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1
Chishti, Ghazanfar A., Pedro H. V. Carvalho, Ana Carolina Pinto, Flavia A. S. Silva, and Tara L. Felix. "Efficacy of sheep as a digestibility model for cattle when fed concentrate-based or forage-based diets." Translational Animal Science 3, no. 4 (June 13, 2019): 1106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txz092.
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AbstractThe objectives were to determine the efficacy of sheep as a digestibility model for cattle feeding two diets, forage or concentrate based, under current genetics. Twelve Suffolk wethers were blocked into two periods with six wethers in each period. Within each period, wethers were fed a forage-based diet (n = 3) or a concentrate-based diet (n = 3). Six angus steers were also fed a forage-based diet (n = 3) or a concentrate-based diets (n = 3) in switchback design with two periods. All animals were adapted to diets for a minimum of 3 wk, then feed intake, refusals, and feces were collected. Feed and fecal dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and starch were analyzed. Refusals were analyzed for DM. Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed in SAS with diet and species as fixed and period as a random effect. Dry matter intake as percentage of body weight for each animal within each period was used as a covariable. There was an interaction (P < 0.01) between species and diet for DM and OM digestibility. When fed the concentrate-based diet, DM and OM digestibility were similar between wethers and steers (P > 0.18); however, when fed the forage-based diet, DM and OM digestibility was less (P < 0.01) for wethers than steers. Like DM and OM, an interaction (P < 0.05) between species and diet was present for starch digestibility. When fed the forage-based diet, starch digestibility did not differ (P = 0.66) between wethers and steers; however, when fed concentrate-based diet, wethers had a greater starch digestibility (P < 0.05) than steers. There was no interaction (P > 0.45) between species and diet for NDF and ADF digestibility. Regardless of the diet fed, NDF and ADF digestibilities were greater (P < 0.05) in steers than wethers. Present day sheep were not a good model for cattle when fed forage-based diets, but sheep were an acceptable model for cattle when fed concentrate-based diets.
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Whittet, Kimberly M., Andrea K. Watson, Galen E. Erickson, and Terry J. Klopfenstein. "Factors affecting urinary creatinine in heifers and cows1." Translational Animal Science 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 532–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txz004.
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Abstract A series of total urine collections were conducted to evaluate the effects of age, diet, gestation, and body condition score (BCS) on urinary creatinine (UC) and purine derivative (PD) excretion in heifers and cows. For each collection, urine was collected over a 5-d period and composited by animal within day. Daily samples were analyzed for UC and PD concentration and averaged over the 5-d period. All animals were fed in individual stanchions at 2.0% of body weight (BW). To evaluate the relationship between age and UC excretion, 21 animals ranging from 5 to 80 months of age were fed a forage-based diet supplemented with dried distillers grains (DDG). Creatinine excretion (mg/kg BW) was not correlated with age (P = 0.37). To determine if diet alters UC, 11 heifers were sampled for two urine collection periods. In period 1, heifers were fed a forage-based diet supplemented with DDG. In period 2, heifers were fed a finishing diet (90% concentrate, 10% forage). Creatinine excretion (mg/kg BW) and PD:creatinine (PD:C) was greater (P = 0.01) for heifers when fed the forage-based diet than when fed the concentrate-based diet. Eleven cows fed a forage-based diet supplemented with DDG were sampled to determine the effect of gestation on urinary metabolites. Gestation did not affect UC (P = 0.42) or PD:C (P = 0.30). To evaluate the relationship between 12th rib fat thickness and metabolite excretion, 40 heifers were fed a common finishing diet. There was no relationship between UC (mg/kg BW; P = 0.28) or PD:UC (P = 0.47) and 12th rib fat thickness. To evaluate the relationship between BCS and UC, 11 cows were fed a forage diet supplemented with DDG. There was no relationship between BCS and UC (mg/kg BW; P = 0.99) or PD:C (P = 0.84). To evaluate daily and diurnal variation in UC, nine heifers were fed a forage diet supplemented with DDG. Seven of the heifers were fed a finishing diet (90% concentrate, 10% forage) in a second period. Urine was collected every 2 h from 0600 to 1800 hours. When expressed as mg/kg BW, UC excretion was not different across animals fed the forage-based (P = 0.40) or concentrate-based diet (P = 0.18). Stepwise regression indicated that at least 3 d of collection were required to estimate UC. Time within day and day within period effects were observed (P < 0.01) for UC from 2-h interval samples. The UC varies with type of diet and diurnal variation is present. Variation among animals is relatively small.
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Fernandes, Karlette A., Chris W. Rogers, Erica K. Gee, Sandra Kittelmann, Charlotte F. Bolwell, Emma N. Bermingham, Patrick J. Biggs, and David G. Thomas. "Resilience of Faecal Microbiota in Stabled Thoroughbred Horses Following Abrupt Dietary Transition between Freshly Cut Pasture and Three Forage-Based Diets." Animals 11, no. 9 (September 6, 2021): 2611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092611.
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The management of competition horses in New Zealand often involves rotations of short periods of stall confinement and concentrate feeding, with periods of time at pasture. Under these systems, horses may undergo abrupt dietary changes, with the incorporation of grains or concentrate feeds to the diet to meet performance needs, or sudden changes in the type of forage fed in response to a lack of fresh or conserved forage. Abrupt changes in dietary management are a risk factor for gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances, potentially due to the negative effects observed on the population of GI microbiota. In the present study, the faecal microbiota of horses was investigated to determine how quickly the bacterial communities; (1) responded to dietary change, and (2) stabilised following abrupt dietary transition. Six Thoroughbred mares were stabled for six weeks, consuming freshly cut pasture (weeks 1, 3 and 5), before being abruptly transitioned to conserved forage-based diets, both offered ad libitum. Intestinal markers were administered to measure digesta transit time immediately before each diet change. The conserved forage-based diets were fed according to a 3 × 3 Latin square design (weeks 2, 4 and 6), and comprised a chopped ensiled forage fed exclusively (Diet FE) or with whole oats (Diet FE + O), and perennial ryegrass hay fed with whole oats (Diet H + O). Faecal samples were collected at regular intervals from each horse following the diet changes. High throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to evaluate the faecal microbiota. There were significant differences in alpha diversity across diets (p < 0.001), and a significant effect of diet on the beta diversity (ANOSIM, p = 0.001), with clustering of samples observed by diet group. There were differences in the bacterial phyla across diets (p < 0.003), with the highest relative abundances observed for Firmicutes (62–64%) in the two diets containing chopped ensiled forage, Bacteroidetes (32–38%) in the pasture diets, and Spirochaetes (17%) in the diet containing hay. Major changes in relative abundances of faecal bacteria appeared to correspond with the cumulative percentage of intestinal markers retrieved in the faeces as the increasing amounts of digesta from each new diet transited the animals. A stable faecal microbiota profile was observed in the samples from 96 h after abrupt transition to the treatment diets containing ensiled chopped forage. The present study confirmed that the diversity and community structure of the faecal bacteria in horses is diet-specific and resilient following dietary transition and emphasised the need to have modern horse feeding management that reflects the ecological niche, particularly by incorporating large proportions of forage into equine diets.
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Forte, Erin M., Mary Kimberly Mullenix, Jennifer J. Tucker, Joshua B. Elmore, and Werner G. Bergen. "Conserved forage-based systems for backgrounding weaned beef calves1." Translational Animal Science 2, no. 3 (May 26, 2018): 272–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txy063.
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Abstract A 45-d backgrounding study was conducted to compare animal performance, forage nutritive value, digestion dynamics, and diet costs of conserved forage systems for weaned beef calves. One hundred and eight weaned Angus × Simmental beef calves (initial BW 279 ± 34 kg) were randomly assigned to one of three diets (n = 3 pens/treatment): 1) free-choice annual ryegrass (RB; cv. ‘Marshall’) baleage and 4 kg of a 50/50 mixture of pelleted soybean hulls and corn gluten feed, 2) free-choice Tifton 85 bermudagrass (BH) and 3 kg of a 50/50 mixture of pelleted soybean hulls and corn gluten feed, or 3) free-choice corn silage (CS; cv. Pioneer P1662YHR) and 2 kg of a 85% cracked corn and 15% cottonseed meal mixture. Diets were formulated to achieve a target gain of 0.9 kg/d based on the NRC (2000) requirement for a 270 kg growing calf. Animal performance (initial BW, final BW, and ADG) was measured on days 0 and 45 of the study. Forage nutritive value and an in vitro digestion trial were conducted to evaluate supplementation effects on forage diet digestion dynamics. Data were analyzed using PROC Mixed in SAS 9.4 as a completely randomized design. Pen was the experimental unit. Mean initial and final BW of the animals did not differ (P = 0.50 and P = 0.99, respectively) across treatments. Calf ADG for RB, BH, and CS diets were 0.61, 0.72, and 0.72 kg/d, respectively, and did not differ across treatments (P = 0.57). Based on these results, these forage options supported a similar level of gain when used for backgrounding beef calves. Forage in vitro DM digestibility differed 48 h after digestion, and BH + 50:50 had greater 48-h digestibility than when unsupplemented, which may be related to complementary forage-supplement interactions. In diets containing RB and CS, digestibility was greater with no supplementation at the 48-h time point. These data support the observation that supplementation type and level influence conserved forage diet digestibility compared with forage alone. The cost of feeding a baleage-based diet in this system was higher ($1.37/d) than CS or BH diets ($1.02 and $0.95/d, respectively). Results suggest that RB baleage-based diets may support a similar level of gain to BH or CS diets in growing beef calves, but supplement type, level, and ration costs should be evaluated when determining cost-effective backgrounding options in the Southeastern United States.
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Klinger, S. A., H. C. Block, and J. J. McKinnon. "Nutrient digestibility, fecal output and eating behavior for different cattle background feeding strategies." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 87, no. 3 (September 1, 2007): 393–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a06-070.
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To examine the effects of limit feeding a high grain barley-based diet to growing cattle on nutrient digestibility, fecal DM out put and eating behavior, sixteen crossbred steers (326 ± 42.1 kg) housed in individual indoor pens were fed one of two feeding regimes in a randomized complete block design. Dietary treatments included a high-grain diet containing 1.94 Mcal NEm and 1.27 Mcal NEg kg-1 of DM and limit-fed to achieve similar NE intake to an ad libitum-fed high-forage diet containing 1.57 Mcal NEm and 0.97 Mcal NEg kg-1 DM. Chromic oxide was used to determine nutrient digestibility and fecal output. The limit-fed high-grain diet reduced (P < 0.05) fecal DM output (1.1 vs. 1.6 kg DM d-1) and improved (P < 0.05) apparent DM digestibility (82.8 vs. 79.4%) relative to the ad libitum-fed high-forage diet. Crude protein digestibility was similar (P > 0.05) across treatments; however, fiber digestibility was poorer (P < 0.05) for the limit-fed high-grain than the ad libitum-fed high-forage diet. The high-grain limit-fed cattle spent less (P < 0.05) time eating and ruminating than the ad libitum-fed high-forage cattle. These results indicate that limit feeding a high-grain barley-based diet to backgrounding cattle can improve feed efficiency and nutrient digestibility and reduce fecal DM output while targeting the same gain as an ad libitum-fed high forage backgrounding diet. Key words: Cattle, limit feeding, nutrient digestibility, fecal output
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Okine, E. K., G. R. Khorasani, and J. J. Kennelly. "Effects of source of forage and level of concentrate on chewing activity and milk production response in late lactation cows." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 77, no. 2 (June 1, 1997): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a96-091.
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Four cannulated Holstein cows in late lactation were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment to determine the effects of forage source with different NDF concentrations and level of concentrate on chewing activity and milk production. Diets were 65% first-cut alfalfa silage with 54% NDF and 35% concentrate, 50% alfalfa and 50% concentrate, 65% bromegrass silage with 65.5% NDF and 35% concentrate and 50% bromegrass silage and 50% concentrate. Diets were fed in 2 × 2 factorial design (silage sources, alfalfa vs. bromegrass and two levels of concentrate, 35 vs. 50%). Dry matter intake averaged 15.2 kg d−1 and was not affected by either forage source or level of concentrate. Intake of NDF was lower for the cows fed the alfalfa-based diet vs. bromegrass silage but the level of concentrate did not affect NDF intake. Time spent eating was not affected by either forage source or concentrate level of the diet. Time spent eating and ruminating kg−1 NDF intake was higher for cows fed alfalfa-based diets than for cows fed the bromegrass-based diets. Total chews g−1 NDF intake tended (P = 0.06) to decrease when cows were fed bromegrass-based diets but eating and ruminating chews g−1 NDF intake were not affected by source of forage or level of concentrate in the diet. Diets with either alfalfa or bromegrass had no effect on daily yields of milk, FCM, fat, protein and lactose. Diets with 50% concentrate increased milk and FCM yields by 11 and 14%, respectively. Fat and lactose yields were also increased by 17 and 11% in cows fed diets with the higher concentrate level. Results suggest that chewing activities during eating and ruminating phases of the eating cycle adjusted for DMI may decrease with increased concentrate level and are not affected by source of forage in the diet. However, chewing activities adjusted for NDF intake are influenced by source of forage but not by level of concentrate in the diet. The results also suggest that yields of both milk and milk components in late lactation cows are influenced by level of concentrate in the diet, while only milk components are affected by source of forage. Key words: Dairy cattle, chewing activity, forage, milk production
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Salgado Mejia, Fernando, Ricardo López Wilchis, Luis Manuel Guevara Chumacero, Pedro Luis Valverde Padilla, Pablo Corcuera Martínez del Rio, Sergio Leonardo Porto Ramírez, Ixchel Rojas Mertínez, and Gihovani Ademir Samano Barbosa. "Characterization of assemblages in neotropical cave dwelling bats based on their diet, wing morphology, and flight performance." Therya 12, no. 3 (September 19, 2021): 435–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.12933/therya-21-1075.
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Bats have a great variety of wing morphologies that determines the bat’s flight performance, and this in turn conditions the forage aerosphere and the food it can obtain. Several studies have shown differences in wing morphology, flight performance, and forage aerospheres among species from different trophic guilds. However, for species that share a guild this is not entirely clear. It is possible that these species have differences in their diet and show changes in wing morphology that modify their flight performance and forage areas. Determining this will allow a better understanding of spatial segregation among species that share a trophic guild. These studies allow the identification of species assemblages based on wing morphological differences and flight performance that would not be distinguished only by guild membership. Our goal was to define the species assemblages that make up a community of Neotropical cave dwelling bats based on their trophic guild, flight performance, and forage zone. A community of Neotropical cave dwelling bats from a cave in Veracruz, Mexico was analyzed. The diet of each species was determined by means of their stomach contents and bibliographic review. In addition, aspect ratio, wing loading and tip index were calculated. Based on the wing characteristics and diet, multivariate groupings and orders were performed, as well as to define the assemblages present. According to the wing characteristics and the dietary composition, four groups of species were found that represent four different flight characteristics in terms of agility and maneuverability. There was agreement between diet and wing characteristics, and the four trophic groups were identified through canonical correspondence analysis. Correlating wing morphology, diet and forage area allows us to adequately define the assemblages of a community of bats. Regarding the hypothesis, it was found that species that share a food guild show differences in the composition of their food and wing morphology, which generate differences in flight performance and forage areas. Four assemblages differing in forage aerospheres among three trophic guilds are described: understory and facultative artrhopodivorous, semi-clearing hematophages, and facultative nectarivores. Finally, spatial segregation between the species of the families Mormoopidae and Natalidae was recognized.
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Dumbell, L. C., and A. Tackley. "Multiple forages as a behavioural enrichment for individually stabled horses." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (April 2007): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200020780.
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Many domestic horses are kept in an environment very different from that of free-living horses, consuming a varied ad libitum forage based diet for up to 18 hours of the day (Harris, 1999). Cuddeford (1999) suggested that stabled horses may spend as little as 7 hours eating in a 24 hour period, with an increase in the time spent standing. Encouraging foraging behaviour, defined by Goodwin et al., (2002) to include sniffing, manipulating, biting, chewing or ingesting food, is thought to allow domesticated horses to spend more time eating, approaching the time spent on this activity in free-living horses. The diet of the free-living horse includes a selection of grasses and herbs (Putman et al., 1987) whereas most domestic horses are provided with a single forage diet (Goodwin et al., 2002). In a short term trial Goodwin et al., (2002) found that offering more than one source of forage to stabled horses resulted in them spending significantly more time foraging compared to a horse on a single forage diet. This effect was found to continue for longer periods by Thorne et al., (2005), however there appears to be no current literature on how many forages to feed within a multiple forage diet. The present study aimed to establish how many different forages to include in a multiple forage diet to maximise the time spent in foraging behaviour and minimise standing behaviour.
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JONES, S. D. M. "CARCASS TISSUE YIELD AND DISTRIBUTION IN THREE BIOLOGICAL TYPES OF CATTLE FED GRAIN OR FORAGE-BASED DIETS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 65, no. 2 (June 1, 1985): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas85-042.
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One hundred and eighty-nine steers comprising 63 small (S) rotational crossbreds, 66 large (L) rotational crossbreeds and 60 Holsteins (H) were fed either a concentrate diet based on corn silage and high-moisture corn, or a forage diet based on a mixture of corn silage and alfalfa haylage. All steers were fed ad libitum and slaughtered to cover a range in external fatness (0–15 mm subcutaneous fat). Steers were removed from feed 36 h and water 16 h prior to slaughter. The left side of each carcass was separated into depot fat, lean and bone. At the same proportion of subcutaneous fat (63 g/kg carcass), S and L carcasses had greater proportions of carcass lean (P < 0.001), but less fat (P < 0.01) and bone (P < 0.001) than carcasses from H Steers. Small and large carcasses had greater muscle to bone ratios (P < 0.001) than carcasses from H steers. Diet had no effect on lean tissue proportions, but forage feeding increased carcass bone (P < 0.001) and decreased carcass fat (P < 0.01). Forage feeding also resulted in carcasses with lower muscle to bone ratios (P < 0.01) than carcasses produced from grain feeding. Holstein-carcasses had more carcass fat partitioned into the body cavity depot and less into the subcutaneous depot than S and L carcasses, but diet had no effect on fat partitioning. Biological type (S, L or H) and diet were found to have a minor effect on fat distribution. The results are discussed with reference to carcass evaluation of beef and dairy cattle fed diets based on forage or grain. Key words: Biological type, diet, carcass composition, carcass grading
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Kaur, R., S. C. Garcia, W. J. Fulkerson, and I. Barchia. "Utilisation of forage rape (Brassica napus) and Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum) diets by sheep: effects on whole tract digestibility and rumen parameters." Animal Production Science 50, no. 1 (2010): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08309.
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This study investigated the effect of increasing the proportion of forage rape or Persian clover in the diet on dry matter intake (DMI), whole tract digestibility and rumen function. Two experiments were conducted simultaneously; each in a 3 by 3 Latin square design with rumen-fistulated sheep fed either increasing amounts (10, 25 or 40% DM of the diet) of forage rape (experiment 1) or Persian clover (experiment 2). The remaining diet comprised short-rotation ryegrass, cereal-based pellets and maize silage, formulated to give similar metabolisable energy (MJ/kg DM), neutral detergent fibre and protein values between treatments. Purine derivatives excreted in the urine were used to estimate microbial protein synthesis. The study found similar DMI within forage rape and Persian clover treatments, although total DMI was 16% higher for the latter (29 v. 25 g/kg liveweight.day, respectively). The in vivo DM (mean = 0.75) and neutral detergent fibre (mean = 0.65) digestibility coefficients were similar (P > 0.05) within and between experiments. The mean (±s.e.) rumen pH in sheep fed forage rape-based diets (6.17 ± 0.10) was higher than for Persian clover-based diets (5.70 ± 0.09). The efficiency of microbial N supply expressed as microbial N (g/day) per kg of digestible organic matter fermented in the rumen was also similar (P > 0.05) within and between forage rape and Persian clover treatments (mean = 23.4 g microbial N/kg digestible organic matter fermented). The results indicate that increasing the proportion of high nutritive value forage rape or Persian clover within the diet of sheep did not affect the efficiency of feed utilisation.
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Coon, Rachael E., Allisen Peterson, and Cassandra Tucker. "PSV-17 Measuring motivation for forage of finishing cattle fed high-concentrate diets using a short-term thwarting test." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 227–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.418.
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Abstract Beef cattle are commonly fed a high-concentrate, grain-based diet in the finishing period. Longer forage particles stimulate chewing and rumination, which may increase saliva production to buffer the rumen, mitigating a harmful drop in pH that can result from a high grain diet. Our objective was to quantify motivation of finishing cattle to access forage with a short-term thwarting test. We predicted cattle would show more interest in forage, versus an additional offering of their primary diet, during initial exposure and when access to this resource was thwarted. Sixteen finishing cattle were fed a high-concentrate primary diet (16% forage) ad-libitum. Twice per day for 4 days, cattle were exposed to 1 of 2 treatments for a maximum of 1 hr/exposure: 1) 100 g of beardless wheat hay (WH; n=7) or 2) 100 g of the primary diet (TMR; n=9). On the 5th day, the bins containing the dietary treatments were covered with a metal mesh that thwarted access to the contents while still allowing visual and olfactory contact. Interaction with and time spent in proximity to the bins were video recorded and feed intake recorded during days 1–4. T-tests did not detect treatment differences during the thwarting test in any behavioral response (p≥0.292). However, repeated measures analysis indicated that intake of the dietary treatments and interactions with the bin decreased over days 1–4 for WH cattle, while these same measures increased for TMR cattle (day*treatment, p≤0.001). These results suggest that animals were more interested in eating and interacting with additional high-concentrate diet than with a small amount of forage. Our findings may be explained by several factors, including that the TMR was highly palatable or that the inclusion rate of forage in the primary diet may have been sufficient, thus cattle showed little motivation for forage during the thwarting test.
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Huhtanen, Pekka, Seija Jaakkola, and Juha Nousiainen. "An overview of silage research in Finland: from ensiling innovation to advances in dairy cow feeding." Agricultural and Food Science 22, no. 1 (March 27, 2013): 35–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.6632.
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Because of the climatic conditions, the Finnish milk production research has focused to improve the utilisation of grassland, mainly as conserved forages. The main research areas have been ensiling, evaluation of the forage feeding value, predicting nutrient supply from grass silage-based diet and the effects of forage quality and concentrate supplementation on milk production responses. Due to changes in ensiling technologies and variety of forage crops new silage additives have been adopted. A centralized system for the analysis of forage energy value is based on NIRS calibration. It was calibrated against in vitro pepsin-cellulase solubility method that was validated against in vivo digestibility. The concentration of indigestible neutral detergent fibre was found to be a useful parameter both in empirical models predicting forage digestibility and mechanistic rumen models predicting the amounts of absorbed nutrients. Models predicting relative intake potential of forages and total diet were developed, and an intake model combining animal and diet effects independently of each other was developed. Using meta-analysis approaches a nutrient response model was developed for dairy cows for milk, energy corrected milk and protein yield. Feed evaluation, intake and nutrient response models form now the basis of practical Finnish ration formulation system that can optimize diets according to maximum income over feed cost in addition to minimum feed cost.
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Murray, J. M. D., M. J. S. Moore-Colyer, A. C. Longland, and C. Dunnett. "The effect of sugar-beet pulp on the nutritive value of high-temperature dried alfalfa for ponies." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200006852.
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Feeding horses high levels of cereal starch can result in diet-related azoturia, laminitis and colic, whereas high fibre, forage-based diets do not generally elicit these conditions. Therefore, it would be advantageous to develop fibrous feeds with increased digestibilities, permitting horses with high energy demands to be sustained on greater forage: cereal starch ratios. High temperature dried (HT) alfalfa has been fed to horses for a number of years and it is common practise to combine this with sugar beet pulp (SB) another nutritious fibrous feed for horses. Synergistic effects of SB when added to fibre-based diets have been observed in other species in vivo (Longland et al., 1994) whereby the digestibility of graminaceous feeds has been increased. However, such effects have been little examined in horses fed a leguminous-forage diet. The aim of this study therefore, was to determine if SB enhanced the digestibility of alfalfa, a forage legume that is increasingly being fed to equines in the UK.
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Moss, Angela R., and D. I. Givens. "Effect of supplement type and grass silage:concentrate ratio on methane production by sheep." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1993 (March 1993): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600023795.
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Methane production by ruminant animals is an important anthropogenic source of methane to the atmosphere and is considered an important source to more accurately estimate and to control. It has been known for some time that, in ruminants, diet type and composition can influence methane production, yet there is little quantitative information for contemporary diets used 1n the UK. Attempts to predict methane production from either diet chemical composition or digestibility have not been successful (Moss and Givens, 1990; Johnson et al., 1991). In order to estimate more accurately the amount of methane produced by a ruminant on a given diet, it is essential to establish whether there are interactions of various substrates with forage and to relate this to the rumen environment. Previous work showing interactions has used mainly hay-based diets (Blaxter and Wainman, 1964); as grass silage is now the major forage in the UK, work with this forage was needed.
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Moss, Angela R., E. R. Deaville, and D. L. Givens. "Effect of Supplementing grass Silage with Sugar beet feed on Methane Production by Sheep." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1994 (March 1994): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600026040.
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Methane production by ruminant animals is an important anthropogenic source of methane to the atmosphere and is considered an important source to more accurately estimate and to control. It has been known for some time that, in ruminants, diet type and composition can influence methane production, yet there is little quantitative information for contemporary diets used in the UK. Attempts to predict methane production from either diet chemical composition or digestibility have not been successful (Moss and Givens, 1990; Johnson et al., 1991). In order to estimate more accurately the amount of methane produced by a ruminant on a given diet, it is essential to establish whether there are interactions of various substrates with forage and to relate this to the rumen environment. Previous work showing interactions has used mainly hay-based diets (Blaxter and Wainman, 1964); as grass silage is now the major forage in the UK, work with this forage was undertaken.
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Moss, Angela R., and D. I. Givens. "Effect of supplementing grass silage with fish meal on rumen fermentation and methane production by sheep." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1995 (March 1995): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600028488.
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Methane production by ruminant animals is an important source of methane to the atmosphere and is considered an important source to more accurately estimate and to control. It has been known for some time that, in ruminants, diet type and composition can influence methane production, yet there is little quantitative information for contemporary diets used in the UK. Attemps to predict methane production from either diet chemical composition or digestibility have not been successful (Moss and Givens. 1990; Johnson et al., 1991). In order to estimate more accurately the amount of methane produced by a ruminant on a given diet, it is essential to establish whether there are interactions of various substrates with forage and to relate this to the rumen environment. Previous work showing interactions has used mainly hay-based diets (Blaxter and Wainman. 1964): as grass silage is now the major forage in the UK, work with this forage was undertaken.
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Gubbels, Erin R., Janna J. Block, Robin R. Salverson, Adele A. Harty, Warren C. Rusche, Cody L. Wright, Kristi M. Cammack, et al. "Influence of Maternal Carbohydrate Source (Concentrate-Based vs. Forage-Based) on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Meat Quality of Progeny." Foods 10, no. 9 (August 31, 2021): 2056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10092056.
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The objective of this research was to investigate the influence of maternal prepartum dietary carbohydrate source on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of offspring. Angus-based cows were assigned to either a concentrate-based diet or forage-based diet during mid- and late-gestation. A subset of calves was selected for evaluation of progeny performance. Dry matter intake (DMI), body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), gain to feed (G:F), and ultrasound measurements (muscle depth, back fat thickness, and intramuscular fat) were assessed during the feeding period. Carcass measurements were recorded, and striploins were collected for Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), trained sensory panel, crude fat determination and fatty acid profile. Maternal dietary treatment did not influence (p > 0.05) offspring BW, DMI, ultrasound measurements, percent moisture, crude fat, WBSF, or consumer sensory responses. The forage treatment tended to have decreased (p = 0.06) 12th rib backfat compared to the concentrate treatment and tended to have lower (p = 0.08) yield grades. The concentrate treatment had increased (p < 0.05) a* and b* values compared to the forage treatment. These data suggest variation in maternal diets applied in this study during mid- and late-gestation has limited influence on progeny performance.
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Han, Xuefeng, Chaoxi Chen, Xiaoli Zhang, Yuqing Wei, Shaoxun Tang, Jiurong Wang, Zhiliang Tan, and Liwei Xu. "Effects of Dietary Stevioside Supplementation on Feed Intake, Digestion, Ruminal Fermentation, and Blood Metabolites of Goats." Animals 9, no. 2 (January 23, 2019): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9020032.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of tevioside on feed intake, feeding behavior, nutrient digestion, rumen fermentation, and serum biochemical parameters in goats. Nine male Xiangdong black goats (21.8 ± 1.5 kg of body weight) were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square. All goats were fed a basal diet including concentrate and forage (chopped rice traw). The three treatments were 0, 400, or 800 mg stevioside per kg chopped rice traw on a dry matter (DM) basis. Dry matter intake of forage and total diet linearly increased (p = 0.03 and p = 0.04) with increasing stevioside in the diet. There was no effect (p > 0.05) of stevioside inclusion in the diets on eating time, rumination time, or total mastication time for the goats. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration in the rumen responded quadratically (p < 0.01), decreasing from 0 to 400 mg/kg stevioside inclusion and increasing thereafter. The inclusion of steviosid in the diets promoted a quadratic increase in the apparent total tract digestibilities of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (p = 0.02) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (p = 0.01). Based on the results of this experiment, it could be concluded that supplementing goat diets with stevioside at 400 mg/kg to 800 mg/kg forage (about 270 to 541 mg/kg diet) resulted in increased dry intake of forage and total diet, suggesting that stevioside has positive potential as a feed additive to improve feed intake.
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Scollan, N. D., A. Cooper, M. S. Dhanoa, M. Wright, J. M. Dawson, and P. J. Buttery. "Effect of supplementation and stage of growth on the partitioning of nutrients by Hereford x Friesian steers fed on grass silage based diets." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2001 (2001): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200004130.
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Forage based feeding systems are often disadvantaged compared with those based on high cereal usage in terms of feed intake, live weight gain and efficiency of utilisation of dietary energy and protein. Furthermore, under some situations, particularly with animals fed on grass silage, cattle often have higher fat:protein carcass ratios than those fed other forage-diets. However, other factors such as age, genotype and physiological state may also influence nutrient partitioning. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of diet (based on silage alone or supplemented with additional energy and/or protein) and stage of development on the partitioning of nutrients between fat and lean deposition. Overall effects of diet on animal performance and carcass composition were reported by Scollan et al. (1999).
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Saastamoinen, M. T., and S. Särkijärvi. "Digestibility of a forage-based diet in weanling horses during development and maturation." Livestock Science 215 (September 2018): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2017.05.018.
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Misselbrook, Tom, Agustin Del Prado, and David Chadwick. "Opportunities for reducing environmental emissions from forage-based dairy farms." Agricultural and Food Science 22, no. 1 (March 27, 2013): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.6702.
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Modern dairy production is inevitably associated with impacts to the environment and the challenge for the industry today is to increase production to meet growing global demand while minimising emissions to the environment. Negative environmental impacts include gaseous emissions to the atmosphere, of ammonia from livestock manure and fertiliser use, of methane from enteric fermentation and manure management, and of nitrous oxide from nitrogen applications to soils and from manure management. Emissions to water include nitrate, ammonium, phosphorus, sediment, pathogens and organic matter, deriving from nutrient applications to forage crops and/or the management of grazing livestock. This paper reviews the sources and impacts of such emissions in the context of a forage-based dairy farm and considers a number of potential mitigation strategies, giving some examples using the farm-scale model SIMSDAIRY. Most of the mitigation measures discussed are associated with systemic improvements in the efficiency of production in dairy systems. Important examples of mitigations include: improvements to dairy herd fertility, that can reduce methane and ammonia emissions by up to 24 and 17%, respectively; diet modification such as the use of high sugar grasses for grazing, which are associated with reductions in cattle N excretion of up to 20% (and therefore lower N losses to the environment) and potentially lower methane emissions, or reducing the crude protein content of the dairy cow diet through use of maize silage to reduce N excretion and methane emissions; the use of nitrification inhibitors with fertiliser and slurry applications to reduce nitrous oxide emissions and nitrate leaching by up to 50%. Much can also be achieved through attention to the quantity, timing and method of application of nutrients to forage crops and utilising advances made through genetic improvements.
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Steen, R. W. J., and Charlotte A. Moore. "A comparison of silage-based and dried forage-based diets for finishing beef cattle." Animal Science 47, no. 1 (August 1988): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100037016.
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AbstractTwo experiments have been carried out to compare silage-based and dried forage-based diets for finishing beef cattle, and to examine the effect of supplementing the silage-based diet with additional protein. The three diets used in experiment 1 consisted of (1) grass silage supplemented with a low-protein, cereal-based concentrate (98 g crude protein (CP) per kg dry matter (DM)) (2) grass silage supplemented with a high-protein, cereal/soya-bean meal concentrate (208 g CP per kg DM) and (3) grass hay supplemented with a cereal-based concentrate (130 g CP per kg DM). The two diets used in experiment 2 consisted of (1) grass silage supplemented with barley and (2) a mixture of grass hay and artificially dried grass supplemented with barley. All the diets contained approximately 700 g forage and 300 g concentrates per kg DM except diet 3 in experiment 1 which contained 240 g hay and 760 g concentrates per kg. The silages were of high digestibility (digestible organic matter in dry matter 0·72) and were well preserved (ammonia N 36 g/kg total N). The diets were offered to castrated male cattle which were initially 384 kg in experiment 1 and 515 kg in experiment 2. For diets 1 to 3 in experiment 1 and diets 1 and 2 in experiment 2 respectively metabolizable energy intakes were, 92, 94, 94, 124 and 120 MJ/day; live-weight gains were 1·21, 1·16 and 1·21 (s.e. 0·044) and 1·25 and 1·22 (s.e. 0·060) kg/day; carcass gains were 0·76, 0·76 and 0·75 (s.e. 0·034) and 0·80 and 0·74 (s.e. 0·036) kg/day; carcass fat classifications (five-point scale; 1 = leanest, 5 = fattest) were 2·4, 2·9 and 2·2 (s.e. 0·09) and 3·6 and 3·6 (s.e. 0·18); mean subcutaneous fat depths were 6·8, 8·1 and 6·6 (s.e. 0·74) and 7·8 and 7·4 (s.e. 0·48) mm; areas of m. longissimus dorsi at the 10th rib were 66·4, 69·4 and 71·3 (s.e. 3·16) and 77·6 and 72·3 (s.e. 1·52) cm2 and marbling scores (eight-point scale; 1 = leanest, 8 = fattest) for m. longissimus were 1·7, 2·5 and 2·2 (s.e. 0·24) and 3·2 and 2·8 (s.e. 0·16). It is concluded that performance, efficiency of energy utilization and carcass fatness were similar for silage-based and dried forage-based diets, and that protein supplementation of a silage-based diet did not affect performance but tended to increase carcass fatness.
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Rooke, J. A., A. M. Bahman, and J. H. Topps. "The performance of dairy cows fed concentrate and grass silage diets containing moderate and high proportions of concentrate." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1992 (March 1992): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600022248.
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Intensive feeding systems for dairy cows based on a high proportion of concentrates in the diet are becoming popular in many countries where forage resources are scarce. The objective of this experiment was to examine the effects on high yielding cows of feeding diets containing either 700 g/kg dry matter (DM) concentrate or 500 g/kg DM concentrate when grass silage was the forage component.
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Spore, Tyler J., Zachary E. Carlson, Galen E. Erickson, Terry Klopfenstein, and Andrea K. Watson. "336 Effects of supplemental SoyPass in forage-based diets containing distillers grains on performance of growing steers." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 133–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.237.
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Abstract One hundred twenty individually fed steers (initial BW 283 kg) were utilized in an 84-d growing trial to evaluate effects of increased metabolizable lysine from non-enzymatically browned soybean meal (SoyPass) in grass hay based diets containing wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS). Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial design with two levels of WDGS (20% or 35% of DM) and three levels of supplemental SoyPass replacing 0%, 30%, or 60% of WDGS. The statistical model included animal as the experimental unit and level of WDGS and SoyPass substitution were included as fixed effects. Covariate regression was used to test for linear and quadratic interactions between WDGS and SoyPass substitution. No interactions were detected for ADG between SoyPass supplementation and level of WDGS in the diet (P = 0.76). Additionally, SoyPass inclusion had no effect on ADG (P = 0.49). However, ADG was increased for steers consuming the 35% WDGS diet compared to steers offered the 20% WDGS diet (1.13 vs. 0.86 kg/d, respectively; P < 0.01). A SoyPass × WDGS interaction was detected for DMI (P = 0.01). As SoyPass replaced WDGS in the 35% diet, DMI increased linearly from 8.10 to 8.93 kg/d (P = 0.01). In the 20% WDGS diet, DMI decreased as SoyPass replaced 60% of the WDGS compared to 30% (7.68 vs. 8.36, P = 0.02). Therefore, G:F decreased linearly (P = 0.01) as SoyPass replaced WDGS in the 35% treatment and increased quadratically (P = 0.02) for the 20% WDGS treatment. Furthermore, BUN increased linearly as SoyPass replaced WDGS in the 20% diet (P = 0.01) but was not affected by SoyPass substitution in the 35% diet. Overall, results indicate forage-based growing diets formulated with low-levels of WDGS (< 20%) may be deficient in metabolizable lysine, which could be supplied with SoyPass.
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Steen, R. W. J., and Charlotte A. Moore. "A comparison of silage-based and dried forage-based diets, and the effect of protein supplementation of a silage-based diet for finishing beef cattle." Animal Science 49, no. 2 (October 1989): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100032360.
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ABSTRACTAn experiment was carried out to compare silage-based and dried forage-based diets for finishing beef cattle and to examine the effects of protein supplementation and formaldehyde treatment of silage on performance and carcass composition. The four diets used consisted, on a dry matter basis, of (1) 700 g/kg formic acid-treated grass silage and 300 g/kg low protein cereal-based concentrate (LPC), (2) 720 g/kg formic acid-treated silage and 280 g/kg high protein cereal/fish meal concentrate, (3) 600 g/kg formaldehyde-treated silage and 400 g/kg LPC, and (4) 480 g/kg artificially dried grass and grass hay and 520 g/kg LPC. The silages were well preserved with 33 to 40 g ammonia N per kg total nitrogen. The diets were offered to 40 British Friesian castrated male cattle which were initially 387 (s.e. 2·9) kg live weight. For diets 1 to 4 respectively metabolizable energy intakes were 91·8, 94·7, 94·9 and 91·8 MJ/day; total nitrogen intakes 192, 234, 189 and 191 g/day; live-weight gains 0/89, 0/93, 0/86 and 0/82 (s.e. 0/045) kg/day; carcass gains 0·51, 0·52, 0·52, 0·52 and 0·50 (s.e. 0·33) kg/day; mean subcutaneous fat depths 5·6, 5·4, 5·3 and 6·0 (s.e. 0·41) mm; marbling scores 3·0, 3·3, 3·2 and 2·6 (s.e. 0·19) and areas of m. longissimus dorsi 65·7, 66·4, 64·7 and 64·3 (s.e. 1·66) cm2. It is concluded that performance, efficiency of energy utilization and carcass fatness were similar for a diet containing 700 g/kg well preserved grass silage and a dried forage-based diet with a similar intake of energy and protein. Protein supplementation of a diet based on formic acid-treated silage or formaldehyde treatment of silage did not affect performance or carcass fatness.
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Petri, R. M., T. Schwaiger, G. B. Penner, K. A. Beauchemin, R. J. Forster, J. J. McKinnon, and T. A. McAllister. "Changes in the Rumen Epimural Bacterial Diversity of Beef Cattle as Affected by Diet and Induced Ruminal Acidosis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 12 (April 12, 2013): 3744–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03983-12.
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ABSTRACTLittle is known about the nature of the rumen epithelial adherent (epimural) microbiome in cattle fed different diets. Using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), and pyrosequencing of the V3 hypervariable coding region of 16S rRNA, epimural bacterial communities of 8 cattle were profiled during the transition from a forage to a high-concentrate diet, during acidosis, and after recovery. A total of 153,621 high-quality gene sequences were obtained, with populations exhibiting less taxonomic variability among individuals than across diets. The bacterial community composition exhibited clustering (P< 0.03) by diet, with only 14 genera, representing >1% of the rumen epimural population, differing (P≤ 0.05) among diets. During acidosis, levels ofAtopobium,Desulfocurvus,Fervidicola,Lactobacillus, andOlsenellaincreased, while during the recovery,Desulfocurvus,Lactobacillus, andOlsenellareverted to levels similar to those with the high-grain diet andSharpeaandSuccinivibrioreverted to levels similar to those with the forage diet. The relative abundances of bacterial populations changed during diet transition for all qPCR targets exceptStreptococcusspp. Less than 5% of total operational taxonomic units (OTUs) identified exhibited significant variability across diets. Based on DGGE, the community structures of epithelial populations differed (P≤ 0.10); segregation was most prominent for the mixed forage diet versus the grain, acidotic challenge, and recovery diets.Atopobium, cc142,Lactobacillus,Olsenella, RC39,Sharpea,Solobacterium,Succiniclasticum, andSyntrophococcuswere particularly prevalent during acidosis. Determining the metabolic roles of these key genera in the rumens of cattle fed high-grain diets could define a clinical microbial profile associated with ruminal acidosis.
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Kirkland, R. M., and D. C. Patterson. "The effect of grass and maize silage quality on diet digestibility and performance of beef cattle." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2003 (2003): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200011698.
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A preliminary study at this Institute indicated that inclusion of high quality maize silage in a grass silage-based diet could promote higher forage intakes in beef cattle, but the response to inclusion of maize silage was affected by the quality of grass silage. The objective of this study was to further examine the effects of grass (GS) and maize (MS) silage qualities on intake characteristics, and to evaluate the influence of forage offered on animal performance.
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Kohlmann, Stephan G., and Kenneth L. Risenhoover. "Spatial and behavioral response of white-tailed deer to forage depletion." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 506–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-068.
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We tested predictions regarding the effects of forage depletion on patterns of foraging effort, diet selection and quality, and patch selection by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Two deer were allowed access to four 150-m2 enclosures (patches) for 8, 16, 24, and 32 days, resulting in the exposure of the patches to deer for 16, 32, 48, and 64 animal-days and different levels of forage depletion. When the deer were given simultaneous access to all four enclosures, feeding patch selection was markedly skewed toward heavily and lightly grazed environments, while moderately depleted patches were selected least. Deer primarily consumed woody browse in patches with low (16 days) and high (64 days) forage depletion, and forbs in patches that were moderately depleted (32 and 48 days). Deer responded to forage depletion by foraging less selectively, reducing movement rates, and increasing average bite size. During the last phase of the trial, biting rates on forbs declined but increased on woody browse in response to declining forage availability. Diel foraging times remained unaffected by changes in forage availability. The behavior of deer foraging in experimental patches appeared to be consistent with predictions based on the maximization of nutrient (protein) gain, although use of the most depleted patch was greater than expected. We conclude that vegetative biomass alone is a poor indicator of foraging rewards for highly selective herbivores.
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McCrabb, G. J., and R. A. Hunter. "Prediction of methane emissions from beef cattle in tropical production systems." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, no. 8 (1999): 1335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar99009.
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The northern beef cattle herd accounts for more than half of Australia’s beef cattle population, and is a major source of anthropogenic methane emissions for Australia. National Greenhouse Gas Inventory predictions of methane output from Australian beef cattle are based on a predictive equation developed for British breeds of sheep and cattle offered temperate forage-based diets. However, tropical forage diets offered to cattle in northern Australia differ markedly from temperate forage-based diets used in the United Kingdom to develop the predictive equations. In this paper we review recent respiration chamber measurements of daily methane production for Brahman cattle offered a tropical forage or high grain diet, and compare them with values predicted using methodologies of the Australian National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Committee and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. We conclude that a reliable inventory of methane emissions for cattle in northern Australia can only be achieved after a wider range of tropical forage species has been investigated. Some opportunities for reducing methane emissions of beef cattle by dietary manipulation are discussed.
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McAllister, T. A., K. Stanford, H. D. Bae, R. J. Treacher, A. N. Hristov, J. Baah, J. A. Shelford, and K. J. Cheng. "Effect of a surfactant and exogenous enzymes on digestibility of feed and on growth performance and carcass traits of lambs." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 80, no. 1 (March 1, 2000): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a99-053.
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The effects of Tween 80 on the stability and substrate binding capacity of two commercially available enzyme preparations were studied in vitro. After 1 wk of incubation, endoglucanase activity was higher (P < 0.05) in the presence of 0.02 or 0.2% (vol vol−1) Tween 80 than without this surfactant. Tween 80 increased (P < 0.05) protein binding both to filter paper and to cotton fibres. Digestibility and feedlot experiments were conducted with Dorset and Romanov × Suffolk lambs, respectively, given forage- and concentrate-based diets. The diets were untreated or sprayed with the enzyme preparations, Tween 80 or a mixture of both. With the concentrate diet, treatment with enzymes + surfactant reduced (P < 0.05) intake of feed dry matter and N, acid detergent fibre digestibility, N digestion and microbial N production, relative to treatment with either additive alone. Treating the concentrate diet with enzymes increased (P < 0.05) N retention (g d−1) by the lambs, as compared to untreated diet. With the forage diet, neutral detergent fibre digestibility was higher with Tween 80 alone than with enzymes + surfactant. In the feedlot experiment, treating the forage diet with surfactant reduced (P < 0.05) dry matter intake and daily gain, relative to untreated diet, and increased (P < 0.05) the number of days to finish. Feed conversion efficiency (gain feed−1) of lambs fed the concentrate diet was lower (P < 0.05) when the diet was treated with surfactant than with enzymes. Treating the concentrate diet with enzymes + surfactant increased (P < 0.05) the number of days required to finish the lambs. Although Tween 80 appeared to increase the stability and substrate binding capacity of enzymes in the laboratory, it did not enhance the effects of the enzymes on nutrient digestibility or growth performance in animal feeding studies. Key words: Enzymes, surfactants, sheep, lamb, digestion, growth
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Finegan, Esther J., Jock G. Buchanan-Smith, and Brian W. McBride. "The role of gut tissue in the energy metabolism of growing lambs fed forage or concentrate diets." British Journal of Nutrition 86, no. 2 (August 2001): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2001393.
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The role of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in explaining the less efficient utilization of metabolizable energy (ME) in growing lambs fed forage rather than concentrate-based diets was investigated by feeding forage (legume–grass silage) and concentrate (whole shelled maize) diets, at isoenergetic intakes (ME basis), using five groups of lambs. One group of seven lambs was an initial slaughter group and of the two groups (eight lambs per group) fed each diet, one group was fed for 8 weeks, whereas the other group was fed for 16 weeks. All lambs were slaughtered between 18·5 and 20 h following their last meal. Retained energy (as a percentage of ME intake) was higher (concentrate-fed 28, forage-fed 17; P<0·001) for the concentrate-fed animals. Weight-specific mucosal O2 uptake (ml/g DM per h), measured in vitro, was 37 % higher for the forestomach (reticulum, rumen and omasum) and small intestine (jejunum) than for the abomasum and large intestine (caecum and colon), but there was no evidence for a diet effect (except colon; forage-fed 5·3, concentrate-fed 4·2; P=0·036). Total GIT heat loss was estimated as 14 (forage-fed) and 18 (concentrate-fed) % of the whole-body heat loss. Although the GIT did not contribute to increased thermogenesis in the forage-fed lambs in the present study, greater relative contribution of GIT tissue to whole-body mass, i.e. GIT as a percentage of empty-body weight(forage 7·6, concentrate 6·6; P<0·001) in the forage-fed animals supports a role for the GIT in contributing to higher thermogenesis observed in ruminants fed forage as opposed to concentrate diets.
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Zhang, Xia. "Effect of Replacing Corn Silage with Various Forage Silages in the Diet on Carcass Parameters, Meat Quality, Fatty Acid Profile and Amino Acid Composition of Beef Cattle." International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 25, no. 04 (April 1, 2021): 895–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1744.
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Carcass parameters, meat quality, fatty acid profile, and amino acid composition of Simmental bulls fed a diet based on various forage silages (VS) compared with the one based on only corn silage (CS) were investigated. A total of thirty male Simmental (440.5 ± 11.5 kg) was selected and assigned randomly divided into two treatments. All animals were fed twice daily (0700 and 1700 h) and water was supplied ad libitum, feed considering 5 to 10% refusals. The period of 207 days fattening trial was divided into three stages as P1 (1 to 64 days), P2 (65 to 130 days), P3 (131 to 207 days). Six beef cattle were slaughtered from each group at the end of the experiment. Substituting CS with VS in the finishing diet did not have a significant effect on slaughter performance, nutrient content, fatty acids, and amino acids profile (P > 0.05). However, the intramuscular fat and connective tissue content of the VS diet was lower compared with the CS diet (P < 0.05). Also, beef cattle fed VS diet could improve eye muscle area, increase histidine content and diameter of muscle fiber. In conclusion, substituting corn silage with various forage silages in the diet of beef cattle could potentially reduce the negative effect under the studied conditions. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers
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Van De Kerckhove, A. Y., H. A. Lardner, P. Yu, J. J. McKinnon, and K. Walburger. "Effect of dried distillers' grain, soybean meal and grain or canola meal and grain-based supplements on forage intake and digestibility." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 91, no. 1 (March 2011): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas10041.
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Van De Kerckhove, A. Y., Lardner, H. A., Yu, P., McKinnon J. J. and Walburger, K. 2011. Effect of dried distillers' grain, soybean meal and grain or canola meal and grain-based supplements on forage intake and digestibility. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91: 123–132. Four ruminally cannulated beef heifers (72 wk of age) were individually fed a basal ration of 75% ground barley straw and 25% ground bromegrass hay [total digestible nutrients=46.3, crude protein (CP)=7.5 (% dry matter (DM))]. Heifers were supplemented with either (1) no supplement (CONT); (2) dried distillers' grains plus solubles [70:30 wheat:corn blend; dried distillers' grains plus solubles (DDGS)]; (3) commercial range pellet (COMM); or (4) barley grain and canola meal (BAR+CM). Forage intake, apparent total tract digestibility, passage rate, rate and extent of forage degradation, rumen pH and rumen ammonia nitrogen were measured. Forage intake, passage rate, and apparent total tract digestibility of DM, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber were unaffected (P>0.41) by treatment. Apparent total tract digestibility of CP was increased (P=0.02) with supplements as compared with CONT, but did not differ (P>0.05) among DDGS, COMM, and BAR+CM. Ruminal pH was not affected (P=0.20) by treatment, but rumen ammonia-N was increased (P<0.01) with all three supplements. Potentially degradable and undegradable forage fractions were decreased (P<0.02) and there was a tendency (P=0.06) for the rate of forage DM degradation to increase with supplementation. Supplementing forage diets with either DDGS, grain-soybean-canola- or grain-canola-based supplements did not increase the intake or digestibility of a forage-based diet. More research, however, is required to study the feasibility of feeding these supplements at greater levels with forage-based beef cattle diets.
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Sun, W., A. L. Goetsch, L. A. Forster, D. L. Galloway, and P. K. Lewis. "Forage and splanchnic tissue mass in growing lambs: Effects of dietary forage levels and source on splanchnic tissue mass in growing lambs." British Journal of Nutrition 71, no. 2 (February 1994): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19940122.
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Forty-two crossbred lambs (33·4 kg initial body weight; twenty-four wethers and eighteen ewes) were used in a 42 d experiment with a 2 × 3 factorial treatment arrangement to determine effects of forage level and source on splanchnic tissue mass. Diets were 250 and 750 g/kg of chopped lucerne (Medicago sativa) (A), ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum)–wheat (Triticum aestivum) (RW) or bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) (B) hay, with the remainder being maize-based concentrate. Five lambs per treatment were slaughtered at the end of the experiment and measurements made of internal organs and contents of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) on the 7 d preceding slaughter was 0·89, 0·83, 0·90, 0·83, 0·77 and 0·61 (SE 0·05) kg/d, and live-weight gain was 0·20, 0·17, 0·18, 0·10, 0·10 and 0·07 (SE 0·02) kg/d for diets A-25, RW-25, B-25, A-75, RW-75 and B-75 respectively. Total GIT mass (fresh) was higher (P < 0·05) for 750 than 250 g forage/kg and for B than RW (4·80, 4·57, 5·55, 5·84, 5·99 and 6·91 kg for diets A-25, RW-25, B-25, A-75, RW-75 and B-75 respectively). Nonfat organic matter was 259, 295, 292, 303, 277 and 264 g for the total GIT; 93, 102, 103, 106, 95 and 97 g for the reticulo-rumen (forage level × type (diet A v. diets RW and B) interaction; P < 0·05); and 204, 196, 202, 177, 156 and 127 g for the liver (SE 10) with diets A-25, RW-25, B-25, A-75, RW-75 and B-75 respectively. In summary, differences in properties of forage A and the grasses at 250 g/kg diet may have influenced GIT mass independent of energy intake and digesta mass. Conversely, with 750 g dietary forage/kg, higher digesta mass for diet B than diet RW appeared responsible for high reticulo-rumen mass relative to DOMI. Greater digesta mass for 750 than 250 g forage/kg may have elevated intestinal tissue mass/DOMI with diets A and B but not with diet RW, for which NDF digestibility was highest.
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Polizel, Daniel M., Bruno I. Cappellozza, Fernanda Hoe, Catarina N. Lopes, José Paulo Barroso, Alexandre Miszura, Gabriela B. Oliveira, Luiz Gobato, and Alexandre V. Pires. "Effects of narasin supplementation on dry matter intake and rumen fermentation characteristics of Bos indicus steers fed a high-forage diet." Translational Animal Science 4, no. 1 (October 16, 2019): 118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txz164.
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Abstract This study evaluated the effects of narasin on intake and rumen fermentation characteristics of Bos indicus steers offered a high-forage diet for 140 d. On day 0 of the study, 30 rumen-fistulated Nellore steers [initial body weight (BW) = 281 ± 21 kg] were assigned to 30 individual pens in a randomized complete block design according to their initial BW. Animals were randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 treatments: 1) forage-based diet without narasin (CONT; n = 10), 2) CONT diet plus 13 ppm of narasin (13NAR; n = 10), and 3) CONT diet plus 20 ppm of narasin (20NAR; n = 10). The forage used was Tifton-85 (Cynodon dactylon spp.), whereas the carrier for narasin was a 50:50 mixture of soybean hull:corn. The experimental period was divided into 5 periods of 28 d each. Throughout the experimental period, total dry matter intake (DMI) was recorded daily, whereas mineral salt intake was recorded weekly. Blood and ruminal fluid samples were collected on day 0 (prior to treatment feeding), 28, 56, 84, 112, and 140 of the study. Moreover, total tract apparent nutrient digestibility was performed for a 5-d period every 28 d. No treatment effects were observed on forage, mineral, concentrate, or total DMI (P ≥ 0.22). Nonetheless, 13NAR tended to have a greater mineral intake vs. 20NAR cohorts (P = 0.08) Narasin-supplemented animals had reduced rumen acetate, Ac:Pr ratio, as well as greater (P ≤ 0.02) rumen propionate concentrations vs. CONT cohorts. Moreover, 13NAR increased rumen propionate and decreased butyrate, Ac:Pr vs. 20NAR cohorts (P ≤ 0.01). Throughout the experimental period, narasin-supplemented animals had reduced ammonia concentrations vs. CONT cohorts (P < 0.01), whereas no differences were observed between 13NAR and 20NAR (P = 0.80). No treatment or dose effects were observed (P ≥ 0.23) on DM, organic matter (OM), protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and mineral digestibility. Animals fed 13NAR had a reduced mean plasma urea concentration vs. CONT cohorts (P = 0.03), whereas no further differences were observed (P ≥ 0.12). In summary, narasin supplementation to beef steers offered a high-forage diet did not impact forage, mineral, and total DMI, as well as nutrient digestibility, whereas rumen fermentation characteristics, rumen ammonia, and plasma urea concentrations were positively impacted and lasted throughout the experimental period. Additionally, 13 ppm of narasin resulted in a reduced Ac:Pr ratio and rumen ammonia when compared to animals supplemented with 20 ppm.
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Hill, J., and J. D. Leaver. "Effect of protein supplementation on the digestibility of urea treated whole crop wheat and on milk production by dairy cows." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1992 (March 1992): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600021280.
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Previous studies have shown a low efficiency of utilisation of urea treated whole crop wheat (UWCW) when offered as the sole forage to dairy cows (Hill and Leaver 1990). The poor efficiency of utilisation of metabolisable energy could possibly be influenced by the level and quality (the balance in QFN, SFN, and UN) of protein intake by the cow.To investigate the effect of level and quality of protein intake on the digestibility of UWCW fed ad libitum to lactating cows, an experiment was carried out using three concentrate sources based upon molassed sugar beet pulp pellets (Diet A), soya bean meal (Diet B) and fishmeal (Diet C). A concurrent experiment was implemented to analyse the degradation characteristics of UWCW using sheep.Six multiparous mid to late lactation Holstein Friesian cows were allocated to two 3x3 latin squares. Each cow was housed in an individual pen and fed UWCW ad libitum once daily and concentrate twice daily. Individual DM intakes of forage, milk production, liveweight and faecal output were estimated for each diet. The degradability trial used the methodology of Paine et al (1982).
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Reverter, M., T. Lundh, and J. E. Lindberg. "Ileal amino acid digestibilities in pigs of barley-based diets with inclusion of lucerne (Medicago sativa), white clover (Trifolium repens), red clover (Trifolium pratense) or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)." British Journal of Nutrition 82, no. 2 (August 1999): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114599001294.
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Two experiments were performed with post-valve T-cannulated growing pigs, using five animals in each experiment in a change-over design to evaluate the effect of inclusion of four different dried forage meals on ileal crude protein (CP) and amino acid (AA) digestibilities. The control diets (C1 and C2) were barley-based and the experimental diets were formulated by replacing the barley with 100 or 200 g/kg of either lucerne (Medicago sativa) or white clover (Trifolium repens) meal in Expt 1 and red clover (Trifolium pratense) or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) meal in Expt 2. A decrease (P< 0·05) in the apparent ileal digestibility of CP and most of the essential and nonessential AA was found with the inclusion of lucerne, white clover and perennial ryegrass meal in the barley-based diets. When red clover meal was included, only the apparent ileal digestibilities of CP, leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and glutamic acid were found to decrease (P< 0·05). The estimated apparent ileal digestibilities of most essential AA in the forage meals were lower than in the barley-based diets. The ileal flow of glucosamine and ornithine was found to increase (P< 0·05) with increasing proportion of fibre in the diet, suggesting an increase in endogenous N secretions and small-intestinal microbial activity. With the minor changes found for ileal essential AA digestibilities with forage meal inclusion in the diet the present data confirm the potential of forage meals as a source of protein in pig diets.
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Gutierrez, Noheli, and Jamie A. Boyd. "49 Effects of in-vitro digestibility in cannulated steers when supplemented different levels of glycerol." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_2 (November 1, 2020): 55–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz397.126.
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Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate effects of increasing concentration of food grade glycerol on rumen environment and nutrient digestibility. Three ruminally cannulated Jersey steers were used in this study. The study was conducted from March to May 2019. Experimental design was a 3x3 Latin square with a 2wk adjustment period followed by a 1wk collection period. Diet was coastal bermudagrass hay based. Different forage types were introduced in the incubation process to evaluate digestibility. Glycerol was administered once a day at 0, 15, or 20% of DMI (dry matter intake). dNDF (digestible NDF) and dDM (digestible dry matter) was determined using an ANKOM Daisy II incubator inoculated with 200g fresh rumen fluid and incubated for 12, 24, 48 and 72 h at 39°C. Each vessel contained ground forage samples in filter bags in triplicate. After incubation, filter bags were rinsed with cold water and dried for 24h in a 55°C forced air oven. Data were analyzed using the Proc MIXED procedure of SAS version 9.4. There was no difference dNDF in effect of different levels of glycerol between forage types by diet. But a numerical tendency was observed that dNDF was decreased at 20% inclusion rates in comparison to 0 and 15% inclusion of glycerol in the diet. Neither steer nor run was significantly different in the study. However as expected digestibility over time was significantly different (P < 0.001). A significant increase was observed in DMI with the increased levels of glycerol in the diet (P = 0.003), both the 15% and 20% levels of glycerol increased in DMI in comparison to the control (0%). It appears based on these study results that digestibility may be inhibited, as levels of dietary glycerol increase in the diet and more work needs to be done to find the optimal level of glycerol supplementation.
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Klinger, S. A., J. Campbell, B. Wildeman, H. Block, and J. J. McKinnon. "The effects of limit feeding a high-energy barley-based diet to backgrounding cattle in western Canada." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 87, no. 3 (September 1, 2007): 385–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a06-069.
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A series of three completely randomized design trials were conducted to compare the effects of a limit-fed high-grain diet relative with that of an ad libitum-fed high-forage diet on performance of growing cattle with similar total energy intakes. In trial 1, the ad libitum-fed high-forage diet was formulated to 1.58 and 0.98 Mcal NEm and NEg kg-1 DM. The high-grain diet was formulated to 1.91 Mcal NEm and 1.23 Mcal NEg kg-1 DM. Projected liveweight gains (1.22 kg d-1) and the amount of DM provided to the limit-fed high-grain cattle were based on the NEm and NEg equations for liveweight gain of large-frame steers (NRC 1984). A similar feeding regime was employed for trials 2 and 3; however, it was necessary to reduce energy intake equally after 30 d on feed to control weight gains. In trial 1, the limit-fed high-grain cattle had similar (P > 0.05) ADG and lower (P < 0.05) DMI than the ad libitum-fed high-forage cattle, leading to a 15.4% improvement (P < 0.05) in feed efficiency. Feed efficiency was improved (P < 0.05) by 16.9% in trial 2 and by 21.2% in trial 3 for the limit-fed high-grain cattle, primarily as a result of reduced (P < 0.05) DM intake and similar (P > 0.05) daily gains. Back fat accretion rates were greater (P < 0.05) in the limit-fed high-grain cattle, indicating differences in energy partitioning. The incidence of severe liver abscesses was greater (P < 0.05) for the limit-fed high-grain cattle in trial 2. These results indicate that limit feeding a high-grain diet to backgrounding cattle can be employed to target specific rates of gain and improve feed efficiency although managing acidosis to prevent liver abscesses may be an issue. Key words: Cattle, limit feeding, feed efficiency, liver abscesses
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Qian, Wenxi, Weiping Ao, Xiaohong Hui, and Jianping Wu. "Lower dietary concentrate level increases bacterial diversity in the rumen of Cervus elaphus yarkandensis." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 64, no. 7 (July 2018): 501–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2018-0046.
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The ruminal microbiota plays major roles in feed digestion. The composition and fermentation of the bacterial communities in 3 important ruminant species have been studied previously. Here, we extended this research to the effect of concentrate-to-forage ratios on ruminal bacterial communities in Tarim red deer (Cervus elaphus yarkandensis). Different concentrate-to-forage ratios (2:8, 3:7, 4:6, and 5:5) were fed to Tarim red deer for 20 days. Ruminal bacterial communities were elucidated by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. The microbial composition and biodiversity at the different concentrate-to-forage ratio levels were analyzed using clustering of operational taxonomic units based on 97% sequence identity, taxonomic classification at the phylum and genus levels, α diversity, and β diversity. Rumen microorganisms of deer fed a diet with a concentrate-to-forage ratio of 2:8 had the highest species diversity, followed by ratios of 3:7, 4:6, and 5:5. The community structure of the A1 and A2 samples and the A3 and A4 samples was similar. The bacterial composition appeared to be affected by diet, with a lower dietary concentrate level tending to increase the richness and diversity of ruminal bacteria in the rumen of Tarim red deer.
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Damir, H. Abu, D. Scott, J. K. Thomson, J. H. Topps, W. Buchan, and K. Pennie. "The effect of a change in blood acid-base status on body composition and mineral retention in growing lambs." Animal Science 51, no. 3 (December 1990): 527–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100012563.
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ABSTRACTThree groups of lambs of about 25 kg live weight were given a concentrate diet either on its own (eight lambs) or supplemented with 10 g/kg ammonium chloride (eight lambs) or 20 g/kg sodium bicarbonate (12 lambs). At about 45 kg live weight the lambs were killed and their body composition was determined. The composition of their gains was also determined using information obtained from a fourth group of lambs (eight lambs) which were killed at the start of the experiment. Lambs given the ammonium chloride diet showed a reduction in blood pH while those given the sodium bicarbonate diet showed an increase to levels seen in lambs given forage diets. There were also marked effects on calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and magnesium retention with retentions being reduced in those given the ammonium chloride diet and increased in those given the bicarbonate diet. The average rates of retention of Ca and P in lambs given the bicarbonate diet were 9·1 and 5·9 g/kg empty-body weight gain and are comparable with rates seen in lambs given forage diets. These results suggest that dietary induced changes in blood acid-base status is a major factor contributing to the lower rates of retentions of these minerals in lambs given cereal-based diets.
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Rosi, F., and L. Rapetti. "Influence of a nonforage diet on plasma leptin in dairy goats throughout lactation." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200007535.
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Leptin is a 16kDa peptide hormone mainly secreted by fat cells to regulate of food intake and energy homeostasis, and to signal the status of body energy stores to the brain (Houseknecht et al., 1998). In ruminant, reducing feedstuffs particle size increases DM intake, particularly if feedstuffs quality is poor, due to a shorter retention time of the particles in the rumen. By-products are included in the ration to supply energy and protein, but they have often a high content of fibre. The by-product fibre has different properties than forage NDF, being characterised by particles of small dimensions and a high density. The aim of this study was to compare the plasma level of leptin in lactating goats fed a traditional silage-based diet or a totally free forage diet, throughout lactation and during the pre and post-feeding state.
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Pesonen, M., E. Joki-Tokola, and A. Huuskonen. "Performance of Hereford bulls offered diets based on whole crop silages with or without protein inclusion." Advances in Animal Biosciences 8, s1 (October 2017): s10—s14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040470017001601.
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An experiment with 30 Hereford growing bulls was designed to study the effects of (1) forage type and (2) inclusion of rapeseed meal (RSM) in the barley-based concentrate. The three forage types were grass silage (GS), whole crop barley silage harvested at the milk stage (BSM) or at the dough stage (BSD). The concentrate used was rolled barley alone or barley plus RSM. Mean total dry matter (DM) intakes for the GS, BSM and BSD bulls were 9.04, 8.74 and 9.46 kg/day, and carcass gains were 883, 770 and 867 g/day, respectively. Both DM intake and carcass gain were significantly higher in the BSD bulls compared with the BSM bulls. Mean carcass weights of the GS, BSM and BSD bulls were 395, 369 and 392 kg, respectively, and tended to be lower in the BSM bulls. Forage type and RSM had no effects on the carcass conformation or fat score. Rapeseed meal supplementation increased total DM intake (+10%, P<0.01), carcass gain (+14%, P<0.001) and carcass weight (+8%, P<0.01) of the bulls. Overall, GS could be totally replaced by whole crop barley silage in the diet of growing bulls when the concentrate constitutes 0.4 of the diet, but whole crop barley silage should be harvested at the dough stage instead of the milk stage.
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Rahman, Md Zillur, Md Ali Akbar, Md Abul Hossain, and Md Yousuf Ali. "Effect of tree forage supplementation on growth performance of goats." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 1, no. 2 (November 23, 2015): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v1i2.25613.
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An experiment with 25 growing goats (in 5 groups) were fed four different tree forage based diets (B,C,D,E) and control A showed that there were significant (p<0.05) differences in DM , ME and DCP intakes. Although there were no significant differences in the digestibility of DM, OM, CP and ADF but intake of these nutrients were significantly (p<0.05) differed among the treatments. There were no significant differences in the digestibility of diets having different forages but they were significantly higher than that of grass based control diet. Feeding of tree forages had significant (p<0.05) effect on live weight gain of goats. Animals fed tree forage based diets significantly (p<0.05) increased weight gain (60.03, 59.10, 57.75 and 55.57 g/d for Sesbania grandiflora, Leucaena leucocephala, Erythrina orientalis and Morus alba, respectively) compared to that of control group (39.25 g/d) . However, there were no significant differences in weight gain of the animals fed different tree forage based diets. Feed conversion efficiency (kg feed/kg gain) also showed that animals fed tree forage based diets presented significantly (p<0.01) higher efficiency (11.74, 12.05, 12.21 and 12.02) for L. leucocephala, E. orientalis, S. grandiflora and M. alba compared to that (16.00) of fed control diet. Nitrogen balance trial showed that there were significant (p<0.05) differences among the mean values in terms of total N intake (g/d), nitrogen retention (%) and nitrogen balance (g/d). It may be concluded that supplementation of diets with tree forages resulted in better weight gain, digestibility and nitrogen balance compared to green grass. So, the diets of goats may be supplemented with tree forages of S. grandiflora, L. leucocephala, E. orientalis and M. alba for improved growth performance.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2015, 1(2): 209-215
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Liu, Haoyu, Emma Ivarsson, Johan Dicksved, Torbjörn Lundh, and Jan Erik Lindberg. "Inclusion of Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) in Pigs' Diets Affects the Intestinal Microenvironment and the Gut Microbiota." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 12 (April 6, 2012): 4102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.07702-11.
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ABSTRACTThe content and composition of prebiotic plant fiber in the diet is important in promoting gut-related health. This study investigated the effects of the dietary inclusion of chicory forage and roots on the intestinal microenvironment of pigs. Thirty-seven-week-old pigs were fed 1 of 5 diets for 18 days, including a cereal-based control diet and 4 diets with the inclusion of 80 and 160 g kg−1of body weight chicory forage (CF80 and CF160), 80 g kg−1chicory root (CR80), and a mix of 80 g kg−1forage and 80 g kg−1chicory root (CFR). The animals maintained good performance and health irrespective of diet. Bacterial community structure and diversity in ileal and colonic samples was assessed using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP), combined with cloning and sequencing. Samples clustered perfectly according to gut segment with a higher bacterial diversity in colon than ileum. Distal ileum was dominated by lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and the relative amount of this group was increased by the CF160 and CFR diets. The colonic bacterial community was dominated by butyrate-producing bacteria andPrevotella. The increased relative abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria in the colon was positively correlated with the molar proportion of acetic acid and furthermore linked to the chicory forage diets (CF80 and CF160). Diets including chicory roots (CR80 and CFR) were correlated with a higher colonic abundance ofMegasphaera elsdenii. The fermentation products and pH in digesta responded to diet type and were correlated with shifts in the microbiota, showing that chicory influences the intestinal microenvironment of pigs.
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Silva, Janaina Lara da, Christiane Ceriani Aparecido, Daiane Hansen, Tacila Alves Muniz Pereira, Joana D'arc Felicio, and Edlayne Gonçalez. "Identification of toxigenic Aspergillus species from diet dairy goat using a polyphasic approach." Ciência Rural 45, no. 8 (June 16, 2015): 1466–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20140581.
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Some species of filamentous fungi that infest agricultural commodities are able to produce mycotoxins, contaminating feed and animal products. The aim of this research was to identify the mycoflora present in the feed and forage for dairy goat and to isolate and characterize the Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus strains based on a morphological and molecular characterization and mycotoxigenic ability. The goat dairy diets were collected monthly from 11 goat milk farms, totaling 129 and 106 samples of concentrate and forage, respectively. For the isolation of the mycobiota the surface plating method was used. Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium were the main fungi producing mycotoxins isolated. The morphological and molecular characterization and mycotoxigenic ability were used for A. flavus and A. parasiticus identification. The Aspergillus spp. from feed 39% produced aflatoxins B1 and B2, 17% produced cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), 18% produced both toxins, and 42% had no toxigenic ability. Only 2.0% of the strains produced aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2, but no CPA. The strains from forage were producers of aflatoxins B1 and B2 (37%), CPA (14%), 14% of both mycotoxins, whereas 49% have shown no toxigenic ability. The aflD and aflR genes were used by PCR and PCR-RFLP, respectively. The presence of toxigenic species in samples of feed for lactating goats indicates a potential risk of contamination of dairy products, if they are exposed to environmental conditions favorable to fungal growth and mycotoxin production.
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Patterson, D. C., R. W. J. Steen, and C. A. Moore. "The effects of the ratio of silage to concentrates in the diet on the performance and carcass composition of continental bulls." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1999 (1999): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200001976.
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Continental bulls of high genetic potential for lean tissue growth (½ Blonde d’Aquitaine ⅜ Charolais genotype) have exhibited high rates of liveweight and carcass gain when grass silage based diets were offered with a moderate proportion of concentrates, i.e. concentrates comprising 0.40 of total dry matter intake (Patterson et al., 1994). It was the objective of the present experiment to examine the effect of forage to concentrate ratio in the diet on growth rate and carcass composition.The experiment was a five treatment continuous design randomised block arrangement with five concentrate ratios in the total diet (DM basis) namely: 0.25, 0.40, 0.55, 0.68 and 0.75 and grass silage (D value 730 g/kg) as the sole forage. The diets were fed ad libitum. A total of 45 continental bulls (½ Blonde d’Aquitaine ⅜ Charolais) were used with mean initial and final live weights of 467 and 651 kg respectively.
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Costa, João Batista G., Lucia M. Zeoula, Selma L. Franco, Lucimar P. P. de Moura, Maribel V. Valero, Fabiano L. Simioni, Eduardo M. da Paula, and Rafael B. Samensari. "Effect of propolis product on digestibility and ruminal parameters in buffaloes consuming a forage-based diet." Italian Journal of Animal Science 11, no. 4 (January 2012): e78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2012.e78.
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Prabowo, A., J. W. Spears, and L. Goode. "Effects of Dietary Iron on Performance and Mineral Utilization in Lambs Fed a Forage-Based Diet." Journal of Animal Science 66, no. 8 (1988): 2028. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas1988.6682028x.
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Pal, D. T., A. S. Singh, Kezhavituo Vupru, and K. M. Bujarbaruah. "Growth Performance and Nutrient Utilization in Male and Female Mithun Calves on Green Forage-based Diet." Tropical Animal Health and Production 36, no. 7 (2004): 655–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:trop.0000042858.64001.31.
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