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1
Malik, Najib, and John Waddington. "Weed Control Strategies for Forage Legumes." Weed Technology 3, no. 2 (June 1989): 288–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00031821.
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Tolerance and subsequent yield response of established alfalfa, red clover, alsike clover, sainfoin, birdsfoot trefoil, and cicer milkvetch to sethoxydim and fluazifop spring applied and to hexazinone, metribuzin, and terbacil fall applied were determined in a field study. All legumes tolerated sethoxydim. Fluazifop was safe on all legumes except sainfoin. Alfalfa and cicer milkvetch tolerated hexazinone, metribuzin, and terbacil. Alfalfa dry matter yield was not affected by any of the herbicide treatments, but cumulative cicer milkvetch yield increased 9% over a 3-yr period with hexazinone applications. Sainfoin yield increased 20% with hexazinone and terbacil treatment. Hexazinone injured red clover and reduced yield. Alsike clover was the most susceptible legume to the residual herbicides. Weed dry matter yield associated with the legumes indicated that alfalfa and sainfoin were the most and the least competitive species, respectively. Plots treated with hexazinone contained the least amount of weeds, regardless of the legume species. Field peas seeded in rotation was not affected by herbicide residues; however, residues from terbacil applied at 1.0 kg/ha reduced seed yield of lentils.
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Gecaitė, Viktorija, Aušra Arlauskienė, and Jurgita Cesevičienė. "Competition Effects and Productivity in Oat–Forage Legume Relay Intercropping Systems under Organic Farming Conditions." Agriculture 11, no. 2 (January 25, 2021): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020099.
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Cereal-legume intercropping is important in many low-input agricultural systems. Interactions between combinations of different plant species vary widely. Field experiments were conducted to determine yield formation regularities and plant competition effects of oat (Avena sativa L.)–black medick (Medicago lupulina L.), oat–white clover (Trifolium repens L.), and oat–Egyptian clover (T. alexandrinum L.) under organic farming conditions. Oats and forage legumes were grown in mono- and intercrops. Aboveground dry matter (DM) measured at flowering, development of fruit and ripened grain, productivity indicators, oat grain yield and nutrient content were established. The results showed that oats dominated in the intercropping systems. Oat competitive performance (CPo), which is characterized by forage legumes aboveground mass reduction compared to monocrops, were 91.4–98.9. As the oats ripened, its competitiveness tendency to declined. In oat–forage legume intercropping systems, the mass of weeds was significantly lower compared to the legume monocrops. Oats and forage legumes competed for P, but N and K accumulation in biomass was not significantly affected. We concluded that, in relay intercrop, under favourable conditions, the forage legumes easily adapted to the growth rhythm and intensity of oats and does not adverse effect on their grain yield.
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Sather, Bryan C., Robert L. Kallenbach, William J. Sexten, and Kevin W. Bradley. "Evaluation of Cattle Grazing Distribution in Response to Weed and Legume Removal in Mixed Tall Fescue (Schedonorus phoenix) and Legume Pastures." Weed Technology 27, no. 1 (March 2013): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-12-00075.1.
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Grazing experiments were conducted during 2009 and 2010 to investigate the effect of herbicide application and subsequent weed removal on cattle grazing distribution in mixed tall fescue and legume pastures. At each location, herbicide applications were made to one-half of the grazed hectares to remove existing weeds and brush. Weeds and legumes were left nontreated across the remaining half of the grazed hectares at each location. Global positioning system tracking collars were fitted to three beef cows at each site and coordinates from each collar were recorded at 1-h intervals for 3 to 4 mo after herbicide application. At each location, broadleaf weeds were reduced from 1 to 51 kg ha−1, and legumes were completely eliminated in herbicide-treated compared to nontreated portions of the pastures. By the end of the season, the forage grass and legume component of pastures was greater and weed component lower in treated compared to nontreated portions of the pastures. By 3 mo after treatment, the cattle distribution was 1.3 to 5 times greater in herbicide-treated compared to nontreated portions of pastures. Overall, results from these experiments indicate herbicide treatment can increase desirable forage mass and thus modify cattle grazing distribution in pastures.
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McCartney, D., and J. Fraser. "The potential role of annual forage legumes in Canada: A review." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 90, no. 4 (July 1, 2010): 403–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps07182.
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The need to reduce agricultural input costs while increasing soil fertility has prompted researchers to look for alternative crop production systems that include N fixing crops. Annual legumes can be used in rotations as forages and green manure crops to increase the organic matter and N content of soils and provide soil cover to control erosion and weeds. Despite the benefits of annual legumes, high production costs and scarcity of seed has hindered their use.Key words: Medic, clover, vetch, pea, bean, lentil, forage yield, forage quality
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Harwanto, Harwanto, Bambang Suwignyo, Zaenal Bachruddin, and Galih Pawening. "Explorasi dan Studi Komposisi Botani Gulma di Perkebunan Karet PTPN IX Kebun Getas sebagai Pakan Ternak Ruminansia." Jurnal Ilmu Peternakan dan Veteriner Tropis (Journal of Tropical Animal and Veterinary Science) 11, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.46549/jipvet.v11i1.133.
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Abstract
Weed is one of the plants that grow around rubber plantations that have the potential to provide forage for ruminant feed. This study aimed to explore the environmental conditions and identify the botanical composition of weeds under the shade of rubber trees in immature plants (IP) at PTPN IX, Getas Farm, Semarang, Central Java. Exploratory research was conducted to identify the botanical composition of weeds in three IP groups, such as 1-2, 3-4, and 5-6 years old. The composition of the weeds’ botany was divided based on the plants’ morphology into grass, legume, forbs, and browse. The environmental conditions data were analyzed using the ANOVA method and followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The botanical composition data were tabulated using a summed dominance ratio (SDR). The results showed the light intensity, wind speed, environment temperature, and weed botanical composition decreased as the rubber plants ages. The composition of rubber plantation weeds on IP 1-2 years old consisted of 32 species (5 kinds of grass, 4 legumes, 21 forbs, and 2 browse). The composition of weeds on IP 3-4 years old consisted of 15 species (8 kinds of grass, 2 legumes, and 5 forbs), while IP 5-6 years old consisted of 6 species (4 kinds of grass, 1 legume, and 1 forb). The dominant weeds of each IP were Calopogonium mucunoides, Cyrtococcum acrescens, and Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum, respectively. Based on the results of the study it was concluded that the area of IP 1-2 years old rubber plantation weeds has the highest botanical composition and potential as ruminant feed.
Keywords: Environmental conditions; Immature plants; Rubber plantation; Weed
Abstrak
Gulma merupakan salah satu tanaman yang tumbuh di sekitar tanaman perkebunan karet yang berpotensi sebagai penyedia hijauan pakan ternak ruminansia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi kondisi lingkunganpertumbuhan gulma dan mengidentifikasi komposisi botani di bawah naungan pohon karet pada tanaman belum menghasilkan (TBM), di PTPN IX, Kebun Getas. Semarang, Jawa Tengah. Penelitian dilakukan secara eksploratif terhadap kondisi lingkungan dan identifikasi komposisi botani gulma pada 3 kelompok TBM yaitu umur 1-2; 3-4; dan 5-6 tahun. Komposisi botani gulma dibagi berdasarkan morfologi tanaman yaitu rumput, legum, forb, dan browse. Data kondisi lingkungan kelompok TBM dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA dan diuji lanjut menggunakan Duncant’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Data dominasi komposisi botani ditabulasi menggunakan summed dominance ratio (SDR). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan intensitas cahaya, kecepatan angin, suhu lingkungan, dan komposisi botani gulma menurun seiring bertambahnya umur tanaman karet. Komposisi gulma perkebunan karet pada TBM 1-2 terdapat 32 spesies meliputi 5 rumput, 4 legum, 21 forb, dan 2 browse; TBM 3-4 terdapat 15 spesies meliputi 8 rumput, 2 legum, dan 5 forb, sedangkan TBM 5-6 terdapat 6 spesies meliputi 4 rumput, 1 legum, dan 1 forb. Gulma yang mendominasi masing-masing TBM yaitu Calopogonium mucunoides, Cyrtococcum acrescens dan Cyrtococcum oxyphyllum. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian disimpulkan gulma perkebunan karet lahan TBM 1–2 memiliki komposisi botani dan potensi tertinggi sebagai pakan ternak ruminansia.
Kata kunci: Gulma; Kondisi lingkungan; Perkebunan Karet; TBM
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McDonald, C. K., and R. M. Jones. "Relationships between age and biomass of individual plants and seed production in two grazed tropical legumes. 2. Validation of models." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, no. 2 (2002): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar00176.
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Relationships predicting legume seed production from total legume biomass and from age and biomass of individual legume plants in a grazing trial at CSIRO Narayen Research Station, in south-eastern Queensland, were compared with observed soil seed measurements over 9 years. This was part of a larger project to develop a demographic model of tropical perennial forage legumes in grazed pastures. Suitable data were available from Chamaecrista rotundifolia–Cenchrus ciliaris pastures stocked at 0.54 and 1.09 head/ha and from Stylosanthes scabra– C. ciliaris pastures at 1.09 head/ha. Use of legume plant age and biomass, in conjunction with grass biomass (C. rotundifolia) or kg legume/head (S. scabra), to predict soil seed accounted for 87% (C. rotundifolia) and 77% (S. scabra) of the variation in observed values, and gave accurate and unbiased predictions. Prediction of soil seed from total legume biomass was better correlated with observed values for S. scabra (r2 = 0.72) than for C. rotundifolia(r2 = 0.63), but over-predicted values for S. scabraand under-predicted those for C. rotundifolia. The results highlight that, with C. ciliaris, the grass biomass needs to be kept below 3000 kg/ha to maintain a C. rotundifolia population. Similarly, the results indicate that biomass of S. scabra may need to be kept below 400 kg/head to avoid the possibility of S. scabra dominance, depending on the companion grass. Application of the seed production models in assessing the agronomic adaptation of these legumes and in predicting persistence of legumes and other species (e.g. weeds) is discussed.
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Rochana, Ana, Nyimas Popi Indriani, Budi Ayuningsih, Iman Hernaman, Tidi Dhalika, Dedi Rahmat, and Sari Suryanah. "Feed Forage and Nutrition Value at Altitudes during the Dry Season in the West Java." ANIMAL PRODUCTION 18, no. 2 (November 18, 2016): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.anprod.2016.18.2.531.
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Field grass was a source of ruminant forage, especially for rural farmers in the West Java in different altitude. The aim of this study was to determine the potential of grass during the dry season which included the botanical composition analysis and chemical analysis of nutritional value. The study was conducted from September to November 2015. The method used was a survey method, sampling was multistage sampling. The parameters measured in the study included a botanical composition of the forage, biomass production of feed materials on fresh and dry matter, dry material content, an inorganic material included ash, calcium and phosphorus, protein, crude fiber, extract materials without nitrogen, and crude fat. The results showed that the areas in the West Java were drought in September and October, thus resulting in very limited supply of forage and the productivity of the forages was very low. A botanical composition in the highland area was more complete included grass, legumes and weeds than lowland areas and medium altitude. Forage production in highland areas was higher than in lowland areas and medium altitude. Feed plants in the lowlands had a greater fiber content which was forming energy for plants, and lower crude protein when compared to highland
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Entz, M. H., R. Guilford, and R. Gulden. "Crop yield and soil nutrient status on 14 organic farms in the eastern portion of the northern Great Plains." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 81, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p00-089.
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Cropping records from 13 organic farms in the eastern Canadian prairies and one in North Dakota (1991 to 1996) were surveyed to determine crop rotation pattern, yields and soil nutrient status. Major crops included cereal grains, forages, and green manure legumes. Organic grain and forage yields averaged from one-half to almost double conventional yields. Soil N, K and S levels on organic farms were generally sufficient; however, levels of available soil P were deficient in several instances. Key words: Crop rotation, weeds, forages, green manure crops
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Amossé, Camille, Marie-Hélène Jeuffroy, Florian Celette, and Christophe David. "Relay-intercropped forage legumes help to control weeds in organic grain production." European Journal of Agronomy 49 (August 2013): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2013.04.002.
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PESANT, A. R., C. FERNET, J. L. DIONNE, and L. BELZILE. "EFFECTS OF SNOWMOBILE TRAFFIC ON YIELD AND BOTANICAL COMPOSITION OF FORAGE STANDS IN QUEBEC." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 65, no. 3 (July 1, 1985): 543–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps85-076.
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Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of snowmobile traffic on forage stands in Quebec. In exp. I, two trial areas received 150 snowmobile passes a week for two winters from the beginning of December to the end of March. Three timothy legume swards (alfalfa, red clover, ladino clover) treated with snowmobile traffic showed no significant effects on yield or botanical composition. In exp. II, established forage stands in farmers’ fields crossed by snowmobile club trails were used over three consecutive winter periods. Spring soil-root core samplings taken on 30 location years showed a reduction in yield and legume stands following snowmobile traffic. No significant difference was found in the proportion of grasses but weed numbers increased. The factors believed to influence the yields and botanical composition were also investigated by using step-wise regression analysis. Yields and proportion of legumes and weeds were affected most by winter rain, snow depth and the clay content of the soils, respectively. The results suggested that snowmobile traffic in farmers’ fields was detrimental to alfalfa. Snowmobile trails should avoid legume fields and be located on waste lands, even though this may cause a lengthening of the trails.Key words: Snowmobile, cold hardiness, snow compaction, forage crops
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Davy, Josh S., Betsy M. Karle, Guy B. Kyser, Joseph M. DiTomaso, and Mathew J. Rinella. "Broadleaf weed control in irrigated pasture containing Trifolium repens." Crop and Pasture Science 66, no. 9 (2015): 985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp15061.
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Increasing lease and purchase costs for irrigated pasture are encouraging producers to use herbicides to control broadleaf weeds and maximise forage production on their current land base, as opposed to seeking out additional pastureland. There are two challenges to using herbicides to control broadleaf weeds in irrigated pasture. One challenge is that producers often encounter weed species for which herbicide information is limited or non-existent. Another challenge is that broadleaf herbicides tend to damage desirable legumes. We evaluated the efficacy of several broadleaf herbicide options for Symphyotrichum divaricatum, a species not previously the subject of research in irrigated pasture. Additionally, we monitored herbicide impacts on desirable legumes, principally Trifolium repens. We also evaluated control of Convolvulus arvensis and Plantago lanceolata, subjects of considerable herbicide research. Our goal was to identify herbicide options that controlled all three weeds while causing the least damage to legumes. Several rates and combinations of dicamba, diflufenzopyr, triclopyr, MCPA, and 2,4-D provided statistically indistinguishable control of C. arvensis and P. lanceolata, with point estimates suggesting 66–88% control in 2011 and 43–86% control in 2012. 2,4-D + triclopyr appeared to provide the best control of P. lanceolata and C. arvensis, with point estimates for high rates indicating nearly 100% control in both years. However, this combination was particularly damaging to legumes. Based on these findings, we recommend 2,4-D + triclopyr where desirable legumes are absent. Where desirable legumes are present, we recommend 2,4-D alone. Whereas 2,4-D alone appeared not to perform as well as 2,4-D + triclopyr at controlling S. divaricatum in 2012, it was less damaging to desirable legumes.
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Tucker, Jennifer J., M. Kimberly Mullenix, Stephen F. Enloe, and Pat L. Burch. "Residual Herbicide Effect on Interseeded Annual Clover in Southern Forage Systems." Weed Technology 32, no. 4 (May 11, 2018): 454–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2018.20.
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AbstractAcross the southeastern United States, pyridine carboxylic acid herbicides are widely used for broadleaf weed control in permanent grass pastures. This family of herbicides has proved very successful for controlling most broadleaf weeds commonly present in southeastern pastures and hayfields. In the southern United States, producers have expressed concern when overseeding legume species into warm-season perennial sods following application of commonly used pyridine carboxylic acid herbicides, as legumes are generally highly sensitive to this herbicide family. Field experiments were established to evaluate two herbicide treatment programs (residual vs nonresidual) on crimson clover overseeded into bermudagrass sod. The residual herbicide program included aminopyralid plus 2,4-D (0.09 + 0.7 kg ae ha–1), and the nonresidual program included triclopyr plus fluroxypyr (0.63 + 0.21 kg ae ha–1) plus 2,4-D (1.12 kg ae ha–1). Herbicide programs were applied at two key timings: in spring (May) and early summer (June). Spring applications were also evaluated when used in single vs repeated annual application. Our results did not indicate soil residual herbicide issues for crimson clover planted in the fall following spring or early-summer application of aminopyralid + 2,4-D at either location. Additionally, there were no cumulative negative impacts on crimson clover following 2 yr of spring herbicide application. Crimson clover cover, however, strongly decreased as grass and weed cover increased––an event that may be related to greater interspecific competition at higher levels of grass and weed cover. Soil fertility, weather, and competition from resident annual grasses and weeds strongly influenced productivity, suggesting that changes in pasture dynamics had a greater influence on clover productivity than did herbicide treatment or timing of application.
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Costea, Mihai, and François J. Tardif. "The biology of Canadian weeds. 133. Cuscuta campestris Yuncker, C. gronovii Willd. ex Schult., C. umbrosa Beyr. ex Hook., C. epithymum (L.) L. and C. epilinum Weihe." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 293–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p04-077.
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Cuscuta spp. (dodders) are rootless, holoparasitic herbs with filiform stems attached to the host by numerous haustoria. In Canada, Cuscuta gronovii is the most common native species of the genus followed by Cuscuta campestris and C. umbrosa. Cuscuta epithymum and C. epilinum, both introduced species in Canada, occur occasionally. Infestation by Cuscuta spp. can result in serious yield losses and dodders are listed as noxious weeds in British Columbia, Ontario and Québec, and as restricted weeds in Alberta. These plants have evolved special adaptations to ensure their success: germination occurs late in the season when potential hosts are already established; seedlings selectively forage in plant communities and they may survive relatively long periods during the autotrophic stage. Invasion occurs via extremely elaborate mechanisms designed to match the biological processes of their host and bypass defense mechanisms. The principal means of dispersal of Cuscuta weeds world-wide (including Canada) has been through contaminated seeds of previously infested forage legumes. In other areas (e.g., Israel), C. campestris has developed resistance to ALS inhibitors (chlorsulfuron, and sulfometuron-methyl) and AABI herbicides. Complete descriptions and illustrations are provided for discussed species. Key words: Cuscuta campestris, C. gronovii, C. umbrosa, C. epithymum, C. epilinum, parasitism, growth, development, physiology, reproduction, control, diseases
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Robinson, K., L. W. Bell, R. G. Bennett, D. A. Henry, M. Tibbett, and M. H. Ryan. "Perennial legumes native to Australia — a preliminary investigation of nutritive value and response to cutting." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 2 (2007): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06043.
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Six Australian native herbaceous perennial legumes (Lotus australis, Swainsona colutoides, Swainsona swainsonioides, Cullen tenax, Glycine tabacina and Kennedia prorepens) were assessed in the glasshouse for nutritive value, soluble condensed tannins and production of herbage in response to three cutting treatments (regrowth harvested every 4 and 6 weeks and plants left uncut for 12 weeks). The Mediterranean perennial legumes Medicago sativa and Lotus corniculatus were also included. Dry matter (DM) yield of some native legumes was comparable to L. corniculatus, but M. sativa produced more DM than all species except S. swainsonioides after 12 weeks of regrowth. Dry matter yield of all native legumes decreased with increased cutting frequency, indicating a susceptibility to frequent defoliation. Shoot in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD) was high (>70%) in most native legumes, except G. tabacina (65%) and K. prorepens (55%). Crude protein ranged from 21–28% for all legumes except K. prorepens (12%). More frequent cutting resulted in higher DMD and crude protein in all species, except for the DMD of C. tenax and L. australis, which did not change. Concentrations of soluble condensed tannins were 2–9 g/kg DM in the Lotus spp., 10–18 g/kg DM in K. prorepens and negligible (<1 g/kg) in the other legumes. Of the native species, C. tenax, S. swainsonioides and L. australis showed the most promise for use as forage plants and further evaluation under field conditions is now warranted.
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Rubiales, D., M. Sadiki, and B. Román. "First Report of Orobanche foetida on Common Vetch (Vicia sativa) in Morocco." Plant Disease 89, no. 5 (May 2005): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0528a.
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Broomrapes (Orobanche spp.) are obligate parasites that infect roots of dicotyledoneous plants. Orobanche spp. are particularly important in southern and eastern Europe, the Middle East, and north Africa. O. crenata causes severe damage to legume crops, O. cumana threatens sunflower, O. ramosa attacks potato, tobacco, tomato, and hemp, O. aegyptiaca is severe on legumes and vegetables, and other broomrapes such as O. minor are widespread on forage legumes (3). O. foetida Poir. is considered important as an agricultural parasite of faba bean (Vicia faba) and common vetch (V. sativa) crops in the Beja Region of Tunisia (1). Aside from that, it has never been found infecting crops, even where it is widely distributed in the western Mediterranean area (Portugal, Spain, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia) parasitizing wild herbaceous leguminosae in the genera Anthyllis, Astragalus, Ebenus, Lotus, Medicago, Ononis, Scorpiurus, and Trifolium (2). In May 2004, we found O. foetida commonly occurring in Morocco infecting wild leguminosae. It was not seen infecting legume crops such as faba beans, chickpeas, or lentils, even where O. foetida was abundant in the close proximity to the crop fields, or in the field itself. In these instances, we verified that O. foetida was infecting weeds such as Scorpiurus spp. and not the crop plants themselves by gently pulling out the plants and examining the roots. However, O. foetida was identified infecting common vetch (V. sativa) on a small farm in Taounate, Saiss Region, 50 km north of Fes. Infection of vetch plants was confirmed by digging up the plants to verify the attachment of the broomrape plant to the vetch roots. The level of infection was moderate (0.1 to 0.2 broomrape plants per vetch plant). The farmer stated that he had observed this problem only in the last 3 years. Morphology was typical of O. foetida, i.e., dark reddish plant, 20 to 50 cm tall, corolla 12 to 20 mm, dark, purplish-red, lower lip not ciliate, filaments inserted 3 to 7 mm above base of corolla, and stigma deep yellow at anthesis (2). Voucher specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of the University of Córdoba. To our knowledge, this is the first report of O. foetida infecting common vetch and it is relevant since it indicates the first introduction of this parasite into crops in Morocco. The spread of this new crop parasite population should be monitored because it could represent a further constraint for legume production in this area. References: (1) M. Kharrat et al. FABIS Newsl. 30:46, 1992. (2) A. J. Pujadas-Salvá. Pages 187–193 in: Resistance to Orobanche: The State of the Art. Junta de Andalucía, Spain, 1999. (3) D. Rubiales. Grain Legumes 33:10, 2001.
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Matloob, Amar, and Bhagirath Singh Chauhan. "Utilization of the neighborhood design to evaluate suitable cover crops and their density for Echinochloa colona management." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 12, 2021): e0254584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254584.
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Summer weed species, including Echinochloa colona, are becoming problematic in the eastern grain region of Australia, but cover crops can be useful to suppress weeds during the summer fallow period. The present study evaluated the growth and seed production of E. colona grown alone or with four and eight cover crop plants per pot (i.e., 80 and 160 plants m-2). Four legume (cowpea, lablab, pigeonpea, and soybean) and two grass (forage sorghum and Japanese millet) cover crops were used. Interference by cover crops reduced the height, the number of leaves and tillers, inflorescence number, seed production, and biomass of this weed than when it was grown alone. Cover crops differed in their ability to suppress the growth and seed production of E. colona. The effect of cover crop density on the studied attributes was non-significant in most cases. Pigeonpea as a cover crop was the least effective in suppressing the growth and seed production of E. colona. In general, leguminous cover crops exhibited less suppression of E. colona than grasses. Forage sorghum was most efficient in reducing the growth of this weed. Forage sorghum and Japanese millet reduced E. colona leaf and tiller numbers per plant by 90 and 87%, respectively. These cover crops reduced E. colona leaf number to only 17 per plant as against 160 per plant recorded without cover crops. Inflorescence number per E. colona plant growing alone was as high as 48. However, it was reduced by 20–92% when this weed was grown with cover crop plants. E. colona’s seed production was significantly suppressed by all the cover crops, except pigeonpea. Biomass of E. colona was suppressed largely by forage sorghum and Japanese millet compared to other cover crops. Among the cover crops, pigeonpea produced the lowest biomass of 11 g pot-1, and the highest biomass (114 g pot-1) was produced by forage sorghum. The study demonstrated the usefulness of cover crops, especially forage sorghum and Japanese millet, to suppress the growth and seed output of E. colona.
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MERKEL, U., M. PETERS, S. A. TARAWALI, R. SCHULTZE-KRAFT, and D. K. BERNER. "Characterization of a collection of Aeschynomene histrix in subhumid Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Science 134, no. 3 (May 2000): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859699007546.
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A collection of 64 accessions of the South American pasture legume Aeschynomene histrix Poiret was characterized in 1995 at Ibadan in south-west Nigeria in order to test the potential of the accessions as forage plants in subhumid areas and as a trap crop for the parasitic plant Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. All accessions had a low biomass production during the first 8 weeks after sowing but soon variations in the collection became apparent. Morphologically, accessions could be classified as having prostrate, decumbent, semi-erect and erect growth habit. The semi-erect to erect accessions grew vigorously and had high dry matter yields. The most frequent disease was Rhizoctonia foliar blight, for which, in general, prostrate accessions had a higher severity. In contrast, plants with semi- erect to erect growth habit were more susceptible to a wilting disease probably caused by Fusarium spp. With an average crude protein content of 16% and 48-h in sacco dry matter and protein digestibilities of c. 50%, fodder quality of 13-week-old plants was similar to that of other tropical forage legumes. As a result of a laboratory experiment to test the potential of A. histrix to act as a trap crop for Striga hermonthica, 13 accessions showing a significant influence on in vitro Striga hermonthica seed germination were identified. Twenty promising accessions were selected for further evaluation. These accessions showed good biomass production and/or high tolerance to diseases and/or significant influence on Striga hermonthica seed germination. Such material has the potential to contribute to both livestock-forage and improved fallow systems with the aim of increasing the sustainability of agricultural production in West Africa.
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Vateva, Violeta. "IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF SPRING FODDER PEAS (PISUM SATIVUM, VAR. ARVENSE, L.) CULTIVAR "BOGATIR" GROUND FOR GREEN FERTILIZATION." International Conference on Technics, Technologies and Education, ICTTE 2019 (2019): 619–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ictte.2019.08.093.
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Among the innovative environmental ways of maintaining soil fertility, green fertilization is the most appropriate and effective way. This type of fertilization can be done with the green vegetative mass of different plants, but the most significant effect is obtained from legumes. The present experiment was conducted with spring fodder peas (Pisum sativum, var. Arvense, L.) Bogatir variety. The aim is to determine the influence of the main groups of factors on the productivity of green vegetative pea mass. The morphological analysis of the green vegetative mass in beginning of flowering was made. The participation of weeds in the green vegetative mass has been reported. The density of the aboveground vegetative mass before plowing was monitored. The yield of green mass at the beginning of flowering of peas was established. The results show that, from spring forage peas, the Bogatir variety grown under environmental conditions yields 2467kg / dka of green vegetative mass. The participation of weeds in green biomass is minimal, averaging only 3.73%. The share of stalks, leaves and generative organs is as follows, 51: 38: 11%., leaves and generative organs is in ratio 44%: 39%: 17%. The analysis of the results give us reason to recommend the use of Bogatir spring fodder pea as an effective crop for green fertilizin.
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Pyle, Lysandra, Linda M. Hall, and Edward W. Bork. "Linking management practices with range health in northern temperate pastures." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 98, no. 3 (June 1, 2018): 657–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2017-0223.
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Little information exists on the management and range health (RH) of northern temperate pastures, where health is defined as the ability to sustain ecosystem function. We surveyed 102 pastures for RH and their associated managers during 2012–2013 across central Alberta, Canada. Pastures were generally diverse mixes of introduced grasses and contained few legumes, despite most (55%) being seeded to legumes. The majority of pastures were healthy (mean RH score = 78.8% ± 1.3%), with 2.9% having scores <50%. Criteria reducing scores were noxious weeds, bare soil, and evidence of erosion. Most pastures had a reported history of cultivation (75.5%), with those previously cultivated and seeded to introduced forage having greater stocking rates [6.18 ± 0.91 animal-unit-months (AUM) ha−1] compared with those lacking cultivation (2.14 ± 2.91 AUM ha−1). Farms with horses or mixed livestock tended to practice year-round continuous grazing and supplemental hay feeding. Stocking rates on continuous and rotationally grazed pastures were similar regardless of grazing season, with the highest stocking on pastures used year-round (19.54 ± 2.03 AUM ha−1) or throughout the dormant season (20.29 ± 3.10 AUM ha−1). Use of management inputs was variable, with manuring and harrowing common and fertilizing, over-seeding, and aerating infrequent. Herbicide use was reported on 15.7% of pastures, despite 83.3% containing noxious weeds. Use of prescribed fire was rare, although 36.3% of pastures had evidence of fire. Industrial disturbances were reported on 48.3% of pastures. Overall, these results indicate that these pastures experience complex management and the limited decline in RH is due to high stocking under year-long grazing.
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Bell, L. W., G. A. Moore, M. A. Ewing, and S. J. Bennett. "Establishment and summer survival of the perennial legumes, Dorycnium hirsutum and D. rectum in Mediterranean environments." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 10 (2005): 1245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04227.
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The genus Dorycnium has been identified for its potential use as a forage plant for southern Australia, but little is known about factors affecting establishment and survival. This investigation examined some factors affecting the establishment of D. hirsutum and D. rectum in Mediterranean environments of south-west Western Australia. The population dynamics of D. hirsutum and D. rectum seedlings were investigated during the summer drought in 4 environments. The effect of time of sowing on establishment and survival of D. hirsutum was tested as a management option for improving establishment of these species. Poor seedling performance was observed in both Dorycnium species. Less than 20% of D. rectum plants survived the summer drought at all locations, compared with >50% for D. hirsutum seedlings. Poor seedling vigour coupled with weed competition resulted in low plant numbers at 2 sites. Compared with autumn sowings, populations of D. hirsutum sown in August and September had lower plant densities before summer due to poorer seedling emergence. Plant numbers declined during the summer in all plots, but losses were greatest in those sown in September. In both experiments, small D. hirsutum plants survived in plots where little competition was present. Improvements in seedling vigour may be possible with plant breeding but establishment methods that reduce weed competition are valuable. Spring sowing may enable effective weed control before seeding, but later sowings run the risk of reducing seedling emergence and survival.
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Dor, E., H. Eizenberg, D. M. Joel, E. Levitin, and J. Hershenhorn. "First Report of Orobanche crenata Parasitism on Ornamental Anemone (Anemone coronaria) in Israel." Plant Disease 92, no. 4 (April 2008): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-4-0655c.
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Broomrapes (Orobanche spp.) are obligatory parasitic weeds that infect roots of vegetables and field crops worldwide, resulting in severe damage. Orobanche crenata Forsk is common in agricultural fields in the Mediterranean Basin, Southern Europe, and the Middle East and is known as an important scourge of grain and forage legumes and of some Apiaceous crops such as carrot (Daucus carota L.) and celery (Apium graveolens L.) (3,4). To our knowledge, in this note, we report for the first time on Anemone coronaria L. (Ranunculaceae) as a new host for O. crenata and this is also the first report of Orobanche parasitism on a geophytic crop. Anemone (Anemone coronaria L.) is a high-value ornamental crop, which is commercially grown for cut flowers. Four anemone cultivars (Meron Red, Galil White, Jerusalem Blue, and Jerusalem Pink) were planted in September 2006 in a 2-ha field in Israel. The previous crop, broad bean (Vicia faba L.), was heavily infected during 2005 by O. crenata. In February 2007, O. crenata parasitized the anemone plants and developed numerous fertile flowering stalks throughout the field. The four anemone cultivars were equally infected by the parasite. Additional flowering stalks were still emerging on anemone plants during July 2007. Washing the root system clearly verified direct connection between the parasite and anemone roots. The parasite species was identified morphologically after Flora Europea (1) and Flora Palaestina (2). In addition, the stem had the fragrance typical of O. crenata. Neither symptoms nor visible qualitative or quantitative damage could be detected on infected anemone plants compared with noninfected plants. However, anemone appears to be an alternate host on which O. crenata can produce additional seed for the parasite seed bank. References: (1) A. O. Chater and D. A. Webb. Orobanche. Page 285 in: Flora Europaea. T. G. Tutin et al., eds. Vol. 3. University Press, Cambridge, 1972. (2) N. Feinbrun-Dothan. Page 210 in: Flora Palaestina. Vol. 3. Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem, 1978. (3) D. M. Joel et al. Hortic. Rev. 33:267, 2007. (4) C. Parker and C. R. Riches. Page 111 in: Parasitic Weeds of the World: Biology and Control. CAB International, Wallingford, Great Britain, 1993.
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Norman, Hayley C., Elizabeth Hulm, Alan W. Humphries, Steve J. Hughes, and Philip E. Vercoe. "Broad near-infrared spectroscopy calibrations can predict the nutritional value of >100 forage species within the Australian feedbase." Animal Production Science 60, no. 8 (2020): 1111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19310.
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Context Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) is a tool that permits rapid and inexpensive prediction of the nutritional characteristics of forages consumed by ruminants. Aim Our aim was to investigate the feasibility of developing a NIRS calibration to predict the nutritional value of the majority of grasses, legumes and forbs that are utilised for sheep and cattle production in southern Australia. Methods More than 100 annual and perennial forage species were grown in replicated plots at two locations over a period of 3 years. Biomass was sampled every 3–6 weeks, dried, ground and scanned with a desktop NIRS machine (n = 4385). One-quarter of these samples were subjected to laboratory analysis for calibration development or validation. Key results Despite the large variation in the taxonomy and maturity of the plants when sampled, we successfully developed broad calibrations that predicted key nutritional traits. We achieved excellent predictions for crude protein, with a ratio of standard error of performance:standard deviation (RPD) of 5.3, and standard error of cross validation (SECV) of 1.06%. Predictions of neutral detergent fibre were also excellent (RPD 4.3, SECV. 3.5%). For pepsin–cellulase DM digestibility and acid detergent fibre, predictions were very good (RPD 3.7, SECV 2.6% and RPD 3.9, SECV 2.1%). Predictions for organic matter were less reliable (RPD 2.2). We achieved very promising predictions of methane production during batch culture fermentation (RPD 3.1, SECV 3.5 mL/gDM). Predictions of ammonia and total volatile fatty acid concentrations in the post-fermentation substrate were poor. Conclusions We found that the broad calibrations predicted the nutritional traits of annual grasses, annual legumes and forb species with greater accuracy than perennial grasses or legumes. This could be associated with the accuracy of the wet chemistry methods. As a general rule, separating taxonomically similar species into groups before the development of calibrations, did not lead to more accurate predictions. Implications If more spatial and temporal diversity can be built in without a large reduction in accuracy, these broad NIRS calibrations represent a valuable tool for Australian researchers, feed testing agents and livestock producers, as they encompass nearly all of the species that appear in monocultures or mixed swards.
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Khan, Zeyaur R., Charles A. O. Midega, Jimmy O. Pittchar, Alice W. Murage, Michael A. Birkett, Toby J. A. Bruce, and John A. Pickett. "Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1639 (April 5, 2014): 20120284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0284.
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Food insecurity is a chronic problem in Africa and is likely to worsen with climate change and population growth. It is largely due to poor yields of the cereal crops caused by factors including stemborer pests, striga weeds and degraded soils. A platform technology, ‘push–pull’, based on locally available companion plants, effectively addresses these constraints resulting in substantial grain yield increases. It involves intercropping cereal crops with a forage legume, desmodium, and planting Napier grass as a border crop. Desmodium repels stemborer moths (push), and attracts their natural enemies, while Napier grass attracts them (pull). Desmodium is very effective in suppressing striga weed while improving soil fertility through nitrogen fixation and improved organic matter content. Both companion plants provide high-value animal fodder, facilitating milk production and diversifying farmers’ income sources. To extend these benefits to drier areas and ensure long-term sustainability of the technology in view of climate change, drought-tolerant trap and intercrop plants are being identified. Studies show that the locally commercial brachiaria cv mulato (trap crop) and greenleaf desmodium (intercrop) can tolerate long droughts. New on-farm field trials show that using these two companion crops in adapted push–pull technology provides effective control of stemborers and striga weeds, resulting in significant grain yield increases. Effective multi-level partnerships have been established with national agricultural research and extension systems, non-governmental organizations and other stakeholders to enhance dissemination of the technology with a goal of reaching one million farm households in the region by 2020. These will be supported by an efficient desmodium seed production and distribution system in eastern Africa, relevant policies and stakeholder training and capacity development.
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Fernández-Aparicio, M., A. A. Emeran, A. Moral, and D. Rubiales. "First Report of Crenate Broomrape (Orobanche crenata) on White Lupine (Lupinus albus) Growing in Alkaline Soils in Spain and Egypt." Plant Disease 93, no. 9 (September 2009): 970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-9-0970c.
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Crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsk.) is a parasitic weed known to threaten legume crops since antiquity. It is mainly restricted to the Mediterranean Basin, Southern Europe, and the Middle East where it is an important pest in grain and forage legumes and in some apiaceous crops such as carrot and celery (1). White lupines are cultivated in acid soils, which usually are free of O. crenata infestations. However, breeders are attempting to develop white lupine cultivars adapted to alkaline soils (2). We report here findings of O. crenata infection in field trials of this new lupine germplasm in alkaline soils in experimental farms with a known history of faba bean cultivation and heavy infestation of O. crenata in Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt and Córdoba, Spain in the spring of 2009. Symptoms were typical of O. crenata infection with reduced growth and emergence of typical O. crenata nonbranched spikes close to the lupine plants. Infection was confirmed by digging up the plants to verify the attachment of the broomrape plant to the lupine. O. crenata plants growing on lupines were fully fertile, producing viable seeds. Plant morphology was typical of O. crenata (1). Voucher specimens were deposited at the Herbarium of the Botanic Department of the University of Córdoba. To our knowledge, this is the first report of O. crenata infecting lupine and is relevant because the expected introduction of alkaline-tolerant lupine cultivars will extend its area of cultivation into fields heavily infested with Orobanche. O. crenata is highly polymorphic and could easily adapt to, recognize, and infect this new host. Development of lupine-adapted O. crenata populations should be monitored because it could represent a major constraint on lupine introduction into alkaline soils. References: (1) D. M. Joel et al. Biology and Management of Weedy Root Parasites. Page 267 in: Horticultural Reviews. Vol. 33. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ, 2007. (2) M. Vishnyakova and A. Mikic, White lupin (Lupinus albus L.) landraces and the breeding for tolerance to alkaline soil reaction. Page 142 in: Second GL-TTP Workshop: Integrating Legume Science and Crop Breeding. Novi Sad, Serbia, 2008.
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Djaman, Koffi, Curtis Owen, Komlan Koudahe, and Michael O’Neill. "Evaluation of Different Fall Dormancy-Rating Alfalfa Cultivars for Forage Yield in a Semiarid Environment." Agronomy 10, no. 1 (January 19, 2020): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10010146.
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Alfalfa is one of the most important, nutritive, and high yielding forage legumes planted across the US. Fall dormancy in alfalfa influences forage yield characteristics and the plants persistence mostly under the cold and temperate climate. The objective of this study was to evaluate alfalfa cultivars with different fall dormancy-ratings for their forage yield at each cut and the annual forage yield. Two sets of 24 alfalfa cultivars were evaluated in a field experiment conducted at the Agricultural Science Center at Farmington, NM. The first set of 24 cultivars was planted late fall 2007 at seeding rate of 22.4 kg ha−1 and managed for the 2007–2011 period and the second set was planted late fall 2009 and managed during the 2009–2013 period. Average forage yield varied with years from 7.6 to 2.9 Mg ha−1, 6.8 to 4.3 Mg ha−1, 9.2 to 4.2 Mg ha−1, and 7.9 to 3.2 Mg ha−1 during the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th alfalfa cut, respectively. The results showed no statistical differences between the moderately dormant, dormant, and the non-dormant alfalfa cultivars while they showed higher forage yield than the very dormant and semi-dormant alfalfa cultivars. There was a decreasing trend in forage yield from the first cut to the fourth cut in each growing season. However, the very dormant cultivars showed the lowest forage yield. Alfalfa forage yield decreased from the cut 1 to the cut 4 which represented on average 33, 29, 22, and 16% of the annual yield. The semi-dormant cultivars obtained the lowest forage yield at the first and second cutting while there was no difference between the cultivars for the third and fourth harvests. Average forage yields per harvest were 5.7, 5.9, 6.0, 5.5, and 5.9 Mg ha−1 for the very dormant, dormant, moderately dormant, semi-dormant, and non-dormant alfalfa cultivars, respectively. Annual forage yield varied with alfalfa fall dormancy-ratings and ranged from 15.5 to 29.9 Mg ha−1 with the highest forage yield achieved during the third years of the production. The moderately dormant and the non-dormant cultivars showed the highest yield during the first harvest year while the very dormant cultivars and dormant cultivars had the lowest forage yield. Alfalfa cultivars with a fall dormancy range 4–5 may be considered for alfalfa production in northwest New Mexico however, the good agricultural practices (conservation tillage, fertilizer management based on soil residual available nutrient and crop requirement, recommended planting rate, weed and pest management, irrigation scheduling to match crop evapotranspiration) should be the most important to maximize alfalfa forage yield in the southwest US.
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Rubiales, D., M. Fernández-Aparicio, and M. J. Rodríguez. "First Report of Crenate Broomrape (Orobanche crenata) on Lentil (Lens culinaris) and Common Vetch (Vicia sativa) in Salamanca Province, Spain." Plant Disease 92, no. 9 (September 2008): 1368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-9-1368b.
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Broomrapes (Orobanche spp.) are obligate parasites that infect roots of dicotyledonous plants. Orobanche species are particularly important in southern and eastern Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. O. crenata (crenate broomrape) has been known to threaten legume crops since antiquity. This parasitic weed is mainly restricted to the Mediterranean Basin, southern Europe, and the Middle East and is an important pest in grain and forage legumes as well as in some Apiaceous crops such as carrot and celery (2,3). In Spain, O. crenata is a well-known problem on grain legumes in the south (Andalucía and Extremadura regions) and along the entire east coast north to the border with France. However, it has never been reported as a problem in central Spain. Castilla-León is the major pea-, vetch-, and lentil-producing area of Spain and was believed to be free of O. crenata. However, widespread and heavy infections of O. crenata (as many as 20 broomrapes per m2) were identified in the spring of 2007 on lentil and common vetch growing in several fields in Salamanca Province, between La Vellés, Palencia de Negrilla, and Aldeanueva de Figueroa, covering an area of approximately 80 km2. Infection of lentil and vetch plants was confirmed by digging up the plants to verify the attachment of the broomrape plant to the lentil or vetch roots. Morphology was typical of O. crenata (2), i.e., large erect plants with single, nonbranched spikes that may reach a height of up to 1 m, bearing many flowers of diverse pigmentation from yellow through white to pink and violet. The calyx is 13 to 18 mm with segments free and bidentate. The corolla is 18 to 28 mm, glandular pubescent, the lips often with lilac veins, lips divergent, large, and not ciliate. The anthers are brown, glabrous, or subglabrous. The filaments insert 2 to 3 mm above the base of the corolla and are hairy at the base with glandular hair at the apex. Voucher specimens were deposited at the Herbarium of the Botanic Department of the University of Córdoba. The heavy and widespread level of infection observed in several fields is most likely explained by an inadvertent introduction of O. crenata seed mixed with seed of lentil and vetch. To our knowledge, this is the first report of O. crenata infecting lentil and common vetch in Salamanca Province and is relevant because the area was considered free of the plant. Remarkably, a recent modeling study suggested that O. crenata might become a problem in central and northern Spain (1) since climatic conditions are suitable for its establishment. The spread of this infestation should be monitored because it could represent a major constraint on legume production in this region. References: (1) J. H. Grenz and J. Sauerborn. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ.122:275, 2007. (2) D. M. Joel et al. Biology and Management of Weedy Root Parasites. Page 267 in: Horticultural Reviews. Vol. 33. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Hoboken, NJ, 2007. (3) D. Rubiales et al. Euphytica 147:187, 2006.
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Svechnikov, A. K., and L. M. Kozlova. "Botanical composition dynamics in fodder agrophytocenoses based on legume-cereal herbs." TAURIDA HERALD OF THE AGRARIAN SCIENCES 2(26) (August 3, 2021): 178–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2021-2-26-178-190.
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Various ecological and biological factors, including the composition of grass mixtures in crop rotation, affect the state of agrophytocenosis. The purpose of the research was to reveal the regularities of changes in the botanical composition of crops in forage agrophytocenoses depending on the duration of perennial legume-cereal grasses cultivation. The experiment was conducted according to B. A. Dospekhov’s “Methods of field research” on the experimental field of the Mari Research Institute of Agriculture, a branch of the FSBSI “Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North-East” in 2013–2018. In a two-factor field experiment, we studied the botanical composition dynamics in three six-field grain-grass crop rotations and goat-rump grass mixture (Factor A) with and without nitrogen fertilizing against the background of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers (Factor B). Soil of the experimental plots – sod-podzolic mid loamy. The meteorological conditions of the growing seasons were often unfavorable; therefore, the crops were strongly suppressed. The most drought-resistant species (sunflower, winter rye, alfalfa and barley with a mass fraction of 55 %, 97 %, 20 % and 96 %, respectively) had an advantage over weeds in grass mixtures by weight in the spring-summer period during the third rotation of the studied crop rotations. Plants of red clover and white mustard in the catch crop were strongly suppressed by drought. The clover-alfalfa-timothy grass mixture was replaced by forbs from 36 % in mass in the first year of use with a step of 23 % in subsequent years. After the 15-year usage, the second component in the grass mixture monocrop (Galega orientalis Lam. + Bromus inermis Leyss) completely dropped out. Non-sown grasses faster replaced the crop components of the herbage on the fields without nitrogen fertilizing. Thus, the crop rotation fields with the richly diverse crops composition and the nitrogen application were infested with fewer weeds (4.0–10.6 % by mass).
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McCurdy, James D., J. Scott McElroy, and Michael L. Flessner. "Differential Response of FourTrifoliumSpecies to Common Broadleaf Herbicides: Implications for Mixed Grass-Legume Swards." Weed Technology 27, no. 1 (March 2013): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-12-00093.1.
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Clovers are commonly included as utility plants within mixed grass swards, such as pastures and roadside right-of-ways. As such, they provide supplemental nitrogen, quality forage, and insect habitat. Yet weed control within mixed swards is often hampered by the lack of selective herbicides that are tolerated by clovers. Differential tolerance of legumes to common row-crop and pasture herbicides has previously been reported, yet little information is available that is specific to clover species. Herbicide injury of clover is often inconsistent, hypothetically due to differential species tolerance. Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted with the objective of testing differential tolerance amongst four clover species. Our experiments suggest varying tolerances amongst clover species and common broadleaf herbicides. Only imazaquin control differed due to species; however, treatment by clover interactions were further demonstrated due to variable reductions in clover height. Imazaquin, 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, and triclopyr height reductions differed due to clover species. Differential clover response to herbicide treatment should be an important consideration when managing mixed grass–clover swards and should be accounted for in future research. On a more practical level, our experiments demonstrate a range of herbicides that effectively control clover species, including atrazine, dicamba, clopyralid, 2,4-D, triclopyr, metsulfuron, and trifloxysulfuron. However, results suggest that 2,4-DB, imazethapyr, and bentazon are candidate herbicides for weed control in scenarios in which clover is a desirable crop.
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Khatiwada, B., S. N. Acharya, F. J. Larney, N. Z. Lupwayi, E. G. Smith, M. A. Islam, and J. E. Thomas. "Benefits of mixed grass–legume pastures and pasture rejuvenation using bloat-free legumes in western Canada: a review." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 100, no. 5 (October 1, 2020): 463–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2019-0212.
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Forage mixtures containing legume out-yield monocultures, fix atmospheric nitrogen, and have lower carbon footprints. However, evidence-based information on creating forage mixtures by direct seeding legumes into existing pastures is limited, and information on bloat-free legumes is nonexistent. Traditionally, pastures requiring improvement in western Canada were fully replaced by breaking up the old stand and reseeding. With new and improved forage cultivars, better seeding equipment, and increased knowledge about pasture management, there is a growing interest among producers in rejuvenating pastures instead of replacing them. Pasture rejuvenation refers to the improvement in biomass productivity and (or) nutritional quality of existing pasture without removing the existing vegetation. This can be done through fertilizer application, which is generally expensive and causes negative environmental impacts. Amelioration of compacted pastureland via mechanical aeration is short-lived and can lead to weed problems. As an alternative, direct seeding of productive, nutritive and bloat-free legume species into existing pasture is an attractive option for pasture rejuvenation. For high performance grazing systems, identification of suitable bloat-free legumes and methods for direct seeding into old grass and legume stands will be essential strategies. This review includes information on the benefits of mixed pastures and seeks possible methods of introducing bloat-free forage legumes into existing pastures in western Canada for rapid improvement in productivity and quality while positively influencing animal, soil, and environmental health.
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VASILAKOGLOU, I., K. DHIMA, A. LITHOURGIDIS, and I. ELEFTHEROHORINOS. "COMPETITIVE ABILITY OF WINTER CEREAL–COMMON VETCH INTERCROPS AGAINST STERILE OAT." Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 4 (October 2008): 509–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479708006728.
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SUMMARYIntercropping cereals with legumes for forage or food production is extensively used as a cropping practice in many parts of the world. A 2-year field study was conducted using common vetch (Vicia sativa), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum), triticale (× Triticosecale), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and oat (Avena sativa) sole crops as well as common vetch intercrops with each of these cereals in a 35:65 cereal:common vetch ratio based on seed numbers, to determine their ability to compete with sterile oat (Avena sterilis spp. sterilis). At nine weeks after planting, fewer sterile oat plants emerged in common vetch sole crop than in cereal sole crops. Intercropping of cereals with common vetch generally did not affect sterile oat stem number and biomass compared with cereal sole crops. At harvest, cereal sole crops provided greater total dry biomass (DB) than the common vetch sole crop. However, triticale and oat produced more DB than winter wheat and barley. In most cases intercropping reduced total DB compared with cereal sole crops. The results of this study indicated that intercropping of the four winter cereals with common vetch did not provide any significant competitive advantage against sterile oat. However, common vetch sole crop showed the greatest suppressive ability against sterile oat among the sole crops or intercrops studied.
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Miller, A. J., E. W. Bork, L. M. Hall, and B. Summers. "Long-term forage dynamics in pastures sprayed with residual broadleaf herbicide: A test of legume recovery." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 95, no. 1 (January 2015): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps-2014-225.
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Miller, A. J., Bork, E. W., Hall, L. M. and Summers, B. 2015. Long-term forage dynamics in pastures sprayed with residual broadleaf herbicide: A test of legume recovery. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 43–53. Legumes such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) are important components of northern temperate pastures where they increase forage productivity and quality, but are susceptible to decline when exposed to broadleaf herbicides. Little is known about the long-term sward responses following herbicide use in northern temperate pastures, including the recovery of legumes and their subsequent contribution to forage production. We established five field sites over 2 yr to assess changes in grass, legume, total forage (grass+legume) and other forb biomass, as well as the recovery of a common weed, dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber), for up to 3 yr following a single application of two broad leaf herbicides with residual properties (aminopyralid and aminocyclopyrachlor). The importance of defoliation and the legume seed bank in facilitating legume biomass recovery were also evaluated with mowing and legume overseeding, respectively, in a strip/split-split design. Both herbicides had similar functional impacts on sward composition based on peak annual biomass, reducing legume biomass by an average of 71–100% across the 3 yr, equivalent to 63.4–22.6 g m−2 from year 1 to year 3, respectively. Although grass biomass did not change significantly with herbicides, net reductions in total forage were limited to 6.8% (28 g m−2) over the study, suggesting at least some ability of grasses to compensate for legume removal. Legume biomass was greater following overseeding and only in non-sprayed controls, but then decreased over time. Conversely, biomass of other forbs and cover of dandelion were lower shortly following herbicide application, only to reach levels similar to non-sprayed controls by the second growing season. Defoliation also influenced sward composition, favoring dandelion recovery following herbicide application. As both weed control and legume re-establishment are important objectives for livestock producers, the result of this study provides useful insight into the long-term impact of broad-leaf weed control on forage production in mixed swards of northern temperate pastures.
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Jensen, Erik Steen, Laurent Bedoussac, Georg Carlsson, Etienne-Pascal Journet, Eric Justes, and Henrik Hauggaard-Nielsen. "Enhancing Yields in Organic Crop Production by Eco-Functional Intensification." Sustainable Agriculture Research 4, no. 3 (June 18, 2015): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v4n3p42.
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<p>Organic agriculture faces challenges to enhance food production per unit area and simultaneously reduce the environmental and climate impacts, e.g. nitrate leaching per unit area and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per unit mass produced. Eco-functional intensification is suggested as a means to reach these objectives. Eco-functional intensification involves activating more knowledge and refocusing the importance of ecosystem services in agriculture. Organic farmers manage agrobiodiversity by crop rotation (diversification in time). However, sole cropping (SC) of genetically identical plants in organic agriculture may limit resource use efficiency and yield per unit area. Intercropping (IC) of annual grain species, cultivar mixes, perennial grains, or forage species and forestry and annual crops (agroforestry) are examples of spatial crop diversification. Intercropping is based on eco-functional intensification and may enhance production by complementarity in resource use in time and space. Intercropping is based on the ecological principles of competition, facilitation and complementarity, which often increases the efficiency in acquisition and use of resources such as light, water and nutrients compared to sole crops, especially in low-input systems. Here we show that IC of cereals and grain legumes in European arable organic farming systems is an efficient tool for enhancing total grain yields compared to their respective sole crops. Simultaneously, we display how intercropping of cereals and legumes can be used as an efficient tool for weed management and to enhance product quality (i.e. cereal grain protein concentration). We discuss how intercropping contributes to efficient use of soil N sources and minimizes losses of N by nitrate leaching via <em>Ecological Precision Farming</em>. It is concluded that intercropping has a strong potential to increase yield and hereby reduce global climate impacts such as GHG kg<sup>-1</sup> grain. Finally, we discuss likely barriers and lock-in effects for increased use of intercropping in organic farming and suggest a roadmap for innovation and implementation of IC strategies in organic agriculture.</p>
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Bunton, Gatlin, Zach Trower, Craig Roberts, and Kevin W. Bradley. "Seasonal changes in forage nutritive value of common weeds encountered in Missouri pastures." Weed Technology 34, no. 2 (October 9, 2019): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2019.89.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractDuring the 2015, 2016, and 2017 growing seasons, weed and weed-free mixed tall fescue and legume forage samples were harvested from 29 pastures throughout Missouri for investigation of the nutritive value of 20 common pasture weed species throughout the season. At certain times during the growing season, many broadleaf weed species had greater nutritive values for a given quality parameter as compared with the available weed-free, mixed tall fescue and legume forage harvested from the same location. There were no significant differences in crude protein concentration between the weed-free forage and many weeds throughout the growing season. However, crude protein content of common burdock, common cocklebur, common ragweed, dandelion, horsenettle, and lanceleaf ragweed was greater than that of the corresponding forage sample at multiple collection periods. The digestible neutral detergent fiber (dNDF) content of all broadleaf weeds except lanceleaf ragweed was significantly lower than that of the weed-free forage at all collection periods. Conversely, large crabgrass had significantly greater digestible neutral detergent fiber levels than did the mixed tall fescue forage at all sampling dates. Dandelion and spiny amaranth had greater in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) content than did the forage for the entire growing season. Three perennial weeds—horsenettle, vervains, and late boneset—did not differ in IVTD levels as compared with the mixed tall fescue and legume forage at any collection date. For most summer annual weeds, the trend was toward greater digestibility earlier in the season, with a gradual decline and often lower IVTD by the late summer or early fall. The results of this study will enable producers to make more informed management decisions about the potential benefit or detriment a weed may provide to the overall nutritive value of the pasture system.
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Hacker, Ronald B., Ian D. Toole, Gavin J. Melville, Yohannes Alemseged, and Warren J. Smith. "Managing competitive interactions to promote regeneration of native perennial grasses in semi-arid south-eastern Australia." Rangeland Journal 39, no. 1 (2017): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj16048.
Full textAbstract:
Treatments to reduce available soil nitrogen and achieve specified levels of weed control were evaluated for their capacity to promote regeneration of native perennial grasses in a degraded semi-arid woodland in central-western New South Wales. Treatments were factorial combinations of nitrogen-reduction levels and weed-control levels. The four levels of nitrogen reduction were no intervention, and oversowing of an unfertilised summer crop, an unfertilised winter crop or an unfertilised perennial grass. The three weed-control levels were defined by the outcome sought rather than the chemical applied and were nil, control of annual legumes and control of all annual species (AA). Regeneration of perennial grasses, predominantly Enteropogon acicularis, was promoted most rapidly by the AA level of weed control with no introduction of sown species. Sown species negated the benefits of weed control and limited but did not prevent the regeneration of native perennials. Sown species also contributed substantially to biomass production, which was otherwise severely limited under the AA level of weed control, and they were effective in reducing soil nitrogen availability. Sown species in combination with appropriate herbicide use can therefore maintain or increase available forage in the short–medium term, permit a low rate of native perennial grass recruitment, and condition the system (by reducing soil mineral nitrogen) for more rapid regeneration of native perennials should annual sowings be discontinued or a sown grass fail to persist. Soil nitrate was reduced roughly in proportion to biomass production. High levels of soil nitrate did not inhibit native perennial grass regeneration when biomass was suppressed by AA weed control, and may be beneficial for pastoral production, but could also render sites more susceptible to future invasion of exotic annuals. The need for astute grazing management of the restored grassland is thus emphasised. This study was conducted on a site that supported a remnant population of perennial grasses. Use of the nitrogen-reduction techniques described may not be appropriate on sites where very few perennial grass plants remain.
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Jones, Roger A. C. "Virus diseases of pasture grasses in Australia: incidences, losses, epidemiology, and management." Crop and Pasture Science 64, no. 3 (2013): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13134.
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This paper reviews current knowledge for Australia over the occurrence, losses caused, epidemiology, and management of virus diseases of pasture grasses. It also reviews all records of viruses in wild grasses likely to act as alternative host reservoirs for virus spread to nearby pastures or crops. Currently, 21 viruses have been found infecting 36 pasture or forage grass species and 59 wild grass species. These viruses are transmitted by arthropod vectors (mites or insects) or, in one instance, via grass seeds. Their modes of transmission are critical factors determining their incidences within pastures in different climatic zones. Large-scale surveys of perennial grass pastures growing in regions with temperate–Mediterranean climates revealed that Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), Cereal yellow dwarf virus (CYDV), and Ryegrass mosaic virus (RyMV) sometimes reach high infection incidences. The same was true for BYDV and CYDV when perennial pasture grasses and wild grasses growing outside pastures were surveyed to establish their occurrence. Smaller scale surveys of grasses growing both inside and outside annual pastures found that Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) infection could also reach high incidences in some annual grass species. Herbage yield loss data are available demonstrating potentially serious impacts on pasture production under Australian conditions from BYDV infection in perennial ryegrass swards, and from RyMV infection in both perennial and Italian ryegrass swards. Also, infection with BYDV or RyMV diminished the ability of infected pasture grass plants to compete with pasture legumes or weeds. Host resistance to BYDV, CYDV, and/or RyMV has been identified within a few temperate–Mediterranean pasture grasses, and is available for use in Australian pasture breeding programs. Integrated Disease Management tactics involving phytosanitary, cultural, chemical, and host resistance measures were devised against BYDV, CYDV, and RyMV infection in mixed species pasture, but no field experiments were undertaken with pasture grasses to validate their inclusion. Several other grass viruses that occur in other countries, but have not been looked for in Australia, are potentially important, especially in temperate–Mediterranean pasture grass species. With few exceptions, research on viruses of perennial or annual tropical–subtropical pasture or wild grass species growing within or outside pastures has focussed only on virus identification and characterisation studies, and information on incidences in pastures, losses caused, epidemiology, and management is lacking. Critical research and development gaps that need addressing are identified.
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Piñeyro, M. J., K. A. Albrecht, A. M. Mondjana, and C. R. Grau. "First Report of Alfalfa mosaic virus in Kura Clover (Trifolium amgibuum) in Wisconsin." Plant Disease 86, no. 6 (June 2002): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.6.695a.
Full textAbstract:
Kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb.) has been reported to be resistant to several viruses, including Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), Clover yellow vein virus (CYVV), Peanut stunt virus, Red clover vein mosaic virus (RCVMV), and White clover mosaic virus (WCMV) (2). Furthermore, 54 of 61 kura clover plants were resistant to Clover yellow mosaic virus (CYMV). Field-grown kura clover plants had no visual symptoms of virus infection, but a small proportion of plant introductions tested positive for CYVV, WCMV, and RCVMV (1). These and similar studies have given kura clover the reputation of being highly resistant to most viruses that affect other forage legumes. Viral-like symptoms, characterized by mosaic, crinkling, and reduced size of leaflets were observed on 53 kura clover plants in an 88-plant collection (plant introductions and cultivars) growing in the field. A 20-plant subset was screened for AMV, Bean pod mottle virus, BYMV, Soybean mosaic virus, Tobacco ring spot virus, and Tobacco streak virus using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Only AMV was found, and it was detected in nine plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of AMV in kura clover. The remaining 68 plants were tested for AMV. In total, 70 plants were positive, and 18 plants were negative. AMV was detected in leaves and rhizomes of kura clover. Simultaneously, plants were scored on two occasions for interveinal mosaic, yellowing, curling of leaves, and general chlorosis. There was no correlation between visual symptoms and ELISA results. Results from ELISA were confirmed with a local lesion assay on ‘Bountiful’ beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Leaves from three AMV-positive plants were bulked and ground in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). Leaves of challenge plants were dusted with Carborundum, and infected sap was rubbed on the youngest leaf of each plant. This procedure was repeated with leaves from three AMV-negative plants. All 12 bean plants inoculated with sap from AMV-positive kura clover developed local lesions or systemic reactions. None of the 12 negative controls developed local lesions. The transmission of AMV from one kura clover plant to another was attempted with the inoculation procedure described above, except that a phosphate-sulfite buffer was used and with soybean aphids (Aphis glycines Matsamura). Seven virus-free ‘Endura’ kura clover plants were inoculated with sap from AMV-positive kura clover plants, and five negative control plants were included. Ten other plants were inoculated with AMV using soybean aphids. Aphids were allowed to feed for 3 min on AMV-positive kura clover plants, then allowed to feed, 10 per plant, on AMV-negative plants. There were six negative controls for this treatment. Three weeks after inoculation, top-growth was clipped, and 9-week-old regrowth was tested for AMV. Two of the mechanically inoculated plants tested positive for AMV using ELISA, and infection was further confirmed by the local lesion assay described above. Therefore, it is demonstrated that AMV can be mechanically transmitted to kura clover. AMV was not transmitted by the colony of soybean aphids, which previously transmitted AMV to soybean (3). This suggests virus-strain aphid specificity and possibly host specificity for phid transmission of AMV to kura clover. References: (1) R. Alconero. Plant Dis. 67:1270, 1983. (2) O. W. Barnett and P. B. Gibson. Crop Sci. 15:32, 1975. (3) J. H. Hill et al. Plant Dis. 85:561, 2001.
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Moyer, J. R., S. N. Acharya, Z. Mir, and R. C. Doram. "Weed management in irrigated fenugreek grown for forage in rotation with other annual crops." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 83, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p02-030.
Full textAbstract:
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecom L.) is an annual legume that has potential as a forage crop on the Canadian Prairies. Experiments were established to determine the tolerance of fenugreek to several herbicides and their efficacy on various weeds. Potentially, fenugreek could be grown in conservation tillage systems in rotation with other annual crops. Therefore, additional multi-factor experiments were conducted to determine the effect of herbicides, seeding method, and 11 previous crops on fenugreek yield. Without herbicide application, weeds contributed 37 to 86% to total dry matter production. When imazamox/imazethapyr, or combinations of imazamoz/imazethapyr or imazethapyr with ethalfluralin was applied, weed contents were about 5% of the total dry matter and the herbicides did not reduce fenugreek yield compared to the hand-weeded check. Total forage samples with a low weed content had lower fibre content and higher protein and digestible dry matter content than forages with a high weed content. When imazamox/imazethapyr was used for weed control, fenugreek yields and weed biomass were similar after direct seeding and after cultivation plus seeding. In addition, the effect of previous crop and the previous crop by seeding method interaction was not significant for fenugreek yield and weed biomass. Therefore, irrigated fenugreek can be successfully grown in conservation tillage systems in rotation with several crops provided an effective herbicide is used for weed control. Key words: Conventional tillage, crop rotation, redroot pigweed, wild oat, zero tillage
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Davidson, Craig G., Donald L. Wyse, and Robert L. McGraw. "Quackgrass (Agropyron repens) Control and Establishment of Three Forage Legumes with Three Selective Herbicides." Weed Science 33, no. 3 (May 1985): 376–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004317450008245x.
Full textAbstract:
Sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} and RO-13-8895 {acetone-O-[d-2-[p-[(α,α,α-trifluoro-p-tolyl)-oxy]phenoxy]propionyl]oxime} were evaluated for quackgrass [Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv. ♯ AGRRE] control in ‘Norcen’ birdsfoot trefoil [Lotus corniculatus (L.)], ‘Monarch’ cicer milkvetch [Astragalus cicer (L.) Hook.], and ‘Arlington’ red clover [Trifolium pratense (L.)]. None of the herbicide treatments applied to weed-free legumes 3, 15, and 30 cm tall reduced crop ground cover or seed yield. Postemergence treatments of sethoxydim and RO-13-8895 applied to quackgrass in the one- to four-leaf stage, at rates from 0.56 to 1.1 kg ai/ha, gave control of 57 to 91% in September of the seedling year. Legumes in all postemergence herbicide-treated plots produced more seed than legumes in untreated plots, regardless of time of application. Sequential applications of sethoxydim, RO-13-8895, or fluazifop {(±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid} at 0.14 plus 0.14 kg ai/ha gave more effective quackgrass control and greater legume ground cover than single applications at 0.28 kg ai/ha.
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Thro, Ann M., Alan T. Wier, and F. Gilbert Barker. "Weed Potential of the Forage Legume Aeschynomene (Aeschynomene americana) in Rice (Oryza sativa) and Soybeans (Glycine max)." Weed Technology 4, no. 2 (June 1990): 284–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00025409.
Full textAbstract:
Growth room and field studies were conducted to determine if increasing use of forage aeschynomene may lead to new weed problems in rice and soybeans and to identify possible control measures in these crops. In a growth room study, flooding of ‘Florida Common’ and ‘LSU 1147’ forage aeschynomene did not reduce yield. However, forage aeschynomene seedlings did not emerge from a flooded seedbed, and 1-week-old seedlings were killed by 2.5 or 7.5 cm of flooding. Competition from interseeded forage aeschynomene reduced ‘Centennial’ soybean yields by 81%. Acifluorfen, fomesafen, and lactofen, labeled for soybeans, control forage aeschynomene. Acifluorfen, labeled for rice, may control forage aeschynomene in that crop. Forage aeschynomene might become a weed problem in rice if plants are past the seedling stage when flood water is applied and could cause weed problems in soybeans; but, in most situations, cultural and chemical control practices should provide adequate control.
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Lopez, S., M. D. Carro, J. S. Gonzalez, and F. J. Ovejero. "Rumen degradation of the main forage species harvested from permanent mountain meadows in North-western Spain." Journal of Agricultural Science 117, no. 3 (December 1991): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600067113.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARYHerbage samples were collected in late June, and again in early September (1987) from permanent mountain meadows situated in North-western Spain (León). Botanical composition was determined by grouping the species into grasses, legumes and herbaceous ‘weeds’. Rumen degradability of the dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) of the botanical groups in each harvest season was determined by the nylon-bag technique.Grasses and legumes differed in their degradation characteristics, and the comparisons between forage species were different for the two harvest seasons. There were no significant differences between September grasses, June legumes and September legumes in the potential degradabilities of the DM (86·9, 87·1 and 88·4%) and CP (94·2, 92·4 and 93·8%). The NDF of grasses harvested in September was degraded to a greater extent (80·6%) than that of legumes from both harvests (70·9 and 73·6% in June and September respectively). However, June grasses showed significantly lower potential degradabilities for the DM (77·0 %), CP (84·3%) and cell wall (65·9%). Legumes were degraded at a faster rate than grasses (mean DM degradation rates of 0·143 and 0·057 respectively), and lag times were longer for grasses (4·7 h) than for legumes (2·5 h). Rumen degradation characteristics of the herbaceous ‘weeds’ were estimated, but it should be remembered that many other factors may limit their utilization by ruminants.It was concluded that the major constraint to the nutritive value of these permanent swards would be the maturity of the grasses harvested in June, which markedly reduced the rumen degradability of the forages.
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Tozer, K. N., E. M. K. Minnee, R. M. Greenfield, and C. A. Cameron. "Effects of pasture base and species mix complexity on persistence and weed ingress in summer-dry dairy pastures." Crop and Pasture Science 68, no. 6 (2017): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp17032.
Full textAbstract:
Basal and canopy cover of sown and unsown species in swards sown with six species mixtures were assessed monthly from autumn 2010 to spring 2014, to test the hypotheses that (a) sowing an alternative pasture base, or (b) increasing the complexity of the sown mix, improves persistence and reduces weed ingress in temperate summer-dry dairy pastures. Treatments comprised either perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) infected with AR1 endophyte or tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.) infected with Max P endophyte to which were added either a legume (‘standard’, 2-species mix), a legume and two forage herbs (‘herbs’, 4-species), or three legumes, two forage herbs and two grasses (‘complex’, 8-species). In the first year, basal and canopy cover of sown species were higher in perennial ryegrass- than tall fescue-based swards, and basal cover of sown species was higher and the percentage bare ground lower in the ‘standard’ (50%) than ‘herbs’ and ‘complex’ swards (42%). By the final year, basal cover of sown species (25%), unsown species (28%), and percentage bare ground (47%) were similar in all six treatments. Although establishment was greater in perennial ryegrass than tall fescue-based swards and in the ‘standard’ than in the ‘herbs’ and ‘complex’ mixtures, the loss of sown species in these treatments was greater. The decline in basal cover of sown species was –27% in the standard treatment, –16% averaged over the ‘complex’ and ‘herbs’ treatment, –24% in perennial ryegrass-based swards and –15% in tall fescue-based swards. The results are contrary to both hypotheses with respect to weed ingress. However, support was provided for the hypotheses in the greater persistence (smaller decline over time in basal cover) in tall fescue than ryegrass-based swards, and ‘herbs’ and ‘complex’ than ‘standard’ mixtures.
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Frost, Rachel A., Linda M. Wilson, Karen L. Launchbaugh, and Elayne M. Hovde. "Seasonal Change in Forage Value of Rangeland Weeds in Northern Idaho." Invasive Plant Science and Management 1, no. 4 (October 2008): 343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-07-061.1.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractPrescribed grazing is an effective tool for controlling some rangeland weeds. Forage quality of eight nonnative rangeland weeds common to northern Idaho was determined. Five collection sites were established for each weed species: rush skeletonweed, meadow hawkweed, houndstongue, sulfur cinquefoil, yellow starthistle, Dalmatian toadflax, hoary cress, and tansy ragwort. Plants were collected at rosette, bolt, flower, and seed set stages; dried and separated into leaves, stems, flowers, or seed; and analyzed separately for crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and mineral content (ash). As expected, plants became more fibrous as they matured because stems increased in NDF value throughout the season and the leaf : stem ratio of most weeds we examined decreased throughout the season. In general, the weeds we examined expressed only moderate fiber levels, beginning the season with NDF values near 34% in the rosette stage and becoming near 52% NDF in the seed set stage. CP values were near 25% in the rosette stage for houndstongue, rush skeletonweed, and hoary cress whereas other weeds we examined had about 15% CP in the rosette. As the season advanced, all plants lost protein content and ended the season with CP values from 5 to 8% at seed set. Ash values declined for all species as the season progressed. Our results indicate that these weeds have forage values similar to many native plants and could be reasonable forage resources for livestock. We did not examine the content of secondary compounds in these weeds that may render them unpalatable and limit their forage value.
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Pittman, Kara B., Jacob N. Barney, and Michael L. Flessner. "Horseweed (Conyza canadensis) Suppression from Cover Crop Mixtures and Fall-Applied Residual Herbicides." Weed Technology 33, no. 2 (March 8, 2019): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2018.111.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractHorseweed is a problematic weed to control, especially in no-tillage production. Increasing cases of herbicide resistance have exacerbated the problem, necessitating alternative control options and an integrated weed management approach. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate horseweed suppression from fall-planted cover crop monocultures and mixtures as well as two fall-applied residual herbicide treatments. Prior to cover crop termination, horseweed density was reduced by 88% to 96% from cover crops. At cover crop termination in late spring, cereal rye biomass was 7,671 kg ha–1, which was similar to cereal rye–containing mixtures (7,720 kg ha–1) but greater than legumes in monoculture (3,335 kg ha–1). After cover crops were terminated in late spring using a roller crimper, corn and soybeans were planted and horseweed was evaluated using density counts, visible ratings, and biomass collection until harvest. Forage radish winterkilled, offering no competition in late winter or biomass to contribute to horseweed suppression after termination. Excluding forage radish in monoculture, no difference in horseweed suppression was detected between cereal rye–containing cover crops and legumes (crimson clover and hairy vetch) in monoculture. Likewise, horseweed suppression was similar between monocultures and mixtures, with the exception of one site-year in which mixtures provided better suppression. In this experiment, the cover crop treatments performed as well as or better than the fall-applied residual herbicides, flumioxazin+paraquat and metribuzin+chlorimuron-ethyl. These results indicate that fall-planted cover crops are a viable option to suppress horseweed and can be an effective part of an integrated weed management program. Furthermore, cover crop mixtures can be used to gain the benefits of legume or brassica cover crop species without sacrificing horseweed suppression.
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Umiyati, Uum. "Allelopathic Inhibition of Nitrifying Bacteria by Legumes." Journal of Tropical Soils 22, no. 2 (May 1, 2017): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2017.v22i2.125-130.
Full textAbstract:
The study aimed at understanding the competitive ability of legumes Vigna radiata L. and Mucuna pruriens with weeds and their effects on the activity of nitrifying bacteria in soils and the contents of organic-N in legumes and weeds. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with three factors and four replications. The first factor was soil order, i.e. Inceptisol and Vertisol; the second factor was types of legumes, i.e. Vigna radiata L. cultivar Sriti and Mucuna pruriens; and the third factor was weed management, i.e. with weed management and without weed management. The results showed that Vigna radiata L. and Mucuna pruriens indirectly influence the supply of available nitrogen in soils that can be taken up by the coexisted plants or weeds via the inhibition of the growth of Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter in soils. As a results, the organic-N content in weeds decreases, which is in contrast to the increasing amount of organic-N in Vigna radiata L. and Mucuna pruriens. The results indicated that Vigna radiata L. and Mucuna pruriens are considered as allelophatic legumes, resulting in low organic-N content in weeds. Keywords: Allelopathic, Mucuna pruriens, Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter, Vigna radiata
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Duczek, L. J., L. L. Jones-Flory, S. L. Reed, K. L. Bailey, and G. P. Lafond. "Sporulation of Bipolaris sorokiniana on the crowns of crop plants grown in Saskatchewan." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 861–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-146.
Full textAbstract:
Production of conidia by B. sorokiniana was determined on crowns of field-grown annual crops in the fall of each year from 1991 to 1993. Sporulation was highest on crowns of the annual cereal crops, barley, canary seed, rye, triticale, oat, and wheat. Sporulation varied from year to year with the highest numbers in 1992 and the lowest in 1993. There were differences between cultivars of wheat and of barley, but the differences were not consistent from year to year. Significantly lower conidial numbers occurred on annual pulse crops (fababean, field pea, lentil), and oilseed crops (canola, flax, mustard, safflower, sunflower) than on cereal crops. In 1992 and 1993, sporulation was assessed on perennial forage legumes and grasses. Sporulation was significantly higher on wheatgrass species (crested, intermediate, northern, slender, streambank, tall, and western wheatgrass) than on other forage grasses (smooth bromegrass, meadow bromegrass, reed canarygrass, Altai wildrye, Dahurian Wildrye, and Russian wildrye) and forage legumes (alfalfa, alsike clover, birdsfoot trefoil, cicer milkvetch, red clover, and sainfoin). The low sporulation on crowns of annual pulse crops, annual oilseed crops, forage legumes, and forage grasses other than on wheatgrass species indicates their suitability in crop rotations designed to reduce the inoculum density of B. sorokiniana. Growing annual cereal crops and wheatgrass forage grasses will likely maintain or increase the inoculum levels of B. sorokiniana in soil. Key words:Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc. in Sorok.) Shoem., sporulation, annual and perennial crops
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Fraser, J., J. R. Moyer, A. K. Topinka, and D. McCartney. "Tolerance of annual forage legumes to herbicides in Alberta." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 83, no. 3 (July 1, 2003): 649–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p02-108.
Full textAbstract:
The effects of ethalfluralin, trifluralin, and imazethapyr herbicides were assessed on stand density, visual injury and dry matter yield of annual forage legumes under irrigation. Results indicate that recommended rates o f either ethalfluralin or imazethapyr have potential for weed control in alfalfa, berseem clover, balansa clover, fenugreek, pea, and vetches. Key words:
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NG, K. F., W. W. STÜR, and H. M. SHELTON. "New forage species for integration of sheep in rubber plantations." Journal of Agricultural Science 128, no. 3 (May 1997): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859696004248.
Full textAbstract:
The productivity and persistence of 91 accessions of grasses, legumes and broad-leaved weeds were evaluated under young rubber at the Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia Experimental Station at Sungai Buloh near Kuala Lumpur. The species were chosen from world collections for their reported shade tolerance. Two small plot experiments were conducted from 1989 to 1990 and regular harvests were used to assess yield and persistence. The soil at the site was acidic (pH 4·7) and infertile, and light transmission declined from 65 to 20% in Expt 1 and from 90 to 50% in Expt 2.Pattern and cluster analyses were used to allocate accessions to groups with similar yield responses. Grasses which demonstrated both high yield and persistence of yield were Brachiaria decumbens MARDI accession, B. humidicola cv. Tully and Panicum maximum cvs Gatton, Riversdale and Vencedor. High yielding and persistent legumes were Stylosanthes scabra cv. Seca and S. guianensis CIAT 184. Survival of species monitored one year after completion of the experiment indicated the good longer term persistence of grasses Stenotaphrum secundatum, Panicum laxum, Paspalum notatum, Paspalum wettsteinii, Brachiaria humidicola and Panicum maximum cv. Vencedor, and legumes Arachis repens and A. pintoi.
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Nesic, Z., Z. Tomic, S. Vuckovic, V. Krnjaja, S. Josipovic, and D. Ruzic-Muslic. "Changes in botanical composition of alfalfa mixtures depending on the species and N fertilization." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 23, no. 5-6-2 (2007): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0702365n.
Full textAbstract:
Alfalfa is the most important forage plant in our country. It is mainly grown as pure crop for livestock nutrition, although it gives very good results when grown in mixture with other plant species. By growing in mixtures many advantages are achieved, the most important are: possibility for alfalfa to be used in grazing and reduced need for fertilization of grassland. In two year trial (2003-2004), changes in botanical composition of alfalfa mixtures depending on the present species in the mixture, i.e. their competitive abilities and fertilization with N, were monitored. Investigations showed that by ageing of crops the share of grasses increases and share of legumes and weeds decreases. Fertilization showed positive effect on strengthening of competitive abilities of grass in relation to leguminous species and increased share of weeds in forage mixtures.
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Tozer, K. N., E. M. K. Minnee, R. M. Greenfield, and C. A. Cameron. "Weed ingress in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus)based swards under dairy grazing." New Zealand Plant Protection 69 (January 8, 2016): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2016.69.5946.
Full textAbstract:
Weed ingress was assessed monthly over four years in a total of six swards of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) or tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus) to which were added a legume (2 species mix) legume and forage herbs (4 species mix) or legumes herbs other grasses (8 species mix) Unsown species (weeds) present were from 13 families of which Asteraceae was the most abundant Asteraceae species increased from
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Seguin, P., P. R. Peterson, C. C. Sheaffer, and D. L. Smith. "Physical sod suppression as an alternative to herbicide use in pasture renovation with clovers." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 81, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p00-023.
Full textAbstract:
Using herbicides for sod suppression during pasture renovation by legume sod-seeding often results in the loss of potentially usable forage, weed encroachment, and inadequate legume:grass ratios. Physical sod suppression methods could alleviate some of the problems associated with suppression via herbicide. A study was conducted in Québec, Canada, to investigate, as an alternative to herbicide, sod suppression by sheep grazing or mowing before and after spring no-till seeding of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) or white clover (T. repens L.). Sod-suppression treatments included six physical suppression methods: mowing or sheep grazing, to 5 or 10 cm, at seeding and when the grass sward reached 30 cm during the first 2 mo of clover establishment, or similarly managed mowing or sheep grazing to 5 cm with an additional defoliation the previous fall. Additional treatments included suppression by herbicide (glyphosate [N-(Phosphonomethyl) glycine] at 2.6 kg a.i. ha–1) and two controls: sod-seeding with no sod suppression and no seeding. Among the physical suppression treatments, grazing and mowing to 5 cm resulted in highest clover densities, similar to those achieved via herbicide suppression. Red and white clover had similar plant densities. Yield components and total forage yields varied with sites. Clover yields tended to be higher with herbicide than under physical suppression treatments. However, increasing the severity of physical suppression increased clover yields. Weed encroachment was observed only with herbicide sod suppression. Unlike suppression with herbicide, physical suppression did not decrease total forage yields in the renovation and post-renovation years when compared with controls. Forage quality was increased in the renovation year by both physical suppression methods and herbicide when compared with unrenovated controls; but the increase was greater with herbicide suppression. Only the most severe of the physical suppression methods sustained increased forage quality in the year after renovation. Timely mowing or grazing as methods for suppression of grass sod during renovation with legumes appear to have potential, but cannot yet be recommended as alternatives to herbicide. Key words: Clover, forage, grazing, pasture renovation, sod-seeding