Relevant bibliographies by topics / Foot – Mechanical properties

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Foot – Mechanical properties'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Foot – Mechanical properties"

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Todros, Silvia, Carlo Biz, Pietro Ruggieri, and Piero G. Pavan. "Experimental Analysis of Plantar Fascia Mechanical Properties in Subjects with Foot Pathologies." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (2021): 1517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041517.

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Plantar Fascia (PF) is a fibrous tissue that plays a key role in supporting the foot arch; it can be affected by several pathologies that can alter foot biomechanics. The present study aims at investigating the mechanical behavior of PF and evaluating possible correlations between mechanical properties and specific pathologies, namely diabetes and plantar fibromatosis (Ledderhose syndrome). PF samples were obtained from 14 human subjects, including patients with Ledderhose syndrome, patients affected by diabetes and healthy subjects. Mechanical properties of PF tissues were evaluated on three samples from each subject, by cyclic uniaxial tensile tests up to 10% of maximum strain and stress relaxation tests for 300 s, in hydrated conditions at room temperature. In tensile tests, PF exhibits non-linear stress–strain behavior, with a higher elastic modulus (up to 25–30 MPa) in patients affected by Ledderhose syndrome and diabetes with respect to healthy subjects (elastic modulus 10 ÷ 14 MPa). Stress-relaxation tests show that PF of patients affected by Ledderhose syndrome and diabetes develop more intense viscous phenomena. The results presented in this work represent the first experimental data on the tensile mechanical propertied of PF in subjects with foot diseases and can provide an insight on foot biomechanics in pathological conditions.
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Teater, Rachel H., Kristine M. Fischenich, Benjamin B. Wheatley, et al. "Assessment of the compressive and tensile mechanical properties of materials used in the Jaipur Foot prosthesis." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 42, no. 5 (2018): 511–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364618767143.

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Background: Designed by Dr. Sethi, the Jaipur Foot prosthesis is ideally suited for amputees in developing countries as it utilizes locally sourced, biodegradable, inexpensive materials and is focused on affordability and functionality. To date, however, no data have been reported on the material properties of the foot components. Objectives: The goal of this work was to evaluate mechanical properties of the Jaipur Foot components to guide foot design and manufacturing and reduce weight. Study Design: Experimental. Methods: Mechanical testing was conducted on two types of woods (ardu and cheed), microcellular rubber, tire cord, cushion compound, tread compound, and skin-colored rubber. Each material was subjected to testing in either tension or compression based on its location and function in the foot. Samples were tested before and after vulcanization. Two-sample t-tests were used to assess statistical differences. Results: Cheed compressed perpendicular to the grain had a significantly higher modulus of elasticity than ardu ( p < 0.05); however, cheed had a higher density. Vulcanization significantly increased the modulus of skin-colored rubber, cushion compound, and tread compound ( p < 0.05) and decreased the moduli of both microcellular rubber and tire cord ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: The material property results from this study provide information for computer modeling to assess material construction on overall foot mechanics for design optimization. Ardu wood was ideal based on the desire to reduce weight, and the tire cord properties serve well to hold the foot together. Clinical relevance With new knowledge on the material properties of the components of the Jaipur Foot, future design modifications and standardized fabrication can be realized, making the Jaipur Foot more available on a global scale.
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Han, Dianlei, Rui Zhang, Hua Zhang, Zhenyu Hu, and Jianqiao Li. "Mechanical Performances of Typical Robot Feet Intruding into Sands." Energies 13, no. 8 (2020): 1867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13081867.

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Four kinds of feet with typical structures, referred to as the hemispherical foot, the semicylindrical foot, the rectangular foot and the circular foot, respectively, were designed and manufactured to study the foot–terrain interaction mechanics for legged robots. Three kinds of quartz sand were selected to study how particle size, shape and compactness affected the physical properties of the substrate and the intrusion performance of mechanical feet. The media with smaller particle sizes had higher bulk densities and lower angles of stability, but no obvious rule was found for particle shapes of quartz sand with different sizes. The intrusion resistive forces and pressures of the hemispherical foot on these three kinds of quartz sand were all less compared with the other three mechanical feet. The particle disturbance areas and motion trends were compared under these four kinds of mechanical feet using discrete element method simulations. The intrusion resistive forces of these mechanical feet first increased and then decreased with the increasing particle sizes of the quartz sand. Moreover, the intrusion resistive forces of these mechanical feet on spherical particles were smaller compared with irregular particles. The corresponding resistive forces of the mechanical feet were characterized based on the compactness of the quartz sand. According to the intrusion test data, the classic pressure–sinkage model was modified, and the relationships between intrusion resistive force and mechanical foot depth were obtained.
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Walke, K. M. "Mechanical Properties of Materials Used For Prosthetic Foot: A Review." IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 17, no. 01 (2017): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/1684-17010026165.

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Jia, Yu Zhuo, and Jin Long Xu. "Study on Shallow Embedded Column Foot of Reactive Powder Concrete Pole Mechanical Properties." Applied Mechanics and Materials 680 (October 2014): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.680.167.

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According to the existing specifications, design shallow embedded column foot of 500kV self-supporting partially prestressed reactive powder concrete pole, and perform numerical simulation of column foot stress under actual working condition by using finite element analysis software ANSYS WORKBENCH. The main research is capitals load-displacement curve, changes in stress along the height, plane section, the change in cross section of the stress problems between adjacent. The results show that shallow embedded column foot has good mechanical properties. It can well transmit larger axial pressure, pulling resistance and horizontal force generated by top load of RPC pole. Shallow embedded column foot in operation conditions higher safety level, can be used in 500kV transmission line.
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Major, Matthew J., Joel Scham, and Michael Orendurff. "The effects of common footwear on stance-phase mechanical properties of the prosthetic foot-shoe system." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 42, no. 2 (2017): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364617706749.

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Background:Prosthetic feet are prescribed based on their mechanical function and user functional level. Subtle changes to the stiffness and hysteresis of heel, midfoot, and forefoot regions can influence the dynamics and economy of gait in prosthesis users. However, the user’s choice of shoes may alter the prosthetic foot-shoe system mechanical characteristics, compromising carefully prescribed and rigorously engineered performance of feet.Objectives:Observe the effects of footwear on the mechanical properties of the prosthetic foot-shoe system including commonly prescribed prosthetic feet.Study design:Repeated-measures, Mechanical characterization.Methods:The stiffness and energy return was measured using a hydraulic-driven materials test machine across combinations of five prosthetic feet and four common shoes as well as a barefoot condition.Results:Heel energy return decreased by an average 4%–9% across feet in all shoes compared to barefoot, with a cushioned trainer displaying the greatest effect. Foot designs that may improve perceived stability by providing low heel stiffness and rapid foot-flat were compromised by the addition of shoes.Conclusion:Shoes altered prosthesis mechanical characteristics in the sagittal and frontal planes, suggesting that shoe type should be controlled or reported in research comparing prostheses. Understanding of how different shoes could alter certain gait-related characteristics of prostheses may aid decisions on footwear made by clinicians and prosthesis users.Clinical relevanceShoes can alter function of the prosthetic foot-shoe system in unexpected and sometimes undesirable ways, often causing similar behavior across setups despite differences in foot design, and prescribing clinicians should carefully consider these effects on prosthesis performance.
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FONTANELLA, CHIARA GIULIA, ARTURO NICOLA NATALI, and EMANUELE LUIGI CARNIEL. "NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE FOOT IN HEALTHY AND DEGENERATIVE CONDITIONS." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 17, no. 06 (2017): 1750095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519417500956.

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The aim of this work is the development of a 3D numerical model of the foot that allows evaluating the influence of degenerative phenomena on the foot mechanical functionality. Such degenerative phenomena induce histo-morphological alterations and significant modification of the plantar soft tissue mechanical properties, as stiffening and lower damping capabilities. The finite element model of the foot is developed starting from the analysis of biomedical images. Different constitutive models define the mechanical response of the biological tissues. Because of the major role of plantar soft tissue in the here proposed analysis, a specific visco-hyperelastic constitutive formulation is provided considering the typical features of the tissue mechanics, as geometric and material non linearity, almost incompressible behavior and time-dependent phenomena. Constitutive parameters are identified by the analysis of experimental data from in vitro and in vivo mechanical tests, leading to the identification of a range of constitutive parameters for healthy and degenerative conditions. Numerical analyses are developed to investigate the influence of the progression of the degeneration on the distribution of stress and of strain within foot tissues during static standing. Numerical results show the increase of stress values with the appearance of degenerative conditions, showing the typical stiffening phenomenon. The mechanical response of the plantar soft tissue during specific loading condition and the influence of degenerative phenomena on foot mechanics can be evaluated with numerical analysis.
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Ker, R. F., M. B. Bennett, R. McN Alexander, and R. C. Kester. "Foot Strike and the Properties of the Human Heel Pad." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 203, no. 4 (1989): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1989_203_038_01.

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Many force-plate records of human locomotion show an impulse (the foot strike) shortly after ground contact. The authors' hypothesis is that this results from the rapid deceleration of a mass (the ‘effective foot’) under forces which compress the heel pad. The quantitative implications are investigated through an illustrative calculation. The observations used are (a) the peak force reached in foot strike (b) the vertical velocity of the foot immediately before ground contact and (c) the properties of the heel pad in compression. Data for (a) and (b) are available in the literature; measurements for (c) are presented here. The deductions are: (a) the time taken to reach peak force is about 5.4 ms, which agrees with published measurements; (b) the mass of the effective foot is about 3.6 kg. The effective foot thus includes a substantial portion of the leg: this seems reasonable. The models used for the calculations clarify the relationship between the foot strike and the shock wave, which it generates.
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Sheehan, Conor, and Elaine Figgins. "A comparison of mechanical properties between different percentage layups of a single-style carbon fibre ankle foot orthosis." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 41, no. 4 (2016): 364–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364616652015.

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Background:Currently, a range of ‘off-the-shelf’ ankle foot orthoses are used in clinical practice, of various functions and designs. Their use relates to immediate control over mild conditions.Objectives:To investigate the properties of carbon fibre ankle foot orthoses at different percentage layups and provide a comparison of these through assessment of the (1) elastic properties, (2) deflection about the ankle (including the calculation of stiffness) and (3) failure under compressive forces (dorsiflexion).Study design:Experimental, bench test.Methods:Literature was reviewed to derive a suitable bench test for mechanical testing of ankle foot orthoses. Two universal Instron machines were used to apply the necessary forces. A pilot device was utilised to establish the range of forces appropriate to confirm the setup chosen was effective. Each test was then carried out on nine ankle foot orthoses (3 × 3 different percentage layups).Results:All nine devices had their elastic properties deduced. Stiffness exhibited greater resistance in tension, with angular deflection being greatest in the ‘Lite’ set and least in the Rigid. Failure occurred mainly due to fracture, proximally on the strut; however, this was not consistent among the devices.Conclusion:Results confirmed the properties expected of carbon fibre ankle foot orthoses were consistent. This can now be related to functionality and therefore specific device prescription options.Clinical relevanceThis article attempts to increase the understanding and develop the area of mechanically testing ankle foot orthoses. This was achieved by comparing carbon fibre at different percentage layups on an identical design and their resultant structural properties. This article outlines a clear and simple setup for obtaining repeatable results.
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Taş, Serkan, Nezehat Özgül Ünlüer, and Feza Korkusuz. "Morphological and mechanical properties of plantar fascia and intrinsic foot muscles in individuals with and without flat foot." Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery 26, no. 3 (2018): 230949901880248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2309499018802482.

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Purpose: Many musculoskeletal disorders are associated with over-pronated foot and decreased medial longitudinal arch (MLA) height. Foot intrinsic muscles and plantar fascia (PF) are the primary structures that support MLA. An important reason for the over-pronated foot and the reduction in the MLA height may be the morphological characteristics of the foot intrinsic muscles and PF as well as changes in their mechanical properties. The aim of the present study is to investigate the morphologic structure and mechanical properties of PF, flexor hallucis brevis (FHB), flexor digitorum brevis (FDB), and abductor hallucis (AbH) muscles in individuals with flat foot and to compare the results with those of healthy individuals. Methods: The study included 80 participants, 40 with flat foot and 40 with normal foot posture. The foot posture of the participants was assessed using the Foot Posture Index. PF, FHB, FDB, and AbH thickness and stiffness were measured with an ultrasonography device using a linear ultrasonography probe. Results: Individuals with flat foot had higher AbH thickness compared to individuals with normal foot posture ( p < 0.001), whereas both groups were similar in terms of PF ( p = 0.188), FHB ( p = 0.627), and FDB ( p = 0.212) thickness. Stiffness values of the assessed tissues were similar in both groups ( p > 0.05). Conclusion: AbH thickness was higher in individuals with flat foot; however, PF, FHB, and FDB thickness were similar in both groups. In addition, our results suggest that foot posture is not related to the stiffness of the assessed tissues.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Foot – Mechanical properties"

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Sakalauskaitė, Raminta. "The relation between foot arch stability, and mechanical and physiological properties of the foot." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130925_105114-62994.

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The foot keeps body balance and stability during walking, running and performing various physical activities. It has been determined that mechanical properties of musculoskeletal system influence motion control, body balance maintenance (Richardson et al., 2005; Biewener, Daley, 2007; Nishikawa, 2007). However, it is yet unclear whether there is a relation between body stability and foot arch stability. The relation is yet unknown between the mechanical and physiological properties of the foot and foot arch stability. The aim of the research is to determine the relation between foot arch stability and the mechanical and physiological properties of the foot. The objectives of the research were: 1. To determine whether feet distribution according to arch type depends on different foot arch assessment methods applied. 2. To determine the mechanical properties of foot, Achilles tendon and plantar fascia. 3. To investigate whether there is a relation between foot arch stability and body stability. 4. To investigate whether there is a relation between mechanical and physiological properties of the foot. METHODS The research was carried out according to the principles of Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine adopted on 19 November 1996 (Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine) (Rogers and Bousingen, 2001). The license for the research was issued by Kaunas Regional Biomedical Research Ethics Committee (protocol No BE-2-53). 5 studies were conducted: 1 study: the analysis of... [to full text]<br>Žmogui einant, bėgant, atliekant įvairias fizines veiklas, pėda išlaiko kūno pusiausvyrą, stabilumą. Net mažas struktūros ar funkcijos pokytis gali turėti įtakos pėdos hiper-, hipomobilumui, kurie siejami su traumų atsiradimu. Šio darbo tikslas buvo nustatyti pėdos skliauto stabilumo ir mechaninių bei fiziologinių savybių sąveiką. Atlikti penki tyrimai. Pirmojo tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti, ar pėdų pasiskirstymas pagal skliauto tipus priklauso nuo skirtingų skliauto nustatymo metodų. Tyrime dalyvavo 91 tiriamasis ir buvo ištirtos 182 pėdos. Tyrime taikyti F. Forriol, L. T. Staheli, H. H. Clarke ir D. S. Williams pėdos skliauto nustatymo metodai. Gauti tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad pagal skirtingas metodikas pėdos pagal normalų, žemą ir aukštą pėdos skliauto tipą pasiskirstė nevienodai. Antrojo tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti normalaus, žemo ir aukšto pėdos skliauto deformaciją, santykinę deformaciją ir standumą. Buvo tirtos 42 pėdos. Biomechaniniai pėdos parametrai apskaičiuoti naudojant pėdos gniuždymo metodiką. Nustatyta, kad pėdos deformacija ir standumas priklauso nuo pėdos skliauto tipo. Žemo skliauto standumas yra mažesnis ir jis daugiau deformuojasi negu normalaus ir aukšto pėdos skliautas. Trečiojo tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti in vitro pėdos deformaciją, santykinę deformaciją ir standumą esant skirtingam gniuždymo greičiui. Tirtos viena su minkštaisiais audiniais ir šešios be minkštųjų audinių pėdos. Tyrime pėdos buvo gniuždomos Tinius Olsen H25K-T bandymų mašina. Pėdos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Dewan, Curt. "Biomechanics of the foot and ankle during ice hockey skating." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=81326.

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This study describes the biomechanics of the foot and ankle during the transitional and steady state skating strides using kinematic, kinetic, and myoelectric measures. A data set for five collegiate hockey players was completed (mean +/- SD: age = 21.8 +/- 1.9 years, height = 1.81 +/- 0.05 m, mass = 83.3 +/- 8.0 kg). Three acceleration strides and a constant velocity stride were examined on ice. An electrogoniometer at the ankle was used to measure angular displacement and velocity values. Myoelectric activation patterns were measured at the vastus medialis, tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, and medial gastrocnemius of the right lower limb. Kinetic pressure profiles were measured using piezo resistive fabric sensors providing accurate pressure measurement within the narrow confines of the skate boot-to-foot/ankle interface. Sixteen flexible piezo-resistive sensors (1.2 cm x 1.8 cm x 0.2 cm thick) were taped to discrete anatomical surfaces of the plantar, dorsal, medial and lateral surface of the foot, as well as to the posterior aspect of heel and leg. Repeated measures ANOVAs and Tukey post hoc tests found few significant differences among stride variables; however insights into the mechanics of ice hockey skating at the foot and ankle are given.
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Xiong, Shuping. "Pressure perception on the foot and the mechanical properties of foot tissue during constrained standing among Chinese /." View abstract or full-text, 2008. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?IELM%202008%20XIONG.

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Hwang, Chang-Hwan. "Modeling of mechanical properties for frozen pastry dough /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9841153.

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Huawei, Wang. "IDENTIFICATION OF MOTION CONTROLLERS IN HUMAN STANDING AND WALKING." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1588964890459579.

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Pungthong, Viriya. "Mechanical properties of polymeric packaging films after radiation sterilization /." Online version of thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/11179.

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Sui, Zhongquan. "The mechanical properties of starchy foods in relation to texture and digestibility." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/HKUTO/record/B39557753.

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隋中泉 and Zhongquan Sui. "The mechanical properties of starchy foods in relation to texture and digestibility." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39557753.

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Zink, Katherine Diane. "Mechanical and Thermal Food Processing Effects on Mastication and Cranio-Dental Morphology." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10900.

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Chimpanzees spend ~40% of their day chewing fruits, seeds, and tough leaves and pith, while in contrast modern humans spend significantly less time eating (5%), and the foods that they consume are extremely soft and processed. How have these differences, especially the advent and increasing use of foods processing techniques, influenced masticatory effort and ultimately the morphology of the jaws and teeth? This dissertation addresses this question by measuring the effects that early hominin food processing methods (slicing, pounding, and roasting) have on food material properties, masticatory performance and functional integration of the teeth and jaws. Using standard testing techniques, the material properties of plant tubers and meat were quantified. Processing had contrasting effects on the properties of these foods, and were correlated with masticatory performance changes measured in human experiments. Mechanical processing techniques decreased tuber toughness, leading to lower chew force (CF). Roasting further decreased tuber toughness and other material properties, which led to lower comminution efficiency (CE) and CF. In direct contrast to tubers, mechanical processing techniques did not alter meat toughness, yet did increase CF and CE. Roasting the meat also increased CF and CE, likely because of higher toughness and stiffness, coupled with less elastic energy loss. The generation of lower masticatory forces resulting from processing have undoubtedly affected cranio-dental morphology. In particular, it is hypothesized that forces functionally integrate the masticatory system, and reduced forces, especially in modern human populations, lead to malocclusions (dis-integration). An animal experiment was performed to test this hypothesis, and the results indicate that masticatory effort (eating hard or soft foods) coordinates jaw and dental growth. Further testing the hypothesis, the effects of morphology on masticatory function were studied by coupling subject masticatory performance with occlusal scores. Multiple regressions of occlusion and tooth size explained a high proportion of masticatory performance variance (significantly more than tooth size alone), suggesting that occlusal integration does indeed affect masticatory function. Taken together, the results of this dissertation document the significant reductions in hominin masticatory forces and changes in cranio-dental growth and integration that may have resulted from the use of food processing techniques.<br>Human Evolutionary Biology
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Alrahlah, Ali Awad. "Physical, mechanical and surface properties of dental resin-composites." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/physical-mechanical-and-surface-properties-of-dental-resincomposites(213a08bf-5791-4e1c-bce9-a45ca268d1d3).html.

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Since resin composites were first presented to dentistry more than half a century ago, the composition of resin composites has developed significantly. One major change was that the reinforcing filler particles were reduced in size to generate materials of a given filler content that display better physical and mechanical properties. Resin composites may absorb water and chemicals from the surrounding environment but at the same time, composites may release constituents to their surroundings. The physical/mechanical properties of a restorative material provide an indication of how the material will function under stress in the oral environment. The aims of this research were to examine the effects of water at 37°C on the physical and mechanical properties, and the effect of food-simulating solvents of a variety of experimental and contemporary resin composites, on the surface properties. Eight representative resin composites were selected (Exp. VT, BL, NCB, TEC, GSO, XB, VDF and CXD). Due to the recent development of bulk fill materials on the market during the course of this research, the post-cure depth of cure of new bulk fill materials was also investigated. Five representative resin composites were selected: TBF, XB, FBF, VBF and SF. Water sorption and solubility were investigated at 37°C for 150 days. Sorption and solubility are affected by the degree of hydrophilicity of the resin matrix. The bulk fill materials examined showed the lowest water sorption and solubility. Laser scan micrometer (LSM) was used to investigate hygroscopic expansion. The extent of the hygroscopic expansion positively correlated with the amount of water sorption. The effect of water on fracture toughness was also examined. A self-adhesive hydrophilic resin matrix decreased in fracture toughness after 7 days of storage at 37°C. By contrast, the least water absorbed bulk fill material increased in fracture toughness over time. The effect of food-simulating solvents (distilled water, 75% ethanol/water and MEK) on surface micro-hardness, colour stability and gloss retention were investigated. The MEK solvent resulted in the lowest micro-hardness and the greatest colour change (ΔE) for most of the examined composites, while the 75% ethanol/water solution caused the greatest loss in gloss for most of the examined composites. A highly filled nano-composite showed the best result over time, regardless of the condition of storage. Surface micro-hardness profiles were used as an indirect method to assess the depth of cure of bulk fill resin composites. The examined bulk fill resin composites can be cured to an acceptable depth (4 mm).
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Books on the topic "Foot – Mechanical properties"

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Stephen, Albert, ed. Contemporary pedorthics. Elton-Wolf, 2002.

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Kirby, Kevin A. Foot and lower extremity biomechanics: A ten year collection of Precision Intricast newsletters. Precision Intricast, Inc., 1997.

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Physical properties of plant and animal materials: Structure, physical characteristics, and mechanical properties. 2nd ed. Gordon and Breach, 1986.

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Yudaev, Vasiliy. Hydraulics. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/996354.

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The textbook corresponds to the general education programs of the general courses "Hydraulics" and "Fluid Mechanics". The basic physical properties of liquids, gases, and their mixtures, including the quantum nature of viscosity in a liquid, are described; the laws of hydrostatics, their observation in natural phenomena, and their application in engineering are described. The fundamentals of the kinematics and dynamics of an incompressible fluid are given; original examples of the application of the Bernoulli equation are given. The modes of fluid motion are supplemented by the features of the transient flow mode at high local resistances. The basics of flow similarity are shown. Laminar and turbulent modes of motion in pipes are described, and the classification of flows from a creeping current to four types of hypersonic flow around the body is given. The coefficients of nonuniformity of momentum and kinetic energy for several flows of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids are calculated. Examples of solving problems of transient flows by hydraulic methods are given. Local hydraulic resistances, their use in measuring equipment and industry, hydraulic shock, polytropic flow of gas in the pipe and its outflow from the tank are considered. The characteristics of different types of pumps, their advantages and disadvantages, and ways of adjustment are described. A brief biography of the scientists mentioned in the textbook is given, and their contribution to the development of the theory of hydroaeromechanics is shown. The four appendices can be used as a reference to the main text, as well as a subject index. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students of higher educational institutions who study full-time, part-time, evening, distance learning forms of technological and mechanical specialties belonging to the group "Food Technology".
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Robert, Donatelli, ed. The Biomechanics of the foot and ankle. F.A. Davis Co., 1990.

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Robert, Donatelli, ed. The biomechanics of the foot and ankle. 2nd ed. F.A. Davis, 1995.

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Robert, Donatelli, ed. The Biomechanics of the foot and ankle. 2nd ed. Davis, 1996.

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Eric, Dickinson, Walstra Pieter, Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain). Food Chemistry Group., Nederlandse Vereniging voor Voedingsleer en Levensmiddelentechnologie., and International Symposium on "Food Colloids and Polymers" (1992 : Lunteren, Netherlands), eds. Food colloids and polymers: Stability and mechanical properties. Royal Society of Chemistry, 1993.

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Dickinson, E., and P. Walstra. Food colloids and polymers: Stability and mechanical properties. Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9781845698270.

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(Editor), E. Dickinson, and P. Walstra (Editor), eds. Food Colloids and Polymers: Stability and Mechanical Properties. Woodhead Publishing Ltd, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Foot – Mechanical properties"

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Cakmak, Hulya, and Ece Sogut. "Functional Biobased Composite Polymers for Food Packaging Applications." In Reactive and Functional Polymers Volume One. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43403-8_6.

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AbstractBiobased polymers are of great interest due to the release of tension on non-renewable petroleum-based polymers for environmental concerns. However, biobased polymers usually have poor mechanical and barrier properties when used as the main component of coatings and films, but they can be improved by adding nanoscale reinforcing agents (nanoparticles - NPs or fillers), thus forming nanocomposites. The nano-sized components have a larger surface area that favors the filler-matrix interactions and the resulting material yield. For example, natural fibers from renewable plants could be used to improve the mechanical strength of the biobased composites. In addition to the mechanical properties, the optical, thermal and barrier properties are mainly effective on the selection of type or the ratio of biobased components. Biobased nanocomposites are one of the best alternatives to conventional polymer composites due to their low density, transparency, better surface properties and biodegradability, even with low filler contents. In addition, these biomaterials are also incorporated into composite films as nano-sized bio-fillers for the reinforcement or as carriers of some bioactive compounds. Therefore, nanostructures may provide antimicrobial properties, oxygen scavenging ability, enzyme immobilization or act as a temperature or oxygen sensor. The promising result of biobased functional polymer nanocomposites is shelf life extension of foods, and continuous improvements will face the future challenges. This chapter will focus on biobased materials used in nanocomposite polymers with their functional properties for food packaging applications.
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Horvath, Laszlo, Byungjin Min, and Young T. Kim. "Testing of Mechanical Properties for Plastic Packaging Materials." In Food Packaging Materials. CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315374390-4.

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Hao, Lee Ching, Lee Seng Hua, Lum Wei Chen, and Khalina Abdan. "Mechanical Properties of Nanoclay Composite Materials." In Composite Materials: Applications in Engineering, Biomedicine and Food Science. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45489-0_4.

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Kumagai, Hitoshi, Tetsuo Inukai, Tomoyuki Fujii, and Toshimasa Yano. "Mechanical Properties of Foods in the Vicinity of Gelation Point." In Food Hydrocolloids. Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2486-1_37.

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Kumagai, Hitoshi, Tetsuo Inukai, Tomoyuki Fujii, and Toshimasa Yano. "Mechanical Properties of Foods Near the Sol-Gel Transition Point." In Developments in Food Engineering. Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2674-2_27.

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Steffe, James F., and Robert Y. Ofoli. "Food Engineering Problems in Rheology and Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics." In Food Properties and Computer-Aided Engineering of Food Processing Systems. Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2370-6_21.

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Wang, Yiping, Hiroshi Morishima, Yasuhisa Seo, Yasuyuki Sagara, and Kenji Imou. "Effects of Baking and Storage Conditions on Mechanical Properties of White Bread." In Developments in Food Engineering. Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2674-2_39.

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Masi, Paolo. "Study of the Influence of Temperature on the Rheological Behaviour of Gluten by Means of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis." In Food Properties and Computer-Aided Engineering of Food Processing Systems. Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2370-6_30.

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Pittia, P., G. Sacchetti, P. Rocculi, L. Venturi, M. Cremonini, and M. Dalla Rosa. "Water State and Mobility Affect the Mechanical Properties of Coffee Beans." In Water Properties in Food, Health, Pharmaceutical and Biological Systems: ISOPOW 10. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470958193.ch41.

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Wang, Yong, He Li, Xuan Li, and Zhongli Pan. "Chapter 9. Mechanical Properties of Tomato Fruit and Tissues and Their Impact on Processing." In Food Chemistry, Function and Analysis. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788016247-00166.

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Conference papers on the topic "Foot – Mechanical properties"

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Sirimamilla, Pavana, Ahmet Erdemir, Antonie J. van den Bogert, and Jason P. Halloran. "An Elaborate Data Set for Mechanical Characterization of the Foot." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-192867.

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Experimental testing of cadaver specimens is a useful means to quantify structural and material response of tissue and passive joint properties against applied loading[1,4]. Very often, specific material response (i.e., stress-strain behavior of a ligament or plantar tissue) has been the goal of experimental testing and is accomplished with uniaxial and/or biaxial tests of prepared tissue specimens with uniform geometries[2,5]. Material properties can then be calculated directly and if testing data involves individual sets of multiple loading modes (e.g. compression only, shear only, volumetric) an accurate representation of the global response of the specimen may be possible. In foot biomechanics, however, it is practically impossible to perform isolated mechanical testing in this manner. The structural response, therefore the stiffness characteristics, of the foot have been quantified, usually using a dominant loading mode: e.g., whole foot compression [6], heel pad indentation [3]. This approach ignores the complexity of most in vivo loading conditions, in which whole foot deformation involves interactions between compression, shear (e.g. heel pad) and tension (e.g. ligaments). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to quantify the mechanical response of a cadaver foot specimen subjected to compression and anterior-posterior (AP) shear loading of isolated heel and forefoot regions as well as whole foot compression. Results from the experimental tests represent a novel methodology to quantify a complete structural biomechanical response. Combined with medical imaging, followed by inverse finite element (FE) analysis, the data may also serve for material characterization of foot tissue.
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Tuanjit Na Rungsri and Jirut Meesane. "Hybrid composite material of bombyx silk fiber for Ankle Foot Orthoses: Morphology, physical, and mechanical properties." In 2012 5th Biomedical Engineering International Conference (BMEiCON). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bmeicon.2012.6465469.

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Bussone, William R., Jill N. Baxter, and Chimba Mkandawire. "Foot Injury Patterns With Protective Footwear After Lift Truck Impact." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39131.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the properties and kinematics of an ASTM steel toe cage during quasi-static loading and forklift runover. Example ASTM F2413-05-compliant steel-toed shoes were loaded via forklift and via mechanical test device, and examined visually for external damage and fluoroscopically for internal displacement and damage of the steel-toed cage. Resulting displacement was quantified and analyzed to assess likely foot injuries and their location sustained by the wearer. When loaded by a lift truck, an ASTM F2413-05-compliant steel toe supported the weight without crushing, but the structure of the shoe around the steel cup did not, causing the steel toe to rotate and translate fore-aft or laterally, depending on the direction of loading. The survival of the steel toe combined with the failure of the shoe around it may lead to sparing of the toes, with crushing of the distal midfoot due either to direct or induced loading of the foot. Steel-toed shoes are unlikely to prevent injury to the midfoot or proximal phalanges when loaded by a forklift.
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Adamczyk, Peter G., Michelle Roland, and Michael E. Hahn. "Parametric Evaluation of Hindfoot and Forefoot Properties and Their Effect on the Angular Stiffness of Prosthetic Feet." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80839.

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Prosthetic foot stiffness has been recognized as an important factor in optimizing the walking performance of amputees [1–3]. Commercial feet are available in a range of stiffness categories and geometries. The stiffness of linear displacements of the hindfoot and forefoot for several commercially available feet have been reported to be within a range of 27–68 N/mm [4] and 28–76 N/mm [5], respectively, but these values are most relevant only to the earliest and latest portions of stance phase, when linear compression or rebound naturally occur. In contrast, mid-stance kinetics are more related to the angular stiffness of the foot, which describes the ankle torque produced by angular progression of the lower limb over the foot during this phase. Little data is available regarding the angular stiffness of any commercially available feet. The variety of geometries between manufacturers and models of prosthetic feet makes a direct calculation of effective angular stiffness challenging due to changes in moment arms based on loading condition, intricacies of deformation mechanics of the structural components, and mechanical interaction between hindfoot and forefoot components. Thus, modeling the interaction between hindfoot stiffness, forefoot stiffness, and keel geometries and their combined effect on the angular stiffness of the foot may be a useful tool for correlating functional outcomes with stiffness characteristics of various feet. To understand how each of these factors affects angular stiffness, we developed a foot that can parametrically adjust each of these factors independently. The objective of this study was to mathematically model, design, and experimentally validate a prosthetic foot that has independent hindfoot and forefoot components, allowing for parametric adjustment of stiffness characteristics and keel geometry in future studies of amputee gait.
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Zhou, Qing, Hailing Yu, Marisol B. Medri, and Frank DiMasi. "Finite Element Model of THOR Dummy Lower Leg." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-39171.

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THOR is a next generation crash test dummy incorporating additional advanced instrumentation and improved biofidelity than the Hybrid III dummy. This paper describes the development and validation of a finite element model of the lower leg assembly of the THOR 50th percentile male. The lower leg assembly has one translational degree-of-freedom in the axial direction along the tibia, and three rotational degrees-of-freedom in the ankle area with respect to its knee joint. It also includes a representation of the Achilles tendon load path. Modeling approaches used to simulate these features are discussed. Material properties of individual deformable components and articulated joints, as well as overall dynamic model performance, are calibrated using results of physical tests that mimic the loading environments experienced by the lower leg and foot in typical vehicle crashes. The model provides a computational tool for studying lower extremity injuries, including that of foot and ankle, which have gained increasing attention in recent years.
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Eslamy, Mahdy, and Khalil Alipour. "Impact of Electro-mechanical Properties of the Actuation Mechanism on the Peak Power and Energy Requirements of Active Foot Prostheses." In 2017 5th RSI International Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (ICRoM). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icrom.2017.8466236.

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Leshchyshyn Mykolaivna, Maryna, Svitlana Stepanivna Garkavenko, and Antonina Ivanivna Babich. "Studying the similarities of deformation properties of leather materials in the process of creating a model of shoes." In The 8th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2020.i.10.

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Determination of values and dependencies of deformation and physical and mechanical properties of materials of shoe models and finished products. According to the results of theoretical, analytical and marketing research, a number of experimental tests of materials have been carried out to prove the practical significance of the work, namely tests for: deformation of the vamp part of the product, uniaxial and biaxial stretching, bending, dry and wet friction, adhesion, elongation and tearing. There has been established the nature of the distribution of the total elongations of the samples of the vamps cut from different areas of the leather, as well as the ability of the leather material to be formed when improving the shape of the product or changing the shape of the shoetree. The processes of deformation of the vamp part of shoe blanks, physical and mechanical properties of different groups of modern materials and values analysis of similarity of their deformation properties have been studied. There has been created a working model-transformer for carrying out preliminary measurement of clients’ feet at the individual order. The expediency of these works has been proved experimentally. A working version of a model-transformer for foot measurements has been made and as a result of the works approbation, a sample of shoes has been made. The ergonomic properties of the manufactured footwear have been improved due to the use of materials with enhanced physical and mechanical properties. The article investigates the deformation of the most vulnerable vamp part of the men's model of a typical model, as well as the physical and mechanical characteristics of leather materials for manufacturing models and shoes of this type. Providing high quality and comfort of footwear, accuracy of parameters selection of foot measurement, zones of beams and achievement of form stability of footwear with a top from genuine leathers has been predicted.
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Durfee, William, Saeed Hashemi, and Andrew Ries. "Hydraulic Ankle Foot Orthosis Emulator for Children With Cerebral Palsy." In BATH/ASME 2020 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2020-2791.

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Abstract Objective: Ankle foot orthoses (AFOs) are used by nearly 50% of children with cerebral palsy (CP) to ameliorate gait impairments. The methods used to prescribe and tune the mechanical properties of an AFO, including its angular stiffness about the ankle, are based on the intuition and experience of the practitioner. The long-term goal of this research is to develop and deploy a technology-based solution to prescribing passive AFOs that uses an AFO emulator to be used in the clinic that can, under computer control, vary its stiffness in real-time to determine the best stiffness for walking. The objective of this project was to design and bench-test a first-generation wearable hydraulic ankle exoskeleton, and to conduct a small clinical trial to determine whether walking in a conventional plastic AFO was the same as walking in the hydraulic exoskeleton whose stiffness was programmed to match that of the conventional AFO. Methods: The hydraulic ankle exoskeleton was comprised of a wearable ankle exoskeleton tethered by small-diameter hydraulic hose to a push-behind cart that contained the hydraulic power supply and control components. The ankle component contained a novel double-ended cylinder with a cable anchored to the piston. The system was controlled to emulate a rotary spring. Bench top tests were performed to validate the performance of the system. In addition, an early feasibility clinical trial was conducted with five children with cerebral palsy who walked in three conventional AFOs (flexible, medium and stiff) and the hydraulic AFO controlled to match each stiffness. Kinematics and dynamics of gait were measured with a 12-camera motion capture system and a force plate. Results: The weight of the wearable exoskeleton plus shoe was 1.5 kg, 60% over the design goal. The system, running at a rail pressure of 141 bar (2,050 psi), could produce 62 Nm of torque and could emulate springs from 1 to 4.6 Nm/deg, the stiffness range of most conventional AFOs. Once calibrated, the torque-displacement properties were similar to the matched conventional AFO. Walking metrics were the same for hydraulic and conventional AFOs. Interpretation: Small-scale hydraulics are effective for a wearable exoskeleton that is designed to mimic a passive AFO and hydraulics can be used to emulate a rotary stiffness. While heavier than the design target, the added weight of the hydraulic system did not seem to impact walking in a significant way. The metrics used to evaluate walking were not sensitive enough to detect any subtle differences between walking with the hydraulic system and walking in a normal AFO.
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Subhash, Ghatu, Alex D. Corwin, and Maarten P. de Boer. "Operational Wear and Friction in MEMS Devices." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-60986.

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Friction and wear are extremely important issues in micromachined surfaces in design applications that allow rubbing. A polysilicon surface-micromachined inchworm device has been developed to obtain detailed in-situ information on these properties under well-controlled loading conditions. Here, we investigate the inchworm operational wear and the evolution of friction coefficient as a function of the number of imposed wear cycles. A test procedure was developed to monitor various functional parameters such as the travel distance of the inchworm under an imposed drag force for a fixed number of steps and the friction coefficient. While subject to this drag force, the travel distance decreased gradually until the foot of the device became permanently lodged in the grooves created by the wear-track. Meanwhile, it was found that the friction coefficient increased from 0.2 on a virgin surface to 3 when the accumulated number of wear cycles reached around 200,000. The friction test itself was found to interact with the wear processes. By minimizing the number of friction tests performed during the wear test, the operational life of the device was extended well beyond 700,000 cycles. Microscopic observation of the wear surfaces revealed that the early wear is characterized by the blunting of the sharp peaks on the poly silicon grains and then flattening of this fine wear debris on the surface. Evidence of plastic deformation was inferred by the spread of the wear debris over several grains. With increased number of wear cycles, material removal through scratches induced by the wear debris was observed. The device failure occurred due to a large volume of material removal (severe wear) in localized regions.
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Fielding, Rebecca A., Reuben H. Kraft, X. G. Tan, Andrzej J. Przekwas, and Christopher D. Kozuch. "High Rate Impact to the Human Calcaneus: A Micromechanical Analysis." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-38930.

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An “underbody blast” (UBB) is the detonation of a mine or improvised explosive device (IED) underneath a vehicle. In recent military conflicts, the incidence of UBBs has led to severe injuries, specifically in the lower extremities The foot and ankle complex, particularly the calcaneus bone, may sustain significant damage. Despite the prevalence of calcaneal injuries, this bone’s unique properties and the progression of fracture and failure have not been adequately studied under high strain rate loading. This research discusses early efforts at creating a high-resolution computational model of the human calcaneus, with primary focus on modeling the fracture network through the complex microstructure of the bone and creating micromechanically-based constitutive models that can be used within full human body models. The ultimate goal of this ongoing research effort is to develop a micromechanics-based simulation of calcaneus fracture and fragmentation due to impact loading. With the goal of determining the basic mechanisms of stress propagation through the internal structure of the calcaneus, a two-dimensional model was employed for preliminary simulations with a plane-strain approximation. In this effort, a cadaveric calcaneus was scanned to a resolution of 55 μm using an industrial micro-computed tomography (microCT) scanner. A mid-sagittal plane slice of the scan was selected and post-processed to generate a 2D finite element mesh of the calcaneus that included marrow, trabecular bone, and cortical bone elements. The calcaneus was modeled using two-dimensional quadratic plane strain elements. A fixed boundary condition was applied to the portion of the calcaneus that, in situ, would be restrained by the talus. A displacement of 1.25 mm was applied to the heel of the calcaneus over 5 ms. In a typical result, following impact, the strain and stress are propagated throughout the cortical shell and then began to radiate into the bone into the bone along the trabeculae. Local stress concentrations can be observed in the trabecular structure in the posterior region of the bone following impact. Upon impact, cortical and trabecular bone show different stresses of 13MPa and 1 MPa, respectively, and exhibit complex high frequency responses. Observed results may offer insight into the wave interactions between the different materials comprising the calcaneus, such as impedance mismatch and refraction. Pore pressure in the marrow may be another important factor to consider in understanding stress propagation in the calcaneus.
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