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Journal articles on the topic 'Football equipment'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Kartakoullis, Nicos L., Alkis Thrassou, Demetris Vrontis, and Thanos Kriemadis. "Football facility and equipment management." J. for Global Business Advancement 6, no. 4 (2013): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/jgba.2013.058273.

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2

Swartz, Erik E., Susan A. Norkus, Tom Cappaert, and Laura C. Decoster. "Football Equipment Design Affects Face Mask Removal Efficiency." American Journal of Sports Medicine 33, no. 8 (August 2005): 1210–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546504271753.

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Background Researchers have investigated the performance of face mask removal tools for spine injury management in football but not the effects of football equipment design. Hypotheses Various styles or designs of football helmet equipment (helmets, face masks, loop straps) affect face mask removal efficiency. A cordless screwdriver performs more efficiently than do cutting tools. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Nineteen certified athletic trainers were randomly assigned to group 1 (cordless screwdriver and the FM Extractor) or group 2 (cordless screwdriver and the Trainer's Angel). Subjects randomly performed face mask removal for 6 conditions composed of helmet (3), face mask (3), and loop strap (5) combinations. Time, head movement, perceived difficulty, and success rates were measured. Results Multiple significant differences were found in time, movement, and perceived difficulty between the 6 helmet equipment conditions. The Shockblocker loop strap was consistently superior in all variables regardless of the tool used or the helmet it was attached to. The cordless screwdriver created less movement (mean range from any one plane, 2.8°-13.3°), was faster (mean range, 42.1-68.8 seconds), and was less difficult (mean rating of perceived exertion range, 1.4-2.9) compared to cutting tools (ranges, 4.4°-18.4° in any one plane, 71-174 seconds, rating of perceived exertion, 2.8-7.7). Trial failure was more common with cutting tools than with the screwdriver. Conclusion Differences in football helmet equipment affect face mask removal. The cordless screwdriver is more efficient than the FM Extractor and Trainer's Angel. Clinical Relevance Professionals responsible for the care of football athletes must be knowledgeable in the types of equipment used and the best option available for effective airway access.

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3

Shrier, I. "Football Equipment Design Affects Face Mask Removal Efficiency." Yearbook of Sports Medicine 2006 (January 2006): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0162-0908(08)70278-2.

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4

Miller, G. L., and D. M. Kleiner. "ESOPHAGEAL TRACHEAL COMBITUBE (ETC) INTUBATION AND FOOTBALL EQUIPMENT." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 34, no. 5 (May 2002): S102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200205001-00570.

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Jastifer, James, Richard Kent, Jeff Crandall, Chris Sherwood, David Lessley, Kirk A. McCullough, Michael J. Coughlin, and Robert B. Anderson. "The Athletic Shoe in Football." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 9, no. 2 (February 2, 2017): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738117690717.

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Background: Foot and ankle injuries are common in sports, particularly in cleated athletes. Traditionally, the athletic shoe has not been regarded as a piece of protective equipment but rather as a part of the uniform, with a primary focus on performance and subjective feedback measures of comfort. Changes in turf and shoe design have poorly understood implications on the health and safety of players. Evidence Acquisition: A literature search of the MEDLINE and PubMed databases was conducted. Keywords included athletic shoewear, cleated shoe, football shoes, and shoewear, and search parameters were between the years 2000 and 2016. Study Design: Clinical review. Level of Evidence: Level 5. Results: The athletic shoe is an important piece of protective sports equipment. There are several important structural considerations of shoe design, including biomechanical compliance, cleat and turf interaction, and shoe sizing/fit, that affect the way an athlete engages with the playing surface and carry important potential implications regarding player safety if not understood and addressed. Conclusion: Athletic footwear should be considered an integral piece of protective equipment rather than simply an extension of the uniform apparel. More research is needed to define optimal shoe sizing, the effect that design has on mechanical load, and how cleat properties, including pattern and structure, interact with the variety of playing surfaces.

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Mihalik, Jason P., Robert C. Lynall, Melissa A. Fraser, Laura C. Decoster, Valerie J. De Maio, Amar P. Patel, and Erik E. Swartz. "Football Equipment Removal Improves Chest Compression and Ventilation Efficacy." Prehospital Emergency Care 20, no. 5 (March 17, 2016): 578–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10903127.2016.1149649.

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7

Lynall, Robert C., Jason P. Mihalik, Erik E. Swartz, Laura C. Decoster, Melissa A. Fraser, Amar P. Patel, and Valerie J. De Maio. "Effectiveness Of Chest Compressions In Various Football Equipment Conditions." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 46 (May 2014): 741–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000495719.24160.63.

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8

Hoshizaki, Thomas Blaine, Clara Karton, R. Anna Oeur, Marshall Kendall, Lauren Dawson, and Andrew Post. "An examination of the current National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment system and a new pneumatic ram method for evaluating American football helmet performance to reduce risk of concussion." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 231, no. 2 (April 24, 2016): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754337116633376.

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Brain injuries are prevalent in the sport of American football. Helmets have been used which effectively have reduced the incidence of traumatic brain injury, but have had a limited effect on concussion rates. In an effort to improve the protective capacity of American football helmets, a standard has been proposed by National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment that may better represent helmet-to-helmet impacts common to football concussions. The purpose of this research was to examine the National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment standard and a new impact method similar to the proposed National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment standard to examine the information these methods provide on helmet performance. Five National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment–certified American football helmets were impacted according to the National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment standard test and a new method based on the proposed standard test. The results demonstrated that the National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment test produced larger linear accelerations than the new method, which were a reflection of the stiffer compliance of the standard meant to replicate traumatic brain injury mechanisms of injury. When the helmets were impacted using a new helmet-to-helmet method, the results reflected significant risk of concussive injury but showed differences in rotational acceleration responses between different helmet models. This suggests that the new system is sensitive enough to detect the effect of different design changes on rotational acceleration, a metric more closely associated with risk of concussion. As only one helmet produced magnitudes of response lower than the National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment pass/fail using the new system, and all helmets passed the National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment standard, these results suggest that further development of helmet technologies must be undertaken to reduce this risk in the future. Finally, these results show that it would be prudent to use both standards together to address risk of injury from traumatic brain injury and concussion.

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Delaney, J. Scott, Ammar Al-Kashmiri, Penny-Jane Baylis, Tracy Troutman, Mahmood Aljufaili, and José A. Correa. "The Assessment of Airway Maneuvers and Interventions in University Canadian Football, Ice Hockey, and Soccer Players." Journal of Athletic Training 46, no. 2 (March 1, 2011): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-46.2.117.

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Abstract Context: Managing an airway in an unconscious athlete is a lifesaving skill that may be made more difficult by the recent changes in protective equipment. Different airway maneuvers and techniques may be required to help ventilate an unconscious athlete who is wearing full protective equipment. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of different airway maneuvers with football, ice hockey, and soccer players wearing full protective equipment. Design: Crossover study. Setting: University sports medicine clinic. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 146 university varsity athletes, consisting of 62 football, 45 ice hockey, and 39 soccer players. Intervention(s): Athletes were assessed for different airway and physical characteristics. Three investigators then evaluated the effectiveness of different bag-valve-mask (BVM) ventilation techniques in supine athletes who were wearing protective equipment while inline cervical spine immobilization was maintained. Main Outcome Measure(s): The effectiveness of 1-person BVM ventilation (1-BVM), 2-person BVM ventilation (2-BVM), and inline immobilization and ventilation (IIV) was judged by each investigator for each athlete using a 4-point rating scale. Results: All forms of ventilation were least difficult in soccer players and most difficult in football players. When compared with 1-BVM, both 2-BVM and IIV were deemed more effective by all investigators for all athletes. Interference from the helmet and stabilizer were common reasons for difficult ventilation in football and ice hockey players. Conclusions: Sports medicine professionals should practice and be comfortable with different ventilation techniques for athletes wearing full equipment. The use of a new ventilation technique, termed inline immobilization and ventilation, may be beneficial, especially when the number of responders is limited.

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Forostian, Olha, and Pylyp Terzi. "Use of visual equipment in teaching children with hearing impairments playing football." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 3(123) (July 28, 2020): 154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2020.3(123).29.

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The current trend in education in Ukraine is the transition from the education of children with special educational needs in the system of special education to inclusive education in secondary schools. Under such conditions, there is a need to revise, re- evaluate and rethink the methods and techniques of teaching children with hearing impairments in accordance with modern requirements. Mastering the techniques of ball possession can be a powerful tool for correcting and improving coordination of movements in children with hearing loss. Therefore, the methods of teaching children with hearing impairments physical exercises that can be used by the teacher in inclusive classes in physical education classes need to be revised and adapted. The aim of our study is to find an effective combination of different visual aids in teaching children with hearing impairments technical actions in football. It was found that for children with persistent hearing impairments, the use of demonstration and demonstration is insufficient in learning motor actions, and the possibility of using verbal teaching methods is limited. Instead, not only the physical education of the teacher, but also the written speech acquires special significance for this contingent of children. The training method developed by us involves the use of specially designed posters describing the technique of performing elements of football and illustrations of each phase of motor action has shown high efficiency. The described method of teaching technical actions in football for children with hearing impairments and the criteria for evaluating some control exercises can be applied by coaches and physical education teachers working in inclusive classes. The purpose of our study is to find an effective combination of different methods of visual education of children with hearing impairments to perform technical actions in football. It was found that for children with hearing impairments, the use of a teacher's demonstration of motor action and demonstration on the screen is not enough when learning motor actions, and the possibility of using oral teaching methods is limited. At the same time, not only the teacher showing the movement, but also the written language is of particular importance for this contingent of children. The training method we developed involves the use of posters describing the technique of performing football elements and illustrations of each stage of motor actions, and has shown high efficiency. The described method of teaching technical actions in football for children with hearing impairments and the criteria for evaluating some control exercises can be used by trainers and physical education teachers working in inclusive classes.

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Pellman, Elliot J., and David C. Viano. "Concussion in professional football." Neurosurgical Focus 21, no. 4 (October 2006): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc.2006.21.4.13.

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✓In 1994 the National Football League (NFL) initiated a comprehensive clinical and biomechanical research study of mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), a study that is ongoing. Data on mild TBIs sustained between 1996 and 2001 were collected and submitted by NFL team physicians and athletic trainers, and these data were analyzed by the NFL's Committee on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. At the same time, analysis of game videos was performed for on-field mild TBIs to quantify the biomechanics involved and to develop means to improve the understanding of these injuries so that manufacturers could systematically improve and update their head protective equipment. The findings and analysis of the Committee have been presented in a series of articles in Neurosurgery.

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Quinn, T. M., G. L. Miller, and D. M. Kleiner. "ATTITUDES ABOUT FOOTBALL EQUIPMENT REMOVAL PROCEDURES AMONG FIRE-RESCUE PERSONNEL." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 34, no. 5 (May 2002): S103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200205001-00572.

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13

Gastel, Jonathan A., Mark A. Palumbo, Michael J. Hulstyn, Paul D. Fadale, and Phillip Lucas. "Emergency Removal of Football Equipment: A Cadaveric Cervical Spine Injury Model." Annals of Emergency Medicine 32, no. 4 (October 1998): 411–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0644(98)70168-4.

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14

BRECHUE, WILLIAM F., JERRY L. MAYHEW, and FONTAINE C. PIPER. "EQUIPMENT AND RUNNING SURFACE ALTER SPRINT PERFORMANCE OF COLLEGE FOOTBALL PLAYERS." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 19, no. 4 (November 2005): 821–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200511000-00016.

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15

Braham, R. A. "Community football players' attitudes towards protective equipment--a pre-season measure." British Journal of Sports Medicine 38, no. 4 (August 1, 2004): 426–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2002.004051.

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16

&NA;. "Removing Football Equipment in the Presence of an Unstable Spine Injury." Back Letter 13, no. 9 (September 1998): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00130561-199809000-00005.

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17

Brechue, William F., Jerry L. Mayhew, and Fontaine C. Piper. "Equipment and Running Surface Alter Sprint Performance of College Football Players." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 19, no. 4 (2005): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/r-16934.1.

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18

Stone, Richard T., Brandon Moeller, Thomas Schnieders, and Ahmad Mumani. "Vastus and Patellar Protection with Range of motion Pad – Advanced Personal Protective Equipment for the Lower Body." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, no. 1 (September 2018): 1363–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621311.

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The standard knee pad is considered the most ineffective personal protective equipment in the American football player’s uniform. This study quantitatively and qualitatively assesses personal protective equipment for the lower body for U.S. football players against the VAPPR Pad (Vastus And Patellar Protection with Range of motion), the next iteration of lower body protection. The study consisted of player surveys, material drop testing, and Performance Drill testing including broad-jump, L-drill, pro-agility, and gait analysis with 138 participants in the initial survey and 25 men in the physical testing. Results of the Performance Drill Testing proved that unpadded players perform at higher levels than padded players; established no difference in performance between the unpadded players and players wearing the VAPPR Pad; and validated the VAPPR Pad’s superiority to the standard knee pad.

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19

Khodaee, Morteza, Michael D. Fetters, and Daniel W. Gorenflo. "Football (Soccer) Safety Equipment Use and Parental Attitudes Toward Safety Equipment in a Community Youth Sports Program." Research in Sports Medicine 19, no. 2 (March 11, 2011): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2011.556907.

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Conrad, Bryan P., Diana L. Marchese, Glenn R. Rechtine, Mark Prasarn, Gianluca Del Rossi, and MaryBeth H. Horodyski. "Motion in the Unstable Cervical Spine When Transferring a Patient Positioned Prone to a Spine Board." Journal of Athletic Training 48, no. 6 (December 1, 2013): 797–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-48.5.07.

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Context: Two methods have been proposed to transfer an individual in the prone position to a spine board. Researchers do not know which method provides the best immobilization. Objective: To determine if motion produced in the unstable cervical spine differs between 2 prone logrolling techniques and to evaluate the effect of equipment on the motion produced during prone logrolling. Design: Crossover study. Setting: Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Tests were performed on 5 fresh cadavers (3 men, 2 women; age = 83 ± 8 years, mass = 61.2 ± 14.1 kg). Main Outcome Measure(s): Three-dimensional motions were recorded during 2 prone logroll protocols (pull, push) in cadavers with an unstable cervical spine. Three equipment conditions were evaluated: football shoulder pads and helmet, rigid cervical collar, and no equipment. The mean range of motion was calculated for each test condition. Results: The pull technique produced 16% more motion than the push technique in the lateral-bending angulation direction (F1,4 = 19.922, P = .01, η2 = 0.833). Whereas the collar-only condition and, to a lesser extent, the football-shoulder-pads-and-helmet condition demonstrated trends toward providing more stability than the no-equipment condition, we found no differences among equipment conditions. We noted an interaction between technique and equipment, with the pull maneuver performed without equipment producing more anteroposterior motion than the push maneuver in any of the equipment conditions. Conclusions: We saw a slight difference in the motion measured during the 2 prone logrolling techniques tested, with less lateral-bending and anteroposterior motion produced with the logroll push than the pull technique. Therefore, we recommend adopting the push technique as the preferred spine-boarding maneuver when a patient is found in the prone position. Researchers should continue to seek improved methods for performing prone spine-board transfers to further decrease the motion produced in the unstable spine.

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Endres, Brad, Laura C. Decoster, and Erik E. Swartz. "Football Equipment Removal in an Exertional Heat Stroke Scenario: Time and Difficulty." Athletic Training & Sports Health Care 6, no. 5 (September 1, 2014): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/19425864-20140916-03.

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Chen, Xiao, and Li Sun. "Campus football application based on FPGA system and GPS wearable electronic equipment." Microprocessors and Microsystems 81 (March 2021): 103784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpro.2020.103784.

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Brisbine, Brooke R., Julie R. Steele, Elissa J. Phillips, and Deirdre E. McGhee. "Use and perception of breast protective equipment by female contact football players." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 23, no. 9 (September 2020): 820–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2020.02.004.

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Lopez, Matt, Brian Campbell, Andrew Hatchett, Torie Guidry, Bradley Burkhalter, and Shawn Hodge. "Effects Of Football Equipment On Average Momentum: Implications For High School Players." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 41 (May 2009): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000354749.33702.a3.

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25

Norton, Christine E., and Michael D. Osborne. "Poster 299: Motion Analysis of Head and Neck While Wearing Football Equipment." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 88, no. 9 (September 2007): E97—E98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2007.06.715.

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26

Katt, Grace, and Kevin C. Miller. "Contribution of American Football Uniforms to the Development of Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia: A Critically Appraised Topic." International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training 26, no. 3 (May 1, 2021): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijatt.2020-0085.

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Clinical Scenario: Many American football players have died from exertional heatstroke, one of the leading causes of sudden death in athletes. These athletes are predisposed to exertional heatstroke, in part, because of their protective equipment. Few authors have systematically appraised the research to determine how much faster rectal temperature (Trec) increases when full American football uniforms generally consisting of a helmet, shoulder pads, jersey, pants with padding, socks, shoes, and underwear/compressions (PADS) are worn compared with no uniform so that clinicians can better plan and modify exercise sessions to prevent dangerous Trec (i.e., ≥40.5 °C). Clinical Question: How much faster does Trec increase when men wear a full American football uniform compared with workout clothing during exercise in the heat? Summary of Key Findings: The authors searched the literature for randomized controlled studies with PEDro scores >6 that compared Trec of males wearing PADS to a control uniform during exercise under controlled laboratory conditions. In all four studies, Trec increased faster when PADS were worn during exercise (PADS = 0.052 ± 0.007 °C/min and control = 0.039 ± 0.009 °C/min). The average effect size across studies was 1.4 ± 0.5. Clinical Bottom Line: PADS increase Trec significantly faster than lesser uniform ensembles. Clinicians should factor in equipment and alterations in exercise duration and rest break frequency to help prevent dangerous Trec in American football players. Strength of Recommendation: Given the large effect size and controlled experimental study designs, there is strong evidence that wearing PADS during exercise results in faster increases in body core temperature.

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Teng, Jin Ru, Ya Wei Song, and Tao Wang. "The Development of the Rugby Scrum Training Equipment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 440 (October 2013): 329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.440.329.

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This article is in view of the special trainer which depends on the technology of Scrum rugby movement. It makes training quantified and combines training and monitoring. In close coordination with the coaches, it successfully develops rugby Scrum special strength training of test equipment by combing movement biology mechanics, mechanical design and manufacturing, computer technology, human body engineering and other professional technology. By Real-time observation of athletes technical action of various forces when doing Scrum, it can achieve real-time monitoring, diagnosis, and correction of Scrum training action, in order to achieve Scrum techniques of quantitative and refined training, and to improve football Scrum a better effect. The developed Scrum special training can be used not only in training and scientific research, but can be used in normal training and rehabilitation training.

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Marin, Mihnea, Petre Cristian Copilusi, and Ligia Rusu. "Experimental Approach Regarding the Analysis of Human Complex Motions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 823 (January 2016): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.823.119.

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In this paper an experimental research was performed in case of a human complex motion. The research aim was to evaluate the joint trajectories and angular variations of the main human locomotion system. Thus an experimental motion analysis was performed, by using two modern equipments in parallel, one called VICON Equipment and the other called CONTEMPLAS. The experimental activity was developed on a human subject when perform a complex motion for hitting a ball. The obtained results will be useful for the improvement of the athletes’ complex motions on sports such as football in the way of conserving the energy or to reshape the foot behavior when strikes the ball.

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Dahl, Michael C., Dheera Ananthakrishnan, Gregg Nicandri, Jens R. Chapman, and Randal P. Ching. "Helmet and Shoulder Pad Removal in Football Players with Unstable Cervical Spine Injuries." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 25, no. 2 (May 2009): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.25.2.119.

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Football, one of the country’s most popular team sports, is associated with the largest overall number of sports-related, catastrophic, cervical spine injuries in the United States (Mueller, 2007). Patient handling can be hindered by the protective sports equipment worn by the athlete. Improper stabilization of these patients can exacerbate neurologic injury. Because of the lack of consensus on the best method for equipment removal, a study was performed comparing three techniques: full body levitation, upper torso tilt, and log roll. These techniques were performed on an intact and lesioned cervical spine cadaveric model simulating conditions in the emergency department. The levitation technique was found to produce motion in the anterior and right lateral directions. The tilt technique resulted in motions in the posterior left lateral directions, and the log roll technique generated motions in the right lateral direction and had the largest amount of increased instability when comparing the intact and lesioned specimen. These findings suggest that each method of equipment removal displays unique weaknesses that the practitioner should take into account, possibly on a patient-by-patient basis.

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Bulsara, Caroline. "Study of the recruitment and retention of medical officers to Australian Football League clubs in Australia." Australian Journal of Primary Health 16, no. 2 (2010): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py09021.

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The problems for Australian Football League clubs in accessing medical services during the football season in Australia are escalating. This study surveyed medical officers, club officials and Sports Medicine Australia members nationally. Issues for all those involved were explored and any difficulties highlighted in regard to the reasons why doctors were reluctant to provide services to this sporting group. Overall, 132 Sports Medicine Australia members responded to the survey. In addition, 53 medical officers and 28 club officials were surveyed by telephone. This study revealed that there was a definite mismatch between club officials and medical officers as to what was important to doctors in deciding to provide services to a club. The main issues were time demands, the lack of equipment and facilities, remuneration, and impact on family life during the football season. The future of medical officers within Australian football clubs is in need of review if a shortage of trained medical officers providing services to the clubs is to avoid a crisis in the near future.

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Swartz, Erik E., Jason P. Mihalik, Laura C. Decoster, Sossan Al-Darraji, and Justin Bric. "Emergent Access to the Airway and Chest in American Football Players." Journal of Athletic Training 50, no. 7 (July 1, 2015): 681–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-50.4.04.

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Context American football has the highest rate of fatalities and catastrophic injuries of any US sport. The equipment designed to protect athletes from these catastrophic events challenges the ability of medical personnel to obtain neutral spine alignment and immobilization during airway and chest access for emergency life-support delivery. Objective To compare motion, time, and difficulty during removal of American football helmets, face masks, and shoulder pads. Design Quasi-experimental, crossover study. Setting Controlled laboratory. Patients or Other Participants We recruited 40 athletic trainers (21 men, 19 women; age = 33.7 ± 11.2 years, height = 173.1 ± 9.2 cm, mass = 80.7 ± 17.1 kg, experience = 10.6 ± 10.4 years). Intervention(s) Paired participants conducted 16 trials in random order for each of 4 helmet, face-mask, and shoulder-pad combinations. An 8-camera, 3-dimensional motion-capture system was used to record head motion in live models wearing properly fitted helmets and shoulder pads. Main Outcome Measure(s) Time and perceived difficulty (modified Borg CR-10). Results Helmet removal resulted in greater motion than face-mask removal, respectively, in the sagittal (14.88°, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 13.72°, 16.04° versus 7.04°, 95% CI = 6.20°, 7.88°; F1,19 = 187.27, P < .001), frontal (7.00°, 95% CI = 6.47°, 7.53° versus 4.73°, 95% CI = 4.20°, 5.27°; F1,19 = 65.34, P < .001), and transverse (7.00°, 95% CI = 6.49°, 7.50° versus 4.49°, 95% CI = 4.07°, 4.90°; F1,19 = 68.36, P < .001) planes. Face-mask removal from Riddell 360 helmets took longer (31.22 seconds, 95% CI = 27.52, 34.91 seconds) than from Schutt ION 4D helmets (20.45 seconds, 95% CI = 18.77, 22.12 seconds) or complete ION 4D helmet removal (26.40 seconds, 95% CI = 23.46, 29.35 seconds). Athletic trainers required less time to remove the Riddell Power with RipKord (21.96 seconds, 95% CI = 20.61°, 23.31° seconds) than traditional shoulder pads (29.22 seconds, 95% CI = 27.27, 31.17 seconds; t19 = 9.80, P < .001). Conclusions Protective equipment worn by American football players must eventually be removed for imaging and medical treatment. Our results fill a gap in the evidence to support current recommendations for prehospital emergent management in patients wearing protective football equipment. Helmet face masks and shoulder pads with quick-release designs allow for clinically acceptable removal times without inducing additional motion or difficulty.

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Miller, Kevin C., Timothy A. Di Mango, and Grace E. Katt. "Cooling Rates of Hyperthermic Humans Wearing American Football Uniforms When Cold-Water Immersion Is Delayed." Journal of Athletic Training 53, no. 12 (December 1, 2018): 1200–1205. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-398-17.

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Context Treatment delays can be contributing factors in the deaths of American football athletes from exertional heat stroke. Ideally, clinicians begin cold-water immersion (CWI) to reduce rectal temperature (Trec) to <38.9°C within 30 minutes of collapse. If delays occur, experts recommend Trec cooling rates that exceed 0.15°C/min. Whether treatment delays affect CWI cooling rates or perceptual variables when football uniforms are worn is unknown. Objective To answer 3 questions: (1) Does wearing a football uniform and delaying CWI by 5 minutes or 30 minutes affect Trec cooling rates? (2) Do Trec cooling rates exceed 0.15°C/min when treatment delays have occurred and individuals wear football uniforms during CWI? (3) How do treatment delays affect thermal sensation and Environmental Symptoms Questionnaire responses? Design Crossover study. Setting Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants Ten physically active men (age = 22 ± 2 y, height = 183.0 ± 6.9 cm, mass = 78.9 ± 6.0 kg). Intervention(s) On 2 days, participants wore American football uniforms and exercised in the heat until Trec was 39.75°C. Then they sat in the heat, with equipment on, for either 5 or 30 minutes before undergoing CWI (10.6°C ± 0.1°C) until Trec reached 37.75°C. Main Outcome Measure(s) Rectal temperature and CWI duration were used to calculate cooling rates. Thermal sensation was measured pre-exercise, postexercise, postdelay, and post-CWI. Responses to the Environmental Symptoms Questionnaire were obtained pre-exercise, postdelay, and post-CWI. Results The Trec cooling rates exceeded recommendations and were unaffected by treatment delays (5-minute delay = 0.20°C/min ± 0.07°C/min, 30-minute delay = 0.19°C/min ± 0.05°C/min; P = .4). Thermal sensation differed between conditions only postdelay (5-minute delay = 6.5 ± 0.6, 30-minute delay = 5.5 ± 0.7; P < .05). Environmental Symptoms Questionnaire responses differed between conditions only postdelay (5-minute delay = 27 ± 15, 30-minute delay = 16 ± 12; P < .05). Conclusions Treatment delays and football equipment did not impair CWI's effectiveness. Because participants felt cooler and better after the 30-minute delay despite still having elevated Trec, clinicians should use objective measurements (eg, Trec) to guide their decision making for patients with possible exertional heat stroke.

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Xu, Yetong, and Wenwu Hu. "Load evaluation of campus football match based on microprocessor and IoT wearable equipment." Microprocessors and Microsystems 81 (March 2021): 103778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpro.2020.103778.

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Palumbo, Mark A., Michael J. Hulstyn, Paul D. Fadale, Timothy O'Brien, and Larry Shall. "The Effect of Protective Football Equipment on Alignment of the Injured Cervical Spine." American Journal of Sports Medicine 24, no. 4 (July 1996): 446–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036354659602400407.

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Chomiak, Jiri, Astrid Junge, Lars Peterson, and Jiri Dvorak. "Severe Injuries in Football Players." American Journal of Sports Medicine 28, no. 5_suppl (September 2000): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/28.suppl_5.s-58.

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The aims of this prospective study were to analyze factors related to the occurrence of severe football injuries in players of different ages (14 to 42 years) and different skill levels (local teams to first league teams). In the Czech Republic, 398 players were followed up for 1 year, during which time they sustained 686 injuries. Of these, 113 (16.5%) were severe injuries. Ninety-seven severe injuries (86%) were able to be documented in detail. Trauma was the cause of 81.5% of the injuries and overuse was the cause of 18.5%. Joint sprains predominated (30%), followed by fractures (16%), muscle strains (15%), ligament ruptures (12%), meniscal tears and contusions (8%), and other injuries. Injuries to the knee were most prevalent (29%), followed by injuries to the ankle (19%) and spine (9%). More injuries occurred during games (59%) than in practice. Twenty-four percent of the injured players had suffered a previous injury of the same body part. Forty-six percent of injuries were caused by contact and 54% involved no body contact. Thirty-one percent of severe injuries were caused by foul play. From these results and the analysis of injuries in specific body parts, the following factors were determined to influence the occurrence of severe injuries: 1) personal factors (intrinsic): age of player, previous injuries, joint instability, abnormality of the spine, poor physical condition, poor football skills, or inadequate treatment and rehabilitation of injuries; 2) environmental factors (extrinsic): subjective exercise overload during practices and games, amount and quality of training, playing field conditions, equipment (wearing of shin guards and taping) and violations of existing rules (foul play).

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Han, Bo, Qiu Chen, Carlos Lago-Peñas, Changquan Wang, and Tianbiao Liu. "The influence of the video assistant referee on the Chinese Super League." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 15, no. 5-6 (June 29, 2020): 662–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954120938984.

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With the development and advancement of technology, various types of high-tech auxiliary equipment have been gradually introduced into football matches to assist referees to officiate the game. The Chinese football Super League (CSL) introduced the video assistant referee (VAR) in the 2018 season. The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of the introduction of VAR on football matches and on referees’ performance. This study compared the data of all 240 games without VAR in the season 2017 and all 240 games with VAR in the season 2018 using Generalized Linear Model (GLM) and means comparison. The following match variables were considered: goals, penalties, red cards, yellow cards, fouls, offsides, playing time in the first half, playing time in the second half and total playing time. The study found that: 1) After the introduction of VAR, the number of offsides and fouls in the Chinese Super League dropped significantly (p < .001); 2) the playing time in the first and second half and the total playing time increased significantly(p < .001); 3) after the introduction of VAR, the home team advantage decreased slightly. The research result can help to better understand the impact of VAR on professional football, especially on the Chinese football Super League, it can also help referees to optimize their refereeing strategy.

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Macy, Jonathan T., Kyle Kercher, Jesse A. Steinfeldt, and Keisuke Kawata. "Fewer US Adolescents Playing Football and Public Health: A Review of Measures to Improve Safety and an Analysis of Gaps in the Literature." Public Health Reports 136, no. 5 (February 18, 2021): 562–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354920976553.

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Physical activity during adolescence is associated with positive health outcomes, yet only 26% of US middle and high school students report daily physical activity. Moreover, the number of high school students playing a sport is declining, with the largest decline in football. One reason for this decline in playing football may be increased attention to the risk of head injury. For public health, the decline is alarming because football offers a physical activity opportunity for millions of young people every year. In response, efforts have been made to institute measures to enhance the safety of football. The objective of this topical review was to review these measures and the data supporting their effectiveness. We conducted a search of scientific literature supplemented by a web search to identify safety measures. We used the Indiana University library electronic database, PubMed, and web browser searches with specific search terms. In addition to peer-reviewed studies, we searched news stories and reports from sport-related organizations. We summarized the measures and evaluations of effectiveness and categorized the measures by type (game rules, practice guidelines, equipment innovations, strategic initiatives) and target age group (elementary/middle school, high school, college, professional). We found that attempts are being made to improve the safety of football at all levels. However, many measures lack scientific evidence to support their effectiveness. Therefore, researchers need to systematically evaluate safety measures. By implementing evidence-based interventions, we can balance the public health risk of playing football versus the public health risk of continued declines in participation.

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Conrad, Bryan P., Christopher J. Koenig, Kathryn J. LuCante, MaryBeth Horodyski, Glenn R. Rechtine, and Douglas M. Kleiner. "The Application of a Cervical Collar to the Football Player Wearing Athletic Protective Equipment." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 39, Supplement (May 2007): S319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000274242.19928.93.

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White, J. A., C. Mannion, and C. Gissane. "THE USE AND ABUSE OF ???PROTECTIVE??? EQUIPMENT IN PROFESSIONAL RUGBY FOOTBALL LEAGUE IN ENGLAND." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 33, no. 5 (May 2001): S185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200105001-01043.

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Shearman, Jeremy, Ralph Beneke, and Dominic Micklewright. "Wearing American Football Protective Equipment Has A Diminishing Effect On Agility, Balance and Coordination." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 40, Supplement (May 2008): S440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000322872.64561.95.

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Prasarn, Mark L., MaryBeth Horodyski, Matthew J. DiPaola, Christian P. DiPaola, Gianluca Del Rossi, Bryan P. Conrad, and Glenn R. Rechtine. "Controlled Laboratory Comparison Study of Motion With Football Equipment in a Destabilized Cervical Spine." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 3, no. 9 (September 2015): 232596711560185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967115601853.

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Piple, Amit, Carol Bernier, Mark Rogers, Kelley Whitmer, David Keyes, Anmol Bansal, and Jonathan J. Carmouche. "P49. Cervical spine CT scans can miss fractures when football equipment is in place." Spine Journal 21, no. 9 (September 2021): S163—S164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2021.05.257.

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Turbeville, Sean D., Linda D. Cowan, Nabih R. Asal, Willis L. Owen, and Mark A. Anderson. "Risk Factors for Injury in Middle School Football Players." American Journal of Sports Medicine 31, no. 2 (March 2003): 276–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465030310022001.

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Background: Little is known about the frequency of or risk factors for injuries in middle school or junior high school football players. Purpose: To examine the associations of player characteristics (injury history, conditioning, player position, special equipment) and physical parameters (body mass index, weight, height, grip strength) with risk of injury. Study Design: Prospective cohort study. Methods: We documented risk factors for injury in 646 middle school football players, 10 to 15 years of age, in the Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, school district during the 1998 and 1999 seasons. Player characteristics and physical parameters were measured at the beginning of both seasons. Logistic regression methods were used to determine whether baseline variables were associated with the odds of subsequent injury. Results: More playing experience was the only variable significantly associated with the risk of injury in multivariate analyses. This association was observed regardless of the type of injury and even after indirectly controlling for time at risk of injury by restricting analyses to first-string players. Increasing age was significantly associated with the risk of fractures. Conclusions: Results suggest that physical characteristics play a minor role in risk of injury from football in this age group.

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Colino, Enrique, Lis Corral-Gómez, David Rodríguez-Rosa, Sergio Juárez-Pérez, Jorge García-Unanue, Antonio González-Rodríguez, Javier Sánchez-Sánchez, Jose Luis Felipe, Leonor Gallardo, and Fernando Jose Castillo-García. "Novel Methodology for Football Rebound Test Method." Sensors 20, no. 6 (March 18, 2020): 1688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20061688.

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Assessing and keeping control of the mechanical properties of sport surfaces is a relevant task in sports since it enables athletes to train and compete safely and under equal conditions. Currently, different tests are used for assessing athlete- and ball-surface interactions in artificial turf pitches. In order to make these evaluations more agile and accessible for every facility, it is important to develop new apparatus that enable to perform the tests in an easier and quicker way. The existing equipment for determining the vertical ball behavior requires a complex and non-easily transportable device in which the ball must be fixed to the upper part of the frame in a very precise position by means of a magnet. The rebound height is determined by capturing the acoustic signal produced when the ball bounces on the turf. When extended tests are conducted, the time required to evaluate a single field is too high due to the non-valid trials. This work proposes a novel methodology which allows to notoriously decrease the time of testing fields maintaining the repeatability and accuracy of the test method together with a compact device for improving its mobility and transport. Simulations and experiments demonstrates the repeatability and accuracy of the results obtained by the proposed device, which decreases the non-valid trials and notoriously reduces the time for field evaluation.

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Oller, Anna R., Larry Province, and Brian Curless. "Staphylococcus aureus Recovery From Environmental and Human Locations in 2 Collegiate Athletic Teams." Journal of Athletic Training 45, no. 3 (May 1, 2010): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-45.3.222.

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Abstract Context: Staphylococcus aureus is spread via direct contact with persons and indirect contact via environmental surfaces such as weight benches. Athletes participating in direct-contact sports have an increased risk of acquiring S aureus infections. Objective: To determine (1) potential environmental reservoirs of S aureus in football and wrestling locker rooms and weight rooms, (2) environmental bacterial status after employing more stringent cleaning methods, (3) differences in colonization rates between athletes and nonathletes, (4) exposed body locations where Staphylococcus was recovered more frequently, and (5) personal hygiene practices of athletes and nonathletes. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Locker room and strengthening and conditioning facilities at a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II university. Patients or Other Participants: Collegiate football players and wrestlers, with nonathlete campus residents serving as the control group. Intervention(s): Infection control methods, education of the custodial staff, and education of the athletes regarding the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for infection prevention. Main Outcome Measure(s): Cultures were taken from the participants' noses, fingertips, knuckles, forearms, and shoes and from the environment. Results: Before the intervention, from the 108 environmental samples taken from the football locker room and weight room, 26 (24%) contained methicillin-susceptible S aureus (MSSA) and 33 (31%) contained methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA). From the 39 environmental samples taken from the wrestling locker room and pit areas, 1 (3%) contained MSSA and 4 (10%) contained MRSA. The MRSA rates were different between the 2 locations according to a χ2 test (P = .01). Seven MRSA isolates were recovered from football players and 1 from a wrestler; no MRSA isolates were recovered from the control group. The fingertip location of S aureus recovery from football players was significant when compared with both other locations in football players and fingertips in wrestlers and the control group (P < .05). Football players and wrestlers shared more personal items than the control group (P < .05). After the intervention, the football locker room and weight room samples were negative for S aureus. Conclusions: Intact strengthening and conditioning equipment, proper hygiene, and proper disinfection methods lowered both environmental and human S aureus recovery at 1 university.

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Reynolds, Bryson B., James Patrie, Erich J. Henry, Howard P. Goodkin, Donna K. Broshek, Max Wintermark, and T. Jason Druzgal. "Practice type effects on head impact in collegiate football." Journal of Neurosurgery 124, no. 2 (February 2016): 501–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2015.5.jns15573.

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OBJECT This study directly compares the number and severity of subconcussive head impacts sustained during helmet-only practices, shell practices, full-pad practices, and competitive games in a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I-A football team. The goal of the study was to determine whether subconcussive head impact in collegiate athletes varies with practice type, which is currently unregulated by the NCAA. METHODS Over an entire season, a cohort of 20 collegiate football players wore impact-sensing mastoid patches that measured the linear and rotational acceleration of all head impacts during a total of 890 athletic exposures. Data were analyzed to compare the number of head impacts, head impact burden, and average impact severity during helmet-only, shell, and full-pad practices, and games. RESULTS Helmet-only, shell, and full-pad practices and games all significantly differed from each other (p ≤ 0.05) in the mean number of impacts for each event, with the number of impacts being greatest for games, then full-pad practices, then shell practices, and then helmet-only practices. The cumulative distributions for both linear and rotational acceleration differed between all event types (p < 0.01), with the acceleration distribution being similarly greatest for games, then full-pad practices, then shell practices, and then helmet-only practices. For both linear and rotational acceleration, helmet-only practices had a lower average impact severity when compared with other event types (p < 0.001). However, the average impact severity did not differ between any comparisons of shell and full-pad practices, and games. CONCLUSIONS Helmet-only, shell, and full-pad practices, and games result in distinct head impact profiles per event, with each succeeding event type receiving more impacts than the one before. Both the number of head impacts and cumulative impact burden during practice are categorically less than in games. In practice events, the number and cumulative burden of head impacts per event increases with the amount of equipment worn. The average severity of individual impacts is relatively consistent across event types, with the exception of helmet-only practices. The number of hits experienced during each event type is the main driver of event type differences in impact burden per athletic exposure, rather than the average severity of impacts that occur during the event. These findings suggest that regulation of practice equipment could be a fair and effective way to substantially reduce subconcussive head impact in thousands of collegiate football players.

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Braham, R. A., and C. F. Finch. "Do community football players wear allocated protective equipment? Descriptive results from a randomised controlled trial." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 7, no. 2 (June 2004): 216–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1440-2440(04)80011-2.

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Kleiner, Douglas M., Bryan P. Conrad, MaryBeth Horodyski, and Glenn R. Rechtine. "Head And Neck Movement With The Motorized Spine Board In Subjects Wearing Football Protective Equipment." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, Supplement (May 2005): S356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200505001-01869.

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Kerr, Zachary Y., Ross Hayden, Thomas P. Dompier, and Randy Cohen. "Association of Equipment Worn and Concussion Injury Rates in National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Practices." American Journal of Sports Medicine 43, no. 5 (February 24, 2015): 1134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546515570622.

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Kleiner, Douglas M., Bryan P. Conrad, MaryBeth Horodyski, and Glenn R. Rechtine. "Head And Neck Movement With The Motorized Spine Board In Subjects Wearing Football Protective Equipment." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, Supplement (May 2005): S356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200505001-01869.

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