Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Forage harvester'

Master of Agribusiness
Department of Agricultural Economics
Major Professor Not Listed
Self-propelled forage harvesters are used to make feed for livestock. Producers prefer forage made with these machines because they are able to deliver a feed value that enables improved productivity of their animals in terms of milk production for dairy animals and weight gain for beef animals. Self-propelled forage harvesters are able to make a variety of feed from different crops, including whole-plant corn silage, earlage, and haylage, among others. The self-propelled forage harvester is a complex and expensive piece of machinery for a producer to own. The self-propelled forage harvester market in the United States is a growing market, but small when compared to other equipment such as combines. In today’s environment, productivity is crucial to the success of the agricultural producer. Self-propelled forage harvesters are no exception. Growth of the self-propelled forage harvester market is reflected in increased unit sales, total horsepower sold, and average horsepower of the selfpropelled forage harvesters sold in the United States. This study looks at changes in the number and size of self-propelled forage harvesters being purchased and what factors might be driving those changes. This study found that the amount of milk produced, the type of customer purchasing the equipment, and the average price of milk a producer received explained 81.2% of the variation in the number of self-propelled forage harvesters sold from 2000- 2014. Study results also show that the size of dairy operation, the type of customer purchasing the equipment, and the average price of milk explained 88% of the variability in total horsepower of self-propelled forage harvesters sold from 2000-2014. Finally, the size of dairy operation that a typical cow comes from, the type of customer purchasing the equipment, and the average price of corn were able to explain 98% of the variation of average horsepower of self-propelled forage harvesters over that same time period. The model and analysis will be shared with product planners from John Deere as they develop new machine specifications for self-propelled forage harvesters in the future.

Main subject of this diploma thesis is design proposal of self-propelled forage harvester which uses tracks for moving. This is associated with a construction changes while technical, estetical and ergonomical requirements remain the same or will be improved.

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In Brazil, the best dairy farm efficiency levels are obtained in the cities of Castro and Carambeí, State of Paraná. This efficiency was reached due to the animal genetics and the feed management, where the corn whole plant silage has been wide used. To the highest profit of the silage, some stages must be considered. The main stages are the selection of the forage harvest point, the plants chopping and the silo compaction. This work aims to present the possible interactions between the factors: plants water content, forage harvester setup with the plant particles size and de silage compaction process. The two corn hybrids (SPEED e 2B688) studied had been harvested in five times (105, 108, 112, 118, 123 seeding after days). In every harvest time it was evaluated the relative participation of the plant components, the dry matter, the fresh mass and grains yields and the milk line, to each corn hybrid. To the silage chopping evaluation, 120 plants were harvested and chopped with a forage harvest using three setups. The chopped material was used to the particles size determination and later submitted to the compaction process. To the grains and fresh mass yield, and milk line evaluation, the treatment was the harvest times, with five replications. The analysis of variance applied completely randomized experimental design. It was analyzed the correlation between the dry matter and the milk line. The particle size and silage bulk density analysis was carried through a factorial 5x3 design with four replications, where the first factor had been the harvest times, and the second the three forage harvester setups. Only one hybrid presented a high correlation between the milk line and the dry matter, showing the milk line method to be not a good way to evaluate the dry matter of plants, and behaves by different ways according the corn hybrid. To the grains yield, the SPEED hybrid showed difference, between the first and the three last harvest times. The compaction test showed a high correlation between the green mass density with the plant maturation, where plants with highest dry matter content make the compaction more difficult. Differences was verified to the silage bulk density according to the forage harvest setup, when the chopped material in the setup to theoretical cut length (TCL) of 2mm had easy compaction that the setups to TCL of 6,5 and 11 mm. To the particle size, when evaluated the hybrid 2B688, the different plant dry matter levels had not effects in the average particle size. However, to the hybrid SPEED, the particles size reduced with the plants maturation. To the evaluated materials, the dry matter content, as well as the forage harvest setups affected the green mass bulk density and the real particles size. The forage harvest setup changes resulted in different particle sizes that the informed by the manufacturer.
No Brasil, os melhores índices em eficiência leiteira encontram-se nos municípios de Castro e Carambeí no Paraná, alcançados devido à genética dos animais e ao manejo alimentar, em que a silagem de planta inteira de milho tem sido largamente utilizada. Para o máximo aproveitamento da silagem várias etapas devem ser consideradas, tais como escolha do ponto de colheita da forragem, fragmentação das plantas bem como o processo de compactação. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho é discutir as possíveis interações entre o conteúdo de água da forragem e a regulagem da colhedora nos tamanhos de fragmentos e na densidade da silagem. Em todos os ensaios utilizaram-se dois híbridos de milho (SPEED e 2B688), sendo estes colhidos em cinco épocas (105, 108, 112, 118, 123 dias após semeadura (DAS)). Foram determinados nos genótipos a participação relativa dos componentes formadores das plantas, a matéria seca (MS), o rendimento de massa verde, seca e de grãos e a linha do leite. Para a fragmentação foram colhidas manualmente 120 plantas, estas submetidas à uma colhedora de forragem, em três regulagens. O material fragmentado foi utilizado para a determinação dos tamanhos de fragmentos e submetido ao processo de compactação. Para o rendimento de grãos, de massa verde e seca e a determinação da linha do leite, utilizaram-se como tratamentos as épocas de colheita, com cinco repetições. Os valores foram submetidos à análise de variância em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC). Realizou-se também a análise de correlação entre MS e linha do leite. As análises de tamanho de fragmento e densidade da silagem foram realizadas no esquema fatorial de 5x3 com quatro repetições, onde o primeiro fator foram as épocas de colheita, o segundo três regulagens da máquina (2, 6,5 e 11 mm de comprimento teórico de fragmento (CTF)). Foi verificada estreita relação entre a linha do leite com a MS de um dos genótipos, o que mostra que esta metodologia não é a mais indicada para determinar a MS das plantas, e é variável com o genótipo. Quanto ao rendimento, houve diferença na variável grãos para o híbrido SPEED, entre a primeira e as três últimas épocas de colheita. No ensaio de compactação, observou-se alta relação entre a densidade de massa verde com a maturação da planta, em que plantas com elevado conteúdo de MS dificultam a compactação. Constataram-se também diferenças para a densidade da silagem conforme regulagens da máquina, sendo que a regulagem de 2 mm de CTF, favorece a compactação quando comparada as regulagens de 6,5 e 11 mm de CTF. No ensaio de tamanho de fragmento verificou-se que para o híbrido 2B688, os teores de MS da planta não mostraram efeito sobre o tamanho médio de fragmento porém, para o híbrido PEED verificou-se redução no tamanho de fragmento real com a maturação das plantas. Concluiu-se que, para os genótipos, o conteúdo de MS bem como as regulagens da máquina interferem na densidade de massa verde e nos tamanhos de fragmentos reais obtidos. A alteração das regulagens da máquina resulta em tamanhos de fragmentos diferentes aos indicados pelo fabricante.

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A produção de silagem é atividade importante para a alimentação do rebanho brasileiro e, neste aspecto, o planejamento da produção se torna indispensável para se obter uma maior produtividade. A escolha do híbrido adequado e a maneira como será feita a semeadura influencia a produção final, interferindo quantitativa e qualitativamente no desenvolvimento da cultura. A qualidade na colheita de culturas destinadas à silagem, que envolve o tamanho de fragmentos e altura de corte, é fundamental para que as condições da silagem sejam atendidas. O presente estudo foi conduzido em área experimental do Laboratório de Máquinas e Mecanização Agrícola (LAMMA UNESP/Jaboticabal) da Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Câmpus de Jaboticabal, com o objetivo de avaliar: o desempenho de uma semeadora-adubadora em Latossolo sob preparo convencional; as características do material colhido e as perdas na colheita de forragem; a resistência mecânica do solo à penetração, densidade e umidade do solo, em um sistema de produção de milho para silagem. No desempenho da semeadora-adubadora, a maior velocidade proporcionou o menor consumo operacional de combustível e maior capacidade de campo. As características de desenvolvimento da cultura não foram alteradas pelas velocidades e somente a altura da planta diferiu em função dos híbridos utilizados. A densidade e a resistência mecânica do solo à penetração apresentaram valores elevados para solos mobilizados. Na colheita, o consumo de combustível foi superior quando empregada a maior rotação das facas de corte. A perda média na colheita de forragem foi de 2% da produtividade.
The silage production is an important activity for alimentation of the Brazilian herd. For higher productivity, planning is essential. The choice of hybrid and appropriate sowing change the final production. The quality at sowing affect qualitatively and quantitatively the culture development. The quality of the harvest of crops intended for silage, which involves the size of fragments and height of cut is critical to reach the silage requirements. This study was conducted in the experimental area of the Laboratório de Máquinas e Mecanização Agrícola (LAMMA UNESP/Jaboticabal) of the Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Campus Jaboticabal. The objective of this study was to evaluate: the performance of a seeder-fertilizer in Oxisol under conventional tillage; the characteristics of the harvested matter and losses at forage harvest; the soil mechanical resistance to penetration, density and soil moisture in a production system of maize for silage. In the performance of the seeder-fertilizer, the higher speed provided the lowest fuel consumption and increased the operational field capacity. The development of the culture were not changed by the speed at seeding and only the plant height differed depending on the hybrid used. The density and soil mechanical resistance to penetration showed high values for soil mobilized. At harvest, the fuel consumption was higher than that employed the largest rotation of the cutting knives. The average loss at harvest of forage was 2% in productivity.

Orientador: Carlos Eduardo Angeli Furlani
Banca: Rouverson Pereira da Silva
Banca: Wilson José Oliveira de Souza
Resumo: A produção de silagem é atividade importante para a alimentação do rebanho brasileiro e, neste aspecto, o planejamento da produção se torna indispensável para se obter uma maior produtividade. A escolha do híbrido adequado e a maneira como será feita a semeadura influencia a produção final, interferindo quantitativa e qualitativamente no desenvolvimento da cultura. A qualidade na colheita de culturas destinadas à silagem, que envolve o tamanho de fragmentos e altura de corte, é fundamental para que as condições da silagem sejam atendidas. O presente estudo foi conduzido em área experimental do Laboratório de Máquinas e Mecanização Agrícola (LAMMA UNESP/Jaboticabal) da Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Câmpus de Jaboticabal, com o objetivo de avaliar: o desempenho de uma semeadora-adubadora em Latossolo sob preparo convencional; as características do material colhido e as perdas na colheita de forragem; a resistência mecânica do solo à penetração, densidade e umidade do solo, em um sistema de produção de milho para silagem. No desempenho da semeadora-adubadora, a maior velocidade proporcionou o menor consumo operacional de combustível e maior capacidade de campo. As características de desenvolvimento da cultura não foram alteradas pelas velocidades e somente a altura da planta diferiu em função dos híbridos utilizados. A densidade e a resistência mecânica do solo à penetração apresentaram valores elevados para solos mobilizados. Na colheita, o consumo de combustível foi superior quando empregada a maior rotação das facas de corte. A perda média na colheita de forragem foi de 2% da produtividade.
Abstract: The silage production is an important activity for alimentation of the Brazilian herd. For higher productivity, planning is essential. The choice of hybrid and appropriate sowing change the final production. The quality at sowing affect qualitatively and quantitatively the culture development. The quality of the harvest of crops intended for silage, which involves the size of fragments and height of cut is critical to reach the silage requirements. This study was conducted in the experimental area of the Laboratório de Máquinas e Mecanização Agrícola (LAMMA UNESP/Jaboticabal) of the Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Campus Jaboticabal. The objective of this study was to evaluate: the performance of a seeder-fertilizer in Oxisol under conventional tillage; the characteristics of the harvested matter and losses at forage harvest; the soil mechanical resistance to penetration, density and soil moisture in a production system of maize for silage. In the performance of the seeder-fertilizer, the higher speed provided the lowest fuel consumption and increased the operational field capacity. The development of the culture were not changed by the speed at seeding and only the plant height differed depending on the hybrid used. The density and soil mechanical resistance to penetration showed high values for soil mobilized. At harvest, the fuel consumption was higher than that employed the largest rotation of the cutting knives. The average loss at harvest of forage was 2% in productivity.
Mestre

This diploma thesis should bring not only working machine into the branch of agricultural industry, but also new approach to design. Obviously, the contribution of technical innovations, which are required in this segment, is concerned, too. All knowledge and concepts come from the practise of this field. The project partly takes up the pre-diploma thesis called Vision of the agricultural cutting machine with container arrangement and shares some details of the concept as such. The technical part was solved during the winter term within the scope of the subject Machines and equipment. From this project will be adopted all bases of constructional innovations of agricultural machine concept.

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is the most important forage crop in the United States and consistently produces high yields and quality, but harvest frequency is the most significant factor for maximizing forage yield and quality. The objective of this research was to determine forage yield, quality, and regrowth rate among new alfalfa cultivars under four different harvest frequencies. Some of these cultivars have been marketed as having rapid rates of regrowth after cutting to maximize the number of harvests per year. Five cultivars were placed under four harvest frequencies of 25, 30, 35, and 40 days in a split-plot design. There was a significant yield and regrowth rate effect across cultivars and harvest frequencies, but little forage quality effect during the two years of this research. These results confirm previous findings that a 35-d harvest frequency is optimal for forage yield, quality, and stand persistence.

Forage kochia (Bassia prostrata, [L.] A. J. Scott) (Synonym = Kochia prostrata [L.] Schrad.) is a perennial semi-shrub that is valued for its forage quality and ability to restore degraded rangeland. However, establishment success of forage kochia plantings in western North America has been erratic. These failures leave the land vulnerable to erosion and invasion of undesirable plants. This research focused on the germination dynamics of forage kochia accessions as it relates to harvest date, planting date, age of seed, and environmental conditions. The effect of planting date, age of seed, and environmental conditions on forage kochia germination was elucidated by planting recently harvested (2010) and year-old, cold-stored seed (2009) monthly, during a four-month period at two locations. Two entries were tested, Immigrant, the standard subspecies virescens cultivar, and an experimental line, Sahsel, of subspecies grisea. Regardless of planting date, location, or age of seed, Sahsel exhibited higher germination percentages than Immigrant. The age of the seed lots used also significantly affected (P<0.05) the germination percentage. Field germination averaged over location and planting date of year-old Immigrant seed was 89.5% less than the current-year fresh seed, and similarly year-old Sahsel seed had 83.6% less germination than current-year seed. Although the two locations were subjected to very different weather patterns, the germination percentage of seeds at each location was not significantly different (P=0.3156). In the year we conducted our study (2011), the germination percentage from planting in February was significantly higher (P<0.05) than January, which was significantly higher (P<0.05) than both March and April. In the final set of trials, different harvest dates were tested by collecting seed in October, November, and December from seven forage kochia accessions. Measurements for total seed yield, 100-seed weight, and germination were collected from seed harvested each month. The month of harvest, accession, and month × accession interaction were significant (P<0.05) for each measurement in the study. Two accessions, Pustsel and KZ6Xsel, matured the earliest and had peak seed production at the October harvest (15.1 and 13.4 g plant-1, respectively). The remaining accessions had maximum yield and viable seed from the November harvest.

The nondormant alfalfa cultivars now grown in Arizona trace largely to a small number of alfalfas introduced from the Middle East. Middle Eastern alfalfas regrow rapidly primarily from crown shoots following harvest and produce high yields during late fall, winter and early spring. Harvest management may have a significant effect on the persistence and yields of Middle - Eastern alfalfas under Arizona conditions. In the Middle East, alfalfa is frequently harvested at the bud stage and little stubble is left. In this experiment we compared the yield and persistence of Middle Eastern alfalfa ecotypes under traditional Middle - Eastern (bud stage + 2 cm stubble) and Southwestern harvest management (10% bloom + 10-15 cm stubble), and a regime with elements of both primary systems (bud stage + 10-15 cm stubble). Only slight differences in yield or persistence were observed between the management systems in the most nondormant entries, however, some ecotypes produced significantly more forage than Lew. No apparent advantages were noted for harvest leaving 2 cm stubble. Elevated yields of high quality forage would be produced with bud stage harvest and 10-15 cm stubble in most Middle Eastern ecotypes.

Grasses of the genera Brachiaria and Cynodon are some of the most important pasture introductions in Brazil. Convert HD 364 brachiariagrass, a new Brachiaria hybrid, was released as an option for a broad range of environmental conditions, high nutritive value and forage production. Forage-based livestock systems are complex and interactions among animals, plants, and the environment exist at several levels of complexity, which can be evaluated using computer modeling. Herbage accumulation, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), plant-part composition, leaf photosynthesis, leaf area index (LAI), and light interception (LI) were evaluated as affected by two harvest frequency (28 and 42-days), irrigated and rainfed in a clipping study from April 2011 to April 2013, contrasting Convert HD 364® brachiariagrass (Brachiaria hybrid CIAT 36061), Marandu palisadegrass {Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R. D. Webster [syn. Urochloa brizantha (A. Rich.) Stapf]; CIAT 6297}, and Tifton 85 bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.). The experimental design for both the irrigated and the rainfed trials was a randomized complete block with four replications. Convert HD 364 had similar or higher annual herbage accumulation, seasonal yield and herbage accumulation rate than Marandu and Tifton 85, (15% more herbage accumulation than Marandu and 12% more than Tifton 85 when irrigated and when harvested at shorter regrowth intervals). Convert HD 364 had good seasonal distribution of total annual herbage produced and accumulates about 30% of the total herbage mass during the cool season in Piracicaba, similar to Marandu. Tifton 85 produced around 20% of its average annual yield during dry season. Tifton 85 forage had higher CP concentration than the other two grasses when harvested at shorter intervals and when irrigated. The NDF concentration in Convert HD 364 was lower than in the other grasses regardless of irrigation treatment, harvest frequency, and season of the year, resulting in high IVOMD (more than 650 g kg-1), similar to that of Marandu. Regard to CROPGRO calibration, in general the model performance was good for the three grasses. Leaf and stem weight simulations were improved, due to increase partitioning to stem for low harvest frequencies. The LAI and LI were well performed by the model, showing increase for lower harvest frequency, with exception to Tifton 85. Under rainfed conditions, the simulations using the Penman-Monteith-FAO 56 method gave more realistic water stress responses than using the Priestley and Taylor method. Calibration results suggest that the CROPGRO - Perennial Forage Model can be used to adequately simulate growth of Marandu, Convert HD 364, and Tifton 85 under irrigated and rainfed conditions, being able to simulate different harvest frequency managements.
As gramíneas do gênero Brachiaria e Cynodon são algumas das pastagens cultivadas introduzidas no Brasil de maior importância. Convert HD 364, um novo híbrido de Brachiaria, foi lançado como uma opção para uso numa ampla gama de condições ambientais, com alto valor nutritivo e produção de forragem. Sistemas pecuários em pastagens são complexos e as interações entre os animais, as plantas e o meio ambiente existem em vários níveis de complexidade, que podem ser avaliados utilizando modelagem computacional. Acúmulo de forragem, proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), digestibilidade in vitro da matéria orgânica (DIVMO), a composição morfológica da planta, fotossíntese foliar, índice de área foliar (IAF) e interceptação luminosa (IL) foram avaliados em resposta à duas frequências de colheita (28 e 42 dias), irrigada e não irrigada, em um estudo com parcelas colhidas mecanicamente a partir de abril de 2011 até abril de 2013, contrastando os capins Convert HD 364® (Brachiaria híbrida CIAT 36061), Marandu {Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) RD Webster [syn. Urochloa brizantha (A. Rich.) Stapf]; CIAT 6297} e Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.). O delineamento experimental utilizado tanto para o irrigado quanto para o não irrigado foi de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Convert HD 364 teve acúmulo de forragem anual, produção sazonal de forragem e taxa de acúmulo de forragem semelhante ou superior ao Marandu e Tifton 85, (acúmulo de forragem 15% maior do que Marandu e 12% maior do que o Tifton 85, quando irrigado e colhido em intervalos de rebrotação mais curtos). Convert HD 364 teve boa distribuição sazonal de forragem total do ano, produzindo cerca de 30% da massa total de forragem durante a estação fria, em Piracicaba, semelhante ao Marandu. Tifton 85 produziu cerca de 20% do seu rendimento médio anual durante a estação fria. Tifton 85 teve PB maior do que as outras duas gramíneas, quando colhidas em intervalos mais curtos e quando irrigadas. A concentração de FDN em Convert HD 364 foi menor do que nas outras gramíneas, independentemente da irrigação, da frequência de colheita e das estações do ano, resultando em alta DIVMO (mais de 650 g kg-1), semelhante à do capim Marandu. Em relação à calibração do CROPGRO, em geral, o desempenho do modelo foi bom para as três gramíneas. Simulações de massa de folha e colmo foram melhoradas para os capins, devido ao aumento na partição de assimilados direcionados para colmo em condição de baixa freqüência de colheita. O IAF e IL foram bem simulados pelo modelo, mostrando aumento com a diminuição da freqüência de colheita, com exceção do Tifton 85. Em condição não irrigada, as simulações utilizando o método de Penman -Monteith - FAO 56 deram respostas mais realistas de estresse hídrico do que usando o método de Priestley e Taylor. Os resultados da calibração sugerem que o modelo CROPGRO - forragem perene pode ser usado para simular adequadamente o crescimento de Marandu, Convert HD 364 e Tifton 85 sob condições irrigadas e não irrigada, sendo capaz de simular diferentes manejos de frequência de desfolhação.

[EN] In recent years, persimmon crop has become very relevant in Mediterranean Spain, where the production of this fruit centres on only one variety, persimmon cv. Rojo Brillante, majorly located in the Valencian Community. The main postharvest disorders manifested by 'Rojo Brillante' persimmons are flesh browning, which is associated with mechanical damage and chilling injury displayed after low-temperature storage. Previous research has determined the postharvest conditions that lead fruit to develop such alterations. However, the biochemical process behind flesh browning and chilling injury disorders is still unknown. Currently, there is special interest in introducing cultivars from other countries to broaden the varietal range. Besides, prolonging the fruit storage period to supply the markets according to the demand is one of the main challenges. In this context, the present Thesis approached three main objectives: 1) Studying the biochemical process implied in the main physiological postharvest disorders manifested in persimmon fruits by focusing on changes in the fruit redox state; 2) Evaluating postharvest treatments to preserve fruit quality during cold storage; 3) Assessing the physico-chemical and nutritional quality of persimmon cultivars introduced from other countries to increase the varietal range. Biochemical, chromatographic and microstructural studies have revealed that flesh browning manifested by fruits submitted to mechanical damage after removing astringency is associated with a tannins oxidation process caused by a stress oxidative situation. A new flesh disorder, "pinkish bruising", has been described on fruits submitted to mechanical impacts while showing high astringency levels. Sensitiveness to the flesh browning disorder has also been evaluated on different cultivars introduced from other countries. The implication of the redox system in the chilling injury manifestation on 'Rojo Brillante' persimmon has been determined. Moreover, we described the changes in this system associated with chilling injury alleviation by 1-MCP treatment. The effect of a controlled atmosphere based on 4-5% O2 + N2 to prolong the storage of cultivars 'Rojo Brillante' and 'Triumph' has been seen to strongly depend on variety. The results were highly positive on cultivar 'Triumph', in which the evaluated atmosphere extended the storage period up to 3 months. The use of short-term high CO2 treatments was another technology assayed to alleviate chilling injury in non-astringent cultivar 'Fuyu'. This treatment significantly reduced the main chilling injury symptom manifested by this cultivar, which is flesh gelling. This effect was related to cell structure preservation. Recent studies have shown that ethyl formate treatment is highly effective for pest control of persimmon 'Fuyu'. However, this treatment induces fruit softening, which causes quality loss. This Thesis revealed that ethyl formate treatment induces the activity of ethylene synthesis-related genes and that flesh softening is mediated by this hormone. It also demonstrated that by applying 1-MPC pretreatment, fruit softening associated with ethyl formate can be controlled. Therefore, the combined used of both treatments is seen as a potential treatment to disinfect persimmon fruits while preserving quality. Finally, the study of ten cultivars introduced from other countries helped select the most interesting cultivars to broaden the varietal range according to their maturation date and their response to deastringency treatment. The main nutritional compounds of persimmon and how they are affected by CO2 deastringency treatment are described.
[ES] El caqui es un cultivo de gran relevancia en el área mediterránea de España, estando la producción centrada en una única variedad, el cv. Rojo Brillante, y localizada principalmente en la Comunidad Valenciana. Las principales alteraciones presentadas por el caqui 'Rojo Brillante' durante el periodo postcosecha son el pardeamiento de la pulpa asociado a los daños mecánicos y los daños por frío manifestados tras la conservación a bajas temperaturas. Las investigaciones previas han determinado las condiciones de manejo bajo las cuales se desarrollan dichas alteraciones, sin embargo los procesos bioquímicos involucrados en la manifestación de estos desórdenes no se conocen en profundidad. Actualmente uno de los principales retos es la introducción de nuevas variedades que permitan ampliar la gama varietal, así como prolongar los periodos de conservación del caqui con el fin de poder escalonar la puesta en el mercado en función de la demanda. En la presente Tesis se han abordado tres objetivos principales: 1) Estudiar los procesos bioquímicos implicados en los principales desórdenes postcosecha del caqui, prestando especial atención a los cambios en el sistema redox del fruto; 2) Evaluar diferentes tratamientos postcosecha para preservar la calidad del fruto durante la conservación frigorífica; 3) Evaluar la calidad físico-química y nutricional de diferentes variedades de caqui introducidas desde otros países para ampliar la gama varietal. Estudios bioquímicos, cromatográficos y microestructurales, han revelado que el pardeamiento de la pulpa o "browning", manifestado por la fruta que ha sufrido daños mecánicos tras la eliminación de la astringencia está asociado a un proceso de oxidación de taninos motivado por una situación de estrés oxidativo. Además se ha descrito una nueva alteración de la pulpa, "pinkish bruising", manifestada por los frutos sometidos a daño mecánico con alto nivel de astringencia. También se ha evaluado la sensibilidad al pardeamiento de diferentes variedades introducidas desde otros países. Con el objetivo de prolongar la conservación del fruto se ha ensayado el uso de la atmósfera controlada basada en 4-5% O2 + N2 sobre las variedades 'Rojo Brillante' y 'Triumph', observándose que la respuesta a esta tecnología depende de manera muy importante de la variedad. Los resultados fueron especialmente positivos en el caso del cultivar 'Triumph', en el que la atmósfera ensayada permitió prolongar la conservación frigorífica hasta tres meses. Otra tecnología ensayada para el control de los daños por frío fue la aplicación de choques con altas concentraciones de CO2 en el cultivar no astringente 'Fuyu'. Este tratamiento alivió el principal síntoma de daño por frío manifestado por esta variedad, la gelificación de la pulpa. Este efecto se ha relacionado con la preservación de la estructura celular de la pulpa del fruto. Estudios recientes han mostrado que el tratamiento con etil formato es altamente efectivo en el control de insectos durante la conservación y comercialización del caqui 'Fuyu', sin embargo este tratamiento provoca un ablandamiento del fruto mermando su calidad. En esta Tesis se ha demostrado que las aplicaciones de etil formato activan los genes de síntesis de etileno, siendo está hormona mediadora del ablandamiento. Los estudios también revelaron que la aplicación de un tratamiento previo con 1-MCP reduce el ablandamiento del fruto asociado al etil formato, por lo que el uso combinado de ambos tratamientos puede ser considerado una alternativa para la desinfección de los frutos sin detrimento de su calidad. Por último, el estudio de diez variedades introducidas desde otros países permitió seleccionar en base a su momento de maduración y respuesta al tratamiento de desastringencia aquellas variedades de mayor interés para ampliar la gama varietal. Además, se identificaron los principales compuestos nutricionales del caqui y
[CAT] El caqui s'ha convertit en els últims anys en un cultiu de gran rellevància en l'àrea mediterrània d'Espanya, estant la producció centrada en una única varietat, el cv. Rojo Brillante, i localitzada principalment a la Comunitat Valenciana. Les principals alteracions presentades pel caqui 'Rojo Brillante' durant el període postcollita són l'enfosquiment de la polpa associat als danys mecànics i els danys per fred manifestats després de la conservació a baixes temperatures. Les investigacions prèvies han determinat les condicions de maneig sota les quals es desenvolupen estes alteracions, però els processos bioquímics involucrats en la manifestació d'estos desordres no es coneixen en profunditat. D'altra banda, actualment un dels principals reptes és la introducció de noves varietats que permetin ampliar la gamma varietal, així com prolongar els períodes de conservació del caqui per tal de poder escalonar la posada en el mercat en funció de la demanda. En este context, en la present Tesi s'han abordat tres objectius principals: 1) Estudiar els processos bioquímics implicats en els principals desordres postcollita del caqui, posant especial atenció als canvis en el sistema redox del fruit; 2) Avaluar diferents tractaments postcollita per preservar la qualitat del fruit durant la conservació frigorífica; 3) Avaluar la qualitat fisicoquímica i nutricional de diferents varietats de caqui introduïdes des d'altres països per ampliar la gamma varietal. Estudis bioquímics, cromatogràfics i microestructurals, han revelat que l'enfosquiment de la polpa o "Browning", manifestat per fruita que ha patit danys mecànics després de l'eliminació de l'astringència està associat a un procés d'oxidació de tanins motivat per una situació d'estrès oxidatiu. A més s'ha descrit una nova alteració de la polpa, "pinkish bruising", manifestada pels fruits sotmesos a dany mecànic amb alt nivell d'astringència. També s'ha avaluat la sensibilitat a l'enfosquiment de diferents varietats introduïdes des d'altres països. Amb l'objectiu de perllongar la conservació del fruit s'ha assajat l'ús de l'atmosfera controlada basada en 4-5% O2 + N2 sobre les varietats 'Rojo Brillante' i 'Triumph', observant-se que la resposta a esta tecnologia depèn de manera molt important de la varietat. Els resultats van ser especialment positius en el cas del cultivar 'Triumph', en què l'atmosfera assajada va permetre prolongar la conservació frigorífica fins a tres mesos. Una altra tecnologia assajada per al control dels danys per fred va ser l'aplicació de xocs amb altes concentracions de CO2 en el cultivar no astringent 'Fuyu'. Este tractament va alleujar el principal símptoma de dany per fred manifestat per esta varietat, la gelificació de la polpa. Este efecte s'ha relacionat amb la preservació de l'estructura cel¿lular de la polpa del fruit. Estudis recents han mostrat que el tractament amb etil format és altament efectiu en el control d'insectes durant la conservació i comercialització del caqui 'Fuyu', però este tractament provoca un estovament del fruit minvant la seua qualitat. En esta Tesi s'ha demostrat que les aplicacions d'etil format activen els gens de síntesi d'etilè, sent esta hormona mediadora de l'estovament. Els estudis també van revelar que l'aplicació d'un tractament previ amb 1-MCP redueix l'estovament del fruit associat a l'etil format, per la qual cosa l'ús combinat de tots dos tractaments pot ser considerat una alternativa per a la desinfecció dels fruits sense detriment de la seua qualitat. Finalment, l'estudi de deu varietats introduïdes des d'altres països va permetre seleccionar en base al seu moment de maduració i resposta al tractament de desastringència aquelles varietats de més interès per ampliar la gamma varietal. A més, es van identificar els principals compostos nutricionals del caqui i es va avaluar l'efecte del tractament de desastringència amb CO2 sobre els mat
Novillo Borrás, P. (2015). HARVEST AND POSTHARVEST QUALITY OF PERSIMMON FRUIT:PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND NUTRITIONAL ASPECTS [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/58270
TESIS

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This study was conducted to evaluate the tillering dynamics, forage production, and use potential of digitgrass subjected to four defoliation intensities: Very High (25 cm), High (35 cm), Medium (45 cm), and Low (55 cm), evaluated in two periods of the year (higher and lower insolation) from January 2015 to January 2016. A randomized-block design with four replicates was adopted and measures repeated over time. Increasing defoliation frequencies increased the number of tiller generations, tiller appearance and mortality rates, aerial tiller density, and forage use potential and reduced tiller survival rate, daily stem production, daily leaf senescence, total daily production, and net daily accumulation of forage. Daily leaf production was lower at the Very High frequency as compared with the other frequencies. In the period of lower insolation, daily leaf senescence and tiller appearance and mortality rates were higher, while survival rate, balance, aerial tiller density, daily stem production, net daily accumulation of forage, and forage use potential were lower. Basal tiller density increased as the defoliation densities were elevated, with higher values observed during the period of greater insolation at the Very High and High frequencies. The Very High defoliation frequency did not provide good plant development, whereas the Low frequency led to increased stem production. The defoliation frequencies and times of the year evaluated here do not change the population stability of digitgrass plants when irrigated, thus ensuring its persistence. Higher defoliation frequencies result in greater tiller renewal in digitgrass. The High and Medium defoliation frequencies are more suitable for the defoliation of digitgrass, promoting a larger proportion of leaves in relation to stems.
O objetivo com este trabalho foi avaliar a dinâmica do perfilhamento, produção de forragem e potencial de utilização do capim faixa-branca submetido a quatro frequências de desfolhação: Muito Alta (25 cm), Alta (35 cm), Média (45 cm) e Baixa (55 cm), avaliadas em duas épocas do ano (maior e menor insolação) no período de janeiro de 2015 a janeiro de 2016. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e medidas repetidas no tempo. A elevação na frequência de desfolhação aumentou o número de gerações de perfilhos, taxas de aparecimento e mortalidade de perfilhos, densidade populacional de perfilhos aéreos e o potencial de utilização da forragem e reduziu a taxa de sobrevivência de perfilhos, produção diária de colmo, senescência diária de folhas, produção total diária e o acúmulo líquido diário líquido de forragem. A produção diária de folhas foi menor na frequência muito alta em relação às outras frequências. Na época de menor insolação a senescência diária de folhas, as taxas de aparecimento e mortalidade de perfilhos foram maiores, em contrapartida, a taxa de sobrevivência, balanço, densidade populacional de perfilhos aéreos, produção diária de colmos, acúmulo líquido diário de forragem e o potencial de utilização de forragem foram menores. A densidade populacional de perfilhos basais aumentou com elevação das frequências de desfolhação e foi maior na época de maior insolação nas frequências muito alta e alta. A frequência de desfolhação muito alta não proporcionou um bom desenvolvimento da planta, enquanto que a frequência baixa apresentou elevada produção de colmos. As frequências de desfolhação e épocas do ano avaliadas não alteram a estabilidade da população de plantas do capim faixa-branca, quando irrigado, garantindo assim sua persistência. Maiores frequências de desfolhação resultam em maior renovação de perfilhos do capim faixa-branca. As frequências de desfolhação alta e média são mais indicadas para a desfolhação do capim faixa-branca, promovendo uma melhor proporção de folhas em relação a colmos.
São Cristóvão, SE

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1990.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1999.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2003.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1996.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1993.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2006.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1993.
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This thesis investigates the demand for harvested forage in beef cattle on the Canadian prairies. Currently, little information exists on demand for forage on the prairies because of the lack of a central "open" market. However, most of the forage produced in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta is consumed by beef cattle. This study investigates two sources of change in forage demand in beef cattle, substitution within rations and variation in livestock populations. An aggregate forage demand model is estimated, employing data generated from two submodels. The first, a least-cost ration model, calculates the quantity of forage consumed under different economic scenarios. The second, a livestock inventory model, estimates livestock population based on a lagged livestock/barley price ratio and lagged real interest rates. Aggregate forage demand is then estimated and tested for stability under a number of different economic scenarios. The results indicate that under typical economic scenarios the demand for harvested forage is stable and ranges from 6 to 10 million tonnes per year. Forage demand in beef cattle is primarily for low to medium quality forage, with high quality forage being consumed in high forage price / low grain price scenarios. The forage price elasticities are -.67, .54 and 1.0 for the forage price, grain price and population variables, respectively. Any attempt to expand forage consumption in beef cattle should focus on expanding livestock populations, rather than substituting forage for grain in the rations of beef cattle.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1985.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2000.
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The ecosystem impacts of fisheries have become an important concern in fisheries management and one of the most important issues in fisheries science. The objectives of this thesis were i) to evaluate the use of trophic models in the analysis of the ecosystem responses to fishing small pelagic forage fish; ii) to forecast the 'fishing down marine food web' phenomenon in Brazil; and iii) to conduct an in-depth analysis of the sardine, Sardinella brasiliensis, fishery off southeastern Brazil to examine hypotheses of ecosystem changes following stock collapse, and to evaluate how uncertainties of ecological processes influence the choice of harvest strategies and controls in this fishery. Dynamic simulations of mass-balance trophic models were used to compare the ecosystem responses to fishing forage fishes across different types of marine ecosystems, and to examine the stability characteristics of ecosystems when impacted by fisheries. The comparative analysis among trophic models indicated that as 'wasp-waist' species in upwelling ecosystems, small pelagics will only sustain much more conservative exploitation rates than the levels that have brought about historical stock-collapses. In the upwelling ecosystem off southeastern Brazil, sardine has been historically the main target of commercial fisheries, although 'fishing down marine food webs' for small pelagic fish species is not yet an overall observed phenomenon in Brazil. The collapse of the sardine fishery in the late 1980s has apparently favored a competing small pelagic fish (anchovy, Engraulis anchoitd) in the ecosystem. The combined effect of fishing and environmental effects makes it difficult, however, to characterize the changes in the sardine population and the ecosystem, and to predict the results of rehabilitation measures for the stock. On the other hand, the explicit recognition of these ecological uncertainties allows a sound choice of precautionary strategies for the fishery, and a better scrutiny of research programs to improve management. In this context, trophic models will have a complementary role to single-species models in the analysis of the broad consequences of fishing policies, and in the test and formulation of hypotheses about the causes of observed changes in marine ecosystems.

The objective of this research was to determine the effect of stage of maturity at the time of harvest for barley and oat whole-crop forage on feed intake, ruminal fermentation and digestibility, and the impact forage allocation has on intake and ruminal fermentation. In the first 2 studies, whole-crop barley (Study 1; c.v. CDC Cowboy) and oat (Study 2; c.v. CDC Weaver) forage were harvested at the late milk (LM), hard dough (HD) and ripe (RP) stages and offered ad libitum to ruminally cannulated heifers. Diets were supplemented in an attempt to balance crude protein (CP) among treatments. Heifer performance, dry matter intake (DMI), ruminal fermentation parameters, ruminal digestibility, and total tract digestibility were evaluated. In Study 3, whole-crop oat (c.v. CDC Weaver) forage harvested at HD and RP was offered ad libitum to ruminally cannulated heifers in either daily (1-D) or 3 d (3-D) allocations. Dry matter intake and ruminal fermentation parameters were measured. In Study 1, harvest maturity of barley did not affect DMI (P = 0.70; average 5.4 kg/d) or average daily gain (ADG; P = 0.64). Total tract digestibility was decreased for barley harvested at HD (P = 0.003), but harvest maturity did not affect daily digestible energy (DE) intake (P = 0.52). Minimum ruminal pH for heifers fed the barley forage was lowest for LM (6.09), intermediate for RP (6.13), and greatest for HD (6.25; P = 0.016). Total short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations were not affected by harvest maturity (P = 0.36). In Study 2, harvest maturity of whole-crop oat did not affect DMI (P = 0.26; average 8.1 kg/d) or ADG (P = 0.52). There were no effects of harvest maturity of oat forage on total tract digestibility (P = 0.78) or daily DE intake (P = 0.68). The minimum ruminal pH from heifers fed oat forage was lowest for HD (5.84; P = 0.012), intermediate for RP (5.94) and greatest for LM (5.99). There was no effect of harvest maturity of oat forage on total SCFA concentrations (P = 0.21). The quantity of forage allocation (Study 3) had no effect on total or forage DMI over a 3-d duration (P ≥ 0.47). Throughout the 3-d feeding period, 3-D allocated heifers had a reduction in the area pH was under 5.8 (214.4, 79.5 and 10.9 pH × min/d, for d 1, 2 and 3, respectively; P = 0.003). Total SCFA concentrations were not affected by forage allocation or harvest maturity (P ≥ 0.14), however there was an interaction of forage allocation and day in the feeding cycle (P = 0.046). Heifers allocated 1-D had no change iii in total SCFA concentration over the 3-d feeding period (averaged 122 mM), but 3-D allocation had elevated concentrations on d 1 (138 mM) intermediate on d 2 (135 mM) and decreased on d 3 (117 mM). These data suggest that harvesting barley and oat at the HD stage improves DM yield without negatively affecting cattle DMI and ADG. These data also suggest that providing 3-d allocations of forage does not affect DMI, but can increase daily fluctuations of ruminal pH and ruminal SCFA concentrations.

This thesis is focused on the evaluation of the slip wagon Strautmann Giga Vitesse in the business of primary agricultural production. Measurements were made at harvest zavadlé forage, luskovinomixed grain and cereal straw. The literary part is focused on the historical development of pick-up cars, the agro-technical requirements, the main parts from which cars of the consist, information about the manufacturer of agricultural equipment company Strautmann and wagons Giga Vitesse. The practical part contains evaluation of the quality of work from the collection of plant matter from the lines after the flush, but also the calculation of individual performance and economic evaluation. The resulting information comes from the values measured at work pick up of the car, such as working times, the amount of unpicked vegetable matter or chop length. The necessary data for the economic evaluation of the car provided by the management of the enterprise Dražovický AGROPOL s.r.o the Resulting values are given in the form of tables or graphically.