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Journal articles on the topic 'For the Investigation of the Epidemic Cholera'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

CLARK, C. G., A. N. KRAVETZ, V. V. ALEKSEENKO, YU D. KRENDELEV, and W. M. JOHNSON. "Microbiological and epidemiological investigation of cholera epidemic in Ukraine during 1994 and 1995." Epidemiology and Infection 121, no. 1 (August 1998): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268898008711.

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The Ukraine cholera epidemic of 1994 and 1995 was caused by Vibrio cholerae O1, serotype Ogawa, biotype El Tor. This epidemic was centred in the area around Respublika Krim (Crimea) and Mykolajiv, and spread to include parts of southern Ukraine. Cases of cholera occurred between September and November of 1994 and between June and October of 1995. The 32 fatalities among 1370 recorded cases (case fatality ratio, 2·3%) occurred throughout the course of the epidemic. V. cholerae from patients with cholera produced cholera toxin and were resistant to multiple antibiotics, though no resistance plasmids were found. Conjugation experiments suggested that resistance to multiple antibiotics may be present on a self-transmissible genetic element. Environmental sources of V. cholerae O1 El Tor included sewage, sea and surface water, and fresh water and marine fish. All but one of the environmental V. cholerae isolated during the epidemic were very similar to selected isolates from patients at the same time, supporting the role of these environmental sources in the spread of disease.

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Wang, Xiaowei, and Mengqi Yang. "Spatial distribution and natural environment mechanism of the cholera epidemic in ancient Jiangnan area, China." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 11, 2021): e0248048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248048.

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Cholera, as an acute, high-risk and widespread infectious disease, has been studied by many scholars. Based on the data from <Annals of Epidemics in China over the Past 3000 Years>, this research investigated the spatial distribution of the cholera epidemic and natural environment mechanism of the cholera epidemic in the Jiangnan area, from the year 1820 to 1821. We applied a set of spatial statistical analyses to investigate the spatial heterogeneity and the factors that influence the cholera epidemic in the Jiangnan area. Results show that: 1) Spatial distribution of cholera epidemic lied at different geographical scales. The cholera epidemic was highly concentrated in Shanghai, Nanjing and Hangzhou; There was a north-south difference of cholera epidemic distribution at the regional scale. The cholera epidemic was more concentrated in the north part than in the south part of the Jiangnan area; Meanwhile, there was an east-west difference in cholera epidemic distribution where the intensity of the cholera epidemic decreased from east to northwest and southwest. 2) A land-sea distribution of cholera can be also found. The Chang-Hang line and the Hu-Jia line were the two boundaries of the cholera epidemic in the Jiangnan area. 3) There was a close relationship between the distribution of the cholera epidemic and natural environment in the Jiangnan area. The influence intensity of natural factors on epidemic disasters followed the order of temperature (0.760) > precipitation (0.663) > river distance (0.413) > river density (0.398) > elevation (0.395). The present investigation is conductive to establish a prevention system for public health emergencies, which contributes to the sustainable development of society and human health.

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CLARK, C. G., A. N. KRAVETZ, C. DENDY, G. WANG, K. D. TYLER, and W. M. JOHNSON. "Investigation of the 1994–5 Ukrainian Vibrio cholerae epidemic using molecular methods." Epidemiology and Infection 121, no. 1 (August 1998): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268898008814.

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Thirty-seven Vibrio cholerae and four non-cholera Vibrio isolates from Ukraine, including strains from the epidemic of 1994–5, were analysed by molecular methods. Results from PFGE and ribotyping indicated that all Ukrainian toxigenic V. cholerae were closely related to each other and to an isolate from a patient from Pakistan. A non-toxigenic river water strain obtained during the height of the epidemic was more distantly related to these V. cholerae strains, while the Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates and Vibrio alginolyticus isolate were not closely related to V. cholerae or each other. ERIC- and REP-PCR allowed the differentiation of strains identical by other methods. The results obtained confirm that the epidemic Ukrainian strains are most closely related to seventh pandemic strains from Asia and support a hypothesis that the Ukrainian epidemic of 1994–5 was caused by toxigenic environmental strains surviving since the time of the 1991 Ukrainian epidemic or before.

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Sagiev, Z. A., R. S. Musagalieva, A. A. Abdirasilova, T. Z. Ayazbaev, M. M. Kul’baeva, A. B. Mоldagasimova, A. S. Zhunusova, et al. "Concerning imported cases of cholera in the city of Almaty, Kazakhstan, 2017." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 3 (October 5, 2018): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2018-3-83-87.

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In 2017, from October 15 to November 21, 5 cholera cases imported from India – 3 patients and 2 carriers of V. cholerae – were recorded in Almaty. The patients recovered from the disease. Objective of the study was to characterize the imported cases of cholera and investigate the properties of cholera vibrio strains isolated from patients and carriers of V. cholerae. Materials and methods. Revised were the medical records; blood sera, feces from patients and contact persons were assayed. Studied were sensitivity spectrum to antibacterial preparations of isolated V. cholerae strains according to the “Methodological guidelines on laboratory diagnosis of cholera”, dated September 27, 2010; No 252. Epidemiological, microbiological, immunological and molecular-genetic methods were applied for investigation. Results and conclusions. Consequently to molecular genetic studies, genes of specificity, wbeN and toxicity (epidemic significance), ctxA, tcpA were detected in samples from 3 patients and 2 contact persons. The isolated strains were identified as Vibrio cholerae O1 Eltor Inaba in two cases, and in one case – as Vibrio cholerae O1 Eltor Hykoshima, Heiberg group I, toxigenic, hemolysis negative in Greig test, virulent, highly sensitive to ciprofloxacin, doxycilin, erythromycin, tetracycline and moderately sensitive to levomycetin. It was established that the country of export in all the cases was India. Relevant anti-epidemic and preventive measures were undertaken to localize and eradicate the foci in order to prevent possible threat of epidemic spread of infections among the population.

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5

LLANES, R., L. SOMARRIBA, G. HERNÁNDEZ, Y. BARDAJI, A. AGUILA, and R. N. MAZUMDER. "Low detection ofVibrio choleraecarriage in healthcare workers returning to 12 Latin American countries from Haiti." Epidemiology and Infection 143, no. 5 (July 14, 2014): 1016–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268814001782.

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SUMMARYThis investigation was undertaken to characterize the prevalence of intestinalVibrio choleraein healthcare workers (HCWs) returning from Haiti due to the ongoing cholera epidemic. Eight hundred and fifty asymptomatic HCWs of the Cuban Medical Brigade, who planned to leave Haiti, were studied by laboratory screening of stool culture forV. cholerae. A very low percentage (0·23%) of toxigenicV. choleraeserogroup O1, serotype Ogawa was found. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the largest reported screening study forV. choleraeinfection in asymptomatic HCWs returning from a cholera-affected country. Cholera transmission to health personnel highlights a possible risk of transmitting cholera during mobilization of the population for emergency response. Aid workers are encouraged to take precautions to reduce their risk for acquiring cholera and special care should be taken by consuming safe water and food and practising regular hand washing.

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CARTWRIGHT, E. J., M. K. PATEL, F. X. MBOPI-KEOU, T. AYERS, B. HAENKE, B. H. WAGENAAR, E. MINTZ, and R. QUICK. "Recurrent epidemic cholera with high mortality in Cameroon: persistent challenges 40 years into the seventh pandemic." Epidemiology and Infection 141, no. 10 (January 10, 2013): 2083–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268812002932.

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SUMMARYCameroon has experienced recurrent cholera epidemics with high mortality rates. In September 2009, epidemic cholera was detected in the Far North region of Cameroon and the reported case-fatality rate was 12%. We conducted village-, healthcare facility- and community-level surveys to investigate reasons for excess cholera mortality. Results of this investigation suggest that cholera patients who died were less likely to seek care, receive rehydration therapy and antibiotics at a healthcare facility, and tended to live further from healthcare facilities. Furthermore, use of oral rehydration salts at home was very low in both decedents and survivors. Despite the many challenges inherent to delivering care in Cameroon, practical measures could be taken to reduce cholera mortality in this region, including the timely provision of treatment supplies, training of healthcare workers, establishment of rehydration centres, and promotion of household water treatment and enhanced handwashing with soap.

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7

Shuval, Hillel I. "Investigation of Typhoid Fever and Cholera Transmission by Raw Wastewater Irrigation in Santiago, Chile." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 3-4 (February 1, 1993): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0341.

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Santiago, the capital city of Chile, has suffered for years from high rates of typhoid fever, reaching peaks as high as 210 cases/100,000 in 1977 and 1982. Many officials suspected that the use of raw wastewater to irrigate 13,500 ha of vegetables and salad crops may have been one of the modes of transmission. However, control measures have in general been ineffective. In April, 1991 an outbreak of 41 cases of cholera occurred in Chile probably initiated by the penetration of cholera cases from adjacent Peru which was undergoing an explosive cholera epidemic. Investigations showed that there was strong circumstantial evidence supporting the hypothesis of typhoid and cholera transmission by wastewater irrigated crops. From data gathered it is shown that while there was little seasonal typhoid fever variation in the rest of the country, there was a decided summer peak in Santiago that coincided with the peak irrigation season and harvesting of sewage irrigated vegetables. In the 1991 cholera outbreak, which occurred during the irrigation season, 68% of the cases had consumed wastewater irrigated salad crops eaten uncooked. Salmonella typhi and Vibrio cholerae were isolated by “Moore” pads from raw wastewater in canals leading to irrigated vegetable plots. Other direct and indirect evidence supports the case of wastewater irrigated vegetables as the main mode of transmission. Emergency cholera control measures, including heavy chlorination of raw wastewater, partially settled by flowing in slow moving irrigation canals, are reviewed.

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., Vishwas, and Ravishankar . "Investigation of acute diarrhoea outbreak at Narasapura, Kolar." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 7 (June 28, 2019): 3029. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20192847.

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Background: Greatest risk of acute diarrhea outbreaks occurs in over-populated communities & refugee settings characterized by poor sanitation, unsafe drinking-water and increased person to person transmission. Because the incubation period is very short, number of cases can rise extremely quickly and it calls for a prompt and thorough investigation. There were reports of cases of acute diarrhoea and based on the preliminary field work, the existence of an outbreak was confirmed. Hence it was decided to investigate the outbreak with objectives to determine the causes and source of acute diarrhoea outbreak at Narasapura village in Kolar and to suggest control measures.Methods: The cross sectional study was conducted in Narasapura village of Kolar which is a fast growing industrial area. All the households and migratory settlements of the affected area were included. Attack rates of the disease were computed, epidemic curve drawn and the results were analyzed to draw conclusions. Control measures were applied simultaneously.Results: The diarrhoea attack rate at AD colony was 10%. Males (65%) were more affected compared to females (35%). 15.4% stool samples were positive for Vibrio cholera and 18% of the water samples was found to be non-portable. Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor serotype Ogawa strain was implicated as the cause for present outbreak.Conclusions: Cholera continues to be a public health problem in migratory settings, causing disease outbreaks. Environmental risk factors and lack of awareness are the contributory factors which need to be addressed.

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Titova, Svetlana V., Elena V. Monakhova, Ludmila P. Alekseeva, and Ruslan V. Pisanov. "Molecular genetic basis of biofilm formation as a component of Vibrio Cholerae persistence in water reservoirs of Russian Federation." Ecological genetics 16, no. 4 (December 15, 2018): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ecogen16423-32.

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Background. The problem of cholera remains acute for world health service and risks of importation of Vibrio cholerae strains from endemic countries to Russia do exist. Toxigenic strains (carrying cholera toxin genes ctxAB) can cause epidemic outbreaks of cholera and non-toxigenic (ctxAB-) – single or multiple cases of cholera-like diarrhea. Investigation of their ability to survive in water reservoirs in climatic conditions of middle latitudes by means of forming biofilms is essential for potential threat evaluation. Materials and methods. Biofilm formation by 15 V. cholerae strains on abiotic surfaces was studied in microcosms with tap water and cover glasses. Identification of responsible genetic determinants in whole genome sequences and bioinformatics analysis were performed using BioEdit 7.2.5, BLASTN 2.2.29, Blastp and Vector NTI Advance 11 software. Results. The strains investigated differed in terms of biofilm formation which correlated with structural features of genes for MSHA pili (msh), matrix polysaccharides (vps) and proteins (rbm) as well as for certain regulatory factors. Strains with none or few genetic deviations from prototypes formed mature biofilms in 5-7 days while those containing truncated genes mshL, mshN, rbmC – only in 13 days. One strain with truncated gene for positive regulator vpsR formed an immature biofilm. Acceleration of the process in some strains up to 2-3 days correlated with either truncated gene hapR (negative regulator) or altered structure of both msh and vps-rbm gene clusters. Conclusion. Analysis of genetic determinants responsible for biofilm formation may be used for prediction of V. cholerae ability to survive in environmental objects of Russia and thus the potential danger of the latters as sources of infection.

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10

Islam, M. S., S. Mahmuda, M. G. Morshed, H. B. M. Bakht, M. N. H. Khan, R. B. Sack, and D. A. Sack. "Role of cyanobacteria in the persistence of Vibrio cholerae O139 in saline microcosms." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 50, no. 2 (February 1, 2004): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w03-114.

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Recently, a new strain of cholera, Vibrio cholerae O139, has emerged as an epidemic strain, but there is little information about its environmental reservoir. The present investigation was aimed to determine the role of cyanobacteria in the persistence of V. cholerae O139 in microcosms. An environmental isolate of V. cholerae O139 and three cyanobacteria (Anabaena sp., Nostoc sp., and Hapalosiphon sp.) were used in this study. Survival of culturable V. cholerae O139 in microcosms was monitored using taurocholate-tellurite gelatin agar medium. Viable but nonculturable V. cholerae O139 were detected using a fluorescent antibody technique. Vibrio cholerae O139 could be isolated for up to 12 days in a culturable form in association with cyanobacteria but could not be isolated in the culturable form after 2 days from control water without cyanobacteria. The viable but nonculturable V. cholerae O139 could be detected in association with cyanobacteria for up to 15 months. These results, therefore, suggest that cyanobacteria can act as a long-term reservoir of V. cholerae O139 in an aquatic environment.Key words: cyanobacteria, persistence, Vibrio cholerae, microcosm, reservoir.

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11

Weber, J. T., E. D. Mintz, R. Cañizares, A. Semiglia, I. Gomez, R. Sempértegui, A. Dávila, et al. "Epidemic cholera in Ecuador: multidrug–resistance and transmission by water and seafood." Epidemiology and Infection 112, no. 1 (February 1994): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800057368.

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SummaryTo determine risk factors for cholera in an epidemic-disease area in South America, a case–control investigation was performed in Guayaquil, Ecuador, in July 1991. Residents > 5 years old who were hospitalized for treatment of acute, watery diarrhoea and two matched controls for each were interviewed regarding sources of water and food, and eating, drinking, and hygienic habits. Interviewers inspected homes of case-patients and controls to document water treatment, food-handling, and hygienic practices. Faecal specimens and shellfish were cultured forVibrio choleraeO 1. Isolates were tested for susceptibility to a variety of antimicrobial agents. Drinking unboiled water (odds ratio [OR] = 4.0, confidence interval [CI] = 1.8–7.5), drinking a beverage from a street vendor (OR = 2.8, CI = 1.3–5.9), eating raw seafood (OR = 3.4, CI = 1.4–11.5), and eating cooked crab (OR = 5.1, CI = 1.4–19.2) were associated with illness. Always boiling drinking water at home (OR = 0.5, CI = 0.2–0.9) was protective against illness. The presence of soap in either the kitchen (OR = 0.3, CI = 0.2–0.8) or bathroom (OR = 0.4, CI = 0.2–0.9) at home was also protective.V. choleraeO 1 was recovered from a pooled sample of a bivalve mollusc and from 68% of stool samples from case-patients. Thirty-six percent of the isolates from stool specimens were resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents. Specific prevention measures may prevent transmission through these vehicles in the future. The appearance of antimicrobial resistance suggests the need for changes in current methods of prevention and treatment.

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Bartels, Susan A., P. Gregg Greenough, M. Tamar, and Michael J. VanRooyen. "Investigation of a Cholera Outbreak in Ethiopia's Oromiya Region." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 4, no. 4 (December 2010): 312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/dmp.2010.44.

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ABSTRACTObjectives: In late June 2006, Ethiopia's Oromiya Region was affected by an outbreak of acute watery diarrhea, subsequently confirmed to be caused by Vibrio cholerae O1, a pathogen not known to be endemic to this area. Despite initial control efforts, the outbreak quickly spread to neighboring zones and regions. The Oromiya Health Bureau required public health assistance to investigate the outbreak, determine potential causes, and assess the adequacy of the response, particularly given the concern that the number of cases being reported by health care personnel might represent only a fraction of what actually existed in the community.Methods: A physician-epidemiologist–led team assessed the Guji, Bale, and East Shewa zones from September 15 to October 9, 2006. By using a purposive sample, we surveyed health bureau staff and cholera treatment center (CTC) staff and community members, assessed CTC sites, and interviewed key personnel of the various organizations responding to the outbreak.Results: The cholera cases mapped along the Ganale River. The individual attack rates were low (ranging from ~ 0.03% to ~ 4.12%), as was the overall attack rate for all 3 zones (almost 0.50%). The individual CTC case fatality rates ranged from 0% to 6.4%, and the overall case fatality rate was 1.11%. There was a trend toward men being disproportionately affected. This outbreak resulted primarily from poor sanitation and insufficient access to clean water. In Oromiya, the outbreak was addressed by a prompt and effective response, which included village chairmen at the community level. The use of community-based workers was successful and likely contributed significantly to control of the outbreak.Conclusion: Future epidemics will undoubtedly occur unless basic water and sanitation deficiencies are properly addressed. This outbreak prompts the need for increased local public health capacity to apply prevention strategies and establish ongoing surveillance. Signatories to the World Health Organization International Health Regulations must report outbreaks of nonendemic diseases.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2010;4:312-317)

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Khetawat, Gopal, Rupak K. Bhadra, Suvobroto Nandi, and Jyotirmoy Das. "Resurgent Vibrio cholerae O139: Rearrangement of Cholera Toxin Genetic Elements and Amplification ofrrn Operon." Infection and Immunity 67, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.67.1.148-154.1999.

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ABSTRACT The unprecedented genesis of a novel non-O1 Vibrio cholerae strain belonging to serogroup O139, which caused an epidemic in late 1992 in the Indian subcontinent, and its subsequent displacement by El Tor O1 vibrios after 18 months initiated a renewed investigation of the aspects of the organism that are related to pathogenesis. The reappearance of V. cholerae O139 with altered antibiotic sensitivity compared to O139 Bengal (O139B) in late 1996 has complicated the epidemiological scenario of V. cholerae and has necessitated an examination of possible rearrangements in the genome underlying such rapid changes in the phenotypic traits. With a view to investigating whether the phenotypic changes that have occurred are associated with alteration in the genome, the genome of the resurgent V. cholerae O139 (O139R) strains were examined. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of NotI- and SfiI-digested genomic DNA of O139R isolates showed restriction fragment length polymorphism including in the cholera toxin (CTX) genetic element locus and with O139B isolates. Analyses of the organization of the CTX genetic elements in O139R strains showed that in contrast to two copies of the elements connected by two direct-repeat sequences (RS) in most of the genomes of O139B isolates, the genomes of all O139R strains examined, except strain AS192, have three such elements connected by a single RS. While the RS present in the upstream of the CTX genetic elements in the genome of O139R is of O139B origin, the RS connecting the cores of the elements has several new restriction sites and has lost theBglII site which is supposed to be conserved in all O1 strains and O139B. The endonuclease I-CeuI, which has sites only in the rrn operons in the genomes of all organisms examined so far, has 10 sites in the genomes of O139R strains, compared to 9 in the genomes of O139B strains. The recent isolates of V. cholerae O139 have thus gained one rrn operon. This variation in the number of rrn operons within a serogroup has not been reported for any other organism. The results presented in this report suggest that like the pathogenic El Tor O1 strains, the genomes of O139 strains are undergoing rapid alterations.

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Morse, Stephen S. "Epidemiologic Surveillance for Investigating Chemical or Biological Warfare and for Improving Human Health." Politics and the Life Sciences 11, no. 1 (February 1992): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400017160.

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Peter Barss makes a compelling case both for the value of epidemiology in investigating suspected use of chemical, biological, or toxin warfare (CBTW), and for consistency in epidemiologic procedures. Since John Snow in the nineteenth century, “armed only with [his] five senses and [his] notebook,” carried out his pioneering epidemiologic investigations to determine the source of the cholera epidemic then raging in London, the value of epidemiology for analyzing incidents of unexpected illness or death, in whatever context they occur, has been demonstrated many times over. Despite this, as Barss convincingly shows, the routine practice of field epidemiology is still often not fully or properly utilized in investigating alleged CBTW.

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MOTES, MILES, ANGELO DePAOLA, SABRINA ZYWNO-VAN GINKEL, and MERRILL MCPHEARSON. "Occurrence of Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 in Oysters in Mobile Bay, Alabama: An Ecological Investigation." Journal of Food Protection 57, no. 11 (November 1, 1994): 975–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-57.11.975.

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Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 Inaba, resembling the epidemic Latin American strains (C6706, C6707), was recovered from oysters taken from Mobile Bay, Alabama, on five separate occasions between July 1991 and September 1992. Levels of toxigenic V. cholerae in the oysters, estimated by the most probable number procedure, ranged from 101 to 107 per 100 g. Isolates characterized by pulsed field gel electrophoresis resembled isolates previously recovered from five cargo ships docked at Gulf of Mexico ports. This study details the first reported isolation of toxigenic V. cholerae O1 from oysters in U.S. coastal waters. As with the Gulf Coast strain, the occurrence of the epidemic strain seems to be sporadic and essentially limited to the warmer months.

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Sherstneva, Elena V. "The Moscow city government in the fight against epidemics (late XIX – early XX centuries)." Hygiene and sanitation 100, no. 6 (June 28, 2021): 647–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-6-647-652.

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Moscow, which in the post-reform period became the center of the largest commercial and industrial district and the main railway hub of the Russian Empire, was particularly vulnerable to epidemics. Since the second half of the XIX century, the solution of sanitary issues of urban life and the fight against epidemics were in the competence of the Moscow city government. The epidemic threat contributed to the rapid creation of a permanent organization under the Moscow city government, which included doctors of a sanitary profile. The city has developed a system for fighting the spread of infections, based on a card system for informing the sanitary doctor and investigating each case of the disease. Among the anti - epidemic measures, disinfection of premises, isolation of sick people and family members, and, if necessary, hospitalization were widely used. From expensive and ineffective sporadic actions caused directly by the epidemic, the sanitary organization of the city increasingly moved to broad measures of a preventive nature, which directed its development along the path of specialization, allowing it to cover the sanitary supervision of educational, commercial institutions, the work of urban communications-water supply and Sewerage, developed measures of specific prevention (against typhus, smallpox, etc.) and social support for the population. The high level of improvement of the city and extensive preventive measures, due to the large financial capacity of the Moscow city government, allowed in the early twentieth century. significantly reduce the incidence of infectious diseases and even prevent the widespread spread of cholera in 1908-1909.

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Paneth, N., P. Vinten-Johansen, H. Brody, and M. Rip. "A rivalry of foulness: official and unofficial investigations of the London cholera epidemic of 1854." American Journal of Public Health 88, no. 10 (October 1998): 1545–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.88.10.1545.

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Mironova, L. V., N. O. Bochalgin, A. S. Gladkikh, S. I. Feranchuk, A. S. Ponomareva, and S. V. Balakhonov. "Phylogenetic Affinity and Genome Structure Features of ctxAB– tcpA+ Vibrio cholerae from the Surface Waterbodies in the Territory that is Non-Endemic as Regards Cholera." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 1 (April 23, 2020): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2020-1-115-123.

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Objective is analyzing the origin of the ctxAB– tcpA+ Vibrio cholerae О1 El Tor strains isolated from the surface water bodies in the territory that is non-endemic of cholera; as well as investigating their phylogenetic relations to varying by epidemic significance groups of strains, based on the structure of housekeeping genes and whole genome structure. Materials and methods: we examined 25 V. cholerae strains, isolated in Siberia and Far East, including two ctxAB– tcpA+ strains from surface water sources (Altai Territory, 2011; Khabarovsk Territory, 2013). Phylogenetic analysis included genomes of 36 V. cholerae strains from GenBank. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was carried out based on dnaE, cat, lap, pgm, recA, gyrB, and chi genes; in silico MLST – adk, gyrB, metE, mdh, pntA, purM and pyrC genes. Reconstruction of phylogeny was performed based on the comparative analysis of core genome SNPs in PhyML 3.0. Results and discussion. MLST of ctxAB– tcpA+ V. cholerae О1 El Tor strains from the surface water bodies revealed that such strains form an individual genotype in the cluster of toxigenic strains and spontaneous mutants of toxigenic strains. According to results of in silico MLST, ctxAB– tcpA+ isolates belong to SТ75, common to US Gulf phylogenetic line. Based on SNP-typing, ctxAB– tcpA+ strains from the surface water sources were assigned to the group, originating from US Gulf V. cholerae, moreover isolate from Khabarovsk (2013) demonstrated high degree of genome homology with US Gulf-like strain from China (2009). For strains from Khabarovsk and China, we also showed the compositional identity of the pathogenicity island VPI-I and the presence of pandemicity island, VSP-1. The results testify to the fact that ctxAB– tcpA+ V. cholerae strains, isolated in Siberia and Far East, originate from the US Gulf phylogenetic line. Furthermore, taking into account the results of epidemiological analysis, we can deduce that these strains are imported ones.

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CHHOTRAY, G. P., B. B. PAL, H. K. KHUNTIA, N. R. CHOWDHURY, S. CHAKRABORTY, S. YAMASAKI, T. RAMAMURTHY, Y. TAKEDA, S. K. BHATTACHARYA, and G. BALAKRISH NAIR. "Incidence and molecular analysis of Vibrio cholerae associated with cholera outbreak subsequent to the super cyclone in Orissa, India." Epidemiology and Infection 128, no. 2 (April 2002): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268801006720.

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An epidemiological study was carried out to find out the aetiological agent for diarrhoeal disorders in the cyclone and flood affected areas of Orissa, India. Rectal swabs collected from 107 hospitalized diarrhoea patients were bacteriologically analysed to isolate and identify the various enteropathogens. Detection of toxic genes among E. coli and V. cholerae was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Of the 107 rectal swabs analysed, 72·3% were positive for V. cholerae O1 Ogawa, 7·2% for V. cholerae O139, 1·2% for E. coli (EAggEC) and 1·2% for Shigella flexneri type 6. Using multiplex PCR assay it was found that all V. cholerae isolates were ctxA positive and El Tor biotype. Strains of V. cholerae O1 were observed to be resistant to nalidixic acid, furazolidone, streptomycin, co-trimoxazole and ampicillin. Except for nalidixic acid, the resistance pattern for O139 was identical to that of O1 strains. Representative strains of V. cholerae were further characterized by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and ribotyping. Both O1 and O139 V. cholerae strains exhibited the R3 pattern of ribotype and belonged to a similar pattern of RAPD compared with that of Calcutta strains. Early bacteriological and epidemiological investigations have revealed the dominance of V. cholerae O1 among the hospitalized patients in cyclone affected areas of Orissa. Drinking water scarcity and poor sanitation were thought to be responsible for these diarrhoeal outbreaks. Timely reporting and implementation of appropriate control measures could contain a vital epidemic in this area.

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QUICK, ROBERT E., MICHAEL L. GERBER, ANA MARIA PALACIOS, LUIS BEINGOLEA, RODOLFO VARGAS, OSCAR MUJICA, DAFNE MORENO, LUIS SEMINARIO, ELEANOR B. SMITHWICK, and ROBERT V. TAUXE. "Using a Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Survey to Supplement Findings of an Outbreak Investigation: Cholera Prevention Measures during the 1991 Epidemic in Peru." International Journal of Epidemiology 25, no. 4 (1996): 872–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/25.4.872.

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21

Mazhar, Md Khadimul Anam, Flavio Finger, Egmond Samir Evers, Anna Kuehne, Melissa Ivey, Francis Yesurajan, Tahmina Shirin, et al. "An outbreak of acute jaundice syndrome (AJS) among the Rohingya refugees in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh: Findings from enhanced epidemiological surveillance." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 29, 2021): e0250505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250505.

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In the summer of 2017, an estimated 745,000 Rohingya fled to Bangladesh in what has been described as one of the largest and fastest growing refugee crises in the world. Among numerous health concerns, an outbreak of acute jaundice syndrome (AJS) was detected by the disease surveillance system in early 2018 among the refugee population. This paper describes the investigation into the increase in AJS cases, the process and results of the investigation, which were strongly suggestive of a large outbreak due to hepatitis A virus (HAV). An enhanced serological investigation was conducted between 28 February to 26 March 2018 to determine the etiologies and risk factors associated with the outbreak. A total of 275 samples were collected from 18 health facilities reporting AJS cases. Blood samples were collected from all patients fulfilling the study specific case definition and inclusion criteria, and tested for antibody responses using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Out of the 275 samples, 206 were positive for one of the agents tested. The laboratory results confirmed multiple etiologies including 154 (56%) samples tested positive for hepatitis A, 1 (0.4%) positive for hepatitis E, 36 (13%) positive for hepatitis B, 25 (9%) positive for hepatitis C, and 14 (5%) positive for leptospirosis. Among all specimens tested 24 (9%) showed evidence of co-infections with multiple etiologies. Hepatitis A and E are commonly found in refugee camps and have similar clinical presentations. In the absence of robust testing capacity when the epidemic was identified through syndromic reporting, a particular concern was that of a hepatitis E outbreak, for which immunity tends to be limited, and which may be particularly severe among pregnant women. This report highlights the challenges of identifying causative agents in such settings and the resources required to do so. Results from the month-long enhanced investigation did not point out widespread hepatitis E virus (HEV) transmission, but instead strongly suggested a large-scale hepatitis A outbreak of milder consequences, and highlighted a number of other concomitant causes of AJS (acute hepatitis B, hepatitis C, Leptospirosis), albeit most likely at sporadic level. Results strengthen the need for further water and sanitation interventions and are a stark reminder of the risk of other epidemics transmitted through similar routes in such settings, particularly dysentery and cholera. It also highlights the need to ensure clinical management capacity for potentially chronic conditions in this vulnerable population.

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22

Portenko, S. A., S. A. Shcherbakova, E. S. Kazakova, I. N. Sharova, I. G. Karnaukhov, A. V. Toporkov, and V. V. Kutyrev. "Key Stages in the Development of SAET Laboratory Facilities." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 3 (September 20, 2014): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2014-3-72-76.

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Considered are the stages of the SAET laboratory facilities development. Initially main area of activities was assumed to be specific indication of bacterial threats and laboratory control over the ambient environment objects for the presence of particularly dangerous infectious disease agents. Significant increment in the workload occurred during the period of localization and elimination of epidemic cholera manifestations in the 1970s, when primary tasks of bacteriological unit consisted in carrying out mass bacteriological investigations of samples from humans, environment objects, and food items. Assignment of new functions to the laboratory facilities, such as performance of sanitary-microbiological investigations, monitoring over ambient environment objects for the presence of vibrio-flora and natural-focal infectious disease agents, clinical material assays - is associated with SAETs participation in liquidation of medical-sanitary consequences of natural disasters and human cost relief as aftermaths of military conflicts, as well as participation in management of mass events with international representation. Most important issues in the development of SAET laboratory facilities are implementation of advanced diagnostic technologies, automatization of various stages in the process of analysis performing, standardization of diagnostic investigations, and ensuring compliance of the facilities with national and international requirements.

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23

Naqvi, Syeda Tahira Qousain, Mamoona Yasmeen, Mehreen Ismail, Syed Aun Muhammad, Syed Nawazish-i-Husain, Amjad Ali, Fahad Munir, and QiYu Zhang. "Designing of Potential Polyvalent Vaccine Model for Respiratory Syncytial Virus by System Level Immunoinformatics Approaches." BioMed Research International 2021 (May 28, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9940010.

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Background. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a public health epidemic, leading to around 3 million hospitalization and about 66,000 deaths each year. It is a life-threatening condition exclusive to children with no effective treatment. Methods. In this study, we used system-level and vaccinomics approaches to design a polyvalent vaccine for RSV, which could stimulate the immune components of the host to manage this infection. Our framework involves data accession, antigenicity and subcellular localization analysis, T cell epitope prediction, proteasomal and conservancy evaluation, host-pathogen-protein interactions, pathway studies, and in silico binding affinity analysis. Results. We found glycoprotein (G), fusion protein (F), and small hydrophobic protein (SH) of RSV as potential vaccine candidates. Of these proteins (G, F, and SH), we found 9 epitopes for multiple alleles of MHC classes I and II bear significant binding affinity. These potential epitopes were linked to form a polyvalent construct using AAY, GPGPG linkers, and cholera toxin B adjuvant at N-terminal with a 23.9 kDa molecular weight of 224 amino acid residues. The final construct was a stable, immunogenic, and nonallergenic protein containing cleavage sites, TAP transport efficiency, posttranslation shifts, and CTL epitopes. The molecular docking indicated the optimum binding affinity of RSV polyvalent construct with MHC molecules (-12.49 and -10.48 kcal/mol for MHC classes I and II, respectively). This interaction showed that a polyvalent construct could manage and control this disease. Conclusion. Our vaccinomics and system-level investigation could be appropriate to trigger the host immune system to prevent RSV infection.

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24

Finkelstein, R. "Combating epidemic cholera." Science 257, no. 5072 (August 14, 1992): 862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1502547.

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25

Dureab, Fekri, Khalid Shibib, Yazoumé Yé, Albrecht Jahn, and Olaf Müller. "Cholera epidemic in Yemen." Lancet Global Health 6, no. 12 (December 2018): e1283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(18)30393-0.

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26

Pugliese, Gina. "Cholera Epidemic in Russia." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 15, no. 10 (October 1994): 662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700001077.

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27

Hug, A. "Inside Zimbabwe's cholera epidemic." Canadian Medical Association Journal 180, no. 3 (February 3, 2009): 285–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.081964.

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28

Friedrich, M. J. "Yemen’s Deadly Cholera Epidemic." JAMA 321, no. 7 (February 19, 2019): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.0151.

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29

Piarroux, Renaud. "Understanding the Cholera Epidemic, Haiti." Emerging Infectious Diseases 17, no. 7 (July 2011): 1161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1707.110059.

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30

Jutla, Antarpreet, Anwar Huq, Nur Hasan, Ali Akanda, Elizabeth Whitcombe, Rita Colwell, Bradd Haley, Munir Alam, and R. Bradley Sack. "Environmental Factors Influencing Epidemic Cholera." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 89, no. 3 (September 4, 2013): 597–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.12-0721.

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31

Gaudart, Jean, Sandra Moore, Stanislas Rebaudet, Martine Piarroux, Robert Barrais, Jacques Boncy, and Renaud Piarroux. "Environmental Factors Influencing Epidemic Cholera." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 89, no. 6 (December 4, 2013): 1228–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.13-0499a.

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32

Dyer, O. "Cholera epidemic threatens Sierra Leone." BMJ 311, no. 6997 (July 8, 1995): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.311.6997.77.

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33

Tauxe, Robert V. "Epidemic Cholera in Latin America." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 267, no. 10 (March 11, 1992): 1388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1992.03480100098039.

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34

Tauxe, R. V. "Epidemic cholera in Latin America." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 267, no. 10 (March 11, 1992): 1388–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.267.10.1388.

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35

Glass, R., M. Libel, and A. Brandling-Bennett. "Epidemic cholera in the Americas." Science 256, no. 5063 (June 12, 1992): 1524–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1598586.

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36

Kurzban, Ira, Beatrice Lindstrom, and Shannon Jonsson. "UN Accountability for Haiti’s Cholera Epidemic." AJIL Unbound 108 (2014): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2398772300001781.

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A lawsuit pending in U.S. courts against the United Nations for its responsibility for Haiti’s cholera out-break is the largest challenge yet to the impunity of the organization, which has thus far refused to comply with its legal obligations to provide a settlement mechanism to the victims. With no such avenue of redress available to them, those affected by the epidemic have been left in the bizarre situation where in order to obtain justice they must file lawsuits against the United Nations, whose mandate is to defend the rule of law and promote human rights. If successful, the suit would improve accountability for the organization and underscore the need for it to comply with international law.

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37

Tian, Jianjun Paul, and Jin Wang. "Global stability for cholera epidemic models." Mathematical Biosciences 232, no. 1 (July 2011): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mbs.2011.04.001.

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38

Camacho, Anton, Malika Bouhenia, Andrew S. Azman, Marc Poncin, Nevio Zagaria, and Francisco J. Luquero. "Cholera epidemic in Yemen – Author's reply." Lancet Global Health 6, no. 12 (December 2018): e1284-e1285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(18)30395-4.

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39

Naidoo, A., and K. Patric. "Cholera: a continuous epidemic in Africa." Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health 122, no. 2 (June 2002): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146642400212200209.

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40

Ingram, M. "Cholera epidemic hits former Soviet states." BMJ 311, no. 7004 (August 26, 1995): 528–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.311.7004.528b.

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41

Anderson. "Cholera epidemic traced to risk miscalculation." Nature 354, no. 6351 (November 1991): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/354255a0.

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42

&NA;. "Cholera epidemic an opportunity for research." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 849 (August 1992): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199208490-00005.

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43

POPOVIC, TANJA, ØRJAN OLSVIK, PAUL A. BLAKE, and KAYE WACHSMUTH. "Cholera in the Americas: Foodborne Aspects." Journal of Food Protection 56, no. 9 (September 1, 1993): 811–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-56.9.811.

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Over 100 serotypes of Vibrio cholerae exist, but generally the toxigenic strains of the serogroup O1 cause cholera and possess documented epidemic potential. The main symptom of cholera is a profuse diarrhea resulting in dehydration, that if untreated, leads to death. Seven pandemics of this contagious disease have been recorded during the last 200 years. A sick person secrets in his stool billions of organisms daily, and water and food contaminated with such a stool are the primary sources of infection during the epidemics. With the increase of the international food trade, food is often shipped from countries with endemic or epidemic cholera. With one exception, no documented cases of cholera have been reported, as a result of the internationally regulated food trade. However, during the present Latin American epidemic, inadequately cooked seafood has been implicated as a source of cholera. As a result of the epidemic, over 100 cases of cholera have occurred in the United States related to seafood consumed during a visit to Latin America or after its noncommercial transport into the country. Furthermore, V. cholerae persists as a free-living organism in environmental reservoirs in Australia and the U.S. Gulf Coast; there have been 65 domestically acquired cases of cholera in the United States since 1973. Molecular typing methods have enabled us to identify and characterize endemic and epidemic strains, and to document transmission of cholera when food was implicated epidemiologically as a vehicle of transmission.

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44

Kidd, Alan, and Terry Wyke. "The cholera epidemic in Manchester 1831-32." Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 87, no. 1 (March 2005): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/bjrl.87.1.4.

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45

Ahmad, Khabir. "Anger over handling of Madagascar's cholera epidemic." Lancet 355, no. 9206 (March 2000): 817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)72444-2.

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46

Dinerman, M. "The Source of the Haitian Cholera Epidemic." AAP Grand Rounds 25, no. 3 (March 1, 2011): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/gr.25-3-31.

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47

Frerichs, R. R., P. S. Keim, R. Barrais, and R. Piarroux. "Nepalese origin of cholera epidemic in Haiti." Clinical Microbiology and Infection 18, no. 6 (June 2012): E158—E163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03841.x.

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48

Miller, Jeff F. "Bacteriophage and the Evolution of Epidemic Cholera." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 6 (June 2003): 2981–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.6.2981-2982.2003.

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49

Morales, Claudia. "Citrus flower: memories of the cholera epidemic." Social Anthropology 28, no. 2 (May 2020): 323–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-8676.12837.

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50

HATCH, DOUGLAS L., RONALD J. WALDMAN, GEOFFREY W. LUNGU, and C. PIRI. "Epidemic Cholera during Refugee Resettlement in Malawi." International Journal of Epidemiology 23, no. 6 (1994): 1292–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/23.6.1292.

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