Academic literature on the topic 'Forage crops. Silage. Farm management'
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Journal articles on the topic "Forage crops. Silage. Farm management"
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Dell’Orto, V., G. Baldi, and F. Cheli. "Mycotoxins in silage: checkpoints for effective management and control." World Mycotoxin Journal 8, no. 5 (September 30, 2015): 603–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2014.1866.
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Silage has a substantial role in ruminant nutrition. Silages as a source of mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins merit attention. Fungal growth and mycotoxin production before and during storage are a well-known phenomenon, resulting in reduced nutritional value and a possible risk factor for animal health. Mycotoxin co-contamination seems to be unavoidable under current agricultural and silage-making practices. Multi-mycotoxin contamination in silages is of particular concern due to the potential additive or synergistic effects on animals. In regard to managing the challenge of mycotoxins in silages, there are many factors with pre- and post-harvest origins to take into account. Pre-harvest events are predominantly dictated by environmental factors, whereas post-harvest events can be largely controlled by the farmer. An effective mycotoxin management and control programme should be integrated and personalised to each farm at an integrative level throughout the silage production chain. Growing crops in the field, silage making practices, and the feed out phase must be considered. Economical and straightforward silage testing is critical to reach a quick and sufficiently accurate diagnosis of silage quality, which allows for ‘in field decision-making’ with regard to the rapid diagnosis of the quality of given forage for its safe use as animal feed. Regular sampling and testing of silage allow picking up any variations in mycotoxin contamination. The use of rapid methods in the field represents future challenges. Moreover, a proper nutritional intervention needs to be considered to manage mycotoxin-contaminated silages. At farm level, animals are more often exposed to moderate amounts of several mycotoxins rather than to high levels of a single mycotoxin, resulting more frequently in non-specific digestive and health status impairment. Effective dietary strategies to promote rumen health, coupled with the administration of effective and broad-spectrum mycotoxin detoxifiers, are essential to minimise the negative impact of mycotoxins.
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Gillespie, Jeffrey, Richard Nehring, Carmen Sandretto, and Charles Hallahan. "Forage Outsourcing in the Dairy Sector: The Extent of Use and Impact on Farm Profitability." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 39, no. 3 (October 2010): 399–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500007401.
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The extent of forage purchasing behavior in milk production and its impact on profitability are analyzed using data from the 2000 and 2005 dairy versions of the Agricultural Resource Management Survey. Forage outsourcing is more common with hay than with silage and haylage, and is more prevalent in the western United States. Though silage and haylage outsourcing is found to impact profitability, the major profitability drivers appear to be farm size and efficiency. Evidence of significant forage contracting is found in the western United States.
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Luna, John, Vivien Allen, Joseph Fontenot, Lee Daniels, David Vaughan, Scott Hagood, Daniel Taylor, and Curtis Laub. "Whole farm systems research: An integrated crop and livestock systems comparison study." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 9, no. 1-2 (June 1994): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300005580.
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AbstractTo examine the long-term productivity, profitability, and ecological interactions associated with whole farming systems, we established an interdisciplinary replicated comparison of a conventional and an experimental alternative crop-livestock farming system in southwest Virginia in 1988. The conventional system uses the best management practices commonly used in the mid-Atlantic region. The alternative system puts more emphasis on crop rotation, grazing and forage management, conservation tillage, cover crops, and integrated pest management. Each is managed as a year-round system, with management decisions based on the system's overall goals.The comparison is planned to run for 10 years, so that only preliminary conclusions can be drawn so far. These include the following: 1) similar total productivity can be achieved with either reduced or full use of herbicides and insecticides; 2) the need for N fertilization can be decreased using grazing management and short-rotation alfalfa; and 3) recycling of manure from cattle fed corn silage provides most nutrients needed for the following corn crop. The comparative profitability of the two systems has fluctuated among years, and it is too early to know which system is more profitable. The process of interdisciplinary systems research has increased our knowledge of total system interactions, challenged prior assumptions, and clarified the methodological problems of integrated systems research.
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Misselbrook, Tom, Agustin Del Prado, and David Chadwick. "Opportunities for reducing environmental emissions from forage-based dairy farms." Agricultural and Food Science 22, no. 1 (March 27, 2013): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.6702.
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Modern dairy production is inevitably associated with impacts to the environment and the challenge for the industry today is to increase production to meet growing global demand while minimising emissions to the environment. Negative environmental impacts include gaseous emissions to the atmosphere, of ammonia from livestock manure and fertiliser use, of methane from enteric fermentation and manure management, and of nitrous oxide from nitrogen applications to soils and from manure management. Emissions to water include nitrate, ammonium, phosphorus, sediment, pathogens and organic matter, deriving from nutrient applications to forage crops and/or the management of grazing livestock. This paper reviews the sources and impacts of such emissions in the context of a forage-based dairy farm and considers a number of potential mitigation strategies, giving some examples using the farm-scale model SIMSDAIRY. Most of the mitigation measures discussed are associated with systemic improvements in the efficiency of production in dairy systems. Important examples of mitigations include: improvements to dairy herd fertility, that can reduce methane and ammonia emissions by up to 24 and 17%, respectively; diet modification such as the use of high sugar grasses for grazing, which are associated with reductions in cattle N excretion of up to 20% (and therefore lower N losses to the environment) and potentially lower methane emissions, or reducing the crude protein content of the dairy cow diet through use of maize silage to reduce N excretion and methane emissions; the use of nitrification inhibitors with fertiliser and slurry applications to reduce nitrous oxide emissions and nitrate leaching by up to 50%. Much can also be achieved through attention to the quantity, timing and method of application of nutrients to forage crops and utilising advances made through genetic improvements.
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Golin, Henrique de Oliveira, Rafael Padilha de Rezende, Victor Luan da Silva de Abreu, Patrick Bezerra Fernandes, and Gustavo de Faria Theodoro. "Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) biomass production for silage as a function of mechanized tillage systems." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 2 (January 1, 2020): e67922038. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i2.2038.
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Mechanical soil management has a huge impact on early plant development and can promote effects at all stages of the silage forage production cycle. Thus, this work was conducted to verify if a mechanized system of soil preparation influences the accumulation of pigeon pea and corn biomass. The experiment was conducted at the farm school of Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science. The experimental delimitation chosen was randomized blocks, the treatments were two systems of tillage (conventional and reduced), associated to two crops (Cajanus cajan L., cv. BRS Mandarim e Zea mays L. hybrid TG Status). The cv. BRS Mandarim in conventional tillage system impacted higher biomass values. In addition, the same soil preparation system promoted oscillations between the crops (P<0.05), where cv. BRS Mandarim showed biomass values 7% higher than cv. Status TG. In reduced handling system, the crops presented the same biomass productivity. Despite the increase of dry weight during the cycle of cv. BRS Mandarim biomass production, there was a reduction in the dry matter fraction, indicating that the specific weight per plant decreased at the end of the evaluation period. The tillage system that was fulfilled conventionally promoted higher estimates of pigeon pea biomass. Corn was not influenced by mechanized tillage system.
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Baghdadi, Ali, Ridzwan A. Halim, Ali Ghasemzadeh, Mohd Fauzi Ramlan, and Siti Zaharah Sakimin. "Impact of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the yield and quality of silage corn intercropped with soybean." PeerJ 6 (October 26, 2018): e5280. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5280.
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Background Corn silage is an important feed for intense ruminant production, but the growth of corn relies heavily on the use of chemical fertilizers. Sustainable crop production requires careful management of all nutrient sources available on a farm, particularly in corn-based cropping systems. Methods Experiments were conducted to determine the appropriate technique of corn-legume intercropping in conjunction with the supplemental use of chemical fertilizers, organic manure, and biofertilizers (BFs). Acetylene reduction assays (ARAs) were also performed on corn and soybean roots. Results Combining chemical fertilizers with chicken manure (CM) in a 50:50 ratio and applying 50% NPK+50% CM+BF produced fresh forage and dry matter (DM) yields that were similar to those produced in the 100% nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) treatment. Among the lone fertilizer treatments, the inorganic fertilizer (100% NPK) treatment produced the highest DM yield (13.86 t/ha) of forage and outyielded the 100% CM (9.74 t/ha) treatment. However, when CM was combined with NPK, the resulting DM yield of forage (13.86 t/ha) was the same as that resulting from 100% NPK (13.68 t/ha). Compared with CM applications alone, combinations of NPK and CM applications resulted in increased plant height, crop growth rates (CGRs) and leaf area index (LAI), but the values of these parameters were similar to those resulting from 100% NPK application. Fertilizers in which the ratio was 50% CM+50% NPK or 50% CM+50% NPK+BF resulted in protein yields that were similar to those resulting from conventional fertilizers. Similarly, the CP content did not significantly differ between applications of the 100% NPK and 50% CM+50% NPK fertilizers. The use of BFs had no significant impact on improving either the yield or quality of forage fertilized with inorganic or organic fertilizer. Lactic acid responded differently to different fertilizer applications and was significantly higher in the fertilized plots than in the unfertilized plots. Compared with treatments of lone chemical and lone organic manure fertilizers, treatments involving applications of BF and a combination of BF and NPK or CM resulted in higher ARA values. Discussion There is no simple and easy approach to increase biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in grain legumes grown as part of a cropping system under realistic farm field conditions. Overall, evidence recorded from this study proves that, compared with corn monocrops combined with CM and chemical fertilizers, corn-soybean intercrops could increase forage yields and quality, produce higher total protein yields, and reduce the need for protein supplements and chemical fertilizers.
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Koenig, Karen, Shabtai Bittman, Carson Li, Derek Hunt, and Karen Beauchemin. "PSVI-11 Effects of nutrient management and cropping strategies in a dual-crop forage production system of silage corn and perennial grass on nutritional quality and predicted milk production of dairy cattle." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 433–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.755.
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Abstract The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of incrementally applied enhanced nutrient management, cropping practices, and advanced production technologies on nutrient composition and in vitro degradability of whole plant corn and perennial grass (tall fescue) and the predicted milk production of dairy cattle. Farm management strategies included: conventional system with manure slurry broadcast, late harvest corn, and grass cut 5 times per year (F1); improved nutrient management with manure sludge applied to corn and liquid applied to grass (F2); improved nutrient management and cropping practices with separated manure, an early harvest corn inter-seeded with a relay crop (Italian ryegrass), and grass cut 3 times per year (F3); and advanced technologies that included a nitrification inhibitor (diacyandiamide, DCD; F4). The field trial was conducted as a randomized complete block design over 2 years with 4 blocks each divided into corn and grass, 4 subplots for each crop, and 2 replicates within each subplot. Enhanced nutrient, cropping, and advanced management increased (P < 0.05) the crude protein (CP) concentration in corn compared to the conventional system (Table 1). The DCD reduced (P < 0.05) the CP concentration and the highly degradable fiber of the relay crop compared to management without DCD. Decreasing the number of cuts of grass reduced (P < 0.05) the CP concentration in the spring harvest, increased (P < 0.05) the fiber concentration in spring and summer harvests, and reduced (P < 0.05) fiber degradability in all harvests. Milk production predicted from the nutritional quality and representative proportions of forages using the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System was increased with enhanced management. The lower forage quality of grass cut 3 times compared to 5 times annually was offset by the improved quality of corn and relay crop under enhanced field management of the dairy farm.
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Jones, D. I. H., C. P. Freeman, J. R. Newbold, A. R. Fychan, Elspeth Jones, and Aeronwy Lewis. "Prediction of forage dry matter and soluble carbohydrate content from analysis of expressed juice." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1996 (March 1996): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600031974.
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The dry matter (DM) and water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations of forage are the main characteristics influencing the course of silage fermentation. Knowledge of these parameters would enable decisions to be made both on the need for additive and the type of additive likely to be most effective. Moreover, the degree of wilt could also be followed in wilted crops. The present study was directed to assessing the relationship between the composition of the crop and the volume and composition of the expressed juice. The ultimate objective was the development of on-farm methodology for predicting the ensiling characteristics of crops.
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Julien, Marie-Claude, Patrice Dion, Carole Lafrenière, Hani Antoun, and Pascal Drouin. "Sources of Clostridia in Raw Milk on Farms." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 20 (August 29, 2008): 6348–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00913-08.
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ABSTRACT A PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) method was used to examine on-farm sources of Clostridium cluster I strains in four dairy farms over 2 years. Conventional microbiological analysis was used in parallel to monitor size of clostridial populations present in various components of the milk production chain (soil, forage, grass silage, maize silage, dry hay, and raw milk). PCR amplification with Clostridium cluster I-specific 16S rRNA gene primers followed by DGGE separation yielded a total of 47 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), which varied greatly with respect to frequency of occurrence. Some OTUs were found only in forage, and forage profiles differed according to farm location (southern or northern Québec). More clostridial contamination was found in maize silage than in grass silage. Milk represented a potential environment for certain OTUs. No OTU was milk specific, indicating that OTUs originated from other environments. Most (83%) of the OTUs detected in raw milk were also found in grass or maize silage. Milk DGGE profiles differed according to farm and sampling year and fit into two distinct categories. One milk profile category was characterized by the presence of a few dominant OTUs, the presence of which appeared to be more related to farm management than to feed contamination. OTUs were more varied in the second profile category. The identities of certain OTUs frequently found in milk were resolved by cloning and sequencing. Clostridium disporicum was identified as an important member of clostridial populations transmitted to milk. Clostridium tyrobutyricum was consistently found in milk and was widespread in the other farm environments examined.
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Cevher, Celal, and Bulent Altunkaynak. "Socioeconomic Factors and Sustainable Forage Crops Production in Turkey Aegean Region: A Multivariate Modeling." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (September 30, 2020): 8061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12198061.
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The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of farmers’ socioeconomic characteristics on sustainable forage crop production after forage crop subsidies. One of the innovative aspects of the study is the simultaneous modeling of alfalfa, silage corn and vetch production efficiency. For this, the multivariate linear regression model was used. In this way, the effect of socioeconomic characteristics on production is more clearly demonstrated by taking into account the dependency structure between forage crop production. For the study, 487 farmers in the Aegean region, where fodder crops can be produced throughout the year, were interviewed face-to-face and data were collected through a questionnaire. According to the results obtained, it was determined that the width of the land had a positive effect on the increase in alfalfa, silage corn, and vetch production. The number of animals was found to have a positive effect on alfalfa and silage maize production growth. The production of alfalfa was higher in rural farmers, and vetch production was higher in urban farmers. Farmers who do not have non-agricultural income focused on vetch production, and farmers with non-agricultural income focused on alfalfa production. It was seen that the majority of the farmers participating in the study were primary school graduates and lived in rural areas. In general, a significant increase was observed in the production of silage corn, vetch, and alfalfa, respectively. After the subsidies, it was concluded that this increase in the production of silage corn, vetch, and alfalfa was not at a level to meet the amount of forage crops needed by animal husbandry.
Book chapters on the topic "Forage crops. Silage. Farm management"
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Freyer, Bernhard, and Jim Bingen. "Resetting the African Smallholder Farming System: Potentials to Cope with Climate Change." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42091-8_267-1.
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AbstractAgricultural production systems, for example, conservation agriculture, climate smart agriculture, organic agriculture, sustainable landuse management, and others, summarized under the term “sustainable intensification,” have been introduced in African countries to increase productivity and to adapt/mitigate CC (CCAM). But the productivity of smallholder farming systems in Africa remains low. High erosion, contaminated water, threatened human health, reduced soil water, and natural resources functionality, that is, ecosystems services, and decreased biodiversity dominate. Low support in the farm environment is also responsible for this situation.It is hypothesized, based on the huge body of literature on CCAM, that the implementation of already existing arable and plant cultivation methods like crop diversity, alley crops, forage legume-based crop rotations, mulching, organic matter recycling, and reduced tillage intensity will increase CCAM performance and also farm productivity and income. Based on a brief analysis of CCAM relevant arable and plant cultivation methods and agricultural production systems potentials and challenges, this chapter offers guidance for further transforming climate robust African farming systems.
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Freyer, Bernhard, and Jim Bingen. "Resetting the African Smallholder Farming System: Potentials to Cope with Climate Change." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1441–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_267.
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AbstractAgricultural production systems, for example, conservation agriculture, climate smart agriculture, organic agriculture, sustainable landuse management, and others, summarized under the term “sustainable intensification,” have been introduced in African countries to increase productivity and to adapt/mitigate CC (CCAM). But the productivity of smallholder farming systems in Africa remains low. High erosion, contaminated water, threatened human health, reduced soil water, and natural resources functionality, that is, ecosystems services, and decreased biodiversity dominate. Low support in the farm environment is also responsible for this situation.It is hypothesized, based on the huge body of literature on CCAM, that the implementation of already existing arable and plant cultivation methods like crop diversity, alley crops, forage legume-based crop rotations, mulching, organic matter recycling, and reduced tillage intensity will increase CCAM performance and also farm productivity and income. Based on a brief analysis of CCAM relevant arable and plant cultivation methods and agricultural production systems potentials and challenges, this chapter offers guidance for further transforming climate robust African farming systems.
Conference papers on the topic "Forage crops. Silage. Farm management"
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Barnhart, Stephen K. "Making silage from Iowa's forage crops." In Proceedings of the 21st Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-60.
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