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Journal articles on the topic 'Foodplain'

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1

Matavulj, Milan, Maja Karaman, Igor Gojkovic, and Svjetlana Djurdjevic. "Lignicolous macrofungi of the Bardaca foodplain region." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 109 (2005): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn0519161m.

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In the frame of biodiversity investigation of the Bardaca floodplain (Republic of Srpska, Bosnia), the investigation of the presence and the diversity of macrofungi of the wider Bardaca region have been undertaken. The relative poor generic diversity of lignicolous macrofungi with only 21 species (11 families) representing this group has been recorded. Such a poor qualitative and also quantitative composition of this very important fungal group could be explained by heavy devastation of autochthonous plant communities, reducing them to the small number of plant associations of poor generic com
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2

Bonyongou, M. C., G. J. Bredenkamp, and E. Veenendaal. "Foodplain vegetation in the Nxaraga Lagoon area, Okavango Delta, Botswana." South African Journal of Botany 66, no. 1 (2000): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0254-6299(15)31046-2.

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3

Pazza, Rubens, and Horácio Ferreira Júlio Jr. "Occurrence of Three Sympatric Cytotypes of Hoplias malabaricus (Pisces,Erythrinidae) in the Upper Parana River Foodplain (Brazil)." CYTOLOGIA 68, no. 2 (2003): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.68.159.

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4

Morton, SR, KG Brennan, and MD Armstrong. "Distribution and abundance of herons, egrets, ibises and spoonbills in the Alligator Rivers Region, Northern Territory." Wildlife Research 20, no. 1 (1993): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9930023.

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Aerial surveys between 1981 and 1984 were used to identify monthly trends in the abundance of Pacific herons (Ardea pacifica), pied herons (Ardea picata), cattle egrets (Ardeola ibis), great egrets (Egretta alba), little egrets (Egretta garzetta), intermediate egrets (Egretta intermedia), glossy ibis (Plegadis falcinellus), sacred ibis (Threskiornis aethiopica), straw-necked ibis (Threskiornis spinicollis) and royal spoonbills (Platalea regia) on five floodplains of the Alligator Rivers region, 250 km east of Darwin in the monsoonal Northern Territory. Ground surveys were conducted during the
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5

Yanti, Elyta Vivi, and Nicko Haryadi. "POTENSI IKAN HIAS DI DANAU BATU KABUPATEN PULANG PISAU SUATU PENDEKATAN BIOLOGI DAN ETNOBIOLOGI." ZIRAA'AH MAJALAH ILMIAH PERTANIAN 44, no. 1 (2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31602/zmip.v44i1.1666.

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General waters of Central Kalimantan with an area of around 2.29 million Ha is a habitat for freshwater fish, both of which have important economic value and ecological value. Diversity of fish species is a potential for fisheries production both as consumption fish, fish traded between regions and ornamental fish. Based on the latest data, there are 267 species of fish in the public waters of Central Kalimantan and 92 species of which are included in the category of ornamental fish species (Central Kalimantan Marine and Fisheries Service, 2010). Batu Lake is located in Sigi Village, Kahayan T
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Severns, Paul M., and Melinda Guzman-Martinez. "Plant Pathogen Invasion Modifies the Eco-Evolutionary Host Plant Interactions of an Endangered Checkerspot Butterfly." Insects 12, no. 3 (2021): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12030246.

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New plant pathogen invasions typified by cryptic disease symptoms or those appearing sporadically in time and patchily in space, might go largely unnoticed and not taken seriously by ecologists. We present evidence that the recent invasion of Pyrenopeziza plantaginis (Dermateaceae) into the Pacific Northwest USA, which causes foliar necrosis in the fall and winter on Plantago lanceolata (plantain), the primary (non-native) foodplant for six of the eight extant Taylor’s checkerspot butterfly populations (Euphydryas editha taylori, endangered species), has altered eco-evolutionary foodplant inte
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7

Hancock, E. Geoffrey. "An extension of range and a rearing record for Parmena slamai Sama, 1986 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae, Lamiinae, Parmenini)." Entomologist's Gazette 70, no. 4 (2019): 239–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31184/g00138894.704.1733.

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The occurrence of Parmena slamai Sama, 1986 (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) on the Greek island Lesvos is a considerable extension of its known geographical range. Data are given for establishing a known foodplant from the stems of which adult beetles were reared.
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Beckles, Borgesius G., Hajo B. P. E. Gernaat, and Tinde Van Andel. "A Natural Foodplant forDirphia tarquina(Saturniidae: Hemileucinae) in Suriname." Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 69, no. 2 (2015): 140–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18473/lepi.69i2.a15.

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9

Heckford, R. J., and S. D. Beavan. "Scythris albostriata Hannemann, 1961 and S. pascuella (Zeller, 1855) (Lepidoptera: Scythrididae): discovery of the larvae, in Croatia, both on Petrorhagia saxifraga (L.) Link, a previously unrecognised larval foodplant of any species of Scythris." Entomologist's Gazette 72, no. 3 (2021): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31184/g00138894.723.1824.

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An account is given of the discovery of the hitherto unknown larvae of Scythris albostriata Hannemann, 1961, and S. pascuella (Zeller, 1855) in Croatia feeding on the leaves of Petrorhagia saxifraga (L.) Link, a previously unknown foodplant of any species of Scythris. Descriptions and photographs of the larvae are provided, together with images of the adults and male genitalia.
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10

Szabo, Michelle. "Foodwork or Foodplay? Men’s Domestic Cooking, Privilege and Leisure." Sociology 47, no. 4 (2012): 623–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038512448562.

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11

Ahola, Matti, and László Ronkay. "Description of the larva of Cucullia mixta (Freyer) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)." Entomologica Fennica 10, no. 2 (1999): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.84005.

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The larval foodplant (=Aster linosyris) and certain features of the biology of Cucullia mixta (Freyer, 1842), are examined on the basis of ex ovo rearing. Details of hypopharyngeal complex, labrum and mandible of last instar larvae are given and ornaments are described. Larval characters are compared with those of C. dracunculi (Hübner,[1809-1813]) and C. xeranthemi Boisduval, 1840, species that also feed on Aster.
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12

Heckford, R. J., and S. D. Beavan. "Coleophora arctostaphyli Meder, 1934 (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae): observations on the early stages." Entomologist's Gazette 69, no. 2 (2018): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31184/g00138894.692.1680.

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The ovum and larva of the case-bearing stage of Coleophora arctostaphyli Meder, 1934, are apparently undescribed, unlike the larva of the leaf-mining stage, larval case and biology. Descriptions of the ovum and final instar are provided but for reasons given in the text only a limited account is given of the final instar. We also record finding several mines on the foodplant, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng., containing dead larvae.
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13

FINK, LINDA S. "Foodplant effects on colour morphs of Eumorpha fasciata caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 56, no. 3 (1995): 423–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1995.tb01103.x.

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14

SIMONSEN, THOMAS J., NIKLAS WAHLBERG, ANDREW D. WARREN, and FELIX A. H. SPERLING. "The evolutionary history ofBoloria(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): phylogeny, zoogeography and larval–foodplant relationships." Systematics and Biodiversity 8, no. 4 (2010): 513–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2010.532833.

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15

Kester, Karen M., Georgia M. Eldeib, and Bonnie L. Brown. "Genetic Differentiation of Two Host–Foodplant Complex Sources ofCotesia congregata(Hymenoptera: Braconidae)." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 108, no. 6 (2015): 1014–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/sav088.

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Mas'ud, Abdu, A. D. Corebima, Ade Haerullah, Said Hasan, and Alisi Alisi. "JENIS KUPU-KUPU PENGUNJUNG BUNGA MUSSAENDA DAN ASOKA DI KAWASAN CAGAR ALAM GUNUNG SIBELA PULAU BACAN." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 19, no. 2 (2019): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v19i2.1108.

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Abstrak: Musaenda dan Asoka merupakan salah satu tanaman hostplant dan sekaligus foodplant bagi kupu-kupu di Gunung Sibela. Hostplant adalah tumbuhan inang yang menjadi makanan larva dan foodplant adalah tumbuhan yang menjadi makanan kupu-kupu dewasa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis kupu-kupu yang mengunjungi tanaman mussaenda dan asoka di kawasan cagar alam gunung Sibela pulau Bacan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah direct sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lokasi dataran rendah (20 mdpl) ditemukan 10 spesies kupu-kupu pengunjung tanaman mussaenda da
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17

BYRNE, CATHERINE J., and NASEN WEI. "Kunanyia stephaniae gen. nov. & sp. nov. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae): an unusual and rare diurnal moth from the mountains of Tasmania." Zootaxa 3503, no. 1 (2012): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3503.1.2.

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We describe the adult, egg, and all larval stages of a new geometrid moth, Kunanyia stephaniae gen. nov. and sp. nov. Although the genus can be placed in the tribe Nacophorini on key morphological features, it possesses a unique suite of characters that distinguish it from other described nacophorines. Larvae reared from eggs obtained from field-collected females, survived to maturity feeding on the dead leaves of Eucalyptus coccifera and other Eucalyptus spp, an unusual foodplant for Geometridae. To date, adults have only been collected in montane habitats on Mt Wellington near Hobart and Mt
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18

Nahrstedt, Adolf, and Raymond H. Davis. "Uptake of linamarin and lotaustralin from their foodplant by larvae of Zygaena trifolii." Phytochemistry 25, no. 10 (1986): 2299–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)81683-0.

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19

HAWKINS, BRADFORD A., R. R. ASKEW, and MARK R. SHAW. "Influences of host feeding-niche and foodplant type on generalist and specialist parasitoids." Ecological Entomology 15, no. 3 (1990): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1990.tb00809.x.

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20

Heckford, R. J., and S. D. Beavan. "Teleiopsis diffinis (Haworth, 1828) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): larvae found mining leaves of Rumex acetosa L. in Devon, England; behaviour and foodplant apparently not previously published." Entomologist's Gazette 70, no. 1 (2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31184/g00138894.701.1716.

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An account is given of the discovery of the early instar(s) larva of Teleiopsis diffinis (Haworth, 1828) found mining leaves of Rumex acetosa L. in Devon, England. Not only does this appear to be the first occasion when the larva has been observed to be a leaf-miner but it also appears to be only the second time that Rumex acetosa has been recorded as a foodplant in Europe (the first was nearly 130 years ago and was unpublished). Leaf-mines on Rumex acetosa found in the same area made by the larva of a Mantura species of Coleoptera are also considered. Various British and mainland European pub
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21

Heckford, R. J., and S. D. Beavan. "On the biology of Pyrausta purpuralis (Linnaeus, 1758) and its comparison with Pyrausta ostrinalis (Hübner, 1793) and Pyrausta aurata (Scopoli, 1763) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)." Entomologist's Gazette 72, no. 2 (2021): 85–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.31184/g00138894.722.1813.

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An account is given of finding the larva of Pyrausta purpuralis (Linnaeus, 1758) in the British Isles feeding on Prunella vulgaris L. British literature gives Mentha arvensis L. and Thymus spp. as the foodplants apart from a citation of Prunella vulgaris in 1904 that seems to have been overlooked, except for being included as one of several foodplants in mainland European publications in 2012 and 2013. We discuss whether Prunella vulgaris may be the main, if not only, foodplant of Pyrausta purpuralis, at least in the British Isles. Descriptions and illustrations are provided of the larvae of P
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22

Goldstein, Paul Z., Daniel Janzen, and Winnie Hallwachs. "Aprica: a new genus and life history for the pteridivore Xanthia patula Druce, 1898 (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)." ZooKeys 866 (July 24, 2019): 127–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.866.27647.

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Aprica Goldstein, gen. nov. is described to accommodate Xanthiapatula Druce, 1898. Recent discovery of its larva, which has been recorded eating foliage of species in six families of leptosporangiate ferns, suggest a possible subfamily assignment within the Eriopinae, but this cannot be substantiated based on adult morphology. This species has no obvious close relatives either among the core noctuid pteridivore genera currently recognized in the Eriopinae (e.g., Callopistria Hübner, [1821]), nor among genera more recently discovered to be fern-feeders but which remain incertae sedis with respe
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23

Hasegawa, Takashi, Kotaro Saito, Vu Van Lien, Takashi Miyagawa, Akiko Kubota, and Takashi Yokochi. "Life history of Chrysozephyrus alienus (Koiwaya & Monastyrskii, 2010) (Lepidoptera) in central Vietnam." TAP CHI SINH HOC 39, no. 3 (2017): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7160/v39n3.9348.

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We have successfully reared the larvae of Chrysozephyrus alienus (Koiwaya & Monastyrskii, 2010), and presented the life history of this species. The larval foodplant was found to be Lyonia ovalifolia var. pubescens. The tactile setae of the 1st instar larvae are absent at dorsal anterior area at the 1st abdominal segment and dorsal area at the 7th abdominal segment. The pattern is rather similar to that of Chrysozephyrus scintillans. Citation: Hasegawa T., Saito K., Vu Van Lien, Miyagawa T., Kubota A., Yokochi T., 2017. Life history of Chrysozephyrus alienus (Koiwaya & Monastyrskii, 20
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Kemp, Darrell J. "Oviposition behaviour of post-diapause Hypolimnas bolina (L.) (Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae) in tropical Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 46, no. 5 (1998): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo98011.

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Observations were made on the oviposition behaviour of post-diapause adults of Hypolimnas bolina (L.) at a site in Townsville, Australia (19˚15′S, 146˚45′E). Females most often laid one or two eggs on freshly emerged seedlings (<10 mm height) of Synedrella nodiflora (L.) (Asteraceae). Mature foodplants of S. nodiflora, Sida rhombifolia (L.), Sida acuta (Burm. f.) and Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) (all Malvaceae) were present, and occasionally sampled by females, but were ignored as oviposition substrates. Females were present at the site from 0900 to 1500 hours, and were more persistent t
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Ravenscroft, N. O. M. "The Ecology of the Chequered Skipper Butterfly Carterocephalus palaemon in Scotland. II. Foodplant Quality and Population Range." Journal of Applied Ecology 31, no. 4 (1994): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2404153.

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Kite, Geoffrey C., Linda E. Fellows, David C. Lees, Denis Kitchen, and Geoffrey B. Monteith. "Alkaloidal Glycosidase inhibitors in nocturnal and diurnal Uraniine moths and their respective foodplant genera, Endospermum and Omphalea." Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 19, no. 6 (1991): 441–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(91)90063-6.

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Gernaat, Hajo B. P. E., Joke Van Den Heuvel, and Tinde Van Andel. "A New Foodplant forHistoris odius diousLamas, 1995 (Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae) with Some Notes on the Life History in Suriname." Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 70, no. 2 (2016): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18473/lepi.70i2.a12.

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Nealis, V. G., and J. Régnière. "Fecundity and recruitment of eggs during outbreaks of the spruce budworm." Canadian Entomologist 136, no. 4 (2004): 591–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n03-089.

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AbstractField data from outbreaks of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Ontario and Quebec show that current-year defoliation is the single greatest determinant of variation in fecundity. The species of tree that served as the foodplant and infections by the microsporidian Nosema fumiferanae (Thomson) (Microsporida) had little effect on mean lifetime fecundity in field populations. During a prolonged outbreak at one location (Black Sturgeon Lake, Ontario), annual lifetime fecundity was inversely related to observed defoliation in the same year,
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Barea-Azcón, José Miguel, Blas M. Benito, Francisco J. Olivares, et al. "Distribution and conservation of the relict interaction between the butterfly Agriades zullichi and its larval foodplant (Androsace vitaliana nevadensis)." Biodiversity and Conservation 23, no. 4 (2014): 927–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-014-0643-4.

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Bredlau, J. P., and K. M. Kester. "Pre- and Postzygotic Barriers to Reproduction Between Two Host-Foodplant Complex Sources of the Parasitic Wasp,Cotesia congregata(Hymenoptera: Braconidae)." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 108, no. 6 (2015): 1026–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/sav089.

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Harvey, Jeffrey A., Nicole M. van Dam, and Rieta Gols. "Interactions over four trophic levels: foodplant quality affects development of a hyperparasitoid as mediated through a herbivore and its primary parasitoid." Journal of Animal Ecology 72, no. 3 (2003): 520–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2656.2003.00722.x.

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Zeil, J., A. Kelber, and R. Voss. "Structure and function of learning flights in ground-nesting bees and wasps." Journal of Experimental Biology 199, no. 1 (1996): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.1.245.

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Bees and wasps perform systematic flight manoevres when they leave their nest or a foodplace, during which they acquire or update their visual memory of the goal location. In a typical learning flight, the insect backs away from the goal in a series of arcs that are roughly centred on the goal. The mean rate of turning is rather constant and tends to balance the angular speed at which the arc is described. As a result, the insect views the goal at relatively fixed retinal positions in its left and right visual field, depending on flight direction. The general direction in which the insect back
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Sukma, Melisa Oktaviani, Lianah Lianah, and Saifullah Hidayat. "Diversity of Butterflies (Ordo Lepidoptera) and Flower Plants in Mount Muria Kudus, Central Java." Jurnal Biodjati 6, no. 1 (2021): 122–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/biodjati.v6i1.10070.

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Indonesia is a megadiverse country. Butterflies become one of the Indonesian diversities. Indonesia has the second-highest butterfly species in the world with more than 2000 species. Flower plants are used by butterflies as hostplants and foodplant. The aims of this research were to know butterflies’ diversity and food plants in Mount Muria at Kudus City, Central Java. The research used the quadran sampling transect method with three stations (along 2 km). The research was conducted in March and June 2020. The tools used were insect net, termohigrometer, lux meter, digital camera, roll meter,
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Beavan, S. D., and R. J. Heckford. "Neofriseria peliella (Treitschke, 1835) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): larvae found in Kent, England, feeding on leaves of Rumex acetosa L. an apparently previously unrecorded foodplant." Entomologist's Gazette 70, no. 4 (2019): 208–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31184/g00138894.704.1738.

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KAY, PAUL, PAUL M. HUTCHINSON, and JOHN A. GREHAN. "New rearing method, life cycle, tunneling behavior and ecological notes on the splendid ghost moth Aenetus djernaesae Simonsen, 2018 from Western Australia (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae)." Journal of Insect Biodiversity 15, no. 2 (2020): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.12976/jib/2020.15.2.1.

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This study successfully documents, for the first time, the entire life cycle of Aenetus djernaesae Simonsen, 2018 and confirms the efficacy of using supplemental sources of fungi to feed the early instar larvae. Fresh cut pieces of the commercial mushroom Agaricus bisporus (J.E. Lange) and sections of Eucalyptus L’Her. bark were placed around the base of potted host plants –Myoporum insulare R.Br. (Scrophulariaceae) and the potential host plant Dodonea hackettiana W.Fitz. (Sapindaceae). First instar larvae were added to this matrix where they fed on the mushroom and bark. The life cycle compri
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Prieto, Aldo Raúl. "Late Quaternary Vegetational and Climatic Changes in the Pampa Grassland of Argentina." Quaternary Research 45, no. 1 (1996): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1996.0007.

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AbstractThe vegetation and climate of the Pampa grassland, Argentina, during the late Quaternary are reconstructed from pollen recovered from dated stratigraphic sections from arroyo walls and from archaelogical excavations. Prior to 10,500 yr B.P., herbaceous psammophytic steppe existed in the central part of the Pampa grassland while xerophytic woodland associated with psammophytic and halophytic steppe occurred in the southwestern part of the Pampa. These types of vegetation and the continental conditions that prevailed in the area of the present-day coast (38°S), indicate subhumid-dry clim
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Hayes, M. P., E. Ashe-Jepson, G. E. Hitchcock, et al. "Consistent oviposition preferences of the Duke of Burgundy butterfly over 14 years on a chalk grassland reserve in Bedfordshire, UK." Journal of Insect Conservation 25, no. 4 (2021): 611–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10841-021-00327-6.

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Abstract The Duke of Burgundy butterfly (Hamearis lucina) is known to have specific habitat requirements for its larval foodplants. However, no studies have yet investigated whether these preferences vary over time or in relation to climate, and there is a paucity of data on whether management on reserves can replicate preferred conditions. Here, we build upon existing research to confirm which characteristics Duke of Burgundy prefer for their larval foodplants, whether preferences remain consistent across years, and whether conservation management on reserves can replicate these conditions. F
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Parry, Dylan. "Caterpillars of Eastern North America: A Guide to Identification and Natural History. By David L Wagner. Princeton (New Jersey): Princeton University Press. $60.00 (hardcover); $29.95 (paper). 512 p; ill.; foodplant index and taxonomic and subject index. ISBN: 0–691–12143–5 (hc); 0–691–12144–3 (pb). 2005." Quarterly Review of Biology 81, no. 1 (2006): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/503969.

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Kijowska-Strugała, Małgorzata, and Krzysztof Kiszka. "Assessment of the Splash on the Foothill Slope (Flysch Carpathians, Bystrzanka Catchment) / Ocena wielkości rozbryzgu gleby na stoku pogórskim (Karpaty fliszowe, zlewnia Bystrzanki)." Annales UMCS, Geographia, Geologia, Mineralogia et Petrographia 69, no. 2 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/umcsgeo-2015-0005.

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AbstractThe article presents the results of the splash on the experimental plots on the foothill slope (with gradient 11°) with a black fallow and meadows and also plots on the foodplain with black fallow. The study was based on funnels method. The analysis of the results of research conducted from May to August 2012 showed that the size of the splash mainly depends on the kinetic energy of rain and gradient. Moreover, the splash on black fallow exceeds even 95 times the splash in the plots with meadow and 20 times in the floodplain plots without vegetation. Soil particles on the slope are mov
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Perttula, Timothy K., and Bob D. Skiles. "The Steck Site (41WD529), a Titus Phase Settlement in the Lake Fork Creek Drainage Basin, Wood County, Texas." Index of Texas Archaeology Open Access Grey Literature from the Lone Star State, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2014.1.27.

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Abstract:
The Steck site (41WD529) is a 15th to early 16th century A.D. Caddo settlement situated in the far western margins of the modern Pineywoods of East Texas, in the upper Sabine River basin in Wood County. The site is specifcally situated in the uplands more than 12m above the Dry Creek foodplain, in the upper part of the Lake Fork Creek drainage basin. Two natural springs emerge from the Queen City Eocene formation immediately below the site. There are two midden deposits at the Steck site, as well as evidence for structures arranged around an open plaza in a small community. The archaeological
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