with undernutrition. The fourth case study of the Yoruba in southern Nigeria serves to remind us of the importance of cross-cultural comparisons and diversity, as we see that many Yoruba children experience stunting and hunger. For them overconsumption of processed food and sugars is not the primary problem; rather, it is underconsumption of protein, particularly given their infectious disease load. Around the world, culture influences food preferences, and at the same time foods often are used to convey cultural values—such as convenience and modernity, urban lifestyle, hospitality, socialization, and moral education for children. Together these factors have implications for public health interventions and policies, yet collectively require a locally nuanced understanding of culture.
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Book chapters on the topic "Food web studies"

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Janssen, A., and M. W. Sabelis. "Food Web Interactions and Ecosystem Processes." In Ecological Studies, 175–91. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74004-9_9.

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Paar, Martin, Maximilian Berthold, Rhena Schumann, and Irmgard Blindow. "Carbon Fluxes/Food-Webs: Effect of Macrophytes on Food Web Characteristics in Coastal Lagoons." In Ecological Studies, 129–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13682-5_13.

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Wolters, V., A. Pflug, A. R. Taylor, and D. Schroeter. "Diversity and Role of the Decomposer Food Web." In Ecological Studies, 366–81. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57219-7_17.

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Hessen, D. O., G. A. Dahl-Hansen, and E. Van Donk. "UV Radiation and the Pelagic Food Web of Arctic Freshwaters." In Ecological Studies, 185–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56075-0_9.

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Dettner, K., G. Bauer, and W. Völkl. "Evolutionary Patterns and Driving Forces in Vertical Food Web Interactions." In Ecological Studies, 337–77. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60725-7_19.

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Fueser, Hendrik, Birgit Gansfort, Nabil Majdi, Janina Schenk, and Walter Traunspurger. "Case studies with nematodes from the individual to ecosystem level." In Ecology of freshwater nematodes, 341–71. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789243635.0012.

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Abstract Organisms smaller than 2 mm in size are ideal candidates for laboratory and field experiments with a theoretical focus. This chapter illustrates this point by drawing on recently published works in which studies of nematodes have informed theories within population and community ecology. Case studies examining the following are presented: (1) Life cycle experiments (individual level), (2) The interactions of two nematode species - competition experiments (population level), (3) Nematode community-based assessments of sediment quality (community level), (4) Nematodes in a detritus-based food web model (food web level).
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Ptatscheck, Christoph. "Role of nematodes in the food web: nematodes as predator and prey." In Ecology of freshwater nematodes, 216–46. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789243635.0007.

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Abstract This chapter provides information on the role of nematodes in the food web, including their participation in matter and energy fluxes within ecosystems. It highlights that nematodes are both predators and prey for organisms ranging from protozoans to vertebrates, based on gut analyses and direct observations. Functional response experiments, microcosm studies, and enclosures/exclosures in the field can be used to investigate the intensity of these trophic interactions and their impact on individual species as well as entire communities.
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Pijanowska, Joanna, and Andrzej Prejs. "Food-web manipulation in shallow, eutrophic lakes: bridging the gap between the whole-lake approach and behavioural and demographic studies." In Shallow Lakes ’95, 305–10. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5648-6_31.

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Hessen, Dag O. "Food Webs and Carbon Cycling in Humic Lakes." In Ecological Studies, 285–315. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03736-2_12.

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Andersen, Tom. "Approaching Planktonic Food Webs: Competition, Coexistence, and Chaos." In Ecological Studies, 157–206. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03418-7_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Food web studies"

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DUCMAN, Anca Alexandra. "WINE MARKETING THROUGH SENSORY PERCEPTION." In Competitiveness of Agro-Food and Environmental Economy. Editura ASE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/cafee/2020/9/03.

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This article aims to investigate wine marketing studies in connection with multisensory experiences. The study was conducted using a funnel-type search on Web of Science and Scopus indexed papers, following the indications from the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement. The purpose of the metaanalyses was to answer the following questions: (1) Who is the most influential author in wine-related crossmodal perception? (2) Are there proofs regarding the impact of multisensorial experience during wine tastings? (3) Are there proofs regarding the impact of multisensorial experience on wine sales?
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CONSTANTIN, Marius, Simona Roxana PĂTĂRLĂGEANU, and Mihai DINU. "THE EVOLUTION OF THE RESEARCH INTERESTS AT THE FACULTY OF AGRI-FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS." In Competitiveness of Agro-Food and Environmental Economy. Editura ASE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/cafee/2020/9/04.

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The Faculty of Agri-food and Environmental Economics is a well-established educational and research leader in Romania in the field of economics, focused on agri-food and environmental sciences. Part of the Bucharest University of Economic Studies, the Faculty provides higher education according to the Bologna Process, consisting of three-cycle higher education systems: bachelor’s, master’s and doctoral studies. With many economists professionally trained over the years and with a group of professors focused on research activities with impactful contributions in the field of agri-food and environmental economics, it has become important to study the evolution of research interests manifested in the research papers elaborated by the tenured teaching staff of the Faculty of Agri-food and Environmental Economics. This research paper aims at highlighting the emerging research interests using a quantitative method: bibliometry, a branch of scientometry, based on the scientific papers indexed in the Web of Science until 20 September 2020. The main findings in this paper refer to the fact that waste management, food safety, carbon emissions and decision-making are the topics most frequently approached in the scientific papers indexed in the 2018-2020 period, while topics such as: land-use, agricultural insurance, ecosystems, water, marketing-research are specific to the 2012-2014 period.
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Andaque, Gentil A., Olívia Pinho, J. Santos Baptista, Jacqueline Castelo Branco, and Elizabete Nunes. "The occurrence of accidents and injury in mining shift worker influenced by food intake, a short review." In 4th Symposium on Occupational Safety and Health. FEUP, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/978-972-752-279-8_0065-0072.

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Introduction: Identifying factors that contribute to occupational accidents has been a general concern of companies in the present millennium. One of the factors identified is the quality and quantity of food, as well as meals times. In this context, the present systematic review aimed to identify how food intake influences the occurrence of accidents in shift work, with some focus, although not exclusive, on the mining industry. Methodology: The research-based literature was carried out in four electronic databases: Medline/PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Web of Science. Have been combined the following words “occupational accident” and “food intake”; “mining injury” and “food choice”; “meal timing” and “workplace”; “eating at night” and “mining injury”;“Circadian rhythm” and “diet shift”; “Food safety” and “ Health risk”; “workplace accidents” and “food choice”. Results: It was possible to identify 24 articles related to food intake. To better understand the analysis, the results were organized into five groups: Author surname and year, Study type, Accidents/injury causes, risk factor, Conditions for accidents/injuries to occur. Through the groups of causes, it was possible to regrouped on three, which facilitated the discussion of the topic; food choice n=10 (42%) articles, eating habits n=9 (37.5%), and emotional commitment n=5 (20.5%), showed the relativity of food intake causes for the occurrence of accidents and illnesses in shift workers. Discussion: The reviewed articles demonstrated that the materialisation of accidents was due to the relationship between food intake and consumption of nutrient-poor foods in shift work. That can develop chronic diseases, metabolic disorders such as blood pressure abnormalities, blood sugar fluctuation (dyslipidemia, dysglycemia), and obesity, neurobehavioural performance. Foods contain high content As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Fe, and Mn above the recommended standards by the FAO/WHO. Sleep disturbance during the 12-hour shift interferes with circadian rhythm and, consequently,with performance. These factors can be related to food and the precarious physical environment, increased workload, fatigue and poor diet, especially at night. Conclusion: In conclusion, the study demonstrated how food intake impacted workers' health on shifts but did not determine the causes or risk factors contributing to accidents/injuries. Further studies are needed to demonstrate a direct relationship which the risk factor of food intake and causes accidents/injuries.
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Al-AShwal, Aisha Ahmed, Noora Al-Naimi, Jassim Al-Khayat, Bruno Giraldes, Najat Al-Omari, Noora Al-Fardi, Caesar Sorino, and Ekhlas Abdelbari. "Distribution and Diversity of Benthic Marine Macroalgae in Islands around Qatar." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0052.

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Extending into the Arabian Gulf, Qatar is surrounded by a number of islands mostly scattered by the eastern coastline. With the unique physical characteristics of the Gulf, which is a highly saline sea with high seawater temperatures, there is an urge need to investigate the macroalgae living in such harsh environment. Macroalgae plays an important role in the food web as they are primary producers and providers of food for other organisms. They also provide shelter and habitat in the marine ecosystem for herbivorous fish and other invertebrate animals. Additionally, macroalgae plays an outstanding role in reducing CO2 from the atmosphere and increasing the level of dissolved oxygen in their immediate environment. However, there are few studies on marine macroalgae in Qatar and no previous studies found related to macroalgae from the islands around Qatar. The present work contributes to the macroalgae research by providing the first survey of distribution and diversity of benthic marine macroalgae in islands around Qatar. The marine benthic green, red and brown macroalgae of intertidal and subtidal in marine zone areas around Qatar were collected during Qatar’s Islands project, which started 2018. The collected macroalgae are documented and a total of 67 species of macroalgae are recorded for all islands around Qatar, 24 Chlorophyta (Green algae), 25 Rhodophyta (Red algae) and 18 species Phaeophyta (Brown algae). The Red algae are dominant taxon in term of species richness, accounting for an average of 37% of the species at all study sites. The islands which had more species are Al-Beshaireya 58 Species, Al-Aaliya 53 Species, Sheraouh 48 Species, Janan 43 Species and Bu Felaita 37 Species. Our results show that islands located at eastern and southeastern coast of Qatar have more diversity of algae species than those located at the western and northwestern coast.
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Freund, Anna. "The Signs of Digitalization on Food Safety Issues: A Literature Review Focusing on Traceability." In New Horizons in Business and Management Studies. Conference Proceedings. Corvinus University of Budapest, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14267/978-963-503-867-1_04.

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This study aims to examine the signs of digitalization’s/Industry 4.0’s impact on food safety in form of a literature review. It is intended to awake the interest of both the academic sphere and internal (e.g., managers) and external (e.g., costumers, state) stakeholders of food producers and also processing companies. The main research questions focus on the methodology of tracing and tracking, which both have significant importance in the area of quality assurance especially in the food industry. From an economic point of view, we are now in the age of Industry 4.0, which has a major impact on the whole economy. Industry 4.0 solutions significantly are realized in the automation of data transfer. Excellent food safety conditions can be supported by real-time transmission, analysis, and interpretation of data characterizing products and processes. This study is an introductory part of the literature review of my doctoral research. The research goals include the exploration of Industry 4.0 and practices given by digitalization within different sectors of the food industry. Furthermore, establishing relationships between the measurability of food safety criteria and the toolbox of digitization and regulatory requirements are expected to be the results of the research process. The current study aims to introduce and interpret the basics of the connection between food safety and the toolbox of Industry 4.0. In general, the research may contribute both to the scientific area and the arena of practice.
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Olszewska-Placha, Marzena, Malgorzata Celuch, and Konrad Wilczynski. "GENERALISATION AND EVALUATION OF MACROSCOPIC MODELS FOR MICROWAVE SUSCEPTORS IN CONTACT WITH HEATED FOODS." In Ampere 2019. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ampere2019.2019.9847.

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Introducing a thin conductive layer into a finite-mesh (as inherent in e.g. finite difference time domain (FDTD) and finite element (FEM) methods) typically requires a dedicated equivalent macroscopic model allowing for computationally effective and accurate electromagnetic (EM) and thermal simulations. Thin conductive layers, such as microwave susceptors, characterised by their surface resistance (Rs), are adequately represented with a dielectric surrogate layer of higher thickness and proportionally scaled conductivity, maintaining the value of Rs. Systematic evaluation of macroscopic models of microwave susceptors used for enhancing the heating efficiency of microwavable food packages has been reported in [1]. Our studies therein focus on validity, accuracy and practical application limits of the proposed macroscopic models of thin metallic layers, in terms of power dissipated in susceptor placed in free space and irradiated by EM wave, at all angles of incidence. In this work we extend our studies to real-life simulation scenarios, in which microwave susceptor is in contact with food. We first consider a four-layer model as in Fig. 1(left) and conduct both analytical and numerical conformal FDTD calculations. The accuracy and application limit of the macroscopic model are investigated for all incidence angles and both, TE and TM polarisations of the impinging EM wave, for different foods. We aim to determine a range of optimum, in terms of power dissipated in the susceptor, values of the susceptor’s surface resistance in all those cases. The results of our canonical calculations with the four-layer model of Fig.1(left) are validated in the 3D FDTD modelling scenario of Fig.1(right), representative of a real-life domestic oven. While for normal incidence our results are in overall agreement with some of the previously published observations [2], they are formalised and generalised to constitute reliable guidelines for microwave oven and food packaging designers and manufacturers. We also show cases where some of the earlier rule-of-the-thumb guidelines fail.
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Chang, Zhe, Jenneke Heising, and Matthijs Dekker. "Antioxidant and antimicrobial active packaging systems." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/mqgt2284.

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The shelf life of foods is mostly limited by microbial growth and oxidation reactions. Reducing both these mechanisms by active packaging is an attractive concept to enhance the shelf life. Antimicrobial packages recently developed combine natural antimicrobial compounds like carvacrol and isothiocyanates with biobased polylactic acid (PLA) films. Antioxidant packaging can be used to further improve product quality and extend the shelf life of food by free radical scavenging. As an example, a radical scavenger and singlet oxygen quencher, b-carotene, was incorporated into PLA to develop an antioxidant film. The usage of sunflower oil based oleogel as lipid food model was chosen to focus on the lipid oxidation process. We studied the antioxidant activity and color/thermal properties of the antioxidant loaded PLA film. Preliminary results show that the thermal stability of films was not affected by b-carotene addition. b-carotene significantly improved the antioxidant properties of the films in both DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging activity tests. We evaluated the oxidation stability of sunflower oil based oleogels as a model food product prepared with different proportions of stearic acid (SA) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). The difference between direct and indirect contact between the product and the film was determined. Preliminary results show that b-carotene-loaded PLA film was able to inhibit lipid oxidation, reducing the formation of lipid hydroperoxides and TBARS of the resulting oleogels. Further research will be on combining the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of packaging films to further enhance the shelf life of products vulnerable to oxidation and microbial spoilage.
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Park, Donghyeon, Keonwoo Kim, Yonggyu Park, Jungwoon Shin, and Jaewoo Kang. "KitcheNette: Predicting and Ranking Food Ingredient Pairings using Siamese Neural Network." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/822.

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As a vast number of ingredients exist in the culinary world, there are countless food ingredient pairings, but only a small number of pairings have been adopted by chefs and studied by food researchers. In this work, we propose KitcheNette which is a model that predicts food ingredient pairing scores and recommends optimal ingredient pairings. KitcheNette employs Siamese neural networks and is trained on our annotated dataset containing 300K scores of pairings generated from numerous ingredients in food recipes. As the results demonstrate, our model not only outperforms other baseline models, but also can recommend complementary food pairings and discover novel ingredient pairings.
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Schmitt, John. "Mechanical Models for Insect Locomotion: Parameter Studies." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1756.

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Abstract Motivated by experimental studies of insects, we develop a three-degree-of-freedom, energetically conservative, rigid body model with a pair of elastic legs in intermittent contact with the ground. The resulting piecewise-holonomic mechanical system exhibits periodic gaits whose neutral and asymptotic stability characteristics are due to intermittent foot contact, and are largely determined by geometrical criteria. We study how dynamics depend on physical parameters such as mass, moment of inertia, leg length, leg stiffness, and leg touchdown angle. We develop exact and approximate scaling relations that predict gait scaling in response to individual parameter changes, and suggest that the model is relevant to the understanding of locomotion dynamics across species.
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Esmonde-White, Karen, I. Lewis, Mary Lewis, and Tory Woolf. "Raman spectroscopy as a tool for understanding oil or fat quality in food products." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/jyvx7273.

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Many natural and produced foods contain oils or fats, and their presence affects the product shelf life and sensory attributes. Analysis of oils or fats in these foods can be carried out using wet chemistry, chromatographic, or spectroscopic techniques. Molecular spectroscopic techniques of near-infrared, infrared, or Raman have the benefit of providing a non-destructive chemical and molecular structure analysis with the ability to measure oil or fat quality directly in a process or in the laboratory. Raman spectroscopy is a molecular spectroscopy technique that is highly specific, can measure in aqueous systems, and provides a multi-attribute measurement in a single probe. We provide an overview of the information provided by a Raman spectrum, including the presence of cis or trans isomers, fatty acid saturation, and polymorphic stability. An application example of Raman spectroscopy in dark and milk chocolate will be presented to showcase Raman's capability to measure qualitative and quantitative quality aspects of fats in a complex and highly fluorescent matrix. Our initial feasibility studies showed initial markers of cocoa butter quality that support additional studies with more samples.
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Reports on the topic "Food web studies"

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Caulfield, Laura E., Wendy L. Bennett, Susan M. Gross, Kristen M. Hurley, S. Michelle Ogunwole, Maya Venkataramani, Jennifer L. Lerman, Allen Zhang, Ritu Sharma, and Eric B. Bass. Maternal and Child Outcomes Associated With the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer253.

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Objectives. The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) aims to safeguard the health of low-income, nutritionally at-risk pregnant and postpartum women and children less than 5 years old. This systematic review evaluates whether participation in WIC is associated with nutrition and health outcomes for women, infants, and children, and whether the associations vary by duration of participation or across subgroups. Because of major revisions to the WIC food package in 2009, we prioritized studies published since 2009 and included studies comparing outcomes before and after the 2009 food package change. Data sources. Using electronic publication databases, we conducted a literature search from January 2009 to September 2021 and a targeted search for selected outcomes from January 2000 to September 2021. Review methods. Paired team members independently screened search results, serially abstracted data, assessed risk of bias, and graded strength of evidence (SOE) using standard methods for observational studies. Results. We included 82 quantitative observational studies and 16 qualitative studies, with 49 studies comparing outcomes of WIC participants with WIC-eligible non-participants. WIC prenatal participation was associated with lower risk of three outcomes: preterm delivery (moderate SOE), low birth weight (moderate SOE), and infant mortality (moderate SOE). Prenatal WIC participation was associated with better maternal diet quality (low SOE), lower risk of inadequate gestational weight gain (low SOE), lower alcohol use in pregnancy (low SOE), and no difference in smoking (low SOE). Maternal WIC participation was associated with increased child preventive care and immunizations (each low SOE), and higher cognitive scores for children (low SOE). Child WIC participation was associated with better diet quality (moderate SOE), and greater intakes of 100 percent fruit juice, whole grain cereals, and age-appropriate milk (moderate SOE). Household WIC participation was associated with greater purchasing of healthy food groups (moderate SOE). Maternal WIC participation was not associated with breastfeeding initiation (moderate SOE). The evidence was insufficient for other outcomes related to maternal health and child growth. The evidence generally was insufficient on how WIC participation affects outcomes across subgroups. Conclusions. Maternal WIC participation was associated with improved birth outcomes, lower infant mortality, and better child cognitive development. WIC participation was associated with purchasing healthier foods and with improved diets for pregnant women and children. More research is needed on maternal health outcomes; food security; child growth, development, and academic achievement; and effectiveness of WIC in all segments of the eligible population.
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Knibb, Rebecca, Lily Hawkins, and Dan Rigby. Food Sensitive Study: Wave Two Survey. Food Standards Agency, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.nyx192.

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Food hypersensitivities (FH) include food allergy, food intolerance and coeliac disease. Food allergy and coeliac disease involve an immune mediated reaction to certain foods; food intolerance is caused by a non-immune mediated reaction (such as an enzymatic or pharmacological effect). Each of these FHs result in unpleasant symptoms if the food is eaten in sufficient quantity, with food allergic reactions sometimes resulting in life-threatening symptoms. Management of FH by an individual or members of their family therefore involves constant vigilance and risk assessment to determine if a food is safe to eat. Research over the last twenty years has demonstrated that this burden, along with the unpredictable nature of FH reactions, has an impact on quality of life (QoL). QoL encompasses our emotions, physical health, the environment we live in, our social networks and day-to-day activities. FH has been shown to have an impact on many of these areas, however there are still research gaps. In particular, many studies focus on children, adolescents or parents rather than the adult population and little is known about those with food intolerances. In order to make a comprehensive characterisation and evaluation of the burden caused by living with FH, the day-to-day management of FH and associated inconveniences, the FSA has commissioned this project, led by Aston University. The project is called the FoodSensitive study and this report relates to findings for workstream one, a survey to assess the impact of FH on QoL. This survey was carried out in two waves, one year apart. This report covers the second wave and a comparison of wave one and two for those participants who completed both waves.
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Semaan, Dima, and Linda Scobie. Feasibility study for in vitro analysis of infectious foodborne HEV. Food Standards Agency, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.wfa626.

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a member of the Hepeviridae family capable of infecting humans producing a range of symptoms from mild disease to kidney failure. Epidemiological evidence suggests that hepatitis E genotype III and IV cases may be associated with the consumption of undercooked pork meat, offal and processed products such as sausages [1]. A study carried out by the Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), found hepatitis E virus contamination in the UK pork production chain and that 10% of a small sample of retail pork sausages were contaminated with the virus [2]. Furthermore, studies have confirmed the presence of HEV in the food chain and the foodborne transmission of Hepatitis E virus to humans [reviewed in 5]. Likewise, Scottish shellfish at retail [6] have also been found positive for HEV viral nucleic acid and some preliminary studies indicate that the virus is also detectable in soft fruits (L Scobie; unpublished data). There are current misunderstandings in what this data represents, and these studies have raised further questions concerning the infectivity of the virus, the processing of these foods by industry and the cooking and/or preparation by caterers and consumers. There are significant gaps in the knowledge around viral infectivity, in particular the nature of the preparation of food matrices to isolate the virus, and also with respect to a consistent and suitable assay for confirming infectivity [1,3]. Currently, there is no suitable test for infectivity, and, in addition, we have no knowledge if specific food items would be detrimental to cells when assessing the presence of infectious virus in vitro. The FSA finalised a comprehensive critical review on the approaches to assess the infectivity of the HEV virus which is published [3] recommending that a cell culture based method should be developed for use with food. In order to proceed with the development of an infectivity culture method, there is a requirement to assess if food matrices are detrimental to cell culture cell survival. Other issues that may have affected the ability to develop a consistent method are the length of time the virally contaminated sample is exposed to the cells and the concentration of the virus present. In most cases, the sample is only exposed to the cells for around 1 hour and it has been shown that if the concentration is less that 1x103 copies then infection is not established [3,5,10,11].
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Grubman, Marvin J., Yehuda Stram, Peter W. Mason, and Hagai Yadin. Development of an Empty Viral Capsid Vaccine against Foot and Mouth Disease. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7570568.bard.

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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), a highly infectious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, is economically the most important disease of domestic animals. Although inactivated FMD vaccines have been succesfully used as part of comprehensive eradication programs in Western Europe, there are a number of concerns about their safety. In this proposal, we have attempted to develop a new generation of FMD vaccines that addresses these concerns. Specifically we have cloned the region of the viral genome coding for the structural proteins and the proteinase responsible for processing of the structural protein precursor into both a DNA vector and a replication-deficient human adenovirus. We have demonstrated the induction of an FMDV-specific immune response and a neutralizing antibody response with the DNA vectors in mice, but preliminary potency and efficacy studies in swine are variable. However, the adenovirus vector induces a significant and long-lived neutralizing antibody response in mice and most importantly a neutralizing and protective response in swine. These results suggest that the empty capsid approach is a potential alternative to the current vaccination strategy.
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Friedman, Haya, Julia Vrebalov, and James Giovannoni. Elucidating the ripening signaling pathway in banana for improved fruit quality, shelf-life and food security. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594401.bard.

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Background : Banana being a monocot and having distinct peel and pulp tissues is unique among the fleshy fruits and hence can provide a more comprehensive understanding of fruit ripening. Our previous research which translated ripening discoveries from tomato, led to the identification of six banana fruit-associated MADS-box genes, and we confirmed the positive role of MaMADS1/2 in banana ripening. The overall goal was to further elucidate the banana ripening signaling pathway as mediated by MADS-boxtranscriptional regulators. Specific objectives were: 1) characterize transcriptional profiles and quality of MaMADS1/2 repressed fruit; 2) reveal the role of additional MaMADSgenes in ripening; 3) develop a model of fruit MaMADS-box mode of action; and 4) isolate new components of the banana ripening signaling pathway. Major conclusion: The functions of the banana MaMADS1-5 have been examined by complimenting the rinor the TAGL1-suppressed lines of tomato. Only MaMADS5 exhibited partial complementation of TAGL1-suppressed and rinlines, suggesting that while similar genes play corresponding roles in ripening, evolutionary divergence makes heterologous complementation studies challenging. Nevertheless, the partial complementation of tomato TAGL1-surpessed and rinlines with MaMADS5 suggests this gene is likely an important ripening regulator in banana, worthy of further study. RNA-seqtranscriptome analysis during ripening was performed on WT and MaMADS2-suppressed lines revealing additional candidate genes contributing to ripening control mechanisms. In summary, we discovered 39 MaMADS-box genes in addition to homologues of CNR, NOR and HB-1 expressed in banana fruits, and which were shown in tomato to play necessary roles in ripening. For most of these genes the expression in peel and pulp was similar. However, a number of key genes were differentially expressed between these tissues indicating that the regulatory components which are active in peel and pulp include both common and tissue-specific regulatory systems, a distinction as compared to the more uniform tomato fruit pericarp. Because plant hormones are well documented to affect fruit ripening, the expressions of genes within the auxin, gibberellin, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, salicylic and ethylene signal transduction and synthesis pathways were targeted in our transcriptome analysis. Genes’ expression associated with these pathways generally declined during normal ripening in both peel and pulp, excluding cytokinin and ethylene, and this decline was delayed in MaMADS2-suppressed banana lines. Hence, we suggest that normal MaMADS2 activity promotes the observed downward expression within these non-ethylene pathways (especially in the pulp), thus enabling ripening progression. In contrast, the expressions of ACSand ACOof the ethylene biosynthesis pathway increase in peel and pulp during ripening and are delayed/inhibited in the transgenic bananas, explaining the reduced ethylene production of MaMADS2-suppressed lines. Inferred by the different genes’ expression in peel and pulp of the gibberellins, salicylic acid and cytokinins pathways, it is suggested that hormonal regulation in these tissues is diverse. These results provide important insights into possible avenues of ripening control in the diverse fruit tissues of banana which was not previously revealed in other ripening systems. As such, our transcriptome analysis of WT and ripening delayed banana mutants provides a starting point for further characterization of ripening. In this study we also developed novel evidence that the cytoskeleton may have a positive role in ripening as components of this pathway were down-regulated by MaMADS2 suppression. The mode of cytoskeleton involvement in fruit ripening remains unclear but presents a novel new frontier in ripening investigations. In summary, this project yielded functional understanding of the role and mode of action of MaMADS2 during ripening, pointing to both induction of ethylene and suppression of non-ethylene hormonal singling pathways. Furthermore, our data suggest important roles for cytoskeleton components and MaMADS5 in the overall banana ripening control network. Implications: The project revealed new molecular components/genes involved in banana ripening and refines our understanding of ripening responses in the peel and pulp tissues of this important species. This information is novel as compared to that derived from the more uniform carpel tissues of other highly studied ripening systems including tomato and grape. The work provides specific target genes for potential modification through genetic engineering or for exploration of useful genetic diversity in traditional breeding. The results from the project might point toward improved methods or new treatments to improve banana fruit storage and quality.
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6

Landolt, Peter, Ezra Dunkelblum, Robert R. Heath, and Moshe Kehat. Host Plant Chemical Mediation of Heliothis Reproductive Behavior. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1992.7568753.bard.

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Phytophagous insects respond to chemicals from their host plants in a number of ways, including orientation or attraction in response to volatiles produced by plants. Orientation to odors from host plants may occur in order to locate food, mates, or oviposition sites. A detailed understanding of these behaviors are the chemical stimuli evoking them may provide useful means for attracting and trapping insect pests of crop plants. Heliothine moths (Helicoverpa and Heliothis herein) include a number of major pests of cultivated crop plants throughout the world. In North America, these include Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea. In much of Eurasia (including Israel) Australia, and Africa, these include Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa peltigera. These 4 species of concern all are attracted to odorants from host plants (Tingle and Mitchell 2992, Mitchell et al 1991, 1992 BARD feasibility study report). Host plant chemicals also play a role in the sexual behavior of Helicoverpa species. Synthesis and possibly release of sex pheromone in H. zea and H. phloxiphaga is stimulated by kairomones from hosts plants (Raina 1988, 1992). Pheromona scent marking on host plants also occurs in H. virescens and H. zea. Studies of several other insects, including the cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni, have a variety of other behaviors may occur in association with host plants, including the use of plants as sexual rendesvous sites and of direct involvement of plant chemicals in sexual behavior. Some pest species of moths also may use host plants as adult food sources. These studies were undertaken to develop a more thorough understanding of how Heliothis/Helicoverpa moths use host plant odorants to locate and select foods, mates, and oviposition sites. We used Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea in Florida, and Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa peltigera in Israel as objects of study because of their pest status. It is hoped that such an understanding will provide direction for work to discover and develop novel means to control these pests through behavioral manipulation. The specific objectives of the proposal were to 1) identify host odor affects on known Heliothine sexual behavior, 2) identify novel sexual behavior that is how dependent, 3) isolate and characterize host kairomones important to pest Heliothine host and mate-location behavior, and 4) investigate female attraction to males.
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7

Woldeyohanes, Tesfaye, Karl Hughes, Kai Mausch, and Judith Oduol. Adoption of improved grains legumes and dryland cereals crop varieties: A synthesis of evidence. World Agroforestry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp21022.pdf.

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Like other crop improvement programs, a key prerequisite for the CGIAR Research Program on Grain Legumes and Dryland Cereals (CRP GLDC) to generate large-scale impact is large-scale adoption. Hence, evidencing the breadth and depth of such adoption is both of intrinsic interest and important for estimating downstream impacts, such as improved food and nutritional security, income, resilience, and soil health. While various GLDC adoption studies have been undertaken, a recent effort to systematically review these studies and synthesize the results is lacking. We undertook such a review, identifying 69 studies and 35 independent country crop combinations (CCCs). To generate aggregated and updated estimates of GLDC improved varietal adoption, we devised and applied a procedure to estimate national cropping areas under such varieties and, in turn, the number of adopting households. Estimates derived from household surveys and expert opinion solicitation are treated with higher and lower levels of confidence, respectively. As of 2019, we estimate from higher confidence studies that improved GLDC crops were cultivated on 15.37 million hectares of land by 17.64 million households in CRP GLDC’s 13 priority countries. With the inclusion of lower confidence studies, these numbers increase to 32 and 44.64 million, respectively. We are further confident that the program exceeded its adoption target of 8.9 million newly adopting households from 2011, particularly when likely spillovers vis-à-vis non-surveyed areas, non-priority countries, and non-priority crops in priority countries are considered.
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8

Kuiken, Todd, and Jennifer Kuzma. Genome Editing in Latin America: Regional Regulatory Overview. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003410.

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The power and promise of genome editing, CRISPR specifically, was first realized with the discovery of CRISPR loci in the 1980s.3 Since that time, CRISPR-Cas systems have been further developed enabling genome editing in virtually all organisms across the tree of life.3 In the last few years, we have seen the development of a diverse set of CRISPR-based technologies that has revolutionized genome manipulation.4 Enabling a more diverse set of actors than has been seen with other emerging technologies to redefine research and development for biotechnology products encompassing food, agriculture, and medicine.4 Currently, the CRISPR community encompasses over 40,000 authors at 20,000 institutions that have documented their research in over 20,000 published and peer-reviewed studies.5 These CRISPR-based genome editing tools have promised tremendous opportunities in agriculture for the breeding of crops and livestock across the food supply chain. Potentially addressing issues associated with a growing global population, sustainability concerns, and possibly help address the effects of climate change.4 These promises however, come along-side concerns of environmental and socio-economic risks associated with CRISPR-based genome editing, and concerns that governance systems are not keeping pace with the technological development and are ill-equipped, or not well suited, to evaluate these risks. The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) launched an initiative in 2020 to understand the complexities of these new tools, their potential impacts on the LAC region, and how IDB may best invest in its potential adoption and governance strategies. This first series of discussion documents: “Genome Editing in Latin America: Regulatory Overview,” and “CRISPR Patent and Licensing Policy” are part of this larger initiative to examine the regulatory and institutional frameworks surrounding gene editing via CRISPR-based technologies in the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) regions. Focusing on Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay, they set the stage for a deeper analysis of the issues they present which will be studied over the course of the next year through expert solicitations in the region, the development of a series of crop-specific case studies, and a final comprehensive regional analysis of the issues discovered.
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9

Rao, Nitya, Sheetal Patil, Maitreyi Koduganti, Chandni Singh, Ashwin Mahalingam, Prathijna Poonacha, and Nishant Singh. Sowing Sustainable Cities: Lessons for Urban Agriculture Practices in India. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/ssc12.2022.

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Despite growing interest and recognition of urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) as a nature- based solution, there is limited empirical evidence in countries like India on its role in reconfiguring goals on environmental functions (such as biodiversity, waste management, water recycling, micro-climate regulation, etc.) and social wellbeing (such as food and nutrition security, gender relations, work burdens, land tenure and community ties). A need to address this gap led to the ideation of the project ‘Urban and peri-urban agriculture as green infrastructures’ ( UPAGrI ). When UPAGrI started in 2019, the research on UPA in India was thin but growing. However, the practical experience of urban farming across Indian cities is thriving and diverse, built on decades of bottom-up experimentation. Within the landscape of our ever-changing cities, we found vibrant communities-of-practice sharing seeds and knowledge, engaged online influencers discussing composting and water reuse, and stories of farming becoming sites of multi-generational bonding and nutritional security. This compendium is a collection of 29 such innovative UPA practices from across the different cities in the country. These diverse case studies are loosely categorized into four themes: environment and sustainability; food, nutrition and livelihood; gender and subjective well-being; and urban policy and planning. Written mostly by practitioners themselves, the case studies collectively recognise and celebrate UPA innovations and practices, serving as a repository of lessons for peer-to-peer learning, and demonstrating how UPA can be one of the many solutions towards sustainable, liveable Indian cities.
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Rao, Nitya. Sowing Sustainable Cities: Lessons for Urban Agriculture Practices in India. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/ssc12.2023.

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Despite growing interest and recognition of urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) as a nature- based solution, there is limited empirical evidence in countries like India on its role in reconfiguring goals on environmental functions (such as biodiversity, waste management, water recycling, micro-climate regulation, etc.) and social wellbeing (such as food and nutrition security, gender relations, work burdens, land tenure and community ties). A need to address this gap led to the ideation of the project ‘Urban and peri-urban agriculture as green infrastructures’ ( UPAGrI ). When UPAGrI started in 2019, the research on UPA in India was thin but growing. However, the practical experience of urban farming across Indian cities is thriving and diverse, built on decades of bottom-up experimentation. Within the landscape of our ever-changing cities, we found vibrant communities-of-practice sharing seeds and knowledge, engaged online influencers discussing composting and water reuse, and stories of farming becoming sites of multi-generational bonding and nutritional security. This compendium is a collection of 29 such innovative UPA practices from across the different cities in the country. These diverse case studies are loosely categorized into four themes: environment and sustainability; food, nutrition and livelihood; gender and subjective well-being; and urban policy and planning. Written mostly by practitioners themselves, the case studies collectively recognise and celebrate UPA innovations and practices, serving as a repository of lessons for peer-to-peer learning, and demonstrating how UPA can be one of the many solutions towards sustainable, liveable Indian cities.
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