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Journal articles on the topic 'Forage maize'
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Santos, Paulo Ricardo Alves dos, Carlos Alessandro Chioderoli, Alexsandro Oliveira da Silva, Francisca Edcarla de Araújo Nicolau, José Evanaldo Lima Lopes, Marcelo Queiroz Amorim, and Clice de Araújo Mendonça. "Physical Attributes of the Soil and Maize Productivity Under an Intercrop System." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 12 (November 15, 2018): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n12p358.
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The intensive use of agricultural areas for farming, together with inadequate management, can cause soil degradation and promote a low-quality environment for crops; An intercrop system of maize and forage can therefore be an alternative to existing production systems. The aim of this study was to identify the effect of intercropping maize with forage on the physical attributes of the soil and on productivity in maize, as a function of the sowing season and different forages, in the northeastern region of Brazil. A trial intercrop of maize with three forages (Brachiaria brizantha, Panicum maximum ‘Mombasa’, and Crotalaria spectabilis a.) was planted at two different times: phase 1-forage sown between the rows of maize, mixed with the basal dressing; and phase 2-forage sown between the rows, at the V4 stage in maize; in addition to maize with no intercrop (control). The trial was carried out in a randomised block design, with four replications. Forage Mombasa inserted in phase 1 (1) and phase (2) of sowing favored higher values of macroporosity in the layers 0.0-0.10 m and 0.10-0.20 m respectively. For the mass of 1000 grains and grain yield, there were no significant differences between the treatments when compared to the exclusive corn. It was concluded that the maize-forage intercrop promotes changes in the physical attributes of the soil (macroporosity, total porosity and density), and that maize productivity is not affected by the intercrop system.
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Kichel, Armindo Neivo, Luiz Carlos Ferreira de Souza, Ademar Pereira Serra, and Roberto Giolo de Almeida. "Yield of maize grain and tropical grass species under intercropping management system using nicosulfuron herbicide in off-season cultivation." November 2019, no. 13(11):2019 (November 20, 2019): 1756–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.19.13.11.p1498.
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This research aimed to evaluate the maize grain yield and forage of grass species under intercropping system using nicosulfuron herbicide. In order to assess the parameters related to maize, a randomized block design was defined. The treatments were arranged in a (5 × 2+ 1) × 2 factorial design with four repetitions resulting in 11 treatments, where maize was cultivated under intercropping condition with different forage species (5) (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, Piatã, Xaraés, Brachiaria ruziziensis and Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça) and maize monoculture (1) as control treatment, with and without nicosulfuron herbicide application (2) in two growing seasons (2014 and 2015). The off-season intercropping of maize with tropical forage grasses with and without herbicide suppression decreased maize grain yield. The suppression with nicosulfuron herbicide decreased the dry matter production of forage grasses. Intercropping of P. maximum cv. Mombaça with maize showed higher decrease in maize grain yield. On the other hand, it showed higher forage grasses production for livestock feeding. B. brizantha cv. Piatã was the forage which less affected maize grain yield under intercropping, even with absence of nicosulfuron suppression. Off-season maize under intercropping with tropical forages can be used to recover degraded pastures; increasing forage dry matter production for livestock, remaining the soil covered with straws with possibility of no-till seeding for the next cultivation.
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Fitzgerald, J. J., and J. J. Murphy. "Effect of maize silage quality in a mixed forage diet and the crude protein level in the concentrate supplement on milk production of dairy cows." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200598019.
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Good quality maize silage with a high starch content and DM digestibility when fed to dairy cows increased forage intake, milk production and milk protein concentration compared with grass silage or low starch maize silage (Fitzgerald, 1997). Due to the low crude protein (CP) content of maize silage compared with grass silage, additional protein supplementation is required in the concentrate. The optimum level of protein in the concentrate for maize silage based forages differing in starch content was investigated in this study.Three forages consisting of either all grass silage (GS) or mixed forages of grass silage and maize silage (40:60 DM mix) which contained either a low (LSM) or a high (HSM) starch content were offered ad libitum to individually fed dairy cows in early lactation (12 cows/forage). Each forage was supplemented with concentrates (6 kg/day) containing 180, 230 or 280 g CP/kg according to a change over design (3 periods of 3 weeks/period).
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Fitzgerald, J. J., and J. J. Murphy. "Effect of maize silage quality in a mixed forage diet and the crude protein level in the concentrate supplement on milk production of dairy cows." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600033626.
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Good quality maize silage with a high starch content and DM digestibility when fed to dairy cows increased forage intake, milk production and milk protein concentration compared with grass silage or low starch maize silage (Fitzgerald, 1997). Due to the low crude protein (CP) content of maize silage compared with grass silage, additional protein supplementation is required in the concentrate. The optimum level of protein in the concentrate for maize silage based forages differing in starch content was investigated in this study.Three forages consisting of either all grass silage (GS) or mixed forages of grass silage and maize silage (40:60 DM mix) which contained either a low (LSM) or a high (HSM) starch content were offered ad libitum to individually fed dairy cows in early lactation (12 cows/forage). Each forage was supplemented with concentrates (6 kg/day) containing 180, 230 or 280 g CP/kg according to a change over design (3 periods of 3 weeks/period).
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SUNIL KUMAR and S. A. FARUQUI. "Production potential and economic viability of food- forage based cropping system under irrigated conditions." Indian Journal of Agronomy 54, no. 1 (October 10, 2001): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v54i1.4775.
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A field experiment was conducted between 2001 and 2006 at Jhansi (Uttar Pradesh) to evaluate the production potential, system productivity and economics of six food-forage based cropping system under irrigated conditions of Bundelkhand region. Groundnut ( Arachis hypogea L.) - berseem ( Tr ifolium alexandrinum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) - forage maize ( Zea mays L.) + forage cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata L. Wilczek.) recorded significantly supe- rior forage equivalent yield (155.8 t/ha/year), system productivity (0.43 t/ha/day), net returns (Rs.56,670/ha/year) and benefit: cost ratio (1.62) than other sequences. The increase in forage equivalent yield and net returns with groundnut - berseem - maize (F) + cowpea (F) over groundnut - wheat ( Tr iticum aestivum L.) - green gram ( Phaseolus radiatus L. Walp.) was 35 and 44, respectively. Lowest net returns (Rs 29,575/ha/yr) was recorded with sorghum (single cut) - wheat - green gram. The crop sequence of sorghum (multi-cut) - berseem recorded higher B: C ratio (1.60) than groundnut - wheat - maize + cowpea (1.42) indicating higher returns from forage based sys- tems. Integration of forage maize + cowpea during summer in food-forage system (groundnut - wheat - maize + cowpea) recorded 44 % increase in production efficiency over food-based system. Inclusion of forages [(berseem or maize (F)+ cowpea(F)] in groundnut-based cropping system, was found quite stable with sustainability index of 0.96 and 0.92, respectively. Land use efficiency (100.0) and employment generation efficiency (1.02 man-days/ ha/day) were highest in round the year forage production system [Napier bajra hybrid + (cowpea-berseem) ] due to intensive cropping schedule. Soil physico - chemical status of food-forage based system was improved with re- spect to organic carbon (17%) and available N (12.7%) and P (27%) in 0-15 cm soil over initial level. Infiltration rate was improved from 1.05 to 2.11 mm/hr. Soil pH, electrical conductivity and bulk density were marginally reduced. However, available K status was slightly increased indicating that food-forage based system not only maintains soil fertility but improves over period of time. Based on system productivity and net returns, groundnut - berseem - maize (F) + cowpea (F) was found most efficient food - forage based system for Bundelkhand region closely fol- lowed by groundnut - wheat - maize (F) + cowpea (F) and sorghum (multicut) - berseem.
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Syed, J. S., and J. D. Leaver. "Influence of protein level of supplement on diet selection by dairy cows given a choice of grass or maize silages, and on intake of forages when offered separately." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2001 (2001): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200005822.
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In a previous study of forage choice (Syed and Leaver, 2000), cows selected a high proportion of grass relative to maize silage (0.87:0.13). Milk production level of cows and protein level in supplement were not influential in the proportion of forage selected. An understanding of forage preferences by cows should lead to the production of forages with improved intake characteristics. This experiment examined how intake of grass and maize silages offered as a choice compared with intake when offered separately with low or high protein supplements.
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Hussain, Fiaz, Muhammad Afzal Rashid, Syed Ghulam Mohayuddin, and Muhammad Qasim. "Mapping of Macro Minerals in Selected Summer Forages of District Kasur." Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science 1, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.55627/agrivet.01.01.0241.
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Minerals are essential for production, reproduction and health of livestock. Among feed resources, forages are considered as a cheap source of minerals for livestock. Therefore, the aim of this study was to map the mineral contents of selected summer forages of district Kasur. Four seasonal forages including maize, sorghum and millet were selected for analysis of mineral contents. A total n=400 forage samples were collected from four tehsils of district Kasur including: Kasur, Chunian, Pattoki and Kot Radha Kishan (KRK). For Sample collection GPS essential android mobile application was used to determine latitude and longitude for sample collection site. After collection, samples were processed for wet digestion. Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K) content was analyzed using flame photometer; whereas, Calcium (Ca) and Phosphorus (P) contents were analyzed by atomic absorption and spectrophotometer. The data were analyzed using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results of the current experiment showed that Ca concentration was higher (P<0.05) in the Chunian compared with the KRK and Pattoki in maize forage. Additionally, sorghum Ca concentration was same (P>0.05) in the entire tehsils of the Kasur. Whereas, Ca contents of millet was higher (P<0.05) in the Kasur compared with the Chunian. Concentration of P in maize and sorghum forages were not different (P>0.05) among all the tehsils. Whereas, P contents of millet was higher (P<0.05) in the KRK compared with the Chunian. In maize forage, Na contents was higher (P<0.05) in the KRK compared with the Kasur and was lower in the Pattoki and the Chunian. Na concentration of sorghum forage was greater (P<0.05) in the Pattoki compared with the other tehsils. Whereas, Na contents of millet forage was higher (P<0.05) in the Chunian than the KRK. K contents of maize and millet forages were not different (P0.05) among the all tehsils of the district Kasur. Whereas, K concentration was higher (P<0.05) in the KRK compared with the Kasur in sorghum forage. It can be concluded that concentration of Ca, P, N and K in summer forages including maize, sorghum and millet of district Kasur varied. Data can help us to identify the mineral deficiency in district Kasur and formulate area specific mineral mixtures to manage mineral status of livestock.
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Edao, Shanku, Getiso Aman, Mijena Diribi, and Ijara Fromsa. "Integration of annual forage legume with maize for better feed availability of livestock in maize dominated mixed farming system of Southern Region, Ethiopia." International Journal of Agricultural Science and Food Technology 8, no. 2 (June 2, 2022): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/2455-815x.000160.
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This study was conducted at Dore Befano and Meskan district of Sidma regional state and Gurage zone of south nation, nationalities, and peoples of southern Ethiopia’s (SNNPR), where maize dominated. The trial was conducted to evaluate the outcome of under sowing lablab on the grain yield, Stover, and appropriate time and seeding rate of forage crop under sowing. The trial was implemented using a 3 by 3 factorial combination with two sole treatments in an RCBD with three replications. The treatments were sole Maize (T1). Sole forage (T2) and Maize & Forage Simultaneous with maize sowing date full Simultaneous with maize sowing date 75%, Simultaneous with maize sowing date at 50%, Maize & Forage After 15 days of maize sowing full, after 15 days of maize sowing 75%, After 15 days of maize sowing 50%, Maize & Forage After 30 days of maize sowing full, Maize & Forage After 30 days of maize sowing 75% and Maize & Forage After 30 days of maize sowing 50% T3 to T11 respectively. Under sowing of lablab with maize did not affect the grain yield of maize. Among experiments, T5 was a more appropriate seeding rate and sowing time for under sowing of lablab with maize.
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Soe Htet, Maw Ni, Honglu Wang, Vivek Yadav, Thongsouk Sompouviseth, and Baili Feng. "Legume Integration Augments the Forage Productivity and Quality in Maize-Based System in the Loess Plateau Region." Sustainability 14, no. 10 (May 16, 2022): 6022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14106022.
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The changing climate, inadequate water supply, insufficient agricultural inputs, decreasing in agricultural arable land areas under forage crops of Northwestern Loess Plateau region, expanding livestock population, increasing demands for meat and milk production, and food and feed security concerns all insist on a necessary requirement in forage quality production. Cereal–legume mixed-cropping is a biological approach to enhancing herbage yield and quality of upgraded animal feed (forage and silage). However, little information exists about the appropriate mixing seeding ratios and its impacts on yield and quality. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the forage yield and nutritional quality of maize (Zea mays L.) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in mono-and mixed-cropping approaches at the seeding proportions of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 45:55, 25:75, and 0:100 in 2019 and 2020 in Northwestern Loess Plateau region. A randomized complete block design with four replicates was used in this experiment. The results indicated that forage quality was significantly affected by the mixture ratios. The land equivalent ratio (LER) of all mixed-cropping treatments greater than 1.0, in which maize–common bean at the 50:50 seeding ratio achieved higher LER (1.46) than that of other treatments, showing that mixed-cropping combination systems are better users of land resources. Laboratory forage quality analysis and Pearson correlation analysis showed that the relative feed value had highly positive correlation with total digestible nutrients and relative forage quality in mixed-cropping treatments. Our results showed that fresh forage yield and dry matter yield were higher in monocropped maize forage than in other intercropped forages, whereas crude protein yield was lower compared with other mixed cropping forages. After 60 days of ensiling, the highest organic acid profile and ammonia-nitrogen were observed in M25:CB75 silage compared with other silages. The highest ensilability of fermentation coefficient was also found in M50:CB50 compared with other intercropped silages. Regarding forage preservation, silage showed higher contents of crude protein, relative feed value and lower crude fiber, water-soluble carbohydrate neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber contents than forage. This study determined that the ratios of maize–common bean 25:75 and 50:50 were the most desirable mixture ratios among mixed-cropped forage and silage based on chemical composition and quality analysis for livestock feeding.
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Kaur, R., S. C. Garcia, and W. J. Fulkerson. "Feeding time and sequence of forage rape and maize silage does not affect digestibility and rumen parameters in sheep." Animal Production Science 49, no. 4 (2009): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08261.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of time and sequence of feeding forage rape in relation to maize silage on whole tract digestibility and rumen parameters. Three rumen-fistulated castrated male sheep (45 ± 1.2 kg) were individually housed in metabolic crates and fed a diet comprising 25% forage rape, 25% maize silage, 10% concentrate and 40% short rotation ryegrass. The experimental design was a 3 × 3 Latin-square design and treatments were: forage rape fed after maize silage in the morning; forage rape fed before maize silage in the morning; and forage rape fed after maize silage in the afternoon. As the three treatments were identical in composition, the first experimental period comprised a 15-day adaptation period whereas the other two periods had a 7-day adaptation, each followed by 6-day sampling periods for measurement of feed intake and faeces and urine output (day 1–5). Rumen fluid was collected at day 6 of each sampling period and analysed for pH and ammonia concentration. In a subsequent experiment in sacco rumen degradation characteristics of all feeds were measured by incubating nylon bags in the rumen of each sheep. Neither dry matter (DM) intake (mean = 21.2 g/kg liveweight.day) nor whole tract in vivo DM (mean = 0.74) and neutral detergent fibre digestibility coefficients (mean = 0.69) were different (P > 0.05) among treatments. Similarly, neither rumen pH (6.19 ± 0.2) nor ammonia levels (27.2 ± 4.5 mg/100 mL) were affected (P > 0.05) by time of feeding forage rape in relation to maize silage. The calculated efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was similar (P = 0.73) for all treatments [mean = 17 g/day of microbial nitrogen (N) per kg of apparently digested organic matter in the rumen], although the excretion of urinary N was relatively high for all treatments due to high N intake and high degradation of N in forage rape. In conclusion, this study has revealed no effects of time and sequence of feeding forage rape with maize silage on rumen parameters and efficiency of feed utilisation. These results suggest that farmers using these forages can allocate these to animals based on practical convenience.
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Espinosa-Robles, P., L. Espinosa-Mendoza, C. Pérez-Mercado, and J. Agustín-Martínez. "HYDROPONICS MAIZE FORAGE PRODUCTION." Acta Horticulturae, no. 843 (October 2009): 283–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2009.843.37.
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Wana, Daniel, Dawit Abate, Nabi Husen, and Meseret Tilahun. "Pre-extension Demonstration of Dolichos lablab (Lablab purpureus) under sown in Maize at Dugda and Lume Districts of East Shoa Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia." Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 9, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2020.9402.
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The activity was conducted in Bekele-Girisa of Dugda district. The objectives were to demonstrate forage production from lablab under sown in maize and to evaluate the lablab-maize intercropping practices with farmers participation. Accordingly, Farmers' Research and Extension Groups (FREGs) with 18 members were established at Bekele Girisa kebele. Four trial farmers were selected from each FREGs for forage production based on the criteria including interest of the farmers in producing forage on their land, farmer having enough land for forage production and who have milking cows. BH-540 maize variety was intercropped with Lablab purpureus on plot a size of 32*32m2. Pure- stands of maize with similar plot size was also established for comparison. Lablab purpureus was intercropped in maize at two weeks period after maize planting. Farmers were used as replication with participatory approach. The results revealed that the total biomass (Stover + lablab) and maize grain yields were significantly different (P<0.05) among the practices at Dugda site. Even though statistically not significant (P>0.05) between the two practices, there was total biomass and maize grain yield increment in lablab under-sown in maize than pure stand of maize. Similarly, crude protein content of the maize Stover under sown with lablab was improved. Farmers were also very interested for forage production from lablab intercropping in maize as compared to sole maize production practice. Therefore, it is recommended to extend the forage production strategy such as lablab intercropping in maize to enhance the production of high biomass of forage with good quality.
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Uzun, P., F. Masucci, F. Serrapica, M. L. Varricchio, C. Pacelli, S. Claps, and A. Di Francia. "Use of mycorrhizal inoculum under low fertilizer application: effects on forage yield, milk production, and energetic and economic efficiency." Journal of Agricultural Science 156, no. 1 (January 2018): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859618000072.
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AbstractTwo studies were carried out to assess the effects of seed inoculation by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) coupled to a reduced fertilizer supply on yield, economic benefit and energy balance of maize and sorghum forage cropping. The effect of dietary inclusion of mycorrhizal forages on milk yield was also examined. The control treatments (control maize and control sorghum) were non-mycorrhizal seeds fertilized with recommended doses of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). The inoculated treatments (inoculated maize and inoculated sorghum) were the mycorrhizal seeds fertilized with a half dose of N. For each treatment, two plots, 1.5 ha each, were used. The forages were ensiled and fed to lactating buffaloes (maize) and dairy cows (sorghum). Plant traits and yield parameters were generally found to be higher in inoculated compared to the control plants. Inoculation positively influenced the chemical composition of sorghum silage that resulted in less fibre and more protein and presented higher dry matter degradability. No differences between the control and inoculated maize silages were found. For both inoculated crops, higher profitability (+670 and 732€ for maize and sorghum, respectively), as well as an increment of net energy (+0.24 and 0.60, respectively), and energy use efficiency (+0.53 and 0.85, respectively) were observed. The use of the inoculated silages did not affect milk yield. Results suggest that seed inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi combined with the low rate of fertilizers could be a viable solution to increase the eco-efficiency and profitability in forage production without affecting forage quality and lactating cow productivity.
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Neal, J. S., W. J. Fulkerson, and L. C. Campbell. "Differences in yield among annual forages used by the dairy industry under optimal and deficit irrigation." Crop and Pasture Science 61, no. 8 (2010): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp09216.
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While perennial forages dominate the feed base on Australian dairy farms, poor persistence of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and relatively poor forage nutritive value of kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex. Chiov.) and paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.) has led to an increasing interest in growing annual forages. Thus, this study was conducted to identify annual forage species that are more productive than the commonly used perennial pasture species. Seventeen annual forages were investigated under ‘optimal’ irrigation and two deficit irrigation treatments (nominally 66 and 33% of irrigation water applied of the optimal level) over 3 years at Camden, New South Wales, on a brown dermosol in a warm temperate climate. The forages evaluated were: Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), oats (Avena sativa L.), triticale (Triticosecale rimpaui Wittm), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), balansa clover (Trifolium michelianum Savi), berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.), maple pea (Pisum sativum L.), Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L. var. majus Boiss.), subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), forage rape (Brassica napus L.), forage radish (Raphanus sativus L.), maize (Zea mays L.), Japanese millet [Echinochloa esculenta (A. Braun) H. Scholz], pearl millet [Cenchrus americanus (L.) Morrone], sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], cow pea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] and lablab [Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet]. There was more than a 4-fold range in annual yield between forages, but the length of the growing season and season of growth made direct comparisons difficult. Under optimal irrigation, maize produced the highest mean yield of 29.0 t DM/ha in only 125 days, which was over three times greater than cow pea (9.2 t DM/ha) grown in the same season yet requiring 190 days. Of the cool season annuals, wheat had the highest mean yield of up to 20.6 t DM/ha in 230 days, which was more than three times the yield of the lowest yielding forage, subterranean clover, at only 6.5 t DM/ha in 215 days. The forages which require harvesting generally had higher yields within a growing period of similar length than those that were defoliated to reflect being ‘grazed’. Combining annual forages in an annual cycle (e.g. maize and wheat) had the potential to produce up to 47 t DM/ha. Deficit irrigation reduced annual yield of all warm season-grown forages ranging from 8% for sorghum up to 48% for maize. In contrast, annual yield reductions were generally smaller for cool season forages, there being no reduction for forage rape, subterranean clover or oats, but up to 35% for Persian clover. However, while yield is an important criterion for choosing dairy forages, it is only one factor in a complex system, and choice of forages must be considered on a whole-farm basis and include water use efficiency, nutritive value, cost of production and risk.
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Camacho, Larissa Frota, Tadeu Eder da Silva, Marcia de Oliveira Franco, and Edenio Detmann. "Can Associative Effects Affect In Vitro Digestibility Estimates Using Artificial Fermenters?" Ruminants 3, no. 2 (April 1, 2023): 100–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ruminants3020009.
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We aimed to test the associative effects among forages, and between forage and concentrates on the in vitro digestibility of dry matter and neutral detergent fibre using an artificial ruminal fermentation system. The study consisted of two assays, in which associative effects were evaluated among three forages, sugarcane, maize silage, and Tifton 85 hay under two incubation conditions (single feed or all feeds together in a jar), and the associative effects between sugarcane and soybean meal and/or ground maize. For the first assay, sugarcane digestibility increased (p < 0.02), whereas the maize silage digestibility decreased (p < 0.01) when forages were incubated together in the same jar. Tifton hay digestibility was not altered (p ≥ 0.57) by the incubation condition. In the second assay, the sugarcane digestibility was depressed (p < 0.05) when the forage was incubated along with maize grain. For both assays, the pattern of repeatability for digestibility estimates presented an influence of the incubation condition. We concluded that the incubation of different feeds together in the same jar using artificial fermenters causes associative effects among them. These effects can influence the estimates of in vitro dry matter and fibre digestibility and alter their repeatability.
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Opatpatanakit, Y., RC Kellaway, IJ Lean, G. Annison, and A. Kirby. "Effects of cereal grains on fibre digestion in vitro." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 2 (1995): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9950403.
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Cereal grains including wheat, barley, oats, maize and sorghum were incubated with strained rumen fluid in vitro with either ryegrass or lucerne in the ratios of 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0 at 3g�C for 24 h. Expected NDF digestibilities in mixtures of cereal grain and forage were calculated by interpolation between NDF digestibilities of each grain and of each forage. These were compared with measured NDF digestibilities to detect deviations due to synergism or inhibition. Wheat, barley and maize had inhibitory effects, whereas oats and sorghum had synergistic effects, on NDF digestibility with both forages.
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Paat, Paulus C., Derek Polakitan, Ratri Retno Ifada, and J. H. W. Rembang. "Carrying capacity of maize as cattle feed in North Sulawesi, Indonesia." E3S Web of Conferences 306 (2021): 05010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130605010.
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North Sulawesi is one of the production centers of cattle as well as maize in Indonesia. On the other hand, there is problem in cattle grazing decrease causing some farmers cultivate maize as a forage, even though this it is still cultivated carelessly so that the biomass productivity is low. This study aimed to evaluate the use of applied innovations in maize cultivation as forages. The Demonstration plot was conducted in Kembuan, Minahasa Regency at elevation of 700 m above the sea, in June-October 2019. The method used Technology Display, where the innovation package included recommended maize cultivation such as superior seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and tractor using. Fertilizing in 12 dap, Urea 250 kg + NPK (15-15-15) 150 kg, then in 60 dap, Urea 125 kg and NPK (15-15-15) 100 kg. Weeding using herbicides at 30dap. Harvesting as fresh forage, all biomass at 75 dap, 35.64 tons/ha with TDN content 20.54 t/ha (58%) and provided a carrying capacity 11.34 UT, providing feed along the year. Financial analysis indicated the feasibilities, ROI coefficient 2.27 and BC Ratio 1.27. It can be concluded that maize farming can be a solution of forage fodder in cattle commodity areas.
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Silva, Carlos H. de L. e., Carlos E. L. Mello, Jaqueline O. da Silva, Adriano Jakelaitis, Renata P. Marques, Gustavo D. de Sousa, and Elias J. da Silva. "Use of glyphosate in the management of Panicum maximum cv. BRS Zuri intercropped with maize." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 27, no. 10 (October 2023): 795–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v27n10p795-802.
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ABSTRACT The intercropping between maize and forage species is an alternative commonly used within farming systems. Competition among crops may be a limiting factor in intercropping, compromising maize and forage yield. Although necessary, the literature does not provide satisfactory answers on the interaction of forage crops launched in the market recently, such as BRS Zuri, intercropped with maize. Therefore, techniques such as the use of herbicide subdoses come in as an option to suppress forage growth, making simultaneous cultivation feasible. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of glyphosate herbicide subdoses on the development of Panicum maximum cv. BRS Zuri intercropped with Roundup Ready® (RR) maize and how this interaction reflects on the weed population, forage yield, and biometric and yield variables of maize. The experimental design was randomized blocks with treatments consisting of six subdoses of glyphosate herbicide (0, 48, 96, 240, 480, and 960 g acid equivalent [a.e.] ha-1) and maize in monoculture with four replications. For the conditions of this study, the dose of 480 g a.e. ha-1 of glyphosate may be an alternative since there was weed suppression and adequate forage development. Maize yield was not affected by the presence of forage.
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Muldoon, DK. "Summer forages under irrigation. 2. Forage composition." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 2 (1985): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850402.
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Summer forages, including Sorghum bicolor hybrids, S. sudanense, S. bicolor x S. sudanense hybrids, perennial sorghum, maize and Pennisetum and Echinochloa millets, were grown on an alkaline clay soil at Trangie, New South Wales. Primary growth was sampled every 3 weeks and the plant components analysed for nitrogen, sulfur, sodium and in vitro dry matter digestibility. Whole plants were analysed for calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium and chloride content. Fresh leaf samples were analysed for potential hydrocyanic acid (HCN) yield. The quality attributes were regressed on time in order to describe accurately the quality of a forage at different times in its growth. Sorghum species, particularly the sweet sorghum hybrids and perennial sorghum, had high HCN potentials (0.15 and 0.14, respectively, at 8 weeks). They had low contents of sulfur, especially in the stem fraction and this decreased with time. Hence the nitrogen:sulfur ratio was always marginally high or, in sweet sorghum hybrids and perennial sorghum, above the recommended optimum of 15:1 for animal nutrition. Furthermore, they were deficient in sodium, particularly in the leaf fraction, while digestibility decreased rapidly with age. Nevertheless, Piper Sudangrass had a low HCN potential, which would allow it to be grazed early when digestibility was high (70% at 7 weeks). Maize had a negligible HCN potential, a nitrogen: sulfur ratio consistently below 15: 1 and a sodium content intermediate between sorghum and millet species. Millets had a negligible HCN potential and high sodium content, particularly Echinochloa utilis. This species also had a high sulfur content and hence very low nitrogen: sulfur ratio; it is recommended for early grazing to obtain high quality forage.
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Guarnieri, Analu, Katia Aparecida de Pinho Costa, Eduardo da Costa Severiano, Alessandro Guerra da Silva, Suelen Soares Oliveira, and Charles Barbosa Santos. "Agronomic and productive characteristics of maize and Paiaguas palisadegrass in integrated production systems." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 40, no. 3 (May 21, 2019): 1185. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n3p1185.
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Currently, mixed systems for growing annual crops with forage plants of the Brachiaria genus represent an excellent alternative for the cultivation of maize by using the area for agricultural and livestock farming, which provides higher income to the grower and sustainability to the agricultural systems of the Cerrado. However, little is known about the best means for sowing such intercropped plants. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic characteristics of maize (Zea mays) as well as the productive and nutritional characteristics of Paiaguas palisadegrass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. BRS Paiaguas) as the second crop in integrated production systems. The experimental design used randomized blocks with four replications. The treatments consisted of the following forage systems: monocropped of maize, monocropped of Paiaguas palisadegrass, maize intercropped with Paiaguas palisadegrass in rows, maize intercropped with Paiaguas palisadegrass between rows, and maize with oversown Paiaguas palisadegrass. The results showed that intercropping of maize with Paiaguas palisadegrass does not interfere with the agronomic characteristics or grain yield of maize, regardless of the system that was adopted. Regarding the production of forage, low production of dry matter was found for Paiaguas palisadegrass oversown in maize, though the nutritional value was better. Intercropping maze and Paiaguas palisadegrass is relevant to integrated production systems, as it allows for of a third harvest in the same crop year, which maintains sustainability especially because a smaller arable area is used compared to conventional systems.
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Liimatainen, Anniina, Auvo Sairanen, Seija Jaakkola, Tuomo Kokkonen, Kaisa Kuoppala, Tapani Jokiniemi, and Pirjo S. A. Mäkelä. "Yield, Quality and Nitrogen Use of Forage Maize under Different Nitrogen Application Rates in Two Boreal Locations." Agronomy 12, no. 4 (April 6, 2022): 887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040887.
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Research focusing on the nitrogen (N) application and use of forage maize (Zea mays L.) in the boreal region is either limited or non-existent. The aim of this study was to investigate the response of yield, quality and N recovery efficiency (NRE) of forage maize to an increase in the N application rate and different climatic conditions in two locations in Finland. The field experiment was conducted in southern (Helsinki; 60° N) and central (Maaninka; 63° N) Finland in 2019 and 2020. Dry matter (DM) yield, forage quality and NRE were determined for N application rates of 100, 150 and 200 N kg ha−1. The DM yield was similar to all studied N application rates. Moreover, there were no marked differences in the studied forage quality traits or the NRE following the N application rates. However, the NRE of maize was generally low at 45%. The current study recommends a N application rate of 100–150 N kg ha−1 for forage maize in the boreal region. There is no need to increase the N application from current recommendations since climate conditions seem to limit the growth, development and NRE of forage maize. The observed low NRE of forage maize warrants further research in the future.
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Hussain, Zahid, Khan Bahadar Marwat, and John Cardina. "Common Cocklebur Competition in Forage Maize." Weed Technology 25, no. 1 (March 2011): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-10-00092.1.
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Common cocklebur is a new weed in irrigated maize grown for forage in the hot, dry region of northwest Pakistan. We conducted experiments in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Peshawar, Pakistan, during 2006 and 2007 to evaluate the interaction of common cocklebur density and maize density on biomass, leaf area index (LAI), and plant height of forage maize. Seven common cocklebur densities (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 plants m−2) in maize planted at four densities (5, 7.5, 10, and 12.5 plants m−2) were evaluated. An ANOVA for both years revealed significant main effects and interactions for all variables. Regression of measured variables against common cocklebur density showed that maize biomass declined linearly as common cocklebur density increased from 0 to 12 plants m−2, with an increasing rate of decline for high maize densities and low maize densities. Combined data for all maize densities revealed that the relationship between maize biomass and common cocklebur biomass fit a linear function, with 1.28 to 1.35 kg ha−1loss in maize biomass for each kilogram per hectare increase in common cocklebur biomass from about 1,500 to 3,200 kg ha−1. Above 8 to 10 common cocklebur plants m−2, weed biomass declined, presumably due to intraspecific competition. An increase in common cocklebur density decreased maize LAI about 0.15 to 0.3 units for each additional common cocklebur plant per square meter in 2006, and 0.11 to 0.24 units in 2007. Common cocklebur LAI increased in a linear fashion as density of the weed increased. Results suggest that the effect of common cocklebur interference on maize biomass was associated with a change in allocation of resources, resulting in increased crop height growth at the expense of a reduction in LAI and presumably potential light interception by the crop as common cocklebur density increased.
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Hristakieva, Pavlina, Ivelina Ivanova, Nadya Mincheva, Milena Mihaylova, and Magdalena Oblakova. "Performance of broiler chickens fed compound feeds with various of cereal grains." Bulgarian Journal of Animal Husbandry 60, no. 5 (October 30, 2023): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.61308/husi7454.
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Maize and wheat are the main cereal forage crops cultivated at a global scale. They are among preferred forage grains for poultry nutrition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the productive performance of broiler chickens, whose compound feeds contained either maize, or wheat alone and maize +wheat combination. The experiment was performed with 120 day-old male ROSS hybrid chicks reared on the floor for 49 days. The birds were divided into three groups, each one consisting of two subgroups, as follows: group Е1 – fed forage with maize and wheat; group Е2 – fed forage with wheat and group Е3 – forage with maize. The live weight, feed intake, feed conversion and slaughter traits were investigated. By the 49th day of age, the live weight of chickens from groups Е1 and Е2 fed diet with maize and wheat (35.99%+28%), and only wheat without maize (66%) were the heaviest, 3147.18 g and 3361.32 g, respectively. Chicks from group E3 fed the diet containing only maize (64.12%) without wheat had the lowest average live weight (2587.75 g at Р<0.0001). Wheat, as a single cereal in broiler compound feeds, and its combination with maize had the most beneficial effect on weight gain and feed conversion over the entire fattening period (P<0.001). The improved weight gain of birds fed these diets was accompanied with higher feed intake (P<0.001) compared to birds fed forage with maize only. The slaughter yield and the breast with bone cut increased statistically significantly in the wheat-fed groups (P<0.001).
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Aredo, Tesfaye Alemu, Dawit Abate, Daniel Wana, and Meseret Tilahun. "Effect of seeding ratio and time of planting of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) intercropping with maize (Zea mays) on agronomic parameters, forage biomass and grain yield of maize." Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 10, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2021.10203.
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The study was conducted at Adami Tulu and Dugda districts of Oromia regional state, Ethiopia to determine the optimum level of seeding ratio and planting time of cowpea under maize for optimum forage biomass production and maize grain yield. Combinations of four levels of cowpea seeding ratios and four different cowpea planting dates were laid out in a randomized complete block design in factorial arrangement with three replications. The levels of seeding ratios were 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, 0% (sole maize) for the two districts. The four planting dates for cowpea were simultaneously planting with maize, 10 days after maize planting (DAMP), 20 DAMP and 30 DAMP. The results indicated that increasing seeding ratio of cowpea from 25% to the highest level (100%) resulted in significantly increased cowpea forage biomass yield. Time of cowpea planting in maize also influenced the plant height and biomass yield of cowpea. The highest forage biomass yield was recorded from simultaneously planting of the two crops. On the other hand, seeding ratio of cowpea has significantly influenced the grain yield of maize. It was also indicated that the time of cowpea planting in maize have significantly affected the grain yield of maize with simultaneously planting resulting in the lowest grain yield. The total LER in most of the intercropping system was more than one showing that intercropping of forage legumes with maize is more advantageous than sole cropping of maize. The optimum forage legume biomass yield (1.78 t/ha) was obtained from the combination of seeding ratio of 75% with 10 DAMP without significantly (p>0.05) reducing the grain yield of maize. Hence this combination was recommended for production of cowpea forage and maize grain from intercropping of the two crops in the study areas. From these results, it can be concluded that additional forage can be produced by intercropping cowpea with maize at their appropriate seeding ratio and planting time with a little or no sacrifice in maize grain yield. Moreover, it is important to further demonstrate and promote the recommended maize-cowpea intercropping practices for the end users of the study areas and similar agro-ecologies.
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Weller, R. F., A. J. Rook, and R. H. Phipps. "Effect on silage intake and milk production of incorporating maize silage in dairy cow rations based on grass silage of either average or high energy concentration." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1991 (March 1991): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030822960002095x.
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Following the introduction of milk quota many farmers attempted to place greater reliance on home grown forage as a means of decreasing concentrate inputs and thus reducing input costs. As a high energy forage, maize silage should have the potential to increase forage intake and influence milk yield and quality. The objective of the current trial was to examine the effect on forage intake and milk production of incorporating maize silage into rations based on grass silage with average or high energy concentration.Sixty-three multiparous and 28 primiparous Friesian cows were used in a trial lasting 20 weeks. Following a two week covariate period cows were allocated to treatment. Treatments were based on forage mixtures of maize silage and grass silage of either average (A) or high (H) energy value in which maize formed 0, 25, SO or 75% of the forage mixture DM.
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Phipps, R. H., J. D. Sutton, B. A. Jones, D. Allen, and W. J. Fisher. "The effect of mixed forage diets on feed intake and milk production of dairy cows." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1993 (March 1993): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600023503.
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In many parts of Europe complementary forage crops such as maize silage, fodder beet and whole crop cereals have been widely used in dairy cow ration. In France, Germany and Holland, over 2.5 million hectares of maize are grown for silage, while in Denmark fodder beet and whole crop cereals are an integral part of most dairy cow rations. With the introduction of milk quota many farmers in the UK tried to maintain margin/litre by placing greater reliance on high quality home produced forage. On many grassland farms this strategy met with limited success as grass silage is often an unpredictable and variable commodity which is prone to low intakes. At the same time evidence was being accumulated in the UK as to the potential benefits of mixed forage diets in dairy cow ration. As a result the Milk Marketing Board of England and Wales established a programme work to determine the effect of incorporating a range of alternative forages or forage substitutes into grass silage based diets, on DM intake and milk production.
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Mpanza, Thamsanqa Doctor Empire, and Sinalo Mani. "Effects of Vachellia mearnsii Tannin Extract as an Additive on Fermentation Quality, Aerobic Stability, and Microbial Modulation of Maize Silage." Microorganisms 11, no. 11 (November 14, 2023): 2767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11112767.
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Maize silage is produced to alleviate the effects of forage shortages on ruminant animals, particularly during the dry season. Microorganisms play a significant role in silage fermentation and thus, to a large extent, determine the silage quality. The modulation of silage microorganisms may help to inhibit undesirable bacteria and improve the silage quality. Therefore, condensed tannin extract from Vachellia mearnsii bark was used as an additive in maize silage during ensiling. Hence, this study evaluated the effects of a tannin extract (condensed tannin) additive on the fermentative quality, aerobic stability, and bacterial composition of maize silage. A mini-silo experiment on maize with five treatments was conducted for 75 days. The silage treatments were as follows: (T1) maize forage with no inoculation (negative control); (T2) maize forage inoculated with LAB and 1% tannin extract; (T3) maize forage inoculated with LAB only (positive control); (T4) and maize forage inoculated with LAB and 2% tannin extract; (T5) maize forage inoculated with LAB and 3% tannin extract. The results showed that the additives modulated the silage microorganism composition. However, this was without affecting the silage’s fermentative quality and aerobic stability. All the silages recorded a pH below 4.2, which indicated well-fermented silage. The tannin extract suppressed the growth of undesirable bacteria, such as Dysgonomonas, Gluconacetobacter and Clostridium genera, while promoting desirable bacteria, such as Lactobacillus and Weissella genera, which were attributed to the silage quality. It is thus concluded that tannins can be strategically used as silage additives to modulate the microbial composition of silage and improve the silage quality by promoting the dominance of the desirable bacteria in the silage.
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Hailu, Teklu, and Regasa Begna. "Pre-extension demonstration of inter-cropping of improved forages with food and cash crops at Semen Bench Woreda, Southwest Ethiopia." Scientific Temper 15, no. 02 (June 15, 2024): 1985–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.58414/scientifictemper.2024.15.2.04.
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Pre-extension demonstration study was conducted in the North Bench district, Bench Sheko Zone, South-western Region, Ethiopia, in 2020/2021 main cropping season. The objective of the study was to demonstrate fodder production from improved forage legumes intercropped in food and cash crops and to evaluate the nutritional quality and compatibility of forage legumes. Three forage legumes, namely lablab, vetch, and cowpea, intercropped in maize, whereas alfalfa and desmodium intercropped in coffee. The demonstration was laid out in a randomized complete block design with ten replications on a farmer’s farm field with a participatory approach. The legumes were intercropped in maize three weeks after maize planting. The results revealed that maize plant height, maize grain yield, and maize stover biomass yields were not significantly (p > 0.05) different among treatments. However, significantly higher legume biomass yield and total biomass yield were obtained from maize-lablab-based intercropping as compared to maize-vetch and maize-cowpea-based intercropping systems. Similarly, the maize-lablab-based intercropping system recorded a significantly (p < 0.05) higher crude protein yield. The lower legume biomass yields were obtained from desmodium and alfalfa intercropped in coffee. Participant farmers were also very interested in forage production from maize-lablab-based intercropping systems as compared to maize-vetch, maize-cow pea, desmodium-coffee, and alfalfa-coffee-based intercropping systems. Therefore, farmers are recommended to intercrop lablab in maize to overcome the animal feed shortage in the study area.
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SWANCKAERT, J., J. PANNECOUCQUE, J. VAN WAES, G. HAESAERT, J. DE BOEVER, and D. REHEUL. "The effect of ensiling on variety rank of forage maize." Journal of Agricultural Science 155, no. 8 (April 17, 2017): 1253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859617000259.
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SUMMARYThe objective of the present study was to calculate an optimal harvest period for both fresh and ensiled samples of forage maize and to calculate a set of harvest dates (called a harvest window), for which the variety ranking of the fresh forage corresponds with the variety ranking at the optimal harvest period calculated from the ensiled forage. Forage maize is fed almost exclusively as silage, but official variety trials with silage maize determine quality parameters in fresh (i.e. non-preserved) forage. Eight silage maize varieties were monitored at six harvest dates (from 25 to 40% dry matter content) in Merelbeke (Belgium) in 2013–15. At each harvest date, fresh samples were taken and half of the sampled material was ensiled in micro silos for 20 weeks. An optimal harvest period was calculated based on frequently measuring starch concentration and organic matter digestibility for both fresh and ensiled forage. Eventually, harvesting the silage maize at a dry matter content of 32–35% guaranteed an optimal harvest period. Based on the results of eight varieties, reporting variety ranks without going through the ensiling process continues to be a scientifically justified practice in Belgian official variety trials. Varieties with a superior fresh quality keep their leading position after ensiling, but variety differences become smaller after ensiling.
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Retnani, Yuli, Suhail Basymeleh, and Lidy Herawati. "Pengaruh Jenis Hijauan Pakan dan Lama Penyimpanan Terhadap Sifat Fisik Wafer." Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan 12, no. 4 (November 1, 2009): 196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/jiiip.v0i0.169.
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The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of different forage wafer variety, storage periods and the interaction on wafer physical characteristics. The experimental design used in this research was Factorial Completely Randomized Design with 2 factors and 4 replications. Factor A was forage variety composing wafer (R1 = 100% grass; R2 = 100 % maize straw; R3 = 100% maize steam, R4 = 50% field grass + maize straw; R5 = 50% field grass + maize steam; R6 = 50% maize straw + 50% maize steam. The variables were water content, water activity and density of wafer. Data collected was analyzed with ANOVA and Duncan Range Test would be used if the result was significantly different. The forage vaiety was very significant (P<0.01) on moisture content, water activity and density of wafer. The storage period was very significantly (P<0.01) increasing on water content, water activity and decreasing wafer density. There was very significant interaction (P>0.01) between forage variety and storage period on water content, water activity and density of wafer.
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Moran, JB. "Maize silage for the pasture-fed dairy cow. 3. A comparison with greenchop maize grazing perennial pasture in late summer." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 3 (1992): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920293.
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Dairy cows in mid lactation were pen-fed ad libitum maize silage, ad libitum maize greenchop, or restricted maize greenchop. A cottonseed meal supplement was also fed at 20% forage maize DM. The maize greenchop was harvested daily over 5 weeks during February and March. Both forms of forage maize were fed to sheep in metabolism cages. Digestibility was always higher with maize silage. Digestibility of maize greenchop improved with time until 34-36% DM, after which it declined, this being associated with changes in structural carbohydrates in the crop. Cows fed maize silage produced more milk and gained less weight than cows fed both greenchop diets. In a concurrent field trial, cows grazed irrigated perennial pastures in late summer and were offered 7-8 kg DM/day of the silage or greenchop. Additional cows were allocated extra pasture with no supplement. Treatment differences in milk production and liveweight change were not significant. There were differences in rumen metabolism between diets in both pen-fed and grazed cows; rumen ammonia levels increased during the day in cows fed maize silage, but they decreased or remained constant when maize greenchop was fed. There was more maize grain in greenchop at physiological maturity than in silage, and this could have contributed to observed differences in performance and rumen metabolism. The low rumen ammonia levels, and the fact that forage maize was higher in energy than the pasture on offer, suggest that milk response would have improved with the inclusion of a rumen-degradable nitrogen source such as urea with the forage maize supplements.
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Gilli, Bruno R., Camila S. Grassmann, Eduardo Mariano, and Ciro A. Rosolem. "Nitrogen Fertilization Boosts Maize Grain Yield, Forage Quality, and Estimated Meat Production in Maize–Forage Intercropping." Agriculture 13, no. 12 (November 25, 2023): 2200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13122200.
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Crop–livestock integrated systems such as intercropping and crop rotation have been critical for sustainable agriculture, promoting land use intensification throughout the year. The success of these systems under no-till depends on numerous factors, and the choice of forage grass is paramount. In this study, maize grain yield, forage dry matter yield, bromatological quality, and estimated meat production were assessed in a field experiment where maize (Zea mays L.) was intercropped with Guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus cv. Tanzania) and palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha cv Marandu) under N rates from 0 to 270 kg ha−1. Nitrogen fertilization resulted in the highest forage dry matter yield, on average, 2.9-fold higher than the N-unfertilized treatments. The highest maize grain yield was obtained with 270 kg ha−1 of N, 48% higher than all other treatments. Guinea grass intercropped with maize and fertilized with 270 kg ha−1 of N resulted in an estimated meat production 27% higher than palisade grass at the same N rate. However, at the final cut, Guinea grass fertilized with 270 kg ha−1 of N led to the highest neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and cellulose. While palisade grass seems to impose lower competition with maize, Guinea grass increases estimated meat production.
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Mandic, Violeta, Zorica Bijelic, Vesna Krnjaja, Aleksandar Simic, Maja Petricevic, Nenad Micic, and Violeta Caro-Petrovic. "Effect of harvesting time on forage yield and quality of maize." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 34, no. 3 (2018): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1803345m.
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Maize is the very important silage source in the world. Timely harvesting ensure high maize forage yield and quality. Therefore, the study focused on the effects of four harvesting times (starting at the 12 August every 7 days) on yield and qualitative parameters of forage green mass of maize hybrid ZP 677. The experiment was set in Vojvodina Province, Serbia, during the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons. Plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves per plant, ear percentage, forage yield, dry matter content and crude protein content were higher, while stem percentage was lower in 2014 with favorable climatic condition. Forage yield, crude protein content, ADF and NDF decreased, while dry matter content significantly increased with delay in harvesting. The maize hybrid should be harvested when the milk line is three-quarter of the way down the grain that is in the third decade of August.
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Tanveer, Asif, Muhammad Atif Bilal, Muhammad Ather Nadeem, and Tasawer Abbas. "Application of Bromoxynil+MCPA+Metribuzin at Varied Doses for Broad-Spectrum Weed Control in Forage Maize (Zea mays L.)." Biological Sciences - PJSIR 62, no. 2 (August 9, 2019): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.biol.sci.62.2.2019.83.87.
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Weed control is one of the crucial factors to achieve higher yield of good quality forage maize. A field trial was conducted during summer 2013 to investigate the effect of bromoxynil+MCPA+metribuzin (Valent 470 EW pre mixed formulation) application at varied doses to control weeds in forage maize (Zea mays L.) at Agronomy Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Application of bromoxynil+MCPA+metribuzin @ 470, 528.75 and 587.50 g a.i/ha was made after emergence of weedsand crop. A check with no application and hand hoeing was included for comparison. The experiment was conducted with four replications under randomized complete block design. The data regarding the weed parameters, yield and yield components of maize were recorded. The results revealed that among the herbicide treatments minimum weed density (three weeks after sowing 35.75 m2 and at harvest 12.25/m2) and dry biomass (20.80 g/m2) was observed with the application of bromoxynil+MCPA+metribuzin @ 587.50 g a.i./ha. Same herbicidal treatment caused significant increase in plant height (248.75 cm), stem diameter (1.45 cm), fresh weight (467.25g) and forage yield (31.47%) of maize. Therefore, use ofbromoxynil+MCPA+metribuzin @ 587.50 g a.i./ha is the best option to manage broad leaved as well as grassy weeds in forage maize to get higher yield of forage .
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Jabran, Khawar. "Weed-Competitive Ability of Forage Maize Cultivars against Barnyardgrass." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 8, no. 1 (January 30, 2020): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i1.174-178.2940.
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Weed-competitive cultivars are desired in the wake of growing popularity of organic farming, environmental pollution and evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds. This research work evaluated the weed competitive ability of three forage maize cultivars (ADA-523, AGA and SASA-5) against the noxious weed barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv.). The study was conducted in spring 2018 and repeated in summer 2018. Results of this study showed that maize-barnyardgrass competition significantly decreased the growth of forage maize plants. For instance, barnyardgrass decreased the maize plant height by 11.9-16.9%, leaf length by 13.3-20.2%, leaf width by 20.2-27.4%, and number of leaves by 14.3-25.0%. Fresh and dry weights of maize plants were also significantly decreased as a result of weed-crop competition. Barnyardgrass decreased the shoot fresh weight (30.7-60.6%), shoot dry weight (33.3-52.2%), leaf fresh weight (33.4-56.5%) and leaf dry weight (31.9-50.0%) of the maize plants. An interactive effect of weed × maize cultivars was found non-significant. Forage maize cultivars also varied occasionally for their traits. Nevertheless, ADA-523 had a higher plant height, leaf length, leaf width, leaf fresh weight and leaf dry weight than the cultivars AGA and SASA-5. On the other hand, the cultivar SASA-5 had a higher shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight and root fresh weight than the other cultivars in the study. This research work concluded that the forage maize cultivars in the study did not vary for the weed-competitive ability. Further, barnyardgrass-maize competition could decrease the growth and development of the maize cultivars.
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La, Nguyen. "Outcomes of Agroforestry and Monocropping—Comparison and Assessment." Proceedings 36, no. 1 (April 7, 2020): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036163.
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Agroforestry is considered as a solution for improving livelihoods of smallholder farmers and reducing land degradation. However, the upscale is required objective assessments and appropriate solutions. Five agroforestry options established in 2014 in Northwest Vietnam include Macadamia+coffee+soybeans, Acacia+mango+maize+forage grass, Acacia+longan+coffee+soybeans+forage grass, Teak+plum+coffee+soybeans and Docynia indica+forgare grass, were used to evaluate the annual income, cumulative profit, multi-year return on investment (ROI) and efficiency on soil erosion control compared with mono-maize and mono-Docynia indica. Mono-maize provides annual income. However, tends to decrease. Break-even point of mono-Docynia indica happened in the year 4th after planting. Depend on agroforestry options, the break- even presented in the year 2nd to year 4th. The cumulative profit of mono-maize and mono-Docynia indica for five-year study were 1196 and 875 USD ha−1, respectively. Meanwhile, five agroforestry options were provided the cumulative profit from 29 to 10,000 USD ha−1. ROI of five-year investment of monoculture maize and Docynia indica were 38% and 33%, respectively. Agroforestry options gave the value of 1%, 25%, 39%, 59% and 141% for Macadamia+coffee+soybeans, Acacia+mango+maize+forage grass, Acacia+longan+coffee+soybeans+forage grass, Teak+plum+coffee+soybeans+forage grass and Sontra+forage grass, respectively. The effectiveness on soil erosion control in agroforestry options are clear, decreasing from 53% in the second year to 98% in the fifth year after establishment compared to mono-maize. The analysis results show that agroforestry options provided attractive income for farmers only 2nd or 3rd year after establishment. However, higher investment cost is required, and appropriate supports are needed for wider application.
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Islam, M. R., S. C. (Yani) Garcia, and D. Henry. "Use of normalised difference vegetation index, nitrogen concentration, and total nitrogen content of whole maize plant and plant fractions to estimate yield and nutritive value of hybrid forage maize." Crop and Pasture Science 62, no. 5 (2011): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp10244.
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This study was conducted to investigate the potentials of normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI), nitrogen (N) concentration (%), and N content (g/plant) of whole maize plant to estimate yield and nutritive value of hybrid forage maize. Hybrid forage maize was grown with two rates of pre-sowing fertiliser N (0, 135 kg/ha) and three rates of post-sowing fertiliser N (0, 79, 158 kg N/ha) applied at the six-leaf stage. Data on the NDVI and N (% and g/plant) of maize were collected at 2-, 3-, 6-, 8-, 12-, 16-, 18-leaf stages and at harvest. Metabolisable energy (ME) content of the whole maize plant at harvest was estimated from in vitro digestibility. Simple, polynomial, and multiple regression analyses were conducted and only the best-fit models were selected. The 8-leaf stage was found to be the most effective stage for use of the NDVI in predicting biomass yield (R2 = 0.81), grain yield (R2 = 0.72), and N (%) (R2 = 0.92) of forage maize. Nitrogen (%) at the 8-leaf stage was also best related to biomass yield (R2 = 0.88). Multiple regressions at the 3-leaf stage increased the coefficient of determination for both biomass yield and grain yield (R2 = 0.77) over the relationships obtained from N (%) of the whole plant at 2- or 3-leaf stage. The NDVI and N (%) of the whole plant at 8-leaf stage were the best predictors of yield, but failed to predict ME content of the hybrid forage maize. Multiple regression models at the 3-leaf stage were almost as effective as the NDVI and N (%) of whole maize plant at the 8-leaf stage in predicting biomass and grain yield of forage maize.
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Juniper, D. T., E. M. Browne, A. V. Fisher, M. J. Bryant, G. R. Nute, and D. E. Beever. "Intake, growth and meat quality of steers given diets based on varying proportions of maize silage and grass silage." Animal Science 81, no. 1 (August 2005): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/asc41340159.
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AbstractSimmental × Holstein-Friesian steers were offered four forage diets. These comprised grass silage (G); proportionately 0·67 grass silage, proportionately 0·33 maize silage (GGM); 0·33 grass silage, 0·67 maize silage (MMG); maize silage (M) from 424 (s.d. = 11·5) kg to slaughter at a minimum weight of 560 kg. Forages were mixed and offered ad libitum. Steers were offered 2 kg of a concentrate daily, the concentrate being formulated such that all steers had similar crude protein intakes across dietary treatments. A sample of steers was slaughtered at the beginning of the experimental period to allow the calculation of the rate of gain of the carcass and its components. Carcass dissection of a sample of steers allowed the development of a prediction equation of carcass composition based on thoracic limb dissection of all carcasses. Forage dry matter intake and live-weight gain increased linearly as maize silage replaced grass silage in the forage mixture, resulting in improvements in food conversion ratio (all P = 0·001). Killing-out proportion increased with maize silage inclusion (P < 0·001) but fat and conformation scores did not differ significantly between diets. However, increasing maize inclusion in the diet resulted in a greater weight (P = 0·05) and proportion (P = 0·008) of fat in the carcass, and significant increases in internal fat deposition. The inclusion of maize led to a progressive increase in the daily gains of carcass (P < 0·001), and significant increases in the daily gains of both fat (P < 0·001) and lean tissue (P < 0·001). Fat colour was more yellow in cattle given diets G and GGM than diets MMG and M(P < 0·001) and colour intensity was lower on diet M than the other three diets (P < 0·001). There were no significant differences in any aspects of eating quality between diets. Therefore, maize silage has the potential to reduce the time taken for finishing beef animals to achieve slaughter weight with no apparent detrimental effects on subsequent meat quality.
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Gao, Fei, Yuejing Zhang, and Xian Liu. "A Study of the Reliability and Accuracy of the Real-Time Detection of Forage Maize Quality Using a Home-Built Near-Infrared Spectrometer." Foods 11, no. 21 (November 3, 2022): 3490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11213490.
Full textAbstract:
The current study was conducted to explore the real-time detection capability of a home-built grating-type near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy online system to determine forage maize quality. The factor parameters affecting the online NIR spectrum collection were analyzed, and the results indicated that the detection optical path of 12 cm, conveyor speeds of 10 cm s−1, and number of scans of 32 were the optimal parameters. Choosing the crude protein and moisture of forage maize as quality indicators, the reliability of the home-built NIR online spectrometer was confirmed compared with other general research NIR instruments. In addition, an NIR online multivariate analysis model developed using the partial least squares (PLS) method for the prediction of forage maize quality was established, and the reliability, applicability, and stability of the NIR model were further discussed. The results illustrated that the home-built grating-type NIR online system performed satisfying and comparable accuracy and repeatability of the real-time prediction of forage maize quality.
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DE REZENDE, P. M., and M. A. P. RAMALHO. "FORAGE PRODUCTION OF INTERCROPPED MAIZE AND SOYABEAN CULTIVARS." Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 1 (January 2000): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700361087.
Full textAbstract:
Seven maize cultivars and seven soyabean cultivars were grown in monocultures, and in all possible 49 mixtures of maize and soyabean, at two locations to assess the intercropping advantages of mixtures. On average, intercrops produced 6% more dry matter and 17.5% more protein than the monocultures of maize, the most productive component. Both the dry matter and protein yields of intercrops were closely correlated with the yield of the maize component, but not with that of the soyabean component, indicating that there was no need for a specific breeding programme for maize to be used in intercropping systems. Although the average intercropping advantage, the monoculture yields of maize cultivars and, to a lesser extent, the monoculture yields of soyabean cultivars differed between locations, there was no evidence that the yield of various intercrop combinations differed between locations.
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Sinnaeve, G., P. Dardenne, and R. Agneessens. "Global or Local? A Choice for NIR Calibrations in Analyses of Forage Quality." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 2, no. 3 (June 1994): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.43.
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This paper investigates the effect of spectral data pre-treatment by using scatter correction techniques, detrending and derivatives on the standard error of NIR predictive models. It is shown that no particular spectral pre-treatment or no single derivative works best for the three constituents (protein, cellulose, organic matter digestibility) of the three forage databases which we investigated (grass-hay, tropical forages, maize whole plants). The best analytical results are obtained with SNVD, MSC or WMSC treatments. The best results are obtained with a first or second derivative with a segment and a gap of five data points. Local Regression was investigated for the prediction of forage quality. The standard errors of prediction were compared with those obtained with the best global calibration. Trial and error is the only way to fix the number of samples in the subset and the number of terms to retain in the model. Compared to the results for the traditional universal calibration method, the gain in SEP for protein, cellulose and digestibility in grass-hay, tropical forages or maize ranges between 5 and 11%.
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Syed, J. S., and J. D. Leaver. "Influence of milk production level of cow and protein content of supplement on the selection of maize and grass silages by dairy cattle given a choice of forages." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2000 (2000): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200001460.
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A previous study (Syed and Leaver, 1999) showed that offering maize and grass silages alternately either within days or between days resulted in higher intakes of maize than grass silage, and lower total intakes than when fed mixed together. The factors influencing the choice of forages are not well researched. The hypothesis tested was that as maize and grass silages are similar in ME value but very different in crude protein, nutrient demand for protein, and protein level in the supplement would influence forage selection. This experiment examined the influence of the milk yield level of the cow and the protein level of a supplement.
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Goetsch, A. L., and C. L. Ferrell. "Effects of dietary maize level on net flux across splanchnic tissues of oxygen and nutrients in wethers consuming ad libitum different forages." Animal Science 61, no. 1 (August 1995): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800013503.
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AbstractCrossbred wethers (34 (s.e. 0·9) kg), with catheters in a hepatic vein, the portal vein and a mesenteric vein and artery, were offered ad libitum alfalfa (A), bermudagrass (B) or ryegrass-wheat (RW) hay and approximately 0, 200 or 400 g/kg maize (dry matter) to determine influences of maize level on net flux of oxygen and nutrients across the portal-drained viscera (PDV) and liver with different forage sources. Digestible energy intake (MJ/day) was 8·5, 12·0 and 12·8 (s.e. VIS) for A; 4·5, 5·5 and 9·0 (s.e. 0·93) for B; and 9·4, 8·8 and 12·2 (s.e. 0·93) for RW with 0, 200 and 400 g/kg maize, respectively. Splanchnic bed oxygen consumption (mmol/h) was 301, 304 and 322 (s.e. 27·2) for A; 178, 187 and 217 (s.e. 30·0) for B; and 226, 133 and 233 (s.e. 19·0) for RW with 0, 200 and 400 g/kg maize, respectively. Increasing dietary maize level linearly increased (P < 0·05) PDV release of alpha-amino nitrogen with B (5, 9 and 14 mmol/h) but not with A or RW. Dietary maize level did not consistently alter PDV or hepatic net flux of urea or ammonia nitrogen, suggesting that changes in ruminally fermentable organic matter from diets offered ad libitum, presumably induced by varying dietary concentrate level, may not alter nitrogen recycling when forage is 86 g/kg or greater in crude protein. Propionate release by the PDV and hepatic uptake increased linearly (P < 0·08) as maize level in A and B diets increased, although increasing dietary maize level did not significantly alter PDV, hepatic or splanchnic bed net flux of glucose regardless of forage source. Nevertheless, glucose concentration in arterial blood with A and RW increased linearly fP < 0·05) with increasing maize level, suggesting increased peripheral glucose availability. In conclusion, the potential to decrease energy consumption by splanchnic tissues relative to digestible energy intake by dietary inclusion of maize, thereby increasing the proportion of absorbed energy available to extra-splanchnic tissues, may be greater for low-quality forage than for forage of moderate or high quality and for moderate v. low dietary levels of maize with low-quality forage.
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Queiroz, Renata Fernandes de, Carlos Alessandro Chioderoli, Carlos Eduardo Angeli Furlani, Henrique Vinícius de Holanda, and Cristiano Zerbato. "Maize intercropped with Urochloa ruziziensis under no-tillage system." Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical 46, no. 3 (September 2016): 238–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632016v4640464.
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ABSTRACT The no-tillage system is a conservation practice that seeks greater sustainability of the production system and can be replicated in large land areas. Maize intercropped with forages of the Urochloa genus has proven to be profitable and suitable for targeting both the straw and grain production. This study aimed at evaluating maize yield and cover plants, using different maize row spacings and forage seeding methods, under a no-tillage system. A randomized blocks design, in a 2 x 3 + 2 factorial scheme, with four replications, was used. The treatments consisted of two maize row spacings (0.45 m and 0.90 m) intercropped with Urochloa ruziziensis, using three different methods (Urochloa sown in the row, Urochloa sown by hauling soon after maize was sown and Urochloa sown during the maize V4 growth stage) + controls (only maize at two spacings). The intercropping between maize spaced 0.90 m with Urochloa ruziziensis in the sowing row provided better grain yield results without interfering with the Urochloa dry matter production.
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Kirkland, R. M., and D. C. Patterson. "The effect of grass and maize silage quality on diet digestibility and performance of beef cattle." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2003 (2003): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200011698.
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A preliminary study at this Institute indicated that inclusion of high quality maize silage in a grass silage-based diet could promote higher forage intakes in beef cattle, but the response to inclusion of maize silage was affected by the quality of grass silage. The objective of this study was to further examine the effects of grass (GS) and maize (MS) silage qualities on intake characteristics, and to evaluate the influence of forage offered on animal performance.
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Rayas-Amor, A. A., P. Dorward, T. Rehman, F. L. Mould, and O. A. Castelan-Ortega. "Linear and quadratic models as predictors of dry matter production and nutritive value of pastures located in the central plateau of Mexico." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200029987.
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Approximately 80% of all production costs are related to the purchase of forages and other feeds in dairy enterprises in Mexico. Resource poor, smallholder (campesino) systems are heavily reliant on the use of maize stover, noncultivated/cultivated grass species and weeds to feed their dairy cattle, thus a nutritional understanding of local forage resources would be of considerable economic benefit. The objective of this study was to develop predictive models of herbage production and nutrient composition of four non-cultivated pastures (NcP), in order to minimise the cost of sample analysis and improve the utilisation of local forage resources in dairy enterprises.
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FREITAS, M. A. M., D. V. VALADÃO SILVA, M. F. SOUZA, A. A. SILVA, D. T. SARAIVA, M. M. FREITAS, P. R. CECON, and L. R. FERREIRA. "Levels of nutrients and grain yield of maize intercropped with signalgrass (Brachiaria) in different arrangements of plants." Planta Daninha 33, no. 1 (March 2015): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582015000100006.
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Competition between maize and signalgrass can economically cripple the intercropping by the reduced yield of maize and dry matter content of the forage. In seeking to define plant arrangements which make this system more efficient, this research was held with the objective of assessing the effects of interference of densities of signalgrass (Urochloa Brizantha) on nutrition and on maize grain yield. Two field experiments were conducted in a randomized block design with four replications. Treatments were arranged similarly in both experiments, in a 2 x 4 factorial design, the first factor being the dose of Nicosulfuron herbicide applied (0 and 8 g ha-1) and the second factor being the forage seeding rates (0, 2, 4 and 6 kg of seeds per hectare). The interference of signalgrass reduced foliar nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus content in maize plants intercropped with the forage. Higher values of grain yield were observed with the reduction of the spacing and the application of the recommended herbicide underdose (8 g ha-1). It was concluded that, regardless of the seeding density of U. Brizantha, reducing the maize seeding inter-rows spacing, combined with the application of an underdose of Nicosulfuron, caused a positive effect by reducing the initial forage growth, resulting in less interference of Urochloa brizantha on nutrient uptake by the maize plants and grain yield of the crop.
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Silva, Carlos Augusto da, Marcos Ventura Faria, Elida Auxiliadora Peralta Paiva, Welton Luiz Zaluski, Emanuel Gava, Diego Fernando De Marck, Marcelo Cruz Mendes, and Mikael Neumann. "Selection of S3 progenies of forage maize based on topcrosses with different testers." Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy 43 (March 18, 2021): e51223. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v43i1.51223.
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Maize forage is commonly used as silage in milk and beef cattle livestock production systems. Despite the wide variety of maize hybrids with high potential for grain production, few available hybrids have been developed exclusively for forage aptitude. The present study aimed to select S3 maize progenies derived from the single hybrid AS1572 based on the combining ability of forage traits in topcrosses with testers AG8025, 70.H26.1, and MLP102. The 135 resulting topcross hybrids were assessed in partial diallel in Guarapuava and Rio Bonito do Iguaçu, Paraná State, Brazil. Were evaluated the contents of neutral detergent fiber (NDF, %DM) and acid detergent fiber (ADF, %DM), forage dry matter yield (DMY, t ha-1), and in situ digestibility of forage dry matter (DIG, %DM). For all evaluated traits, the variability allowed us to select superior progenies. Progenies 3.1, 22.1, and 39.1stood out in terms of NDF, ADF, and DIG, whereas progenies 47.1, 73.1, 79.1, and 90.2 were efficient in increasing the forage dry matter yield. The testers AG8025 and 70.H26.1, of narrow genetic base, are the best to explore genetic variability among progenies.
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Susmel, P., B. Stefanon, C. R. Mills, and M. Spanghero. "Rumen degradability of organic matter, nitrogen and fibre fractions in forages." Animal Science 51, no. 3 (December 1990): 515–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100012551.
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ABSTRACTRumen degradability of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N), neutral-detergent fibre (NDF), hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin was evaluated with the in situ technique for maize silage and cocksfoot, timothy, fescue, lucerne and meadow hays. The degradability of each of the six forages was studied separately, each forage being used in turn as the main component of the diet offered to four fistulated cows. For each forage 300 g were mordanted with sodium dichromate and placed in the rumen when the same forage was studied. Faecal grab samples were collected to measure the forage transit time. Digestibility was evaluated using both lignin as an indicator and by an in vitro method.Rumen outflow rate was higher for cocksfoot and lucerne hays than for maize silage and the meadow, timothy and fescue hays (P < 0·01). The effective degradabilities of DM and OM were higher in maize silage, fescue and lucerne than in cocksfoot, timothy or meadow hay (P < 0·01). Effective degradability of N was highest in lucerne and lowest in timothy and meadow hay (P < 0·01). The degradability of NDF, hemicellulose and cellulose for fescue was always the highest of the six forages (P < 0·01; P < 0·05; F < 0·01 respectively).Rumen outflow rate was statistically correlated with the c value of DM (r = 0·47), N (r = 0·54), NDF (r = 0·43) and hemicellulose (r = 0·43). High correlations were observed between rate constants of degradation of NDF and hemicellulose, cellulose or lignin (0·93, 0·75 and 0·79 respectively). The regression between in vitro and lignin-derived digestibility was highly significant (P < 0·001, r2 = 0·902 residual s.e. 0·017). The multiple regression analysis between lignin-based digestibility and degradability coefficients, effective degradability and coefficients of faecal chromium excretion was highly significant (r = 0·748; residual s.e. = 0·03).
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Mohammed, S. H., and Maarouf I. Mohammed. "Impact of Abiotic Stress on Quality Traits of Maize Forage at Two Growth Stages." Journal of Horticulture and Plant Research 7 (August 2019): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/jhpr.7.60.
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Maize (Zeamays L.) forage quality traits are reported to show varying responses to abiotic stress. Four trials were conducted in Sudan (Africa) during the summer and winter seasons (2013 – 2014) at two locations: Shambat (normal soils) and Soba (salt affected soils) to investigate the effects of abiotic stress on the nutritive value of maize forage. In each trial nine maize genotypes were studied under two watering regimes arranged in split plot experiment in randomized complete block design. The compound effect of salt, water and heat stresses created by the combination of locations, seasons and watering regimes were used to investigate the effect of abiotic stress on forage quality at silk initiation and dough growth stages. Character associations under stressed and none stressed conditions were studied. NDF, ADF, CP, forage yield and related traits were measured. Abiotic stress significantly lowered the nutritive value in terms of crude protein, digestibility and intake potential. Digestibility under stressed condition was slightly improved as growth stage advanced from silk initiation to dough stage. Correlations under non stress conditions between forage yield and quality traits were either favorable with NDF and weak or insignificant with ADF and CP. Under stress conditions, similar trend generally exists apart from the unfavorable correlation of CP with each of yield and ADF, in addition to earliness with NDF. The compound effect of salt, water and heat stresses have adverse impact on the nutritive value of maize forage. Varieties combining high performance in quality and forage yield could be developed under non-stressed or stressed conditions.