Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Forage plants Legumes Weeds'

Nine herbicide treatments were evaluated for the control of mature nettleleaf goosefoot in durum wheat that was ten days from harvest. The only effective treatments were combinations of Glyphosate (Roundup Ultra Max and Touchdown) and Paraquat (Gramoxone). Applications of Aim, Gramoxone, and Glyphosate alone were ineffective.

Late summer grassy weed control is a questionable practice since it reduces alfalfa hay tonnage during summer slump, and the reduction in hay feed quality caused by these weeds in horse hay is questionable. A field experiment was conducted at the September alfalfa cutting to examine the feed quality of grassy and broadleaf weeds found in western Arizona hay fields at this time which corresponds with annual summer slump. These weeds included bermudagrass, junglerice (watergrass), Mexican sprangletop, Johnsongrass, purple nutsedge, and common purslane. Since hay cut during this period is used primarily for dry dairy cow and horse hay this study examined the suitability of alfalfa hay infested with these summer weeds as a feed for these animals. Based on this study, horse owners could benefit financially if they waited until late summer when hay prices slump, and purchase off-grade alfalfa hay containing less than one half grassy summer weeds for an economical, nutritious feed source.

In this study, six annual legumes and the perennial, red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) were monocropped (MC) and intercropped (IC) with barley in a field study with three N levels, 0, 30 and 60 kg N ha$ sp{-1}$. At O kg N ha$ sp{-1}$, N$ sb2$-fixation and N transfer were estimated by the $ sp{15}$N isotope dilution (ID) method. At 60 kg N ha$ sp{-1}$, a direct $ sp{15}$N labelling method was employed to study N transfer. The hypotheses were that the annual species would be more productive within one growing season than red clover, that increased N levels would increase herbage dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP), that the proportion of N derived from N$ sb2$-fixation in IC-legumes would be higher than that of MC-legumes and that within intercrops there would be evidence of N transfer. In neither year was the total DM yield of red clover, MC or IC, less than the rest of the legumes. In 1991, the total DM yield of intercrops responded to 30 kg N ha$ sp{-1}$; in neither year did the estimated total CP yield of MC-legumes or intercrops respond to N levels. Only in 1992 was there evidence of N$ sb2$-fixation and the proportion of N derived from fixation by IC-legumes was 145% higher than that of MC-legumes. Only the $ sp{15}$N direct labelling method gave evidence of N transfer, to associated legume and barley plants in 1991, and to associated legume plants in 1992.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Agricultural Management)) --University of Limpopo, 2004
Identification of annual grass/legume intercropping or mixtures with superior nutrient traits and Dry matter (DM) production is critical to increasing productivity of the crop and animal production among small-scale farmers in the Limpopo Province. Three similar field experiments were established at different locations in the Province to determine the significance of the contribution of annual summer legumes, and cutting treatments on the nutritive value and dry matter accumulation of the popular forage sorghum (Sorghum spp) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) intercropped with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and dolichos (Lablab purpureus). The cropping systems evaluated were sole sorghum, sole pearl millet, sorghum + cowpea, sorghum + dolichos, pearl millet + cowpea and pearl millet + dolichos. The treatments sole sorghum and pearl millet significantly (P<0.05) outperformed the other treatments in terms of DM production at most cutting stages. The remaining four treatments though, inferior in DM in this study, yielded better than the average yield on farmers' fields in the Province. Higher protein content was obtained in mixtures than in sole cropping, and generally there was lower protein production and content at matured stages (CT3) in the study. The other chemical composition analyzed in the study was not significant for both mixtures and sole cultures.

Three herbicides, Puma, Achieve and Osprey, have been registered for the control of Littleseed Canarygrass in the last five years. Another, Pinoxaden, is being developed and should be registered in the next few years. These herbicides were compared for weed control and crop safety. All produced very good to excellent levels of control although crop injury, especially when tank mixed with broadleaf herbicides, was significant.

Four herbicides and combinations of these herbicides with MCPA were evaluated for the control of Littleseed canarygrass in durum wheat. The currently registered herbicides, Achieve and Puma (not registered in Arizona) produced control levels of 80 to 95 percent with good crop safety. The new herbicides being developed, Osprey and Olympus produced higher and more consistent levels of control of 95 to 99 percent but caused slight to moderate crop injury. Combinations of Achieve and Puma with MCPA, a broadleaf herbicide, resulted in decreased control. When Osprey was tank mixed with MCPA, crop injury was increased.

There are currently three herbicides registered for the control of littleseed canarygrass in the desert southwest. Hoelon was used with marginal success from 1982 to 1999. In 1999, Achieve was registered in Arizona and Puma was registered in California for the control of this weed in wheat and barley. Both have produced good to excellent levels of control (75 to 95 percent) in our tests and under commercial conditions. Two newer herbicides, Olympus (formerly Bayer MKH6561) and F130060 (Aventis) are being developed and have produced excellent levels of canarygrass control in our tests with less crop safety.

Fourteen herbicide treatments were evaluated for the control of littleseed canarygras in durum wheat. Hoelon produced marginal (65%) control, Achieve fair (77%), Control and Puma good (92%) control. Tank mixes of Achieve and Puma with MCPA and Aim resulted in reduced canarygrass control. New ALS inhibitors, Olympus and F130060, produced good to excellent (85 to 95%) control except when mixed with crop oil concentrate and liquid nitrogen.

Little Malva (Malva porviflora L.) is an important weed that is resistant to herbicides that will selectively control most other broadleaf weeds in alfalfa. Oxyfluorfen (Goal) has been placed under an Experimental Use Permit for alfalfa. In 1987, this herbicide was evaluated for the selective control of malva in alfalfa in the Avra Valley west of Tucson. Oxyfluorfen stunted both the malva and the alfalfa. However, the alfalfa was stunted to a lesser degree, and had begun to recover three weeks after the application of oxyfluorfen. The malva did not recover, and the alfalfa was relieved from weed competition three weeks after treatment.

Two formulations of Velpar® (DF, L) were evaluated over multiple alfalfa varieties to compare the potential phytotoxic effects this product. Treatments were made April 15, with yield and stem data collected on May 10. Both Velpar® formulations resulted in yellowed alfalfa within three days of application, with symptoms disappearing by 21 days post treatment. Yield data indicated increased yields from alfalfa treated with Velpar®, due to increased numbers of stems. The reason for the stem increase associated with Velpar® usage is unknown.

Orientadores: Anete Pereira de Souza, Rosangela M. S. Resende
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T22:16:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos-Garcia_MelissadeOliveira_D.pdf: 5324075 bytes, checksum: e6ca57392002e1631d9b7a3bcc4c96e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009
Resumo: No Brasil, a pecuária bovina é baseada principalmente na utilização de pastagens para alimentação animal, sendo a maioria destas cultivadas. Gramíneas do gênero Urochloa P. Beauv. originárias da África Setentrional têm sido as mais utilizadas pelos pecuaristas, juntamente com algumas leguminosas de origem sul-americana. Os maiores problemas enfrentados pelos produtores são a degradação das pastagens e o seu alto custo de recuperação, principalmente pela necessidade de uso de fertilizantes químicos nitrogenados. Devido à capacidade das leguminosas de transformar o nitrogênio atmosférico e fixá-lo no solo, seu uso consorciado a gramíneas pode ser indicado como uma alternativa menos onerosa para recuperação das pastagens. Dentre as leguminosas já testadas como pastagens, as do gênero Stylosanthes Sw. têm se mostrado passíveis de utilização em regiões de solos de baixa fertilidade, apresentando bons resultados quando consorciadas a gramíneas. O Brasil é o maior centro de origem e diversidade deste gênero, com ocorrência das espécies de maior potencial forrageiro, havendo vários acessos disponíveis em bancos de germoplasma. Para que os programas de melhoramento possam utilizar de forma adequada os bancos de germoplasma existentes, é necessário um conhecimento da quantidade e da distribuição da diversidade genética dentro dessas coleções. Além disso, para grande parte das espécies do gênero, as taxas de cruzamento são desconhecidas ou foram estimadas com base em caracteres morfológicos, que podem sofrer influência do ambiente e são encontrados em número restrito. Nesse contexto, no presente trabalho foram desenvolvidos marcadores microssatélites para três espécies do gênero Stylosanthes Sw. (S. capitata Vog., S. guianensis (Aubl.) Sw. e S. macrocephala Ferr. et Costa). Devido à disponibilidade dos experimentos, foi possível utilizar os microssatélites desenvolvidos para estimar a taxa de cruzamento de S. capitata Vog. e S. guianensis (Aubl.) Sw., mostrando que ambas as espécies apresentam um sistema misto de reprodução com predominância de autogamia. Considerando que as flores de Stylosanthes são cleistógamas, a taxa de cruzamento encontrada foi alta (26% ara S. guianensis (Aubl.) Sw. e 31% para S. capitata Vog.) e deve ser considerada durante a multiplicação de sementes para manutenção do banco de germoplasma, a fim de manter a integridade individual de cada acesso. Foi também observada uma variação da taxa de cruzamento entre diferentes progênies. Também foi avaliada a diversidade genética em bancos de germoplasma de duas espécies do gênero (S. guianensis (Aubl.) Sw. e S. macrocephala Ferr. et Costa), mostrando a formação de grupos bem definidos entre os acessos dessas espécies e que podem ser considerados durante o melhoramento. Em S. guianensis (Aubl.) Sw., que apresenta uma classificação taxonômica controversa, os grupos formados estão de acordo com um dos modelos taxonômicos propostos. Os microssatélites desenvolvidos, assim como os dados de taxa de cruzamento e de diversidade genética gerados nesse trabalho, são um passo em direção a um melhor entendimento do gênero e uma ferramenta para que novos trabalhos possam ser realizados.
Abstract: In Brazil, most of the cattle are grown in cultivated pastures. Forage grasses belonging to the African genus Urochloa P. Beauv. have been the most commonly used, together with some American legumes. Soil degradation and high costs for reclaiming are the major problems of pastures, since nitrogen enrichment is necessary. Considering that legumes can fix atmospheric nitrogen into soil, their use in consortium with grasses has been a plausible alternative for soil reclaiming. Among feasible legumes for pastures, those belonging to the genus Stylosanthes Sw. have proved to be suitable for low fertile soils and and for consortium with grasses. Brazil is the major center of origin and diversity of this genus, including its most promising species. Many Stylosanthes Sw. accessions are available in germplasm collections and their use could be potentiated by further knowledge on the available genetic diversity. In addition, there is still limited knowledge on the mating system of most of Stylosanthes Sw. species. In the present work, microsatellite markers were developed for S. capitata Vog., S. guianensis (Aubl.) Sw. and S. macrocephala Ferr. et Costa aiming at studying the genetic diversity and mating systems of Stylosanthes Sw. species. The microsatellite analysis on the mating system of S. capitata Vog. and S. guianensis (Aubl.) Sw. showed a mixed mating system with predominance of self-fertilization. Considering that Stylosanthes flowers are cleistogamous, the observed outcrossing rates wererelatively high, being 26% for S. guianensis (Aubl.) Sw. and 31% for S. capitata Vog.. These outcrossing rates should be taken into consideration in seed multiplication, for the purpose of maintaining the genetic integrity of individual accessions. Variation in the estimates of outcrossing among different progenies was observed. The microsatellite studies on the genetic diversity in S. guianensis (Aubl.) Sw. and S. macrocephala Ferr. et Costa demonstrated that there are genetic distinct groups within the germplasm collection that could be useful for breeding purposes. In S. guianensis (Aubl.) Sw., which has a controversial taxonomy, the observed groups were in agreement with one of the proposed taxonomical classification. The microsatellites developed for Stylosanthes Sw. species and the data on mating system and genetic diversity presented herein represent important knowledge and tools towards the understanding of this genus and are potentially useful for further studies.
Doutorado
Genetica Vegetal e Melhoramento
Doutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecular

Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. is a legume tree well adapted to water stress, with high levels of protein in their leaves making it a low-cost strategy for ruminants feeding during drought periods. In northeastern Brazil, gliricídia has been used as food for cattle and sheep in silvipastoral systems as well as silage or hay. It produces high dry matter yields of good nutritional quality being well accepted by the animals. The present study carried out at the Pedro Arle Experimental Station of Embrapa Coastal Tablelands in Frei Paulo County Sergipe, Brazil, was split on two trials. In the first one the aim was to evaluate the effect of different gliricidia crop densities over the biomass productive and qualitative parameters. The effect of the crop densities of 10,000; 20,000; 30,000, and 40,000 plants/ha was tested over the green biomass yields, dry matter yields, and on the levels of crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in leaves plus fine stems of gliricídia. A randomized block design with four replications was used. Fresh biomass production of leaves and stems, dry matter production of leaves, percentage of fresh leaves related to total fresh biomass, dry matter percentage in leaves of 13 cuts were evaluated during the growth period between 02/09/2009 and 18/12/2013. The productions of total fresh biomass, leaves fresh biomass, and leaves dry matter increased (P < 0,05) with higher densities of planting 20,000 plants/ha. Year effect (P < 0.05) was found only for total fresh biomass production, fresh leaves yield, percentage of fresh leaf biomass, leave dry matter content, and CP. It is recommended the density of 30000 plants/ha for the conditions of region. In a second experiment mixed silages of gliricídia and ground corn on fresh weight base, in the proportions of 100/0; 94/6; 88/12; 82/18; 76/24, and 70/30 were tested in 10 cm diameter and 30 cm long experimental silos for the parameters of: total dry matter (TDM), ether extract (EE), mineral matter (MM), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude protein (CP), pH, lactic acid and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N). The addition of corn changed the chemical composition of the silage fermentation parameters, except for ammonia nitrogen. It is concluded that according with results found for the parameters evaluated in this study, it is not recommended the addition of ground corn silage gliricídia.
Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. é uma leguminosa arbórea bem adaptada ao estresse hídrico, com altos níveis de proteína em suas folhas tornando-se uma estratégia de baixo custo para a alimentação de ruminantes em períodos de estiagem. No nordeste do Brasil, a gliricídia tem sido usada como alimento para bovinos e ovinos em sistemas silvipastoris, bem como silagem ou feno. Ela produz altos rendimentos de matéria seca de boa qualidade nutricional sendo bem aceita pelos animais. Este estudo foi dividido em dois experimentos. No primeiro o objetivo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes densidades de plantio de gliricídia sobre parâmetros produtivos e qualitativos da biomassa, realizado na Estação Experimental Pedro Arle, da Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, em Frei Paulo, Sergipe, Brasil. Foi avaliado o efeito das densidades de cultivo de 10.000; 20.000; 30.000 e 40.000 plantas/ha nos rendimentos de biomassa verde, produção de matéria seca, e sobre os níveis de proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) em folhas e caules mais tenros de gliricídia. Foi utilizado um delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. A produção de biomassa fresca de folhas e caules, a produção de matéria seca de folhas, a porcentagem de folhas frescas relacionados à biomassa fresca total, a porcentagem de matéria seca nas folhas de 13 cortes foram avaliados durante o período de crescimento entre 02/09/2009 e 18/12/2013. As produções de biomassa fresca total, biomassa das folhas frescas, matéria seca de folhas aumentaram (P<0,05) com densidades de plantio superiores a 20.000 plantas/ha. Foi encontrado efeito do ano (P<0,05) apenas para a produção total de biomassa fresca, produção de folhas frescas, porcentagem de biomassa de folhas frescas, teor de matéria seca das folhas e PB. Recomenda-se a densidade de 30.000 plantas/ha para as condições da região. No segundo experimento silagens mistas de gliricídia e milho moído em base de matéria fresca, nas proporções de 100/0; 94/6; 88/12; 82/18; 76/24 e 70/30 foram testadas em silos experimentais com 10 cm de diâmetro e 30 cm de comprimento para os parâmetros de: matéria seca total (MST), extrato etéreo (EE), matéria mineral (MM), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), proteína bruta (PB), pH, ácido lático e nitrogênio amoniacal (NH3-N). A adição de milho mudou as características químicas e parâmetros de fermentação da silagem, exceto para nitrogênio amoniacal. Conclui-se, que de acordo com resultados encontrados para os parâmetros avaliados no presente estudo, que não é recomendada a adição de milho moído na silagem de gliricídia.

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the availability of forage and weight gain in grazing Marandu Grass (Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex. A. Rich.) Webster cv. Marandu) fertilized with nitrogen in the absence and presence of Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium (Jacq ) Kunth , Walp), conducted in the Experimental Jorge Prado Sobral , belonging to Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, in Nossa Senhora das Dores - SE, during the rainy season (May to October) and of water restrictions, dry period (November to April) in the years 2008 to 2011. The treatments had consisted of four doses of nitrogen (0, 80, 160 and 240 kg/ha.year) applied in grass pastures Marandu and consortium use Gliricidia with Marandu Grass (0 kg/ha.year of N), wrapped in an experimental design of randomized blocks with six repetitions. The Marandu pastures were grazed in intermittent stocking system, in Rotary, grazing with seven days of occupation and 35 days of rest in the rainy season and seven days of occupation and 49 days of rest in the dry period. During the rainy season and drought treatments composted with nitrogen provide increased availability of total dry matter, leaf, culm in effect positive in stocking rate, individual weight gain and weight gain per area of cattle. It was noted also that in the rainy season there was an increase in the percentage of leaf and culm, reducing the percentage of dead material and increasing crude protein of leaf and culm. While in the dry season it was noted an increase in the availability of biomass of dead material effect this hydric deficit arising from the period. In the rainy season between the Consortium marandu grass and Gliricidia showed similar or higher efficiency the largest doses of nitrogen to increase the percentage of leaf, crude protein and weight gain per area of cattle. While in the dry season the consortium between grass Marandu and Gliricidia showed similar or higher efficiency the largest doses of nitrogen to increase the availability of individual sheet, weight gain, and stocking rate weight gain per area of cattle.
O experimento foi desenvolvido objetivando avaliar a disponibilidade de forragem e o ganho de peso em pastagem de Capim Marandu (Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex. A. Rich.) Webster cv. Marandu) adubada com nitrogênio ou consorciado com Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.), Kunth, Walp). Este experimento foi conduzido no Campo Experimental Jorge do Prado Sobral, pertencente a Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, em Nossa Senhora das Dores - SE, durante o período chuvoso (maio a outubro) e de restrições hídricas, período da seca, (novembro a abril) nos anos de 2008 a 2011. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de quatro doses de nitrogênio (0, 80, 160 e 240 kg/ha/ano) aplicados em pastos de capim Marandu e do uso do consórcio Gliricidia com Capim Marandu (0 kg/ha/ano de N), disposto em um delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com seis repetições. Os pastos de Marandu foram manejados em sistema de lotação intermitente, em pastejo rotativo, com sete dias de ocupação e 35 dias de descanso no período das chuvas e sete dias de ocupação e 49 dias de descanso no período da seca. Durante o período das chuvas e da seca os tratamentos adubados com nitrogênio proporcionam aumento na disponibilidade de matéria seca total, folha, colmo com efeito positivo na taxa de lotação, ganho de peso individual e ganho de peso por área dos bovinos. Constatou-se, também, que no período das chuvas ocorreu um aumento dos percentuais de folha e colmo, redução do percentual de material morto e aumento da proteína bruta de folha e colmo. Enquanto que no período seco notou-se um incremento na disponibilidade de biomassa de material morto efeito este decorrente do déficit hídrico do período. No período das chuvas consórcio entre o capim-marandu e a Gliricidia mostrou eficiência semelhante ou superior as maiores doses de nitrogênio para incrementar do percentual de folha, proteína bruta e ganho de peso por área dos bovinos. Enquanto que no período seco o consórcio entre o capim Marandu e a Gliricidia mostrou eficiência semelhante ou superior as maiores doses de nitrogênio para incrementar a disponibilidade de folha, ganho de peso individual, taxa de lotação e ganho de peso por área dos bovinos.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--University of Alberta, 2010.
Title from PDF file main screen (viewed on May 28, 2010). A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Rangeland and Wildlife Resources, Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta. Includes bibliographical references.