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Dantas, Florbela, Ana Borges, and Rui Silva. "Impact of UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League on Financial Sustainability—Case Study of Two Small Football Portuguese Teams." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (November 5, 2020): 9213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219213.
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Qualifying for European competitions allows football clubs to have access to the two most important football competitions played in Europe, UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League. Thereby, participation in these important competitions has both direct (participation prizes) and indirect (player transactions, television rights, box office, advertising, sponsorship) impacts on the sustainability of European football clubs’ accounts. The current competition model, which now includes more football teams, has become more attractive for small clubs. In this context, this research aims to analyze the impact of qualification for European competitions on the sustainability of a strong economic and financial structure of small clubs through a case study analysis of two small Portuguese clubs. The quantitative analysis is also supported by a comparative analysis, which was reinforced with nonparametric statistical analysis. The results show that the economic and financial impact on small clubs was not immediate, but was beneficial if it was managed efficiently. This research contributes to increasing knowledge of the decision-making agents of clubs that are participating for the first time in European competitions, or, if recurrent, are seeking answers and guidelines for the effective management of football teams.
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Li, Zhigang. "In-Network Caching and Edge Computing-Based Live Broadcasting Optimization for Football Competitions." Mobile Information Systems 2020 (December 11, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6698448.
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The business of football competitions is called the number one sport in the world, thanks to more than one billion people’s attention. With the development of big convergence media, the live broadcasting of football competitions gradually becomes industrialization and commercialization, which has a direct relationship with economic growth. For the live broadcasting of football competitions, the users focus more on quality of experience, i.e., definition and instantaneity. In terms of such two metrics, the current live broadcasting schemes are difficult to cover them well. Therefore, this paper exploits the emerging in-network caching and edge computing technologies to optimize the live broadcasting of football competitions, shorten for IELB. At first, the live broadcasting optimization framework based on in-network caching and edge computing is presented. Then, the auction-based method is used to address the task scheduling problem in the edge computing. In addition, a video compression algorithm based on adaptive convolution kernel is introduced to accelerate the video transmission and guarantee users to obtain the contents of football competitions as quickly as possible. The proposed IELB has been verified based on the collected real football competitions dataset by evaluating response time, and the experimental results demonstrate that IELB is feasible and efficient.
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Loughran, Galvin J., Christian T. Vulpis, Jordan P. Murphy, David A. Weiner, Steven J. Svoboda, Richard Y. Hinton, and Dave P. Milzman. "Incidence of Knee Injuries on Artificial Turf Versus Natural Grass in National Collegiate Athletic Association American Football: 2004-2005 Through 2013-2014 Seasons." American Journal of Sports Medicine 47, no. 6 (April 17, 2019): 1294–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546519833925.
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Background: The use of artificial turf in American football continues to grow in popularity, and the effect of these playing surfaces on athletic injuries remains controversial. Knee injuries account for a significant portion of injuries in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) football league; however, the effect of artificial surfaces on knee injuries remains ill-defined. Hypothesis: There is no difference in the rate or mechanism of knee ligament and meniscal injuries during NCAA football events on natural grass and artificial turf playing surfaces. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: The NCAA Injury Surveillance System Men’s Football Injury and Exposure Data Sets for the 2004-2005 through 2013-2014 seasons were analyzed to determine the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL), medial meniscus, and lateral meniscal tear injuries. Injury rates were calculated per 10,000 athlete exposures, and rate ratios (RRs) were used to compare injury rates during practices and competitions on natural grass and artificial turf in NCAA football as a whole and by competition level (Divisions I, Divisions II and III). Mechanisms of injury were calculated for each injury on natural grass and artificial turf surfaces. Results: A total of 3,009,205 athlete exposures and 2460 knee injuries were reported from 2004 to 2014: 1389 MCL, 522 ACL, 269 lateral meniscal, 164 medial meniscal, and 116 PCL. Athletes experienced all knee injuries at a significantly higher rate when participating in competitions as compared with practices. Athletes participating in competitions on artificial turf experienced PCL injuries at 2.94 times the rate as those playing on grass (RR = 2.94; 95% CI, 1.61-5.68). When stratified by competition level, Division I athletes participating in competitions on artificial turf experienced PCL injuries at 2.99 times the rate as those playing on grass (RR = 2.99; 95% CI, 1.39-6.99), and athletes in lower NCAA divisions (II and III) experienced ACL injuries at 1.63 times the rate (RR = 1.63; 95% CI, 1.10-2.45) and PCL injuries at 3.13 times the rate (RR = 3.13; 95% CI, 1.14-10.69) on artificial turf as compared with grass. There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of MCL, medial meniscal, or lateral meniscal injuries on artificial turf versus grass when stratified by event type or level of NCAA competition. No difference was found in the mechanisms of knee injuries on natural grass and artificial turf. Conclusion: Artificial turf is an important risk factor for specific knee ligament injuries in NCAA football. Injury rates for PCL tears were significantly increased during competitions played on artificial turf as compared with natural grass. Lower NCAA divisions (II and III) also showed higher rates of ACL injuries during competitions on artificial turf versus natural grass.
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Fang, Lei, Qiang Wei, and Cheng Jian Xu. "Technical and Tactical Command Decision Algorithm of Football Matches Based on Big Data and Neural Network." Scientific Programming 2021 (April 7, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5544071.
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A successful football team not only consists of more than a dozen people on the field but also includes a complete training, analysis, coaching team behind it, and the same basic education and youth training system. With the development of scientific concepts and the advancement of computer technology, more people have begun to study the use of modern technology to replace part of the traditional human work with low creativity and the use of more convenient quantitative analysis, prediction and other technologies to assist football professionals’ decision-making. Based on big data and neural network technology, this paper has designed a novel football technical and tactical command decision algorithm. First, the use of big data technology for analyzing the characteristics of the historical big data of football competitions provides valuable data for the work of this article. Secondly, to formulate scientific and reasonable football technical and tactical command, it requires learning effective offensive or defensive strategies from the big data of football competitions. This article uses deep neural networks to learn massive amounts of football competition data, which can effectively predict the offensive and defensive tactics of each position of the team to a certain extent. In addition, in order to better learn the timing video data of football matches, this paper also has proposed to use long- and short-term memory networks to improve the algorithm of this paper. The proposed method has achieved good results in football technical and tactical command and decision-making and also provides some new ideas for the subject of football combined with computer technology.
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Kerr, Zachary Y., Gary B. Wilkerson, Shane V. Caswell, Dustin W. Currie, Lauren A. Pierpoint, Erin B. Wasserman, Sarah B. Knowles, Thomas P. Dompier, R. Dawn Comstock, and Stephen W. Marshall. "The First Decade of Web-Based Sports Injury Surveillance: Descriptive Epidemiology of Injuries in United States High School Football (2005–2006 Through 2013–2014) and National Collegiate Athletic Association Football (2004–2005 Through 2013–2014)." Journal of Athletic Training 53, no. 8 (August 1, 2018): 738–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-144-17.
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Context: The advent of Web-based sports injury surveillance via programs such as the High School Reporting Information Online system and the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program has aided the acquisition of football injury data.Objective: To describe the epidemiology of injuries sustained in high school football in the 2005–2006 through 2013–2014 academic years and collegiate football in the 2004–2005 through 2013–2014 academic years using Web-based sports injury surveillance.Design: Descriptive epidemiology study.Setting: Online injury surveillance from football teams of high school boys (annual average = 100) and collegiate men (annual average = 43).Patients or Other Participants: Football players who participated in practices and competitions during the 2005–2006 through 2013–2014 academic years in high school or the 2004–2005 through 2013–2014 academic years in college.Main Outcome Measure(s): Athletic trainers collected time-loss injury (≥24 hours) and exposure data. Injury rates per 1000 athlete-exposures (AEs), injury rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and injury proportions by body site and diagnosis were calculated.Results: The High School Reporting Information Online system documented 18 189 time-loss injuries during 4 539 636 AEs; the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program documented 22 766 time-loss injuries during 3 121 476 AEs. The injury rate was higher among collegiate than high school (7.29 versus 4.01/1000 AEs; IRR = 1.82; 95% CI = 1.79, 1.86) athletes. Most injuries occurred during competitions in high school (53.2%) and practices in college (60.9%). The competition injury rate was higher than the practice injury rate among both high school (IRR = 5.62; 95% CI = 5.46, 5.78) and collegiate (IRR = 6.59; 95% CI = 6.41, 6.76) players. Most injuries at both levels affected the lower extremity and the shoulder/clavicle and were diagnosed as ligament sprains and muscle/tendon strains. However, concussion was a common injury during competitions among most positions.Conclusions: Injury rates were higher in college than in high school and higher for competitions than for practices. Concussion was a frequent injury sustained during competitions, which confirms the need to develop interventions to mitigate its incidence and severity.
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Pylypenko, V., M. Timchik, A. Pedorych, I. Tkachenko, V. Honchar, and M. Loichenko. "Formation of strong-willed qualities of cadet-student youth by means of football." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 2(122) (February 21, 2020): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2020.2(122).28.
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The essence of formation of volitional qualities of personality is revealed in the article. The generalization of scientists and practitioners on the problem of formation of volitional qualities of cadet student youth by means of football is generalized. Based on a four-stage procedural scheme of adolescent personality convergence developed by I. Beh and refined by N. Kasich, we characterized the criteria and indicators of the formation of volitional qualities of cadets and students by means of football, namely: cognitive (awareness of the quality of awareness). qualities; understanding of the importance of active student-student youth as opposed to passive in the process of achieving the goal by football; knowledge of student-student youth responsibilities and their performance in the training process in football); emotional value (interest in playing football, sports history of Ukraine, sports traditions of higher education institutions; joyful experience of cadet student youth from the process of reaching the goal by means of football; desire to participate in training and competitions in football; willingness to be ready (willingness to important personality qualities; spiritual determination in the process of formation of volitional qualities; volitional desire to participate in training and competitions in football; activity-practical (ability to manifest volitional qualities to be purposeful in the process of playing football; to participate in training and competitions in football and to reach the end goal by showing responsibility for oneself and to the sports team;The pedagogical conditions, content and methods of formation of volitional qualities of cadets and students in the course of football are covered. The importance of football lessons and their effectiveness in higher education institutions is revealed. The results of the study on the formation of volitional qualities of cadets and students in the course of football are analyzed.
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Nikolaienko, Valerii, Borys Maksymchuk, Ihor Donets, Pavlo Oksom, Nazarii Verbyn, Vadym Shemchuk, and Iryna Maksymchuk. "Cycles of Training Sessions and Competitions of Youth Football Players." Revista Romaneasca pentru Educatie Multidimensionala 13, no. 2 (July 2, 2021): 423–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/rrem/13.2/429.
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At the present level of football development, the requirements for athletic skills are increasing. Given a fierce competition in the international and national sports arena as never before, it is important to mobilize functional reserves and maximize individual inclinations of players to demonstrate the highest capability for sport in the period optimal for it. It is precisely a long-term training programme focused on the demonstration of natural inclinations that is a strategic area in the training of qualified athletes under the current conditions. Adhering to qualitative characteristics of the training process should become the basis for evaluating the rational structure of a long-term training process. The paper aims to theoretically and methodically justify the periods of training sessions and competitions of youth football players. Research methods are the following: general theoretical methods (analysis, synthesis, abstraction, comparison, generalization and descriptive mathematical statistics), systemic theoretical methods (structural analysis, functional analysis, structural-and-functional analysis, historical method, system modelling), a study of the printed and electronic sources of information, description, interviewing, expert survey. An analysis of scientific and methodological literature, legal documents and training programmes adopted in the countries with a high level of football development has made it possible to construct models of annual programs based on the years of study with further regulation of cycles of training sessions and competitions. Rational construction of the system of footballers’ long-term training is based on the introduction of changes in the organization and holding of children’s and youth competitions, pedagogical principles of managing sports activities and technologies for training youth football players, as well as methods of evaluating children’s coaches’ professional performance.
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Thanasas, Georgios L., and Vassilis S. Smaraidos. "CREATIVE ACCOUNTING IN GREEK FOOTBALL CLUBS." JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN ECONOMY 16, no. 3 (2017) (2017): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/jee2017.03.365.
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Football Clubs tent to manipulate their profits in order to obtain a license to participate in Championships, organized under the supervision of UEFA. This article examines, whether Football Clubs that compete in the Greek Super League and in European Competitions use earnings management techniques to manipulate their profits. In order to do so, Jones’ (1991) modified econometric model was used to estimate the accruals that determine the level of earnings management, for the period 2013-15. The statistical analysis, which performed with the use of STATA statistical package v.13, show that Greek Football Clubs which compete in European Competitions are more effective in manipulating their profits while Football Clubs which compete in Greek Super League and have difficulties in obtaining a license do not appeal to manipulate their profits.
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Balan, В. "An analysis of the competitive activity of skilled football players in the preparation stage for higher achievements." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 5(125) (September 27, 2020): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2020.5(125).02.
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Тhe problem of analysis of contention activity of skilled footballers on the stage of preparation to the higher achievements has an important theoretical and methodical value for an estimation and ground of traditional approaches of construction of educational-training process and system of realization of competitions in football.
On this time the far of researches is executed from the study of motive activity of footballers in the conditions of competitions, as a result of that the got is given about character and volume of actions of players both with a ball, and without him.
A footballer in times of game runs into a ball on the average from 34 to 70 times, thus total time of direct contact presents an about 135-165 p. it is Set that most number one times a ball is owned by the players of middle line, least are centre-backs. Resulted the given is got with application of modern technologies (program "InStat Football"). Supervisions came true by means of computer analysis of the videotape recording of matches of championship of Ukraine from football among the commands of corresponding age categories.
The structure of technical and tactical actions of skilled football players in competitive activity at the stage of preparation for higher achievements is considered. These studies have been obtained using modern technologies. Observations were made by means of computer analysis of videos of matches of the Ukrainian Football Championship. Quantitative and speed indicators and characteristics of movements of players 19-20 years in matches were evaluated. The technical and tactical actions of football players in competitive activity are analyzed. The necessity of introduction of system of gradual transition of athletes from youth football to professional is determined.
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Shankar, Prasad R., Sarah K. Fields, Christy L. Collins, Randall W. Dick, and R. Dawn Comstock. "Epidemiology of High School and Collegiate Football Injuries in the United States, 2005-2006." American Journal of Sports Medicine 35, no. 8 (August 2007): 1295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546507299745.
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Background Football, one of the most popular sports among male high school students in the United States, is a leading cause of sports-related injuries, with an injury rate almost twice that of basketball, the second most popular sport. Hypothesis Injury patterns will vary between competition and practice exposures and between levels of play (ie, high school vs. National Collegiate Athletic Association [NCAA]). Study Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods Football-related injury data were collected over the 2005-2006 school year from 100 nationally representative high schools via High School RIO™ (Reporting Information Online) and from 55 Division I, II, and III colleges via the NCAA Injury Surveillance System. Results Nationally, an estimated 517 726 high school football-related injuries (1881 unweighted injuries) occurred during the 2005-2006 season. The rate of injury per 1000 athlete-exposures was greater during high school competitions (12.04) than during practices (2.56). The rate of injury per 1000 athlete-exposures was also greater during collegiate competitions (40.23) than during practices (5.77). While the overall rate of injury per 1000 athlete-exposures was greater in the NCAA (8.61) than in high school (4.36), high school football players sustained a greater proportion of fractures and concussions. Running plays were the leading cause of injury, with running backs and linebackers being the positions most commonly injured. Conclusion Patterns of football injuries vary, especially by type of exposure and level of play. Future studies should continue to compare differences in injury patterns in high school and collegiate football, with particular emphasis placed on high-risk plays (running plays) and positions (running backs and linebackers).
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Dima, Teodor. "The Business Model of European Football Club Competitions." Procedia Economics and Finance 23 (2015): 1245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(15)00562-6.
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Warwick, Jon. "91.57 Modelling penalty competitions to decide football matches." Mathematical Gazette 91, no. 521 (July 2007): 342–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025557200181872.
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Wagner, Fabio, Holger Preuss, and Thomas Könecke. "A Central Element of Europe’s Football Ecosystem: Competitive Intensity in the “Big Five”." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 11, 2021): 3097. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063097.
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This study perceives professional European football as one of the most relevant event-related entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs) worldwide. It also identifies a healthy sporting competition in the five most popular European football leagues (Spain, England, Germany, Italy, and France), the “big five,” as a key pillar for the functioning of this ecosystem. By applying a quantitative approach, competitive intensity (CI) is measured for all big five leagues for 21 seasons (1998/99 to 2018/19). The chosen method does not only convey an overall indication of the competitive health of the entire league but also provides detailed information on the four important sub-competitions (championship race, qualification for Champions League or Europa League, and the fight against relegation). In all five leagues, seasonal CI tends to decrease over time, and especially over the last decade. The main reason is a decline in the intensity of the championship race while all other sub-competitions show relatively robust CI values. Overall, it can be concluded that the competitive health of the big five is intact, but the dwindling CI of the championship races can harm the EE of professional European football in the long run. Accordingly, it should be closely monitored in the future.
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Terekli, Mustafa Serdar, and Halil Orbay Çobanoğlu. "Mental Education of Football Referees: Mental Suitcase of Modern Football Referees." International Education Studies 12, no. 3 (February 26, 2019): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v12n3p105.
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The aim of this study is to determine the characteristics of the referees who have an important place in the football world where great developments are experienced day by day.
Football has grown incredibly and globalized in recent years. Many sports clubs and leagues constitute a large sector that extends far beyond the national community to international audiences. This global growth has enabled the expansion of financial resources, especially in the professional market sector. This development of football and clubs also affected the referee process. Now audiences, athletes and club managers expect the referees to show management that they are making less mistakes, making the right decisions, being fair, and preventing sports injuries from occurring. The referees are persons who are assigned to competitions by national and international federations that have the authority to administer the competition on the basis of rules. In many parts of the world, fans, athletes, coaches are often complaints about the judges’ prejudice against the teams and their inadequacies. Referee decisions are very important in terms of a team winning the championship, falling league and competing in Europe. It is increasing day by day to criticize the judges ‘behavior and decisions in the competition, especially since the clubs’ ever-growing incomes and sales of TV broadcast rights are expressed in millions of dollars. In particular, the monitoring of the game field with many cameras and evolving video technology is closely examining the actions of the referees and the players in the closest distance and the number of repetitions too intensely. Referee also is an athlete. Hakem has to be nearest to the game, run as well as the players, have the mind open, and have to make the correct definition.
The aim of this study is to explain the mental suitcase of the referees, which is a new definition in the referee literature and which includes the mental processes of the referees before, during, and after the competition.
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Masterton, George, and Anthony J. Mander. "Psychiatric Emergencies, Scotland and the World Cup Finals." British Journal of Psychiatry 156, no. 4 (April 1990): 475–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.156.4.475.
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Reductions in emergency psychiatric presentations to hospital occurred during and after the finals of the World Cup football competitions, an effect evident in women as well as men, and more marked among the mentally ill than those who were not. Increases in the numbers of schizophrenic and neurotic men presenting before, and alcoholic men during, the competitions can be attributed to the football. The generalised reductions during and after could reflect an indirect effect upon help-seeking, although actual relapse rates of mental illnesses might be affected. These changes could arise from enhancement of national identity and cohesion.
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Kerr, Zachary Y., Nelson Cortes, Jatin P. Ambegaonkar, Amanda M. Caswell, Matt Prebble, Kaitlin Romm, and Shane V. Caswell. "The Epidemiology of Injuries in Middle School Football, 2015-2017: The Advancing Healthcare Initiatives for Underserved Students Project." American Journal of Sports Medicine 47, no. 4 (February 25, 2019): 933–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546518825361.
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Background: Although data exist on injuries in youth football leagues, there are limited recent data on injury incidence in middle school football. Updated injury incidence estimates can help drive the development of injury prevention strategies. Purpose: Describe the epidemiology of injuries in middle school football during school years 2015-2016 to 2017-2018. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Data originated from 9 public middle schools in Virginia during school years 2015-2016 to 2017-2018. Certified athletic trainers collected injury and athlete-exposure (AE) data from school-sanctioned games and practices in boys’, football. Injury counts and rates per 1000 AEs were calculated. Injury rate ratios with 95% CIs compared rates between games and practices. Results: Overall, 664 middle school boys’, football injuries were reported, leading to an overall injury rate of 20.54 per 1000 AEs (95% CI, 18.98-22.11). The time loss injury rate (inclusive of injuries with participation restriction time ≥24 hours) was 9.28 per 1000 AEs (95% CI, 8.23-10.33). The injury rate was higher in competition than practice (36.19 vs 17.97 per 1000 AEs; injury rate ratio, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.69-2.40). Most injuries were to the head/face (competition, 20.6%; practice, 15.8%) and hand/wrist (competition, 18.8%; practice, 16.4%) and were diagnosed as contusions (competition, 30.9%; practice, 25.9%) and sprains (competition, 19.4%; practice, 12.6%). Competitions also had a large proportion of concussions (10.3%). Overall, 80.0% and 66.9% of injuries were due to contact in competition and practice, respectively; of these contact-related injuries, 62.1% and 41.6% were specifically player contact. Conclusion: Injury distributions parallel those found in previous research from middle school and other sport settings. Injury rates in middle school football were higher than those reported in previous findings in high school and college. However, caution must be taken when interpreting findings in relation to other surveillance systems with varying methodologies. Still, the findings highlight the need for injury prevention strategies within middle school football, particularly as related to contact-related mechanisms.
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Tajima, T., E. Chosa, K. Kawahara, Y. Nakamura, D. Yoshikawa, N. Yamaguchi, and T. Kashiwagi. "Comprehensive Safety Management and Assessment at Rugby Football Competitions." International Journal of Sports Medicine 35, no. 12 (May 16, 2014): 1012–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1372634.
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Wagner, Fabio, Holger Preuss, and Thomas Könecke. "Measuring competitive intensity in sports leagues." Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 10, no. 5 (June 24, 2020): 599–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbm-10-2019-0090.
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PurposeFor managers of sports leagues, it is crucial to produce an attractive competition. For that to happen, it is vital to consider that leagues frequently have more sub-competitions than “just” the championship. In European top football leagues, for instance, four sub-competitions are common (championship, qualification for Champions- or Europa League, avoiding relegation). This paper introduces a new method for measuring competitive intensity (CI) in round-robin sports leagues considering all relevant sub-competitions and applies it to Germany's Bundesliga.Design/methodology/approachThe newly developed model calculates a CI-Index for each sub-competition and the league as a whole. The application to the Bundesliga analyzes its viability and the development of the league's CI over the past 22 seasons.FindingsThe newly introduced CI-Indices prove to be a viable tool for evaluating a league's competitive intensity. The application to the Bundesliga shows that the seasonal CI dropped after 2009/10, which can mainly be attributed to a decline in the championship's CI.Practical implicationsThe results show that it is important to facilitate a high CI in each of Bundesliga's four sub-competitions. Efforts have to be made to ensure that especially the Europa League remains as attractive as possible for the participating teams and their fans because this sub-competition constantly makes the greatest contribution to the seasonal CI.Originality/valueThe new method measures competitive intensity by quantifying the different sub-competitions and their contribution to the seasonal CI. This allows the organizers of sports leagues to assess the intensity of the individual sub-competitions as well as the league as a whole.
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Cucui, Gheorghe Gabriel. "Women's Football within the Physical Education and Sports Hours." Revista Romaneasca pentru Educatie Multidimensionala 12, no. 4 (2020): 369–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/rrem/12.4/351.
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The use of the football game in the physical education lesson offers particularly favorable conditions for the complex development of the students' motor skills and qualities. Playing the football game contributes to the formation and improvement of coordinated movements, to the capacity of rapid engagement in the timing and rhythm of social activities, through the accumulation of positive influences and effects of sanotrophic and educational character. Due to its valences, football is appreciated as a necessary and efficient means of physical school education, which is why we find it both in the physical education lessons or the obligatory activities of the students, as well as in the other sports-recreational activities in most schools in our country. By implementing in the process of preparation of dynamic games, sticks and competitions for students of 13-15 years we aim to consolidate and perfect the technique of football. By using these means during the training hours I suppose that the level of technical training of the students in the representative school football team for women will be improved. The importance of the different dynamic games, of the sticks and of the competitions in the acquisition of the football game technique lies in the fact that, in the modern game, performance cannot be achieved without a very good technique.
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Dulibskyy, Andriy. "Organization of sports selection in the system of youth and professional english football." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 6(137) (June 22, 2021): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2021.6(137).14.
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The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the organization and conduct of the process of sports selection in youth and professional football in England. The main scientific and methodological approaches of software and system support of the process of sports selection in youth and professional football in England are analysed. The program of the English Football Association "Talent pathway" (in the Ukrainian edition - "Шлях таланту") is presented in detail.
The essence of this program is that due to participation in the program in special "Regional Talent Camps" and "National Talent Camps" thoughtful and in-depth selection and sports training are young football players aged 7 to 16 years. The program of the English Premier League "Premier League Primary Stars" has been studied. We believe that a certain selective broadcast of the English system of organization and conduct of the process of sports selection and selection in youth and professional football is possible in terms of the model of functioning and improvement of youth football schools and football clubs of Ukraine.
Scientific and practical approaches to the organization and conduct of educational, training and competitive forms of sports selection and orientation in the age groups "U 10" (children under 10 years) and "U 12" (children under 12 years) are analysed. The system of organization of competitions in age groups "U 14" (teenagers under 14 years) and "U 16" (boys under 16 years) is studied.
Such a scientific and methodological approach can provide an opportunity to effectively integrate domestic football to the best examples of European and world sport of excellence, which are competitions under the auspices of FIFA and UEFA.
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Babatunde, Samson Olusola. "Perceived Etiology of Anti-Social Behavior Among Players and Spectators of Selected Football Clubs in Nigeria (PEABFC)." Acta Facultatis Educationis Physicae Universitatis Comenianae 61, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afepuc-2021-0003.
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Summary Anti-social behavior at football contest is a well-recognized issue. Due to this fact, associations and government have devised variety of interventions and strategy characterized by high tension and tempo among players and spectators which usually generate disorderliness of varying intensify. This study focuses on investigation of etiological factors of anti-social behaviors among players and spectators of football clubs in Nigeria during matches, with a view to coming up with coherent strategies for its enervation. Self-development questionnaire tagged perceived etiology of antisocial behavior among football players and spectators of selected football clubs (SPEABFC) was used for data collection, with reliability value of 0.85. Two thousand seven hundred (2700) out of three thousand (3000) copies of questionnaire administered were retrieved and coded for analysis with adoption of percentages and chi-square x2 tool at 0.05 level at significant. The study copiously found that poor officiating, winning at all costs, conduct of coach and alcohol consumption are significant in causing anti-social behavior among players and spectators. Consequently, it is re-concluded among others that known troublemakers should be disallowed from entering the game venue, sale of alcohol be restricted to a place far from game site. The outcome is highly significant in view of the fact it might be helpful to scientifically develop appropriate strategies to control sale of drugs and alcohol at game site. The study is greatly insightful to sensitizes the management of football competitions to look inward more effective methods capable of making soccer context anti-behavior free. A adage says prevention is better than cure, the research is highly informative to authorities concerned with organization of football competitions map out preventive measures to unethical attitude by players, spectators as well fans for better attendance at game site which is likely to translate into making more profit for the organizers. An adequate provision for police and other security agents will go a long way to reduce anti-social behavior. We are now in the world of business geared towards profitability, any competition occasioned by riot and chaos is likely to negate this objective as attendance may reduce thereby drastically cutting the expected profit. The promoters of competition will be abreast this fact and develop remedies to counter it ahead at planning stage. The erring players should be sanctioned accordingly. The use of credible and competent officials with records of integrity and credibility will in part promote sanity during the matches.
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Zagała, Kacper, and Artur Strzelecki. "eSports Evolution in Football Game Series." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 83, no. 1 (September 1, 2019): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2019-0020.
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AbstractSport used to be practiced and watched only live. Over time, it started to be broadcast by the radio or television. The development of sport on the Internet has led to the emergence of eSports and professionalization of virtual sports competitions. For some gamers playing computer games has turned into competition and later into the professionalization of the game. This paper explores the topic of electronic sports and virtual competition. It discusses eSports and the accompanying behaviors and practices. Authors delivered taxonomy of video game types, game modes and current phenomenon of both online and land-based tournaments as well eSports leagues. The paper also illustrates how gamers are preparing themselves for tournaments and a crucial role of gamers’ motivation. Authors present the FIFA football games series and its eSports application. The adopted research method allowed to obtain answers from n=452 gamers. Results show that 60% of gamers have been spending more than 7 hours a week playing games. More than half of gamers have been playing for more than ten years. Most players play in games because it is considered as a hobby. Most of the gamers consider eSports as a sport. Most of the players are also spectators, who had watched in streaming at least one eSports tournament We find that FIFA game series has an extensive eSports platform and filled the gap by exploring it. Gamers usually play 40 games each weekend in FIFA eSports league but casual eSports gamers and spectators rarely take part in land-based tournaments.
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Kutsev, Valentin. "BRANDING AS THE BASE OF EUROPEAN FOOTBALL CHAMPIONSHIP COMPETITIONS DEVELOPMENT." Theory and Methods of Physical Education and Sports, no. 4 (October 25, 2014): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32652/tmfvs.2014.4.120-123.
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Lopez-Gonzalez, Hibai, and Christopher D. Tulloch. "Enhancing Media Sport Consumption: Online Gambling in European Football." Media International Australia 155, no. 1 (May 2015): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x1515500115.
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This article explores the intersections between sports bodies, media companies and gambling industries in European football. While betting, communication and sport have maintained an ongoing relationship for over two centuries, this article argues that the digitalisation of betting platforms has reconfigured the links between the traditional actors and created a new ‘online football betting ecology’. We elaborate on the intricate relationships of betting sites with top European football institutions via sponsorship, and on the role of the media, influencers and celebrities in the promotion of betting companies. An upbeat interpretation of this scenario stresses the enhancement of the act of consumption for football fans, transcending their traditional passive role as spectators. However, a more pessimistic vision points out that the economic dominance of the online gambling industry influences the way football competitions are run and endangers the integrity of the sport.
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Krasnova, M. Yu. "Commercialization of the football industry: what unites and distinguishes international and Russian football organizations in entrepreneurial activity." Entrepreneur’s Guide 14, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 150–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.24182/2073-9885-2021-14-2-150-163.
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The article examines the similarities and different entrepreneurial activities carried out by Russian and foreign football organizations. The relevance of the topic under consideration deals with the fact that in modern conditions the commercialization of football acts as a necessary factor in the promotion of this sport throughout the world. The main methods used in the work are analytical and comparative–comparative methods.The author, in the process of research, explains why international competitions are constantly growing, and the growth rate is constantly increasing. And also according to the results of the study, it was concluded: in Russia, the commercialization of football is at an early stage, and the solution to this problem is quite distant prospects.
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Bailey, Ann. "The Clothing and Footwear Industries and Professional Football Clubs in England, 1950–1975." Costume 46, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 180–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/0590887612z.0000000008.
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The paper focuses on the trade that existed between the English clothing and footwear industries and various professional football clubs in England from 1950 to 1975. It examines the sponsorship deals and advertisements that featured players wearing agreed garments and accessories during high-profile media events, and questions the importance of such occasions. The events included prestigious occasions such as the Football Association (FA) Cup Final and a growing number of international competitions. Unpicking the meanings of the business relationships that developed offers an opportunity to better understand how success on the football field offered the potential for increased trade to the clothiers in a constantly shifting marketplace. 1
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Dmowski, Seweryn, and Piotr Załęski. "Authoethnography in the study of football fan culture. Theoretical and methodological reflections by way of football rivarly research." Human Affairs 31, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 324–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/humaff-2021-0027.
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Abstract The article reflects on the use of autoethnography in researching football fan culture. It identifies the benefits and challenges of using autoethnography as a strategy and a research method for understanding football fan culture. Despite numerous examples of the use of autoethnography in football research, including supporter studies, it has yet to be considered from a strictly theoretical perspective on the methodological dilemmas of the researcher–football fan. The article critically analyses the entire process of autoethnographic research, which led to the conceptualisation of a research project on perceptions of football competitions. This paper is the result of a clash between a junior scientist’s original research concept and a more experienced ethnographic researcher’s critical approach and reflects the discussion between them. The authors believe that the conclusions reached may be helpful for researchers in the field of humanities and social sciences considering using autoethnography in their research.
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Roșca, Vlad I. "The Europeanisation of Romanian football: What do UEFA country coefficients reveal?" Management & Marketing 12, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 652–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mmcks-2017-0038.
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Abstract After the fall of communist regimes, Central and Eastern European states have been encouraged to Europeanise by aligning to Western standards. Even if politics and economy have been primarily concerned, football has often allowed easier and faster contact to occidental cultures than other facets of the civic society did. From a football club perspective, being Europeanized involves the abilities to establish a constant presence in continental cups, as well as to raise performances to higher, international standards. The game itself has strongly Europeanised over the years, with UEFA transforming its two continental inter-club competitions into iconic brands, ‘pluralizing’ fan attention between domestic leagues and international cups, with the latter ones enjoying increased awareness. While some UEFA member associations have properly mastered the process of Europeanisation, others saw their teams struggle to perform in Europe, which led to the creation of a cleavage between ‘elitist’ and ‘periphery’ countries. Results of Romanian teams in European competitions have fluctuated over the past and a half decade. The purpose of this research is to find out how far Europeanised Romanian football can be currently considered. The research question asks what is the current European dimension of Romanian club football? UEFA Country Coefficients are used as input data for computing statistical observations such as means and standard deviations, which are then compared with a three-levelled center-periphery model designed by Maguire (2001). Results indicate that Romanian football is still far away from the continental ‘center’ status it pretends to have. The Discussions section addresses some of the reasons for this distance. The article tries to fill in a research gap as most Europeanisation studies so far have focused on the hardcore concepts of economics, politics, or law, but rather few on social and cultural alignments, such as football (Pyta, 2005).
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Feng, Qingkun, Yanying Liu, and Lijun Wang. "Wearable Device-Based Smart Football Athlete Health Prediction Algorithm Based on Recurrent Neural Networks." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2021 (July 30, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2613300.
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For football players who participate in sports, the word “health” is extremely important. Athletes cannot create their own value in competitive competitions without a strong foundation. Scholars have paid a lot of attention to athlete health this year, and many analysis methods have been proposed, but there have been few studies using neural networks. As a result, this article proposes a novel wearable device-based smart football player health prediction algorithm based on recurrent neural networks. To begin, this article employs wearable sensors to collect health data from football players. The time step data are then fed into a recurrent neural network to extract deep features, followed by the health prediction results. The collected football player health dataset is used in this paper to conduct experiments. The simulation results prove the reliability and superiority of the proposed algorithm. Furthermore, the algorithm presented in this paper can serve as a foundation for the football team’s and coaches’ scientific training plans.
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Stulp, Gert, Tobias Kordsmeyer, Abraham P. Buunk, and Simon Verhulst. "Increased aggression during human group contests when competitive ability is more similar." Biology Letters 8, no. 6 (August 15, 2012): 921–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0591.
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Theoretical analyses and empirical studies have revealed that conflict escalation is more likely when individuals are more similar in resource-holding potential (RHP). Conflicts can also occur between groups, but it is unknown whether conflicts also escalate more when groups are more similar in RHP. We tested this hypothesis in humans, using data from two professional sports competitions: football (the Bundesliga, the German first division of football) and basketball (the NBA, the North American National Basketball Association). We defined RHP based on the league ranks of the teams involved in the competition (i.e. their competitive ability) and measured conflict escalation by the number of fouls committed. We found that in both sports the number of fouls committed increased when the difference in RHP was smaller. Thus, we provide what is to our best knowledge the first evidence that, as in conflicts between individuals, conflicts escalate more when groups are more similar in RHP.
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Page, Lionel, and Katie Page. "The second leg home advantage: Evidence from European football cup competitions." Journal of Sports Sciences 25, no. 14 (December 2007): 1547–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410701275219.
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Momoh, Danjuma Moudu, and Toyosi Olaseyo. "Determinants of Assault on Football League Referees during Competitions in Nigeria." Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine 33 (2021): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/cej.2021.1-12.
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Brand, Alexander, and Arne Niemann. "Die UEFA Champions League als politischer Mythos. Einigung Europas oder Entfremdung der Fans?" STADION 43, no. 1 (2019): 76–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0172-4029-2019-1-76.
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The article seeks to describe and discuss the UEFA Champions League as an eventually emerging political myth. This continent-wide competition in top-level European club football has been rendered both an „integration engine“ (contributing to a further amalgamation of societies of supporters and interested Europeans in a lifeworldy sphere) as well a „grave digger“ of football (due, for instance, to its detrimental effects on some national competitions across Europe). Following from that, we distinguish between two countervailing narrative strands, with several motives and sub-narratives in both, that have the potential to either cement or to undermine the mythological nature of the Champions League. Whereas the positive narrative hints at politically relevant forms of societal integration through the presence of a continent-wide, de facto league of top football clubs, the negative counterpart suggests that the Champions League is a driver for (over-)commercialisation and a threat for the integrity of „true“/traditional football. We argue that these two Champions League narratives do not seem to (completely) neutralise each other. While fans may be alienated by the commercialisation triggered through the Champions League, at the same time the Champions League may have a unifying effect by widening perspectives, fostering a common continental communicative space, or constituting an engine of lived integration. In the remainder we seek to outline possible avenues of future research into how football fans - not so much elite commentators such as politicians, club and association officers, scholars and journalists - indeed perceive of the Champions League and hence link up to the two broader narratives identified.
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Nikolaev, Alexey, Natalia Shlat, Irina Kolbasova, and Julia Timofeeva. "The need to change the organization of athletes psychological training for competitions." BIO Web of Conferences 26 (2020): 00032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202600032.
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The article considers the arguments about the need to rethink the concept of athletes’ psychological training for the competition. The idea of the article is the shift to the teaching the means of individual psychological training of athletes for the competition. The accuracy of this concept is grounded on the empirical data. The article presents the data of the comparative analysis of employing by athletes the means of psychological training for the competition and opinion of coaches about it. The authors explain the reasons why coaches do not prepare football players psychologically in the process of physical, technical, and tactical training. 5 reasons to explain it are considered in the article. In the process of coaches’ training they are taught to regulate the psychological condition and behavior of athletes, but they are not taught how to train the athletes to do that themselves. The necessity of training football players in the means of self-regulation of their psychological condition for the matches has been proved.
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Osokin, N. A. "Determinants of organizational performance of football clubs." Strategic decisions and risk management, no. 4-5 (October 29, 2017): 98–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2078-8886-2017-4-5-98-109.
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Russian football currently finds itself in a challenging economic situation. In light of the upcoming FIFA World Cup in 2018 all members of the Russian football industry will be under immense pressure. Russian professional football clubs have been struggling to keep with European club management standards. This article aims to evaluate the industry-specific features of organizational performance within the context of professional football clubs. The current performance measurement system within Russian football is based on 5 straightforward licensing criteria, which do not conform with international requirements. During the course of the study the author was able to identify the main factors, which may be used to form a new performance measurement system for Russian professional football clubs.The findings of this paper allow to formulate the main directions of future research in the field of organizational performance of football clubs. The most acclaimed methodologies of foreign researchers attempted to combine both sporting and non-sporting (financial, marketing, etc.) indicators. The main theoretical findings may be used to modernize the current licensing system within Russian professional football. This article attempted to systemize the body of literature on organizational performance of sports organizations and football clubs by both Russian and foreign scholars. The conclusions of this study help broaden the understanding that in the current economic realities the ability to win competitions may not be regarded as the sole purpose of professional football clubs. Football clubs must strive to simultaneously achieve success on and off the pitch.
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Roșca, Vlad I. "The Influence of European Cup Performances on Domestic Stadium Attendances in Romanian Football." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 12, no. 1 (May 1, 2018): 875–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2018-0078.
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Abstract Widespread belief posits that a relationship exists between results obtained in European football competitions and live attendances at domestic league games. As part of the Europeanization process, international tournaments increasingly attract fans’ attention, often at the expense of national competitions, yet research up to date has focused on a wide array of explanatory variables for game attendance (spectator demand), but less on variables concerning how domestic teams perform in Europe. This article aims to fill the research gap by asking whether match attendances in national leagues can be predicted based on the results obtained by the domestic club teams in international competitions. UEFA team coefficients and domestic attendance figures for 74 European cup participations of Romanian teams spread over seventeen years from the 2000/2001 to the 2016/2017 season serve as input data for a regression model with an F-test and a p-value test. The Null Hypothesis instinctually claims no relationship exists between the variables, yet research results invalidate it for the good of the Alternative Hypothesis. The Discussions section presents what effects winning or losing in European cups can have on fans’ motivation to come and watch matches in the national league.
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Gamonales, José M., Jesús Muñoz-Jiménez, Kiko León, and Sergio J. Ibáñez. "Differences between Championships of Football 5-a-Side for Blind People." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (September 25, 2021): 8933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11198933.
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Research on Football 5-a-side for blind people is usually informative and does not often consider sports performance analysis. This study aimed to verify the existing differences between the 2014 World Championship of Fa5 and the 2016 Paralympic Games, analyzing the action for an effective game, the throws to the goal. For this purpose, a total of 52 matches were analyzed and the statistical analysis unit was all the throws made to the goal during the game (n = 2.227). A descriptive and differential analysis was made between the variables proposed in the study considering the type of competition. The results show the existence of differences between the championships, analyzed explicitly through the variables: Championship phases, Throwing moment, Match status, Starting zone, and Throwing result, as well as the variables Progression type, Throwing zone, Striking situation, Corporal zone, and Striking type. These results highlighted that teams played differently but also set game trends and styles for future competitions.
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Woods, Carl T., James Jarvis, and Ian McKeown. "Differences between Elite and Semi-Elite Australian Football Conceptualised through the Lens of Ecological Dynamics." Sports 7, no. 7 (June 28, 2019): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7070159.
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This study explored the differences in match play between elite and semi-elite Australian football (AF) conceptualised through the lens of ecological dynamics. We sampled naturalistic constraints from match play across two AF competitions (elite and semi-elite) and heuristically classified them into task, environmental and individual classes. Data was extracted from 22 Australian Football League (AFL) games, and 18 semi-elite AF games, with a total of six constraints being sampled from each game. Match play within the AFL generated a greater percent of total disposals in general play within a processing time of 0–1s (d = 1.24 (0.64–1.80)), a greater opposition density surrounding the ball carrier (d = 0.82 (0.26–1.37)), and more disposals being performed while running (dynamic; d = 0.89 (0.33–1.45)). This data highlights differences with regards to the informational sources available to players across both competition standards to inform their movement choices. Specifically, a greater proportion of disposals within the AFL appear to be shaped by pronounced temporal and spatial constraints relative to a semi-elite competition. Coaches are encouraged to consider these results when developing representative training activities for both AFL and prospective AFL players.
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Bachmaier, Birgit, Joachim Lammert, Daniel Plumley, Robert Wilson, and Gregor Hovemann. "Regulatory intensity in English and German professional football." Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 8, no. 3 (July 9, 2018): 276–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbm-02-2017-0012.
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Purpose In order to secure a proper execution of sporting competitions, national governing bodies of professional football leagues apply specific regulatory procedures. In this context, special focus is placed on requirements that are supposed to ensure financial stability of clubs. They, in turn, help avoid negative economic externalities, i.e. the problem that financial difficulties from one club can affect other clubs and stakeholders due to the interdependent relationships of the competition. These regulations on a national level in European professional football leagues show several significant differences. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to comprehensively analyze financial regulatory procedures of professional football leagues to generate possible improvements of the regulations in detail. Design/methodology/approach Using a document analysis of the regulation books of the English Premier League and German Bundesliga (BL), this study compares the regulatory procedures of those important European professional football leagues. Further evaluation was performed through a qualitative content analysis to develop a category system including six categories with 72 criteria from deductive and inductive procedures. For more advanced coding, an assessment scale was integrated. Findings Compared to the Premier League, the regulation of the BL points to a more intensive regulation in all categories and across all analyzed indices. The results of both leagues partially reveal that assessment and monitoring requirements tend to be ineffective, which can substantially endanger the achievement of the whole monitoring process’ aims. The intention to ensure the financial stability for securing the league competition can be missed in such a situation and negative economic externalities cannot be prevented effectively. Originality/value For the first time, this study includes all relevant requirements of financial club assessment and monitoring. Thereby, an abstract comprehensive and systematic structure for professional team sports leagues is described and allows for a concrete international comparison of two European professional football leagues. At the end, several approaches to improve the regulatory framework are provided.
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Rico-González, Markel, José Pino-Ortega, and Luca Paolo Ardigò. "Playing Non-Professional Football in COVID-19 Time: A Narrative Review of Recommendations, Considerations, and Best Practices." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020568.
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The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in 2020 resulted in widespread interruption of team sports training and competitions. Our aim was to review the recommendations and best practices in return to play in non-professional football after activity lockdown. The authors searched two electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science) to extract studies published before September 15 2020. Twenty studies explained recommendations, considerations, or best practices in return to play in football, and all of them were clustered into three groups: (1) training load management (n = 10), (2) medical recommendations (n = 9), and (3) recovery related issues (n = 5). The way to establish a progression in training process should be based on training load management and managing the number of stimuli per time. Following the studies, this training process should be divided into three phases: phase 1—physical distancing should be maintained; phases 2 and 3—group training should start. Medical considerations were clustered into different groups: general, pre- and post- training, during training, education, planning to return to competition, and suggestions for post confinement weeks. In particular, social issues, strict hygiene questions, and continuous PCR testing should be considered in return to play over football season. Finally, since a correlation has been found between high-intensive training loads and immunoglobulin A, nutritional and lifestyle recovery strategies should be performed. Moreover, since immunosuppression has been related to congested schedules (<72 h between matches), football federations should avoid this situation.
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García, Miguel Saavedra, Óscar Gutiérrez Aguilar, and Juan J. Fernández Romero. "Inconsistencies of the Evaluation of Home Advantage in Sports Competitions Under the Three Points Per Victory System." Journal of Human Kinetics 42, no. 1 (October 1, 2014): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2014-0055.
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Abstract A recent letter sent to the Journal of Human Kinetics’ editor (Gómez & Pollard, 2014) warned about a supposed methodology error in the calculation of home advantage in football leagues used in Saavedra et al. (2013) and took the liberty of modifying the research’s data. The aim of this letter is to demonstrate that the evaluation system of the home advantage proposed by Pollard (1986) contains serious inconsistencies when applied to competitions which give three points for a win and one point for a draw, as it is the case of the UEFA football leagues in the 21th century
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Małolepszy, Eligiusz, and Teresa Drozdek-Małolepsza. "Jewish Sports in the Volhynian Voivodeship in the Years 1921–1939." Sport i Turystyka. Środkowoeuropejskie Czasopismo Naukowe 4, no. 2 (2021): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/sit.2021.04.09.
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The Jewish population in Volhynia constituted 9.9% of the province’s total population (205,500 as of 1931). Jews were the largest national group living in cities, about 48.6%. Jewish urban population constituted 13% of the total population and were very active in sports activities. They attended instructor courses in various sports areas and actively created regional branches of sports associations in Volhynia. The most popular sports among the Jewish population were football, boxing, cycling, athletics and skiing. Jewish athletes successfully competed in different sports events in the provincial, national and international arenas. Football players of the Hasmonea Równe club won the title of the best football team in the province of Volhynia three times. After winning the Volhynia Regional Football Association football team, the Hasmonea Równe junior football team participated in the Polish Championships for junior teams. Jewish footballers from the province of Volhynia participated in the matches of the representations of the cities, the word of Province Volhynia, and the national sports competitions of the Polish Makkabi teams. Representatives of other sports disciplines such as boxing, cycling and skiing also successfully competed at the regional (provincial) level.
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Knijnik, Jorge Dorfman. "Supporters, the forgotten chain in Asian football: fandom in the Chinese Super League and the Australian A League." International Sports Studies 42, no. 1 (June 22, 2020): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30819/iss.42-1.02.
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The Australian League (A-League) and the Chinese Football Association Super League (CSL) have both only been established for just over a decade. However, since their earliest years, their teams have attracted passionate fans. These fans dedicate a great deal of emotional and physical energy to supporting their teams and actively disdain the intense commodification that is embedded in these professional football competitions. Both sets of supporters “fanatically” strive to impress the opposition with vivid animated performances which include songs, chants, flags and massive colourful banners. In doing so, both the Chinese and the Australian fans are in fact mimicking their European ultras counterparts. This paper analyses the origins of the ultras movement in European football and seeks to relate this movement to the Chinese and the Australian active fans. Then, using data collected on the football stands of both countries, combined with a content analysis of the fans’ social media channels, it explores some of the similarities and differences between both groups. It concludes by questioning whether the football fans in Australia and China will have any real power in the corporate and political contexts of Asian football or if their call against “modern football” will remain just a folkloric gesture without any significant political consequences.
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Court, Stephen. "Surgeons in sport." Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 101, no. 6 (September 2019): 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/rcsbull.2019.226.
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From Olympic champions and rugby heroes to the latest crop of trainees battling it out in Gaelic football and ironman competitions, surgeons have a long and often distinguished record in sport. Here, we outline the history of surgeons in sport, and talk to surgeons of today and tomorrow about their sporting achievements.
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Schwede, Indrek. "Jalgpalli populaarsus Eesti Vabariigi spordielus 1920–40 [Abstract: The Popularity of Football in the Sporting Life of the Republic of Estonia in 1920–1940]." Ajalooline Ajakiri. The Estonian Historical Journal, no. 3/4 (June 16, 2020): 331–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/aa.2019.3-4.02.
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Attention has not hitherto been turned intently to the popularity of particular branches of sports in the research of the history of Estonian sports. It has more intuitively been believed that the most popular branch of sports in the pre-war Republic of Estonia (1918–1940) was football. The conspicuously extensive coverage of football in the periodical press has provided grounds for this belief. Compared to other sports games and the more major individual branches, football had the most international matches at the level of national teams, which attracted thousands of spectators. Estonian clubs annually hosted squads from neighbouring countries. Professional clubs mainly from Central Europe brought thousands of spectators to the stadiums in the latter half of the 1920s and in the early 1930s. Rivalries between squads at home were also of great interest to the public and the media. The other primary ball games, basketball and volleyball, started being played in Estonia some ten years after football, and their position was weaker internationally as well: contacts between countries were infrequent. The international basketball association was established in 1932 and its analogue in volleyball was founded in 1947. Track and field, the largest branch of individual athletics, also could not compete with football in terms of matches and international contacts.
This article is the first more serious attempt to compare the popularity of branches of sports in Estonia in the 1920s and 1930s. I compared the more major branches of sports in four categories: the number of participants in the particular branch of sports, the sizes of audiences, their ability to cope economically (balance sheets and revenue reports), and their position in the print media.
The fact that there are gaps in the data in both the archives and in periodicals, and that the information for different years does not always match, made comparison of the numbers of participants difficult. The methodology used for ascertaining the number of participants was also not necessarily the same. An adequate comparison to the more important individualsports branches is complicated to arrive at because until 1933, the Eesti Kerge-, Raske- ja Veespordiliit (Estonian Association of Track and Field, Heavy Athletics and Aquatic Sports) was the umbrella organisation for major branches of sports such as track and field, wrestling, weightlifting, boxing, swimming, diving, gymnastics and cycling, whereas the last two sports branches are not even mentioned in the association’s name. Conclusions can nevertheless be drawn concerning the number and proportions of persons active in different branches of sports based on indirect data. I compared the size of the membership of the separate sports associations and the number of participants in the Estonian championships of the three largest sports games (football, basketball, volleyball).
Periodicals proved to be the most reliable in ascertaining the numbers of spectators since they unfailingly noted the larger attendance numbers based on spectator ticket information or visual observation. The sketchy information on attendance at competitions in individual sports is a problem, but from the standpoint of this article’s research problem, the fact that before World War II there was not a single large sports arena in Estonia is important. The gymnasiums that were in use accommodated slightly over 500 spectators in total. This means that a thousand and more spectators could gather only at stadiums, where primarily football matches and track and field competitions were held. The print media reported the numbers of spectators at those competitions. I compared the attendance numbers for football and track and field competitions, and calculated the average number of spectators.
There are gaps in the balance sheets and revenue reports of the separate sports associations for the period under consideration, yet the Eesti Spordi Keskliit (Central Association of Estonian Sports) published them in its yearbooks for 1935–1939, which makes it possible to draw correct conclusions concerning the economic viability of the separate sports associations.
While I used the method of source criticism for the preceding three categories, I studied the representation of branches of sports in print media together with Kristjan Remmelkoor using content analysis. We focused exclusively on print media because that was the primary means of mass communication at that time, and it covered the entire period under consideration, unlike radio, which began broadcasting for the first time in 1926. On the basis of circulation numbers, we selected two dailies with nationwide circulation that were published in Tallinn (Vaba Maa was published only until 1938, thus it was replaced for final comparison with another Tallinn daily paper Uus Eesti) and one daily from southern Estonia for content analysis. We studied the newspaper issues from the years 1921, 1925, 1930, 1935 and 1939. Based on the pilot project, we identified the branches of sports that were reported the most and worked out a methodology on the basis of which to search for and categorise branches of sports. After six months, I carried out a repeat analysis for one month of each year that was under consideration. The repeat analysis covered all four dailies. The results differed by 3.97%. Thereat in comparing the two branches of sports that were reported on most, the difference in football was 0.69% and 0.43% in track and field.
It became evident as a result of the study that compared to basketball and volleyball, there were almost four times more football enthusiasts. Compared to the other more popular individual sports, we can indirectly conclude that football was the branch of sports with the largest number of enthusiasts. Football had the most spectators in Estonia in the interwar period because branches of sports practiced in indoor conditions could not fit more than 500 spectators into gymnasiums, since there was no large sports arena. Football had the largest audiences when considering the track and field competitions and football matches held at stadiums. In 1935–1939, the Eesti Jalgpalli Liit (Estonian Football Association) was Estonia’s most prosperous separate sports association. It became evident on the basis of content analysis that the two most widely reported branches of sports in print media were football, and track and field. Thereat the number of reports on track and field grew in the latter half of the 1930s and surpassed the figures for football. At the same time, the number of texts on Estonian football was the largest over the entire period that has been studied. The greatest number of texts on football were in journalistic genres that required absorbed reading, which stood out better in newspapers.
Due to these circumstances, football became the most popular branch of sports in Estonia in the interwar period. The Estonian national squad’s international match against Latvia held on 18 June 1940 characterises football’s symbolic capital. This match that took place at Kadriorg stadium at a turning point in history evolved into a nationalist demonstration against the Soviet Union’s occupying regime. The crowd went from the stadium to Kadriorg Palace, where President Konstantin Päts was under the guard of the foreign regime. This match and the events that followed it are etched in the people’s collective memory. They have made their way into many published memoirs and also into belles-lettres, and have been echoed in both poetry and prose.
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Inan, Tuğbay, Beyza Cetin, and Ozge Gungorur. "The Effect of the First Goal on Match Score in Football for the Home Field Advantage." Journal of Education and Training Studies 7, no. 8 (June 17, 2019): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/jets.v7i8.4331.
Full textAbstract:
The interest in sports in the world is increasing in parallel with the developments in communication technology, . As a result of this increase, the number of researches conducted on sports industry and sport management has also showed an increase. The field of sport that attracts the most attention worldwide is football. Data analysis and statistical research are also included in football researches in this field of sports that intertwines with different fields of science such as football management, finance and sports industry. In addition to the econometric measurement methods on the related researches, the variables affecting the results of the competition and the statistical analyzes that determine the impact strength of these variables are more abundant in the literature. As a result of the competitions, the variables affecting the results of a competition attract the attention of football players, technical team, fans, media organizations and sports managers. When it comes to this study, it was planned to statistically determine the effect of the first goal in the European football leagues on the results of the match. From 5 countries in Europe Spain, France, Germany, England and Italy in particular, data belonging to the matches of the teams in which they were the home team between 2014-2017 seasons was used. A total of 5478 matches were analyzed in which 1140 matches were from Spain, 918 from Germany, 1140 from France, 1140 from England and 1140 from Italy. The relationship between the first goal and the match result was determined by the chi-square independence test. SPSS 24.0 package program was used in the analysis. The first goal independent variable in the study was examined and it was found that there was a relationship between the first goal and the match results (p <0.05). As far as results of the research data are concerned, it was found that there was a relationship between the first goal scored and the match results of the 5 major European football leagues when the teams were the home teams during the three seasons. Accordingly, the importance of the first goal was demonstrated by this study.
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Grimm, Dirk, Tamas Dalmay, and Ronald P. van Rij. "Everybody wins! Poland hosts thrilling competitions of viruses, RNAi and football teams." EMBO reports 13, no. 10 (September 18, 2012): 874–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/embor.2012.136.
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Pawlowski, Tim, Christoph Breuer, and Arnd Hovemann. "Top Clubs’ Performance and the Competitive Situation in European Domestic Football Competitions." Journal of Sports Economics 11, no. 2 (April 2010): 186–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002510363100.
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Richelieu, André, and Stéphanie Lessard. "Long gone the glory days." Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 4, no. 4 (October 7, 2014): 284–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbm-11-2013-0043.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the catalyzing factors team managers of previously successful European football clubs could capitalize on in order to build or rebuild the brand identity of their respective team via the Europa League. Design/methodology/approach – The authors followed a case analysis method. The authors selected teams that have had a history of good performance in European competitions in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and early 1990s, before falling off the radar. A total of 19 teams, representing 15 countries, accepted the invitation. Findings – The managers underlined eight major catalyzing factors. The managers specifically emphasize the importance of branding and how it can crystallize the promise these teams articulate to their fans, on and off the football pitch. Moreover, the values that a team encapsulates and communicates through its daily actions seem to represent the essence of the brand. Research limitations/implications – One risk relates to the respondents who could very well know what a brand is and how a brand should be managed in theory, but it does not necessarily mean that they know how to do it at all. Practical implications – The paper highlighted the importance of shrewd management, especially when resources are scarce. A competition such as the Europa League might provide some room to maneuver but, above all, the organization must deliver the brand promise to its fans. Originality/value – This is one of the first studies looking at the leverage a European football competition could provide to previously successful clubs.
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Sobol, Eduard, Andrii Svatyev, and Eduard Doroshenko. "INDICATORS OF FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR FOOTBALL PLAYERS’ MIGRATION IN LEADING EUROPEAN LEAGUES." Sport Science and Human Health 5, no. 1 (2021): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2664-2069.2021.110.
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Introduction. Modern football is characterized by increasing trends in migration and transfer activity in the leading European football leagues and a decrease in the number of students of their own children's and youth academies of the leading football clubs of the European Championships for the period 2009-2019. The aim of the study is to investigate and determine the level of financial support for the migration of qualified players in leading European clubs on the basis of their transfer activities (according to open sources). Material and methods: analysis and generalization of data of scientific and methodical literature sources and the Internet, pedagogical observations, content analysis of materials of official websites of football clubs, UEFA and FIFA, methods of mathematical statistics. Results. In the «TOP-20» ranking of leading European football clubs at the end of 2019 in terms of total transfer costs, which determine the migration of qualified players, there is the following distribution: «Barclays Premier League» (England) – 8 football clubs (40%) with transfer costs € 4,726 million (43,40%); «Liga de Futbol Profesional, Primera Division» (Spain) – 4 football clubs (20%) with transfer costs of 2415 million € (22,17%); «Lega Nazionale Professionisti Serie A TIM» (Italy) – 4 football clubs (20%) with transfer costs of € 1,816 million (16,67%); «Le championnat de France de football» (France) – 2 football clubs (10%) with transfer costs of 1261 million € (11,58%); «Fußball-Bundesliga» (Germany) – 2 football clubs (10%) with a transfer cost of € 673 million (6,18%). Conclusions. Analysis of the structure of profits «TOP-20» ranking of leading European clubs, shows that the average is: about 44% – the sale of rights to telecast competitions, about 40% – advertising revenue and about 16% is the share of revenue from tickets and season tickets. Indicators of financial activity of leading European football clubs are monitored by UEFA and FIFA programs for compliance with the requirements and criteria of financial «Fair Play».