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Academic literature on the topic 'Forage plants Legumes Weeds'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Forage plants Legumes Weeds"

1

Malik, Najib, and John Waddington. "Weed Control Strategies for Forage Legumes." Weed Technology 3, no. 2 (June 1989): 288–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00031821.

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Tolerance and subsequent yield response of established alfalfa, red clover, alsike clover, sainfoin, birdsfoot trefoil, and cicer milkvetch to sethoxydim and fluazifop spring applied and to hexazinone, metribuzin, and terbacil fall applied were determined in a field study. All legumes tolerated sethoxydim. Fluazifop was safe on all legumes except sainfoin. Alfalfa and cicer milkvetch tolerated hexazinone, metribuzin, and terbacil. Alfalfa dry matter yield was not affected by any of the herbicide treatments, but cumulative cicer milkvetch yield increased 9% over a 3-yr period with hexazinone applications. Sainfoin yield increased 20% with hexazinone and terbacil treatment. Hexazinone injured red clover and reduced yield. Alsike clover was the most susceptible legume to the residual herbicides. Weed dry matter yield associated with the legumes indicated that alfalfa and sainfoin were the most and the least competitive species, respectively. Plots treated with hexazinone contained the least amount of weeds, regardless of the legume species. Field peas seeded in rotation was not affected by herbicide residues; however, residues from terbacil applied at 1.0 kg/ha reduced seed yield of lentils.

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Gecaitė, Viktorija, Aušra Arlauskienė, and Jurgita Cesevičienė. "Competition Effects and Productivity in Oat–Forage Legume Relay Intercropping Systems under Organic Farming Conditions." Agriculture 11, no. 2 (January 25, 2021): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020099.

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Cereal-legume intercropping is important in many low-input agricultural systems. Interactions between combinations of different plant species vary widely. Field experiments were conducted to determine yield formation regularities and plant competition effects of oat (Avena sativa L.)–black medick (Medicago lupulina L.), oat–white clover (Trifolium repens L.), and oat–Egyptian clover (T. alexandrinum L.) under organic farming conditions. Oats and forage legumes were grown in mono- and intercrops. Aboveground dry matter (DM) measured at flowering, development of fruit and ripened grain, productivity indicators, oat grain yield and nutrient content were established. The results showed that oats dominated in the intercropping systems. Oat competitive performance (CPo), which is characterized by forage legumes aboveground mass reduction compared to monocrops, were 91.4–98.9. As the oats ripened, its competitiveness tendency to declined. In oat–forage legume intercropping systems, the mass of weeds was significantly lower compared to the legume monocrops. Oats and forage legumes competed for P, but N and K accumulation in biomass was not significantly affected. We concluded that, in relay intercrop, under favourable conditions, the forage legumes easily adapted to the growth rhythm and intensity of oats and does not adverse effect on their grain yield.

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Sather, Bryan C., Robert L. Kallenbach, William J. Sexten, and Kevin W. Bradley. "Evaluation of Cattle Grazing Distribution in Response to Weed and Legume Removal in Mixed Tall Fescue (Schedonorus phoenix) and Legume Pastures." Weed Technology 27, no. 1 (March 2013): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-12-00075.1.

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Grazing experiments were conducted during 2009 and 2010 to investigate the effect of herbicide application and subsequent weed removal on cattle grazing distribution in mixed tall fescue and legume pastures. At each location, herbicide applications were made to one-half of the grazed hectares to remove existing weeds and brush. Weeds and legumes were left nontreated across the remaining half of the grazed hectares at each location. Global positioning system tracking collars were fitted to three beef cows at each site and coordinates from each collar were recorded at 1-h intervals for 3 to 4 mo after herbicide application. At each location, broadleaf weeds were reduced from 1 to 51 kg ha−1, and legumes were completely eliminated in herbicide-treated compared to nontreated portions of the pastures. By the end of the season, the forage grass and legume component of pastures was greater and weed component lower in treated compared to nontreated portions of the pastures. By 3 mo after treatment, the cattle distribution was 1.3 to 5 times greater in herbicide-treated compared to nontreated portions of pastures. Overall, results from these experiments indicate herbicide treatment can increase desirable forage mass and thus modify cattle grazing distribution in pastures.

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4

McCartney, D., and J. Fraser. "The potential role of annual forage legumes in Canada: A review." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 90, no. 4 (July 1, 2010): 403–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps07182.

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The need to reduce agricultural input costs while increasing soil fertility has prompted researchers to look for alternative crop production systems that include N fixing crops. Annual legumes can be used in rotations as forages and green manure crops to increase the organic matter and N content of soils and provide soil cover to control erosion and weeds. Despite the benefits of annual legumes, high production costs and scarcity of seed has hindered their use.Key words: Medic, clover, vetch, pea, bean, lentil, forage yield, forage quality

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Harwanto, Harwanto, Bambang Suwignyo, Zaenal Bachruddin, and Galih Pawening. "Explorasi dan Studi Komposisi Botani Gulma di Perkebunan Karet PTPN IX Kebun Getas sebagai Pakan Ternak Ruminansia." Jurnal Ilmu Peternakan dan Veteriner Tropis (Journal of Tropical Animal and Veterinary Science) 11, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.46549/jipvet.v11i1.133.

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Abstract Weed is one of the plants that grow around rubber plantations that have the potential to provide forage for ruminant feed. This study aimed to explore the environmental conditions and identify the botanical composition of weeds under the shade of rubber trees in immature plants (IP) at PTPN IX, Getas Farm, Semarang, Central Java. Exploratory research was conducted to identify the botanical composition of weeds in three IP groups, such as 1-2, 3-4, and 5-6 years old. The composition of the weeds’ botany was divided based on the plants’ morphology into grass, legume, forbs, and browse. The environmental conditions data were analyzed using the ANOVA method and followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The botanical composition data were tabulated using a summed dominance ratio (SDR). The results showed the light intensity, wind speed, environment temperature, and weed botanical composition decreased as the rubber plants ages. The composition of rubber plantation weeds on IP 1-2 years old consisted of 32 species (5 kinds of grass, 4 legumes, 21 forbs, and 2 browse). The composition of weeds on IP 3-4 years old consisted of 15 species (8 kinds of grass, 2 legumes, and 5 forbs), while IP 5-6 years old consisted of 6 species (4 kinds of grass, 1 legume, and 1 forb). The dominant weeds of each IP were Calopogonium mucunoides, Cyrtococcum acrescens, and Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum, respectively. Based on the results of the study it was concluded that the area of IP 1-2 years old rubber plantation weeds has the highest botanical composition and potential as ruminant feed. Keywords: Environmental conditions; Immature plants; Rubber plantation; Weed Abstrak Gulma merupakan salah satu tanaman yang tumbuh di sekitar tanaman perkebunan karet yang berpotensi sebagai penyedia hijauan pakan ternak ruminansia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi kondisi lingkunganpertumbuhan gulma dan mengidentifikasi komposisi botani di bawah naungan pohon karet pada tanaman belum menghasilkan (TBM), di PTPN IX, Kebun Getas. Semarang, Jawa Tengah. Penelitian dilakukan secara eksploratif terhadap kondisi lingkungan dan identifikasi komposisi botani gulma pada 3 kelompok TBM yaitu umur 1-2; 3-4; dan 5-6 tahun. Komposisi botani gulma dibagi berdasarkan morfologi tanaman yaitu rumput, legum, forb, dan browse. Data kondisi lingkungan kelompok TBM dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA dan diuji lanjut menggunakan Duncant’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Data dominasi komposisi botani ditabulasi menggunakan summed dominance ratio (SDR). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan intensitas cahaya, kecepatan angin, suhu lingkungan, dan komposisi botani gulma menurun seiring bertambahnya umur tanaman karet. Komposisi gulma perkebunan karet pada TBM 1-2 terdapat 32 spesies meliputi 5 rumput, 4 legum, 21 forb, dan 2 browse; TBM 3-4 terdapat 15 spesies meliputi 8 rumput, 2 legum, dan 5 forb, sedangkan TBM 5-6 terdapat 6 spesies meliputi 4 rumput, 1 legum, dan 1 forb. Gulma yang mendominasi masing-masing TBM yaitu Calopogonium mucunoides, Cyrtococcum acrescens dan Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian disimpulkan gulma perkebunan karet lahan TBM 1–2 memiliki komposisi botani dan potensi tertinggi sebagai pakan ternak ruminansia. Kata kunci: Gulma; Kondisi lingkungan; Perkebunan Karet; TBM

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McDonald, C. K., and R. M. Jones. "Relationships between age and biomass of individual plants and seed production in two grazed tropical legumes. 2. Validation of models." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, no. 2 (2002): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar00176.

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Relationships predicting legume seed production from total legume biomass and from age and biomass of individual legume plants in a grazing trial at CSIRO Narayen Research Station, in south-eastern Queensland, were compared with observed soil seed measurements over 9 years. This was part of a larger project to develop a demographic model of tropical perennial forage legumes in grazed pastures. Suitable data were available from Chamaecrista rotundifolia–Cenchrus ciliaris pastures stocked at 0.54 and 1.09 head/ha and from Stylosanthes scabra– C. ciliaris pastures at 1.09 head/ha. Use of legume plant age and biomass, in conjunction with grass biomass (C. rotundifolia) or kg legume/head (S. scabra), to predict soil seed accounted for 87% (C. rotundifolia) and 77% (S. scabra) of the variation in observed values, and gave accurate and unbiased predictions. Prediction of soil seed from total legume biomass was better correlated with observed values for S. scabra (r2 = 0.72) than for C. rotundifolia(r2 = 0.63), but over-predicted values for S. scabraand under-predicted those for C. rotundifolia. The results highlight that, with C. ciliaris, the grass biomass needs to be kept below 3000 kg/ha to maintain a C. rotundifolia population. Similarly, the results indicate that biomass of S. scabra may need to be kept below 400 kg/head to avoid the possibility of S. scabra dominance, depending on the companion grass. Application of the seed production models in assessing the agronomic adaptation of these legumes and in predicting persistence of legumes and other species (e.g. weeds) is discussed.

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Rochana, Ana, Nyimas Popi Indriani, Budi Ayuningsih, Iman Hernaman, Tidi Dhalika, Dedi Rahmat, and Sari Suryanah. "Feed Forage and Nutrition Value at Altitudes during the Dry Season in the West Java." ANIMAL PRODUCTION 18, no. 2 (November 18, 2016): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.anprod.2016.18.2.531.

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Field grass was a source of ruminant forage, especially for rural farmers in the West Java in different altitude. The aim of this study was to determine the potential of grass during the dry season which included the botanical composition analysis and chemical analysis of nutritional value. The study was conducted from September to November 2015. The method used was a survey method, sampling was multistage sampling. The parameters measured in the study included a botanical composition of the forage, biomass production of feed materials on fresh and dry matter, dry material content, an inorganic material included ash, calcium and phosphorus, protein, crude fiber, extract materials without nitrogen, and crude fat. The results showed that the areas in the West Java were drought in September and October, thus resulting in very limited supply of forage and the productivity of the forages was very low. A botanical composition in the highland area was more complete included grass, legumes and weeds than lowland areas and medium altitude. Forage production in highland areas was higher than in lowland areas and medium altitude. Feed plants in the lowlands had a greater fiber content which was forming energy for plants, and lower crude protein when compared to highland

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8

Entz, M. H., R. Guilford, and R. Gulden. "Crop yield and soil nutrient status on 14 organic farms in the eastern portion of the northern Great Plains." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 81, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p00-089.

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Cropping records from 13 organic farms in the eastern Canadian prairies and one in North Dakota (1991 to 1996) were surveyed to determine crop rotation pattern, yields and soil nutrient status. Major crops included cereal grains, forages, and green manure legumes. Organic grain and forage yields averaged from one-half to almost double conventional yields. Soil N, K and S levels on organic farms were generally sufficient; however, levels of available soil P were deficient in several instances. Key words: Crop rotation, weeds, forages, green manure crops

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9

Amossé, Camille, Marie-Hélène Jeuffroy, Florian Celette, and Christophe David. "Relay-intercropped forage legumes help to control weeds in organic grain production." European Journal of Agronomy 49 (August 2013): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2013.04.002.

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10

PESANT, A. R., C. FERNET, J. L. DIONNE, and L. BELZILE. "EFFECTS OF SNOWMOBILE TRAFFIC ON YIELD AND BOTANICAL COMPOSITION OF FORAGE STANDS IN QUEBEC." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 65, no. 3 (July 1, 1985): 543–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps85-076.

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Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of snowmobile traffic on forage stands in Quebec. In exp. I, two trial areas received 150 snowmobile passes a week for two winters from the beginning of December to the end of March. Three timothy legume swards (alfalfa, red clover, ladino clover) treated with snowmobile traffic showed no significant effects on yield or botanical composition. In exp. II, established forage stands in farmers’ fields crossed by snowmobile club trails were used over three consecutive winter periods. Spring soil-root core samplings taken on 30 location years showed a reduction in yield and legume stands following snowmobile traffic. No significant difference was found in the proportion of grasses but weed numbers increased. The factors believed to influence the yields and botanical composition were also investigated by using step-wise regression analysis. Yields and proportion of legumes and weeds were affected most by winter rain, snow depth and the clay content of the soils, respectively. The results suggested that snowmobile traffic in farmers’ fields was detrimental to alfalfa. Snowmobile trails should avoid legume fields and be located on waste lands, even though this may cause a lengthening of the trails.Key words: Snowmobile, cold hardiness, snow compaction, forage crops

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Forage plants Legumes Weeds"

1

Alley, Joseph L. "Forage legumes as living mulches in tree plantations /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1421108.

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Tickes, Barry. "Preharvest control of broadleaf weeds in wheat." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/205404.

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Nine herbicide treatments were evaluated for the control of mature nettleleaf goosefoot in durum wheat that was ten days from harvest. The only effective treatments were combinations of Glyphosate (Roundup Ultra Max and Touchdown) and Paraquat (Gramoxone). Applications of Aim, Gramoxone, and Glyphosate alone were ineffective.

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3

Knowles, Tim C. "Feed Quality of Common Summer Grass and Broadleaf Weeds in Alfalfa Hay." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/202451.

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Late summer grassy weed control is a questionable practice since it reduces alfalfa hay tonnage during summer slump, and the reduction in hay feed quality caused by these weeds in horse hay is questionable. A field experiment was conducted at the September alfalfa cutting to examine the feed quality of grassy and broadleaf weeds found in western Arizona hay fields at this time which corresponds with annual summer slump. These weeds included bermudagrass, junglerice (watergrass), Mexican sprangletop, Johnsongrass, purple nutsedge, and common purslane. Since hay cut during this period is used primarily for dry dairy cow and horse hay this study examined the suitability of alfalfa hay infested with these summer weeds as a feed for these animals. Based on this study, horse owners could benefit financially if they waited until late summer when hay prices slump, and purchase off-grade alfalfa hay containing less than one half grassy summer weeds for an economical, nutritious feed source.

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Tickes, B., and M. Ottman. "The Relationship Between Ten Alfalfa Varieties and the Presence of Weeds After Two Years." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/200831.

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Noviandi, Cuk Tri. "The effect of chemical treatments on the chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of tropical forages /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18866.pdf.

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Sampson, Helen G. (Helen Grace). "Biomass and protein yields, N2-fixation and N transfer in annual forage legume-barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cropping systems." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=68257.

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In this study, six annual legumes and the perennial, red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) were monocropped (MC) and intercropped (IC) with barley in a field study with three N levels, 0, 30 and 60 kg N ha$ sp{-1}$. At O kg N ha$ sp{-1}$, N$ sb2$-fixation and N transfer were estimated by the $ sp{15}$N isotope dilution (ID) method. At 60 kg N ha$ sp{-1}$, a direct $ sp{15}$N labelling method was employed to study N transfer. The hypotheses were that the annual species would be more productive within one growing season than red clover, that increased N levels would increase herbage dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP), that the proportion of N derived from N$ sb2$-fixation in IC-legumes would be higher than that of MC-legumes and that within intercrops there would be evidence of N transfer. In neither year was the total DM yield of red clover, MC or IC, less than the rest of the legumes. In 1991, the total DM yield of intercrops responded to 30 kg N ha$ sp{-1}$; in neither year did the estimated total CP yield of MC-legumes or intercrops respond to N levels. Only in 1992 was there evidence of N$ sb2$-fixation and the proportion of N derived from fixation by IC-legumes was 145% higher than that of MC-legumes. Only the $ sp{15}$N direct labelling method gave evidence of N transfer, to associated legume and barley plants in 1991, and to associated legume plants in 1992.

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Boloko, Mahlodi Solomon. "The influence of forage legumes on annual fodder grasses in different intercropping systems in the Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/884.

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Thesis (M.Sc. (Agricultural Management)) --University of Limpopo, 2004
Identification of annual grass/legume intercropping or mixtures with superior nutrient traits and Dry matter (DM) production is critical to increasing productivity of the crop and animal production among small-scale farmers in the Limpopo Province. Three similar field experiments were established at different locations in the Province to determine the significance of the contribution of annual summer legumes, and cutting treatments on the nutritive value and dry matter accumulation of the popular forage sorghum (Sorghum spp) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) intercropped with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and dolichos (Lablab purpureus). The cropping systems evaluated were sole sorghum, sole pearl millet, sorghum + cowpea, sorghum + dolichos, pearl millet + cowpea and pearl millet + dolichos. The treatments sole sorghum and pearl millet significantly (P<0.05) outperformed the other treatments in terms of DM production at most cutting stages. The remaining four treatments though, inferior in DM in this study, yielded better than the average yield on farmers' fields in the Province. Higher protein content was obtained in mixtures than in sole cropping, and generally there was lower protein production and content at matured stages (CT3) in the study. The other chemical composition analyzed in the study was not significant for both mixtures and sole cultures.

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Tickes, Barry R., and E. Stanley Heathman. "Wheat Weed Control, Yuma County." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/200519.

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Tickes, Barry. "Evaluation of Herbicides for the Control of Littleseed Canarygrass in Wheat – 2005." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/203841.

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Three herbicides, Puma, Achieve and Osprey, have been registered for the control of Littleseed Canarygrass in the last five years. Another, Pinoxaden, is being developed and should be registered in the next few years. These herbicides were compared for weed control and crop safety. All produced very good to excellent levels of control although crop injury, especially when tank mixed with broadleaf herbicides, was significant.

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Tickes, Barry. "Evaluation of herbicides for control of littleseed canarygrass in wheat - 2004." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/203872.

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Four herbicides and combinations of these herbicides with MCPA were evaluated for the control of Littleseed canarygrass in durum wheat. The currently registered herbicides, Achieve and Puma (not registered in Arizona) produced control levels of 80 to 95 percent with good crop safety. The new herbicides being developed, Osprey and Olympus produced higher and more consistent levels of control of 95 to 99 percent but caused slight to moderate crop injury. Combinations of Achieve and Puma with MCPA, a broadleaf herbicide, resulted in decreased control. When Osprey was tank mixed with MCPA, crop injury was increased.

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Books on the topic "Forage plants Legumes Weeds"

1

Singh, Jai Vir. Forage legumes. Jodhpur: Scientific Publishers (India), 2010.

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L, Charlton J. F., and Laidlaw A. S, eds. Temperate forage legumes. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CAB International, 1997.

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G, Cameron D., and Riveros Fernando, eds. Tropical forage legumes. 2nd ed. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1988.

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Edwardson, J. R. Viruses infecting forage legumes. Gainesville: Agricultural Experiment Stations, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 1986.

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MacLean, Jayne T. Forage legumes: January 1987-May 1990. Beltsville, Md: National Agricultural Library, 1990.

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MacLean, Jayne T. Forage legumes, 1970-85: 206 citations. Beltsville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library, 1986.

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MacLean, Jayne T. Forage legumes: January 1988-September 1992. Beltsville, Md: National Agricultural Library, 1992.

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Mehra, K. L. Indonesian economic plant resources: Forage crops. Bogor: Lembaga Biologi Nasional-LIPI, 1985.

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Legel, Siegfried. Tropical forage legumes and grasses: Introductory fieldbook. Berlin: Deutscher Landwirtschaftsverlag, 1990.

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MacLean, Jayne T. Forage legumes, June 1985-April 1988: 258 citations. Beltsville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Forage plants Legumes Weeds"

1

Townsend, C. E. "Forage Legumes." In Hybridization of Crop Plants, 367–80. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/1980.hybridizationofcrops.c25.

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Reid, Robert, and Sarita Jane Bennett. "Reasons for collecting wild plants." In Genetic Resources of Mediterranean Pasture and Forage Legumes, 32–40. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4776-7_3.

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Kemal, Seid Ahmed. "Phenotyping Methods of Fungal Diseases, Parasitic Nematodes, and Weeds in Cool-Season Food Legumes." In Phenomics in Crop Plants: Trends, Options and Limitations, 147–61. New Delhi: Springer India, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2226-2_10.

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Kretschmer, Albert, and W. Pitman. "Germplasm Resources of Tropical Forage Legumes." In Tropical Forage Plants. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420038781.ch4.

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Tinker, Peter B., and Peter Nye. "Solute Transport and Crop Growth Models in the Field." In Solute Movement in the Rhizosphere. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195124927.003.0015.

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In this chapter we deal with vegetation growing in the field. This introduces new and challenging questions of scale and heterogeneity, in time and space, of the environment in which plants grow. It builds on the concepts and methods explained in earlier chapters, especially the movement of water and solutes (chapters 2, 3 and 4) and the distribution of roots (chapter 9) in field soils. In some cases, it requires changes and simplifications in the methods that we have used earlier. The problems of dealing with water and nutrient movement and uptake at the field scale are discussed first. The modelling approach that we developed in the earlier chapters of this book, up to the end of chapter 10, logically resumes at section 11.3. This covers both uptake models and the more complex combined crop growth and uptake models that simulate the main interactions with the environment. This chapter considers increasingly complex systems: first, uniform monocultures, including models of a ‘green leaf crop’, a root crop, a cereal, and a tree crop. At this level, the presence of weeds or groundcover is deliberately ignored. Interspecies competition is included later, with vegetation composed of more or less regularly spaced plants of more than one species. This occurs in many agricultural systems, such as mixtures of forage species and agroforestry systems. The competition processes become even more complicated where there is no spatial symmetry, and models of crop/weed mixtures, grass/legume mixtures, and planted woodlands are used as examples. Progress with crops has been more rapid because of their more regular structure, so we deal mainly with these, but we believe that similar ideas will be applied to natural vegetation also, and this is discussed in section 11.5. Most of these models have a water submodel, or, if not, one could be added. As the physical basis is normally rather similar for all water models, one model for water uptake is explained in some detail (section 11.1.2), but elsewhere water uptake is dealt with very briefly. For each model, the preferred order of discussion is water; growth, including economic yield; nitrogen; potassium; phosphorus; and other nutrients, unless the logic of the subject demands a different order.

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Bashilov, Alexey, and Mikhail Belyakov. "The Study of Luminescence Spectra of Seeds of Crop Species for Diagnostic Quality." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 454–79. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9420-8.ch018.

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In this chapter, optical luminescent biological objects diagnostics methods and biotissues are considered. According to the previously developed method, excitation and photoluminescence spectra agricultural plants seeds, including cereals, legumes, fodder, technical, and vegetable, were measured. The typical excitation spectrum lies in the range of 355-500 nm and has two maxima: the main one at 424 nm and the side one at 485 nm. The luminescence spectrum lies in the range of 420-650 nm and has a maximum in the region of 500-520 nm. The maximum luminescence is less pronounced than in the excitation spectrum. The measured spectral luminescence characteristics forage plants seeds by scarification. Due to the scarification forage plants seeds spectral characteristics increase. In Galega seeds with multiple scarification, observed qualitative changes in the excitation spectrum was associated with the appearance of a new maximum at a wavelength of 423 nm. Similarly, for clover seeds, the obtained results can be used to create seed diagnostics devices.

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Vittum, Patricia J. "Scarabaeid Pests: Subfamily Rutelinae." In Turfgrass Insects of the United States and Canada, 237–61. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501747953.003.0016.

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Abstract:

This chapter looks at the Japanese beetle, in the order Coleoptera, family Scarabaeidae, subfamily Rutelinae (shiny leaf chafer), tribe Anomalini. The Japanese beetle is considered the single most important widespread turfgrass-infesting scarabaeid in the United States. Japanese beetle larvae cause significant damage to turfgrass in eastern North America and are also a major pest as adults, feeding on foliage, flowers, and fruits of more than 300 species of plants, including agricultural fruits and vegetables, ornamental plants, field and forage crops, and weeds. The chapter then considers the oriental beetle, which was first named the Asiatic beetle. The oriental beetle has become a major pest of turfgrass and occasionally is a pest of ornamentals in the northeastern United States.

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