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Winans, S. Sherwood, Michael Rethwisch, and Deb Esquerra. "Raised Bed Alfalfa Varietal Production in La Paz County, Arizona, 1993-1995." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/202417.
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Twenty alfalfa varieties grown in small plots on raised beds were evaluated for forage production beginning after planting in the fall of 1992. Data from eleven harvests were obtained in 1993 -1995, generally covering the summer months. No variety produced more forage than CUF 101 in each of the three years although Moapa had more tonnage than CUF 101 in two of the years. Moapa and Tillman (101.6% and 100.8% of CUF 101 respectively) had higher total production than CUF 101 during the study, although Tillman had the least production of varieties tested during the third year. The varieties Rio and WL 516 had least amounts of forage production over the three year period. Percentage bloom and plant height were very highly correlated from the July 1993 harvest. Total production from 1993-1994 were similar to the bloom and height of July 1993, as Tillman, Moapa and CUF 101 had the highest percentage bloom, while Rio and WL 516 had the least bloom. Cibola and CW 2981 had greater than 240, 000 crowns per acre following the 1994 season, followed by Tillman and Condor. WL 516, Madera, and ABI 9182 each had fewer than 180,000 crowns per acre. Tillman and Cibola had greater than 120,000 crowns /acre at the end of the third year; all other varieties had fewer. Hopperburn and associated yellows during the fall of 1995 was correlated with both crowns /acre and plant height, although crown numbers and height were not correlated.
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Kennedy, Peter C. "The effect of alternative forages on beef production and meat quality." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.534719.
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Ayala-Burgos, Armin J. "Voluntary intake and rumen function of Zebu bulls (Bos indicus) given tropical forages." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1997. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU090359.
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Three experiments carried out in the southeast of Mexico (Yucatan) are reported. In the first, yield of P. purpureum increased from 3,760 to 14,526 kgDM/ha with age 6 weeks (young) and 28 weeks (mature). Maturity increased lignin from 43 to 108g/kgDM. Potential degradabilities of leaf and stem were 788g & 782g/kgDM with young, and 725 & 403g/kgDM with mature. Young yielded more potentially degradable DM (70 & 35kgDM/ha/d) than mature. In the second, molasses urea block (MUB) supplementation of bulls grazing during the dry season, did not improve the potential degradability of pasture (525g/kgDM). Estimated pasture intake was 68gDM/kgW0.75 /d, and measured rumen pool size of grazing bulls was 79 gDM/kgW 0.75. Intake of MUB was low (236gDM/d) and only increased rumen NH 3-N from 100 to 128mg/l. Availability of pasture was 255kg DM/animal. It is suggested that need of supplementation could be low if there is sufficient pasture to allow selective grazing. In the third, hay diets of young or mature P. purpureum were studied in six zebu (Bos indicus) bulls fed ad libitum. Intakes were, 91 and 44gDM/kgW0.75/d, digestibilities, 591 and 453g/kgDM, estimated energy intakes 768 and 307kJME/kgW0.75/d and Metabolizable Protein, 4.1 and 1.3g/kgW0.75/d with young and mature forages respectively. Forage maturity resulted in negative N balance (352 vs -113mgN/kgW0.75/d), decreased potential (756 vs 568g/kgDM) and fractional rate (0.07 vs 0.03%) of rumen DM degradation, but gave higher DM degradabilities of the non-soluble fraction (378 vs 283g/kgDM). Forage maturity reduced rumen outflow rates of liquid (0.09 vs 0.05%), and solid (0.038 vs 0.015%) phases, increasing mean retention times of digesta (22 vs 65h), and the rumen pool size (84 vs 120gDM/kgW0.75) and reduced the eating (380 vs 273min) and rumination daily times (433 vs 398min). The Purine Derivatives (PD) excretion in urine reflected differences between diets (651 vs 354mMol/kgW0.75/d). However, rumen Microbial N Supply estimated by the PD method was very low in comparison with estimates from digestibility and N balance measurements. It is suggested this effect could be explained by greater recycling of PD to the rumen and a lower endogenous excretion by zebu cattle.
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Ghosn, Ramy. "Stabilisation des Fluides de Forage de Type Pickering Pour Applications dans les Forages Profonds et Ultra-Profonds." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLY022/document.
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La situation durable de volatilité des prix du pétrole est considérée à la fois comme une menace et un défi par l'industrie pétrolière. Au cours de cette crise, les compagnies pétrolières ont l’opportunité de se recentrer sur la recherche de solutions de production rentables, ce qui implique souvent l’apport des nouvelles technologies, en plus de l'amélioration des processus.Ce travail présente une avancée pour la synthèse d’une nouvelle génération de fluides de forage pétrolier sans surfactants/émulsifiants pour des applications dans le forage des puits profonds et ultra profonds. Cette nouvelle génération repose sur l’introduction des émulsions de Pickering dans la formulation des fluides de forage. Ces dernières sont des émulsions stabilisées uniquement par des particules solides (dans ce cas des particules de silice). Différents types de nano particules de silice de différentes hydrophobicités ont été utilisées pour stabiliser des fluides de forage de types huile-dans-eau et eau-dans-huile. Ces fluides ont été conçus pour être utilisés dans des conditions hostiles de température et de pression. Par conséquent, une caractérisation expérimentale de leur stabilité ainsi que de leurs propriétés rhéologiques sous ces conditions extrêmes étaient nécessaires. Au cours de ce travail, les profils rhéologiques de ces fluides reflétant leurs capacités de nettoyage du puits, leur coulabilité ainsi que leurs capacités à transporter les débris jusqu'à la surface, ont été établis. D’autre part, la stabilité électrique des émulsions ainsi que leur morphologie (distribution de taille des gouttelettes) ont été étudiées et une comparaison avec celles stabilisées par des agents tensioactifs a été établie. Les fluides ont été exposés à un processus de vieillissement qui permet d’étudier l'effet de l'environnement du réservoir hostile sur la stabilité et la rhéologie des nouveaux fluides préparés. Ces fluides de haute qualité se sont révélés très fiables, offrant une grande stabilité et une capacité à résister à des conditions extrêmes de réservoir. Ils représentent une nouvelle génération de fluides de forage ouvrant la voie à une exploitation optimisée de réservoirs profonds et ultra profondsThis enduring situation of volatile oil prices has been seen as a decline and a challenge at the same time for the oil and gas industry. It is during this slump that the oil and gas companies own the opportunity to focus on cost-effective production solutions, which very often means bringing new technologies and further improving processes.This work presents a novel frontier of surfactant-free drilling and completion fluids for deep and ultra-deep wells. This new generation of drilling fluids is based on the principle of Pickering emulsions (emulsions stabilized solely by solid nano particles). Hydrophobic and hydrophilic silica nano particles were used to stabilize Oil-Based Mud and Water-Based Mud. These fluids were designed to be used under hostile conditions of temperature and pressure. Therefore, a concrete characterization of their stability as well as their rheological properties under HTHP conditions was mandatory. Rheological profiles reflecting the flowability, hole cleaning capacity as well as cutting transport ability of the fluids were established. On the other hand, the electrical stability as well as the morphology (Droplet Size Distribution) of the emulsions were studied and compared with surfactant-stabilized drilling fluids. The fluids were submitted to an aging process allowing one to study the effect of hostile reservoir environment on the stability and rheology of the new fluids prepared.These high quality fluids were seen very reliable offering high stability as well as high capacity to withstand extreme reservoir conditions giving rise to a new generation of drilling fluids allowing breaking the frontiers of deep and ultra-deep reservoirs
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Nagadi, Sameer A. "Development of the in vitro gas production technique to assess degradability of forages by ruminants." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15477.
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The influence of microbial activity on the pattern of gas production and the possibility of developing a protocol for standardising the microbial activity of ruminal fluid were investigated (chapter 2). Firstly, ruminal fluid was diluted 1:2, 1:5, 1:9 and 1:20 (v/v) with buffer solution and the in vitro gas production from cellulose, glucose, hay and ryegrass studied. Gas production at 4, 24 and 120h were significantly decreased as the ratio of buffer solution to ruminal fluid increased. For each substrate, incubation with ruminal fluid diluted 1:2 (v/v) gave a higher (P<0.5) asymptotic value 'B', rate 'C' of gas production and lower lag time than when incubated in the 1:5, 1:9 and 1:20 dilutions. Secondly, the effect of frequency of ovine ruminal sampling on microbial activity and substrate fermentation was investigated. The bacterial DM, bacterial absorbance and blank's gas volume were significantly affected by daily sampling of ruminal fluid. Daily sampling of rumen fluid did not significantly affect the gas production degradability parameters (B,C and Lag) until the bacterial DM fell below 0.09 g DM/10 cm3 strained rumen fluid. Bacterial DM was strongly related to the absorbance of ruminal fluid (R2 = 0.99, p<0.001), suggesting that standardisation of the level of microbial activity between days and laboratory can be achieved by estimating the bacterial DM from the absorbance of the strained ruminal fluid. The influence of donor diet on initial microbial concentration and gas production degradability was studied (chapter 3). Bacterial DM, bacterial absorbance and the blanks' gas volume increased significantly as the ratio of sheep pellet to hay increased. The gas production degradability parameters (B, C and Lag) were also affected by changing the donor diet ratio of sheep pellets and hay. NDF digestibility of cellulose and hay was not significantly affected by donor diet. Bacterial DM was strongly related to the absorbance of ruminal fluid and the blanks' gas volume (R2 = 0.99, p<0.001). These results suggest that changing the ratio of concentrate to hay reduced the initial bacterial concentration and affected the gas production degradability parameters.
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Cushnahan, Aidan. "An examination of some factors which may influence the production potential of grazed and conserved forages by ruminants." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359061.
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Strohl, Brandy Nicole. "EFFECTS OF NATURAL SUPPLEMENTS ON METHANE PRODUCTION AND APPARENT RUMINAL DIGESTABILITY UTILIZING A LOW QUALITY FORAGE DIET: AN IN VITRO STUDY." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1842.
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Two experiments were conducted to examine the use of peppermint leaves and cinnamon oil on methane production and apparent ruminal digestibility. In experiment 1, 12 jars were utilized in a completely randomized design to conduct three separate 24 hour batch culture experiments. The objective of the batch culture experiments was to examine the effects of the selected natural supplements on methane production. For the first batch culture, jars were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: 1) control diet (CON); 2) CON plus the addition of peppermint leaves at 3% of the diet (PEP3); 3) CON plus the addition of peppermint leaves at 6% of the diet (PEP6); or 4) CON plus the addition of peppermint leaves at 12% of the diet (PEP12). The addition of the peppermint leaves increased (P = 0.004) oxygen and tended to increase (P = 0.10) nitrogen gas, but had no significant (P ≥ 0.15) effect on methane production. For the second batch culture, jars were randomly assigned to one of the folloiwng treatments: 1) control diet (CON); 2) CON plus the addition of cinnamon oil at 125 mg/L (CIN 125); 3) CON plus the addition of cinnamon oil at 250 mg/L (CIN250); or 4) CON plus the addition of cinnamon oil at 500 mg/L (CIN500). Cinnamon oil decreased (P = 0.002) methane production when added at 500 mg/L which also decreased (P = 0.001) total gas production compared to the other treatments. For the final batch culture, jars were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: 1) control diet (CON); 2) CON plus the addition of peppermint leaves at 3% of the diet and cinnamon oil at 125 mg/L (3:125); 3) CON plus the addition of peppermint leaves at 3% of the diet and cinnamon oil at 250 mg/L (3:250); or 4) CON plus the addition of peppermint leaves at 6% of the diet and cinnamon oil at 125 mg/L (6:125). The addition of the peppermint leaves at 6% of the diet and cinnamon oil at 125 mg/L significantly decreased nitrogen (P = 0.05) and methane (P = 0.0001) gas production compared to CON and 3:250 treatment. Based on the results of the three batch cultures, experiment 2 utilized four dual-flow continuous fermenters in a Latin Square design to examine the effects of the selected natural supplements on apparent ruminal digestibility and ruminal characteristics. Fermenters were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: 1) control diet (CON); 2) CON plus the addition of peppermint leaves at 3% of the diet (PEP3); 3) CON plus the addition of cinnamon oil at 500 mg/L (CIN500); or 4) CON plus the addition of peppermint leaves at 6% of the diet and cinnamon oil at 125 mg/L (COMBO). Treatments for experiment 2 had no effect (P ≥ 0.17) on apparent ruminal digestibility of nutrients. There was no significant difference (P ≥ 0.09) in total or individual VFA concentrations, suggesting that the use of peppermint leaves, cinnamon oil, or a combination of the two has no adverse effects on apparent ruminal digestibility. Feeding ruminants a natural supplement such as cinnamon oil, peppermint leaves, or a combination could potentially reduce GHG production when feeding a low-quality, forage based diet.
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Meneses, Raúl. "Evaluation of Low-quality Forages in a Winter Dietary Regimen of Western White-Face Ewes Used for Milk Production." DigitalCommons@USU, 1996. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3982.
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The evaluation of ammoniation of mature grass (1/3 Festuca sp, 1/3 Bromus and 1/3 Dactylis sp) as a basal diet for pregnant ewes and its effects on ruminal fermentation were studied. Ammoniation increased the forage dry matter intake (DMI), crude protein (CP), and gross energy digestibility. Ruminal pH and total volatile fatty acid were not affected by ammoniation (P>.05). Individual VFA concentrations were affected significantly.
In a third experiment, ammoniated wheat straw was evaluated as a basal diet for wintering pregnant ewes. Ammoniated straw replaced grass hay in the diet. Dry matter intake was not different (P>.05). Final body weight total gain, and fleece weight were higher for controls (P.05).
A fourth experiment evaluated how rehydrating wheat straws prior to ammoniation affected utilization by pregnant western white-face ewes. These treatments increased dry matter and crude protein intakes significantly (P.05). Lamb birth weight was not affected by treatment (P=.874) and fleece weight increased (P<.05).
Nutritive value of 5 barley and 10 wheat straw varieties was evaluated for ruminants with the in situ technique. Fiesta and Kombar barley varieties exhibited the highest dry matter disappearance (P
In a final study, nitrogen and energy balance was measured on lactating western white-face ewes during early and late lactation. Milk production was .683 and .711 L/d during early and late lactation. Efficiency of milk production was .429 and .338 milk L/kg DM consumed for early and late lactation, respectively. Nitrogen balance was positive during both stages of lactation. Milk gross energy and metabolizable energy were 15.13 and 14.16% for early and late lactation, respectively.
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Sileshi, Zinash. "Development of a simple in vitro gas production technique, using a pressure transducer, to estimate digestion of some Ethiopian forages." Thesis, University of Reading, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241462.
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Mauricio, Rogerio Martins. "Comparison of bovine rumen liquor and bovine faeces as sources of microorganisms for an in vitro gas production technique for evaluating forages." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299306.
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Massawe, Nicholaus Felix. "Strategies based on participatory rural appraisal for improving the utilization of forages to increase profitable milk production on smallholder farms in Tanzania." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299555.
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Campbell, Braden Joseph. "Alternative management practices to improve the growth and mitigate the health and economic losses associated with parasitic infection in pasture-raised lambs in the eastern United States of America." The Ohio State University, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1619020179009712.
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Schmidt, Fábiana. "Modificações morfológicas e metabólicas em gramínea e leguminosa forrageiras tropicais relativas ao suprimento de enxofre." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-04012013-141231/.
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O enxofre é um dos elementos essenciais para as plantas e as exigências nutricionais nesse nutriente variam com a espécie e a taxa de crescimento das plantas. Com o objetivo geral de avaliar o efeito da nutrição em enxofre no crescimento e no metabolismo do capimtanzânia (Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia) e do estilosante (Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Mineirão) desenvolveu-se a presente pesquisa com os objetivos específicos de avaliar os efeitos do fornecimento de enxofre em: i) modificações morfológicas, produtivas e nutricionais ocorridas na parte aérea e nas raízes; ii) metabolismo do nitrogênio e as consequentes alterações na composição e concentrações de aminoácidos; iii) concentrações de enxofre total, enxofre-sulfato e glutationa e na atividade das enzimas glutationa redutase e glutationa sulfo-transferase nas folhas recém-expandidas e raízes; iv) crescimento, metabolismo da glutationa e atividade das enzimas envolvidas no ciclo ascorbato-glutationa e v) absorção de sulfato e a expressão de genes de transportadores de sulfato. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação e camara de crescimento, empregando-se soluções nutritivas. As doses de enxofre aplicadas foram ajustadas de modo a permitir nutrição baixa, intermediária e alta em enxofre para cada espécie. O enxofre afetou diretamente na emissão de folhas e de perfilhos, área foliar, comprimento e superfície radicular do capim-tanzânia e do estilosante Mineirão, aumentando a produção de massa seca da parte aérea e das raízes. A baixa disponibilidade de enxofre ocasionou o desequilíbrio nutricional com o nitrogênio nas plantas, evidenciado por alta relação nitrogênio:enxofre e altas concentrações de nitrato e aminoácidos livres no tecido vegetal. Sob limitação de enxofre, o capim apresentou predomínio de asparagina na composição aminoacídica, enquanto no estilosante ocorreu a predominância de arginina. A aplicação de enxofre aumentou as concentrações de enxofre total, enxofre-sulfato e glutationa nas folhas diagnósticas e raízes para ambas as espécies forrageiras. As plantas crescidas sob limitação de enxofre apresentaram alta atividade da enzima glutationa redutase visando regenerar a glutationa reduzida, que atua protegendo as células contra danos oxidativos decorrentes do estresse da deficiência nutricional. O fornecimento de enxofre aumentou a atividade da glutationa sulfo-transferase incrementando a capacidade do vegetal de suportar estresses ambientais. A baixa disponibilidade de enxofre induziu o aumento da atividade de enzimas antioxidantes que atuam na regeneração da glutationa e do ascorbato na forma reduzida. As plantas crescidas em baixa disponibilidade de enxofre apresentaram aumento da concentração de glutationa e maior alocação desse composto nas raízes. A distribuição de glutationa das folhas para as raízes em condição de limitação de enxofre regula a absorção de sulfato no capim e no estilosante de modo diferenciado. Para o capim com alta concentração de glutationa nas raízes decresce o influxo total de 34S, enquanto para o estilosante não ocasiona a redução da absorção de sulfato.Sulfur is an essential element required by plants and the nutritional requirements in this nutrient vary according to species and plant growth rate. This research had the main objective of evaluating the effect of sulfur nutrition on growth and metabolism of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia) and stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Mineirão) and was developed with the specific objectives to determine the effects on i) morphological, productive and nutritional changes in plant shoots and roots, ii) nitrogen metabolism and the changes in the composition and concentrations of amino acids, iii) concentrations of total sulfur, sulfur-sulfate and glutathione and the activity of the enzymes glutathione reductase and glutathione sulfo-transferase in recently expanded leaves and roots, iv) growth, glutathione metabolism and activity of enzymes involved in ascorbate-glutathione cycle and v) sulfate uptake and expression of sulfur transporters genes. The experiments were carried out in greenhouse and growth chamber, by using nutrient solutions. Sulfur supply were adjusted to low, intermediate and high S nutrition for each species. Sulfur supply influences the emission of leaves, tillering, leaf area, root length and surface of Guinea grass and stylo increasing production of dry mass of aboveground and roots. Sulfur limitation alters the distribution of photosynthates between aboveground and roots of Guinea grass and stylo providing reduction in dry matter production of roots. The plants of Guinea grass increase root surface as a mechanism for adaptation to limited S in the culture medium. The relative chlorophyll index (RCI) in the recently expanded leaves relates to the production of dry mass of aboveground and can be used to assess S nutritional status in Guinea grass and stylo. The application of S proves necessary to increase production of dry mass in Guinea grass and stylo. Low S availability caused nutritional imbalance with N in Guinea grass and stylo plants, as shown by a high N:S ratio and high concentrations of N-nitrate and free amino acids in plant tissues. Among amino acids, asparagine predominated in S-limited guineagrass and arginine in Slimited stylo. Increased S supply regulates N:S ratio at values close to 20:1, which provides N and S concentrations that are more suitable for protein synthesis and forage production in plants of both species. Adding S increased concentrations of total S, S-sulfate, and glutathione in diagnostic leaves and roots of both species collected at the two harvests. Plants grown under S limitation showed high levels of GR activity, related to the regeneration of GSH, which acts to protect cells against oxidative damage caused by the stress of nutritional deficiency. S supply increased GST activity, and consequently plants\' capacity to withstand environmental stresses. Low S availability increased activity of the antioxidant enzymes that act in the regeneration of GSH and AsA. Plants grown with low S availability showed higher concentration of glutathione and greater allocation of glutathione to roots. For Guinea grass, high glutathione concentrations in roots decrease the 34S uptake. For stylo not cause reduction of 34S uptake.
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Araujo, Leandro Coelho de. "Modelos matemáticos para estimar a sazonalidade de produção em pastagens de Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça, em regiões do Estado de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-22032012-090635/.
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Um experimento em campo foi implantado na Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste em São Carlos-SP (21°57\'42\"S, 47°50\'28\"W) de 2010 a 20 11. Foram conduzidos simultaneamente dois ensaios com o capim-mombaça que diferenciaram entre si pela presença ou não da irrigação. O delineado em blocos completos casualizados com quatro repetições foi utilizado em cada ensaio. Os tratamentos foram representados pela soma diária da temperatura média do ar de 250; 500; 750 e 1000° C durante cada período de rebrotação. Após as avaliações referentes ao tratamento de 1000 °C acumulados, toda a pastagem era cortada a 0,3 m de altura do solo, fertilizadas (N-P-K) e iniciado um novo ciclo de rebrotação e avaliações. Ao longo de 13 meses foram avaliados 8 ciclos de rebrotação. As variáveis avaliadas em cada tratamento foram acúmulo de massa seca total acima do resíduo, identificação do meristema apical em vegetativo ou reprodutivo, índice hídrico (IH) estimado pela relação entre a evapotranspiração real (ensaio não irrigado) e da cultura (ensaio não irrigado) estimadas tanto pelo método direto (Diviner) e pela evapotranspiração atual com a potencial pelo indireto (Climatológico). Os dados gerados nos experimentos foram utilizados para determinar os valores críticos das principais variáveis que influenciam no crescimento do capim-mombaça, além de parametrizar e avaliar um modelo empírico de graus-dia (GD); um modelo empírico de unidades-fototérmicas (UF); um modelo empírico de índice de crescimento climático (ICC) e um modelo de função biofísica (APSIM-Growth). Os resultados demonstraram que a produção relativa do capimmombaça diminui linearmente com a redução do IH. A temperatura base foi estimada em 15,6 °C e o capim-mombaça, e o período de flores cimento indica que essa cultiva seria uma planta de dias curtos sendo o valor de fotoperíodo crítico próxima a 11,81 h. Os modelos de GD, UF e ICC foram bem ajustados com os dados do experimento irrigado, assim como o modelo APSIM-Growth após a modificação de alguns parâmetros. Durante a etapa de avaliação dos modelos, com dados independentes de pastagem irrigada (literatura) e não irrigada (experimento não irrigado), todos os modelos apresentaram um bom desempenho, sendo o APSIM-Growth o modelo que apresentou um menor erro na média geral (6 kg MS/ha/corte) e o modelo UF o modelo empírico que proporcionou valores preditos mais próximo dos observados, com um erro médio geral de 268 kg MS/ha/corte.Two experiments were held simultaneously at Embrapa South-East Cattle Research Center (São Carlos, SP, Brazil, 21°57\'42\"S , 47°50\'28\"W) in 2010-2011 using Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça (Guineagrass). They were differentiated by the presence or absence of irrigation. The randomized complete block design with four replications was used. The treatments were determined by cumulative thermal times during each growth cycles (i.e. 250, 500, 750 and 1000 °C, base temperature = 0 °C). After the last sample time (1000° C) of each cycle, all the plots were uniformly cut up to 0.3 m above the soil surface to begin a new cycle of re-growth and sampling. At every new growth cycle the pasture was fertilized (N-P-K). The variables recorded were the dry matter above-residue, identification of apical meristem at vegetative state or flowering one, calculation of water index (WI) by ratio between real evapotranspitarion to crop evapotranspiration using the direct method (Diviner) or actual evapotranspitarion to potential evapotranspitarion usgin an indirect method (Climatologic). The data sets from the experiments were used to determine the critical values of the main variables that may influence the Guineagrass growth, besides parameterizing and evaluating an agroclimatic degree-day model (DDi); a photo-thermal-units model (PUi); a growth climate index model (GCIi) and one biophysical function model (APSIM-Growth). The results showed that the relative production of Guineagrass decreases linearly with the reduction of the WI. The base temperature was estimated equal to 15.6 ° C and Guineagrass is possibly identified as a short-day plant with a photoperiod critical value close to 11.81 h. All models performed well during the parameterization (R2 from 0.78 to 0.86 and coefficient of variation from 27 to 32.1%), and evaluation (R2 from 0.69 to 0.78; agreement index from 0.88 to 0.93; coefficient of variation from 37.6 to 50.2% and mean bias error from 6 to 470 kg DM ha/cutting). APSIM model was the one that showed a minor error and UF model was the empirical model that provided predicted values closer to the observed.
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Buchanan, Nancy P. "Organic poultry production and forage digestibility." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4309.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2005.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 73 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
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Souza, Gleison de. "Cultivo de fungos basidiomicetos visando aumento na degradabilidade de forrageiras para ruminantes." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64133/tde-26052017-095240/.
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A inoculação de forrageiras com fungos lignocelulolíticos é uma alternativa para melhorar a qualidade destas sem adição de substâncias químicas. Este projeto visa melhorar a degradabilidade de seis forrageiras: Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk, Pennisetum purpureum Schum. cv. Napier, Panicum maximum cv. Aruana, Cenchrus ciliares cv. Buffel, bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e cana-de-açúcar picada por meio do cultivo de quatro fungos do gênero Pleurotus. Outrossim, extrato enzimático, nas concentrações de 2, 4 e 6 mL, produzido pelo fungo P. sajor-caju CCB 020 crescido em vinhaça, durante 6º, 12º e 18º dias, foram aplicados às mesmas forrageiras. As avaliações das dietas foram pela técnica de produção de gases, degradabilidade in vitro e análise bromatológica do substrato. As atividades das enzimas Lacase, Peroxidase, Manganês Peroxidase, Endoglucanase, Exoglucanase e Xilanase foram determinadas, por um período de 24 dias. Os resultados foram estatisticamente avaliados, utilizando SAS® (Statistical Analysis System Inst., Cary, North Carolina). Os fungos crescidos nas forrageiras, produziram enzimas hidrolíticas e oxidativas durante o processo de fermentação, que atuaram na transformação das forrageiras. A quantidade de proteínas aumentou significativamente na cana-de-açúcar picada e capim Buffel, inoculados com os fungos P. ostreatus e P. albidus CCB 068. A forrageira Aruana foi a que melhor respondeu ao tratamento com fungo, sendo que com P. sajor-caju, ao 18º dia de incubação, teve a concentração de acetato 1,24 vezes maior, em relação a amostra controle, e as demais concentrações de AGCC, como propionato e butirato, diminuir e a razão C2:C3 aumentou. A cana-de-açúcar incubada com P. albidus CCB 068, ao 18º dia, diminuiu as concentrações de acetato, propionato e butirato e aumentou a razão C2:C3 em 0,86 - 0,58 - 0,71 - 1,48 vezes, respectivamente. O bagaço inoculado ao 24º dia com P. albidus provocou aumento nas concentrações de acetato, propionato e butirato e diminuição na razão C2:C3, em 1,14 - 1,75 - 1,32 - 0,64 vezes, respectivamente, e com P. ostreatus mostrou o mesmo comportamento. Com os demais tratamentos nenhum efeito significativo foi observado, pelo teste de Tukey a 5%, entretanto ocorre tendência de aumentar a razão C2:C3 com o tratamento com os fungos. Na produção de gases e degradabilidade in vitro das forrageiras, utilizando os extratos enzimáticos, ocorreu aumento com a concentração aplicada. Efeitos significativos foram observados para as forrageiras Brachiaria, Napier e Aruana, já as forrageiras Buffel, bagaço de cana-de-açúcar e cana-de-açúcar picada não mostraram diferenças significativas, pelo teste de Tukey a 5%. Diferenças nas análises de AGCC não foram significativas, pelo teste de Tukey a 5%, dentro das concentrações ou período de incubação do fungo, nas seis forrageiras, entretanto há uma interação com as atividades das enzimas e pela razão C2:C3 a maior concentração testada de 6 mL, do extrato com o fungo, incubado durante 12º dias, possam ser recomendadas para obtenção de ganho nutricional das dietas. Conclui-se que tanto os fungos inoculados nas forrageiras, como seus extratos enzimáticos foram capazes de modificar a composição bromatológica original das forrageiras. A degradabilidade, ganho nutricional e sustentabilidade ambiental, podem variar substancialmente para os diferentes tipos de forrageiras, espécie de fungo e tempo de incubação. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que os Pleurotus, é um fungo apropriado para melhorar o valor nutritivo das forragerias como alimento para ruminates, melhorando a composição bromatoligica, mas também aumentando a degradabilidadeThe inoculation of forages with lignocellulolytic fungi is an option for improving quality without adding chemical products. This project aims to improve the degradability of six forages: Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk, Pennisetum purpureum Schum. Cv. Napier, Panicum maximum cv. Aruana, Cenchrus ciliares cv. Buffel, sugarcane bagasse and chopped sugarcane by cultivating four fungi of the genus Pleurotus. In addition, enzymatic extract, at concentrations of 2, 4 and 6 mL, produced by P. sajor-caju CCB 020, developed in vinasse, during 6, 12 and 18 days were applied to the same forages. The evaluations of the diets were by in vitro technique of gas production and bromatological analysis of the substrate. The activities of the enzymes Lacase, Peroxidase, Manganese Peroxidase, Endoglucanase, Exoglucanase and Xylanase were determined, for a period of 24 days. The results were statistically evaluated by SAS® analysis (Statistical Analysis System Inst., Cary, North Carolina). The fungi grown in the forages, produced hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes during the fermentation process that worked in forage transformation. The amount of proteins increased significantly in the chopped sugarcane and Buffel, inoculated with P. ostreatus and P. albidus CCB 068 fungi. The Aruana grass was the one that responded better to fungi treatments. With P. sajor-caju at the 18th day of incubation, the concentration of acetate was 1.24 times higher than the control sample, and the concentrations of other short chain fatty acids (SCFA), such as propionate and butyrate, tended to decrease and the C2:C3 ratio increased. Sugarcane incubated with P. albidus CCB068 at day 18 decreased acetate, propionate and butyrate concentrations and increased the C2:C3 ratio in 0.86, 0.58, and 0.71 - 1.48 fold, respectively. The bagasse inoculated at the 24th day with P. albidus caused an increase in acetate, propionate and butyrate concentrations and a decrease in the C2:C3 ratio in 1.14, 1.75, and 1.32 - 0.64 fold, respectively, and with P. ostreatus showed the same behavior. With the other treatments, no significant effect was observed by the Tukey test. However, there is a tendency to increase the C2:C3 ratio with the fungus treatment. In the production of gases and in vitro degradability of forages, using the enzymatic extracts, an increase with the applied concentrations occurred. Significant effects were observed for the Brachiaria forage at 5%, while forage Buffel, sugarcane bagasse and chopped sugarcane did not show significant differences by Tukey\'s test at 5%. Differences in the SCFA analyzes were not significant, by the Tukey\'s test at 5%, within the concentrations or incubation period of the fungus, in the six forages studied. However there is an interaction with the activities of the enzymes and the C2:C3, the highest concentration tested (6 mL) of the fungi extracts, incubated for 12 days, can be recommended to obtain increase in nutritional value of the diets. It is concluded that both the fungi inoculated on the forage and their enzymatic extracts were able to modify the original bromatological composition of the forage. The degradability, increase of nutritional value and environmental sustainability, can vary substantially for different types of forages, species of fungus and incubation time. The results suggest that Pleurotus is an appropriate fungus for improving the nutritive value of forage crops as feed for ruminates, improving the bromatoligic composition, but also enhancing the degradability
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Romanczak, Taryn. "Prediction of forage intake and production of steers in a winter forage system." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4214.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2005.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 104 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-104).
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Sheedy, M., M. Ottman, and T. Ramage. "Forage Production of Four Crops Grown Under Two Different Production Cultures, 1990." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/201344.
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Forage trials of four crops grown under high-input and low-input production cultures were performed at the Maricopa Agricultural Center. Six varieties of each crop were grown to evaluate yield potential under both production cultures. Only a preplant irrigation was applied to the low-input culture, but up to four additional irrigations were applied to the high-input culture. No fertilizer application was given to low-input, but a total of 135#N/A and 75#P₂O₅/A was applied to the full production culture. Barley, durum, and wheat cultivars developed for grain yield under a low-input production culture were tested for forage production under both high- and low-input practices. No advantage in forage production was observed by using the following varieties in a low-input production culture: Stampede oats, Westford barley, Mexicali durum, and 911 wheat produced the highest yields in each of the four crops. Yields were greater from crops grown under a high-input culture: Stampede oats, Harlan II barley, Aldura durum, and 911 wheat were highest yielding varieties in each crop.
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Day, Arden, Spencer Swingle, Brooks Taylor, Ian Pepper, and Martha Minnich. "Effects of Sewage Sludge on Wheat Forage Production." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/203765.
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Experiments were conducted in Avra Valley, Arizona, to study the use of digested liquid sewage sludge as a source of plant nutrients in the commercial production of green-chopped feed and hay from wheat. Wheat grown with the recommended amount of plant-available nitrogen from sewage sludge produced more green-chopped feed and hay than did wheat grown with the same amount of nitrogen from inorganic fertilizer. Wheat green-chopped feed and hay grown with sewage sludge and inorganic fertilizer had similar livestock feeding qualities. Fertilizing wheat with sewage sludge delayed maturity.
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Thomsen, Sarah Jane. "Linking Cattle, Forage, and Tree Production in Silvopastures." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91382.
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Silvopasture is the intentional integration of trees with forages and livestock. In Blackstone, Virginia a silvopasture management plan was created in a thinned, timber stand seeded with a cool-season forage mixture. Treatment pastures for this study included an open pasture, a thinned pine silvopasture, a thinned hardwood silvopasture, and a cleared and replanted new pine silvopasture. Cattle were introduced in 2017 and rotationally stocked within each pasture according to forage availability. Objectives were to determine the forage availability, forage nutritive value, and the performance of heifers in silvopasture and open pasture systems. Additionally, the new pine silvopasture was grazed to determine the effect of cattle on tree seedlings without protection. Forage availability was affected by date and year and was significantly lower in 2018 (3560 kg ha-1) versus 2017 (5350 kg ha-1). Pre-grazing forage availability was lowest in the pine and hardwood silvopastures in both years (4500 kg ha-1) compared to the open pastures (4920 kg ha-1; p < 0.0001). Date significantly influenced nutritive value, but only had date by treatment interaction in the 2017 grass crude protein and neutral detergent fiber sample. In 2017, the new silvopasture (61% TDN) had greater total digestible nutrients as compared to the open pasture and thinned hardwood silvopasture (57% TDN; p = 0.0292); there was no significant difference (p=0.3733) in total digestible nutrients in 2018 between pastures (58% TDN). In 2017, average daily gains of the heifers were greatest in the silvopastures in June (p = 0.0346). In 2018, average daily gain was lowest among silvopastures later in the summer compared to open pastures and new silvopastures (pJuly = 0.0051; pAugust = 0.0008). Remote temperature loggers were used to collect vaginal temperatures of the heifers over eight days in 2018. Silvopasture heifers had an average core temperature of 39.4 °C from 2-5 PM while heifers in the open pastures had an average temperature of 40.0 °C. A drone with a thermal camera was used to collect external hide temperatures in the morning and afternoon. Heifers in the silvopastures had lower heat loads in the afternoon while animals without shade experienced a 65% greater temperature increase between morning and afternoon when compared to the shaded animals. Silvopastures provide an opportunity to improve the welfare of grazing livestock in the summer, while improving the overall productivity and efficiency of land. Tree seedlings that were planted into pasture to create a new silvopasture experienced a 16% mortality rate while over 75% of tree seedlings had less than 50% damage after two years and would continue to produce trees with future economic and shade value. Future research should focus on how to implement silvopasture as part of a holistic grazing and management plan while continuing to evaluate cattle, forage, and tree response to silvopastures over multiple years.Master of Science
Silvopasture is the intentional integration of trees with forages and livestock. In Blackstone, Virginia a silvopasture management plan was created in a thinned, timber stand seeded with a cool-season forage mixture. Treatment pastures for this study included an open pasture, a thinned pine silvopasture, a thinned hardwood silvopasture, and a cleared and replanted new pine silvopasture. Cattle were introduced in 2017 and rotationally stocked within each pasture according to forage availability. Objectives were to determine the forage availability, forage nutritive value, and the performance of heifers in silvopasture and open pasture systems. Additionally, the new pine silvopasture was grazed to determine the effect of cattle on tree seedlings without protection. Forage availability was lowest in the pine and hardwood silvopastures in both years compared to the open pastures. Nutritive value of forages was most greatly influenced by time rather than tree presence. In 2017, average daily gains of the heifers were greatest in the silvopastures in June. In 2018, average daily gain was lowest among silvopastures later in the summer compared to open pastures and new silvopastures. Internal and external body temperatures of heifers during the afternoon decreased with increasing shade availability with the greatest internal body temperatures occurring in unshaded animals. Silvopastures provide an opportunity to improve the welfare of grazing livestock in the summer, while improving the overall productivity and efficiency of land. Tree seedlings experienced minimal damage by cattle and would continue to produce trees with future economic and shade value. Future research should focus on how to implement silvopasture as part of a holistic grazing and management plan while continuing to evaluate cattle, forage, and tree response to silvopastures over multiple years.
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Russell, David Pierce II. "Controlling Forage Weed Species Detrimental to Livestock Production." Thesis, Mississippi State University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10641909.
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Among the vast diversity of plants in the mid-South to which grazing livestock are exposed, there is a need to address certain species that are potentially harmful to livestock health and production. Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted on endophyte-infected tall fescue [ Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort = Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.], a cool-season perennial forage, and perilla mint, (Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton) an herbaceous annual, to determine management techniques and control measures for healthier pasture and livestock systems. When seedheads reached maturity, spring and autumn glyphosate applications at 1.68 kg ae ha–1, coupled with autumn tillage and summer and winter cover crops effectively reduced tall fescue coverage to < 27% by 10 months after initial treatment (MAT) following a single year of management. If seedhead maturity is inhibited prior to first glyphosate application, tall fescue was reduced to < 1% coverage 10 MAT. Despite seedhead suppression, at least 78% increase in coverage occurred in 24 months from remnant populations suggesting two years of renovation is required. Forage soybeans proved to be a valuable cover crop that maintained nutritive quality and mean dry matter yields of 5487 kg ha–1 across two years. Tall fescue seedheads were suppressed below 14% coverage (> 68% visual control) by nicosulfuron + metsulfuron (20 + 5 and 40 +11 g ai ha –1), imazapic (26 and 53 g ai ha–1), and sulfosulfuron (53 g ai ha–1) at 90 DAT. Reduction in forage heights may be expected, but was not consistently reduced when compared to untreated plots across locations.
To control perilla mint, postemergence applications of aminocyclopyrachlor blends, glyphosate, picloram + 2,4-D, aminopyralid + 2,4-D, and 2,4-D alone provided superior control when applied prior to the plant’s reproductive growth stage. Picloram + 2,4-D also provided in-field soil residual activity and the most effective preemergence control, followed by aminocyclopyrachlor + chlorsulfuron, pendimethalin, and aminopyralid + 2,4-D for at least 141 DAT. Seed from weedy populations in north Mississippi tend to germinate in a range of night/day soil temperatures from 10/15 C to 25/30 C. Therefore, effective preemergence treatments should be applied by mid- to late- February in this region.
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Buergler, Alicia Lenore. "Forage Production and Nutritive Value in a Temperate Appalachian Silvopasture." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9923.
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Integrating trees into pasture may be an effective management tool to improve water, nutrient, and light allocation and increase total system productivity in Appalachia. We tested this hypothesis in a silvopasture near Blacksburg, VA. In 1995, black walnut and honey locust trees were planted within plots (r=3) of predominantly tall fescue pasture. Across a 12% slope, trees were planted to create treatments of low, medium, and high tree densities at shoulder, mid, and toe slope positions within plots of honey locust and black walnut. Sampling sites (n=54) under tree density and slope position combinations were harvested May to October at 35-d intervals in 2002 and 2003 for determination of yield and nutritive value characteristics. Soil surface temperature, forage canopy temperature, soil moisture, and photosynthetically active radiation were measured to determine forage responses to field treatments as functions of resource allocation. Tree density had the greatest effect on forage production and nutritive value. Across both years, yields were 16% greater (P=0.0006) at medium density (6130 kg/ha) compared to forage mass at low (5280 kg/ha)) and high density (4970 kg/ha, SE=130). Increasing tree density did not affect (P>0.2) ADF, CP, P, K, and Mg levels, but reduced (P<0.001) NDF and TNC, and increased (P<0.0001) ADL and Ca. Elevated soil surface and forage canopy temperatures limited forage production and nutritive value at low density, while low light levels were the limiting factor at high density. Moderating forage microclimate with appropriately spaced trees is an effective way to improve forage production in temperate pastures.Master of Science
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Tickes, Barry, and Mike Ottman. "Wheat, Barley and Oats for Forage and Grain Production at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, 1986-87." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/203797.
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The potential of various types of small grains for winter forage production was investigated in this study. Two varieties of red wheat, durum wheat, barley, and oats were harvested at various stages. Harlan if barley produced the most forage at the early cutting while Mesa oats yielded the most forage at the later cutting. Gustoe barley produced the highest grain yields.
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Harper, John. "Oat Hay Variety Evaluation." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/203798.
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Tjelele, Tlou Julius. "Dry matter production, intake and nutritive value of certain Indigofera species." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04042007-115406.
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Davis, Cathryn Joyce. "Cover crops for soil health and forage." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/34537.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Agronomy
DeAnn R. Presley
Cover crops have numerous benefits and while cover crops have been used for centuries, currently there are few producers in Kansas growing them and so there is a need for additional research on how cover crops affect soil properties, and on the potential for utilizing cover crops as forage. Two studies are presented in this thesis. The first study evaluated the use of cover crops in a vegetable production system as compared to a fully tilled control. This study evaluated soil physical properties in the form of wet aggregate stability and infiltration, and microbial properties by soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC). Over the three year study, the most pronounced differences observed were in the wet aggregate stability between the cover crop and control treatments where the cover crop treatments had better soil aggregation compared to the control. At the conclusion of the study, there was not a difference between fall and spring planted cover crop treatments. The second study evaluates species composition and forage quality of various combinations of multi-species cover crop mixtures. This study evaluated sixteen treatments, each consisting of a three-way mixture of a brassica (turnip or radish), grass (rye, wheat, barley, oat), and a legume (berseem clover or Austrian winter pea). Species composition analysis found that the brassica species dominated the mixtures (60-80% by mass on a dry weight basis) in 2014 while the grass species were dominant (62 – 67%) in 2015. Overall all treatments produced prime quality forage (as compared to hay values), however some treatments cost significantly more to plant than others. Therefore an economic analysis compared the treatments and found that the treatments containing turnips and oats generally provided the best return on investment given that both of these species were among the cheapest to plant and produced moderate to high biomass compared to the other treatments. The results of these projects point to the potential benefits that cover crops can have for producers interested in improving soil or utilizing cover crops for forage.
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Podder, Swarup. "Screening for Forage Sorghum Genotypes with Chilling Tolerance." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31689.
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Forage sorghum (FS) [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a warm-season biomass crop with the potential to become a bioenergy feedstock. The objective of this study was to screen potential FS genotypes for increased chilling tolerance and biomass productivity. The experiments were conducted in Fargo and Hickson, ND, in 2017 and 2018. Seventy-two genotypes of FS were tested at 24, 12, and 10℃. The genotypes were ranked from high to low vigor index and 12 genotypes were planted on two seeding dates: early (10 May) and late (27 May). Field emergence index values were greater for the late-seeding compared with the early-seeding date. Stand establishment and seed mortality were affected by the seeding date. Biomass yield correlated with emergence index and normalized vegetative index. Some of the genotypes tested had increased chilling tolerance and biomass yield when seeded earlier than normal, and may be used for breeding chilling tolerance into FS.
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Soliz, Deserié H. "Production of the Forage Halophyte Atriplex lentiformis on Reverse Osmosis Brine." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/202737.
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Throughout the arid and semi-arid regions, researchers have been looking at different ways to deal with the salinity problem of the soil and water as well as feed for the livestock. Study 1 focused on a pilot project conducted in an irrigation district in Marana, AZ, USA, looking at using Reverse Osmosis (RO) concentrate on Atriplex lentiformis (quailbush) and then harvesting the plant to be tested for its possible use as a supplement in feed for livestock. Three irrigation treatments were tested based on the potential evapotranspiration rate (ET(o)): (1) plots irrigated at ET(o) adjusted daily via an on-site micrometeorology station; (2) plots irrigated at 1.5 ET(o) adjusted daily; (3) plots irrigated at a constant rate throughout the year based on the mean of annual ET(o). The plants produced 15-24 tons ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ of biomass and could be irrigated at the rate of ET(o), ca. 2 m yr⁻¹ at this location. It was concluded that irrigation of halophyte forage crops provide a viable strategy for extending water supplies and disposing of saline water in arid-zone irrigation districts. Study 2 focused on a field data from Study 1 and two greenhouse experiments. The greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2007 and 2010. The 2010 greenhouse trials, under well-watered conditions, showed that the apparent zero-point-salinity for yield was 47.3 g L⁻¹ TDS. An additional greenhouse experiment was conducted in which plants in sealed pots were grown to the wilting point on a single application of water. The experiment was conducted at different salinities to see if salinity and water stress were additive factors in reducing yield and Water Use Efficiency (WUE). To the contrary, yield and WUE actually increased as a function of salinity, perhaps due to conversion from C3 to C4 photosynthesis over the salinity range (noted in other studies with A. lentiformis). We conclude that xerohalophytes such as A. lentiformis could greatly extend the useful range of salinities under which forage crops can be grown in arid-zone irrigation districts.
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Sheedy, M., M. Ottman, and T. Ramage. "Forage Production of Four Crops Grown Under Two Different Irrigation Cultures." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/201051.
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Anil, Leena. "The growth and utilization of forage maize intercrops for livestock production." Thesis, University of Reading, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266795.
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Voss, Joshua. "Forage adaptability trials for forage and seed production in Bolivia : effect of 5 herbicides on 7 native Utah forbs /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2006. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1639.pdf.
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Voss, Joshua C. "Forage Adaptability Trials for Forage and Seed Production in Bolivia; Effect of 5 Herbicides on 7 Native Utah Forbs." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2006. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1121.
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The harsh environmental and poor economic conditions of the Bolivian Altiplano require intervention to assist many of those that live there to become economically self-sufficient. We attempted to find introduced dry season reserve forage grasses that could produce enough biomass to be useful as feed for livestock, and that could also produce enough seed to distribute to farmers. While some of the grasses produced reasonable amounts of biomass, none produced seed in quantities that would be even close to being economically viable. The most likely cause of this is that the timing of resources that the grasses need to flower is very different between Bolivia and the areas from which the grasses originally came. We concluded that either the conditions under which the grasses are grown would need to be changed (i.e., earlier irrigation), or pre-adapted native species should be used. Native forbs are a critical component of any natural ecosystem, and thus should be included in wildland restoration projects. However, because the seed is currently collected by hand from the wild, it is very expensive, and this limits the ability of land managers to utilize it. A possible solution to this dilemma is for growers to commercially produce the seed and thus drive down the cost. In such a situation, it would be necessary to use herbicides to control competing weeds. We analyzed the effects of 5 herbicides on 7 species of native Utah forbs at 3 growth stages to learn which herbicides could safely be used on the test plants. We found that the plants' reaction the herbicides is largely species- and growth-stage specific.
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Rira, Moufida. "Les tanins hydrolysables et condensés : une piste pour la réduction de la production du méthane entérique par les ruminants en mileu tropical Intake, total-tract digestibility and methane emissions of Texel and Blackbelly sheep fed C4 and C3 grasses tested simultaneously in a temperate and a tropical area Ruminal methanogens and bacteria populations in sheep are modified by a tropical environment Potential of tannin-rich plants, Leucaena Leucocephala, Glyricidia sepium and Manihot esculenta, to reduce enteric methane emissions in sheep Potential of tannin-rich plants, Leucaena Leucocephala, Glyricidia sepium and Manihot esculenta, to reduce enteric methane emissions in sheep Potential of tannin-rich plants for modulating rumen microbes and ruminal fermentation in sheep Methanogenic potential of tropical feeds rich in hydrolyzable tannins." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAC065.
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En zone tropicale, la production de lait et de viande par les ruminants est limitée par une faible disponibilité et une qualité médiocre des fourrages. A ces contraintes alimentaires s’ajoute l’impact environnemental lié en particulier aux émissions de méthane entérique par les ruminants. L’objectif de cette thèse était de comparer la production de méthane en milieu tempéré et en milieu tropical, puis de valoriser des fourrages tropicaux connus pour leur richesse en tanins dont les propriétés anti-méthanogènes sont reconnues, et qui peuvent réduire l’impact environnemental sans compromettre la productivité animale. Cette thèse comporte trois expérimentations distinctes. La première consistait en une étude in vivo visant à déterminer si les différences de digestibilité, de production de méthane, de fermentation et d’écosystème microbien du rumen observées entre les zones tempérées et tropicales proviennent de l’environnement (site d’expérimentation en milieu tempéré ou tropical), du fourrage (produit en zone tempérée ou tropicale), ou du génotype ovin (race de zone tempérée ou tropicale). Les résultats ont montré que les différences sont liées en priorité à la nature du fourrage, et sont influencées par les interactions entre génotype, caractéristiques du fourrage et environnement. La seconde expérience consistait à étudier l’effet de plantes riches en tanins condensés (feuilles de Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Manihot esculenta) sur la production de méthane, l’ingestion et la digestibilité de la ration, les fermentations et l’écosystème microbien du rumen. Un essai in vivo a montré que l’incorporation de ces plantes à raison de 40% du régime d’ovins sous forme de granulés permettait de réduire le méthane entérique sans effets indésirables sur la digestibilité et la fermentation ruminale. Un essai in vitro a montré que le principal facteur de la réponse a été la dose de tanins condensés plutôt que la source. La troisième expérience consistait en l’étude in situ et in vitro du pouvoir anti-méthanogène et de la dégradation dans le rumen de plantes riches en tanins hydrolysables (feuilles et gousses d’Acacia nilotica) ou en tanins condensés (feuilles de Calliandra calothyrsus, Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Manihot esculenta, Musa spp). Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que les tanins hydrolysables conviennent mieux à la réduction des émissions de méthane que les tanins condensés car ils inhibent fortement la production de méthane sans effets négatifs marqués sur la fermentation ruminale. Les effets des tanins sur la production de méthane et la fermentation dans le rumen ont été en partie expliqués par le devenir des différentes fractions des tanins (libres, associés aux protéines ou aux fibres) dans le rumen. L’association de plantes riches en tanins hydrolysables et en tanins condensés ne parvient pas à dégager de possibles synergies entre ces de types de molécules. Ce travail a permis de montrer qu’il était possible de réduire les émissions de méthane entérique par les ruminants en milieu tropical par la consommation de fourrages riches en tanins hydrolysables sans compromettre les processus digestifs dans le rumen ; la diminution de la méthanogenèse avec les tanins condensés présente plus de risque de réduire les fermentationsIn tropical areas, dairy and meat production from ruminants is limited by low availability and poor quality of forages. In addition to this dietary constraint, the emission of enteric methane under these less productive conditions is proportionally larger than under temperate conditions. The aim of this work is i) to compare enteric methane production in tropical and temperate environments, and ii) to promote tropical forages rich in hydrolysable or condensed tannins having anti-methanogenic properties that could reduce the environmental impact without compromising animal productivity. This work includes three separate studies. The first one was an in vivo study aiming to determine the origin of the differences of digestibility, methane production, ruminal fermentation and microbial ecosystem between tropical and temperate countries using as variables: the site of the experiment (tropics or temperate area), the type of forage (grown in the tropics or in temperate areas); and the animal genotype (tropical or temperate). Results showed that differences are mainly due to forages, but with interactions between nature of forages, environment and genotype. The objective of the second study was to determine the effect of plants rich in condensed tannins (leaves of Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, and Manihot esculenta) on methane production, intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation and microbial ecosystem. An in vivo trial demonstrated that the inclusion of 40% of these plants as pellets in sheep diet reduced enteric methane without compromising the nutritive value of the diet. An in vitro trial showed that the response to tannins was more due to tannin concentration than to the plant species. In the third study, plants rich in hydrolysable tannins (leaves and pods of Acacia nilotica) or in condensed tannins (leaves of Calliandra calothyrsus, Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Manihot esculenta, Musa spp) were studied for their anti-methanogenic properties and their ruminal degradation in an in situ and an in vitro trial. Results suggest that hydrolysable tannins are more suitable than condensed tannins for mitigating methane emission because of a strong reduction in methane production without negatively affecting ruminal fermentation. These results have been partly explained by the fate of the different fractions of condensed tannins (free, protein-bound and fibre-bound) in the rumen. The association of plants rich in hydrolysable tannins with plants rich in condensed tannins failed to produce synergistic effects on methane mitigation. This work showed that enteric methane production by ruminants could be reduced in tropical areas by the inclusion of hydrolysable tannins without compromising digestive processes in the rumen; methane mitigation with condensed tannins may result in a reduction of the extent of fermentation
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French, Katherine E. "The sustainable use of species-rich grasslands for forage and biogas production." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2f22d7ef-963b-4f47-810d-36011cf2a123.
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The rapid loss of species-rich grasslands in the UK may have profound environmental and socio-economic ramifications. Although they were once the foundation of livestock production systems, the agricultural use of these landscapes has rapidly declined since the 'Green Revolution' of the 1950s due to increased economic incentives to replace species-rich grasslands with agriculturally improved leys and arable fields. In this thesis, I examined the agricultural value of species-rich grasslands in lowland England and the potential ecological impact of losing these landscapes. My research had four main objectives: (1) to determine whether the nutritional composition of forage from species-rich grasslands was comparable to commercial livestock feeds, (2) to assess the bioenergy output of biomass from species-rich grasslands compared to current bioenergy feedstocks, (3) to determine the effect of land use change and agricultural intensification on microbial diversity, and (4) to determine whether grassland biodiversity was stable or changed (temporally and spatially) over time. I show that the forage quality of species-rich grasslands is comparable to that of forage from improved leys and contains extra nutrients (minerals and phytochemicals) which contribute to livestock health. I demonstrate that biomass from species-rich grasslands can compete with other bioenergy crops, especially Miscanthus (the primary bioenergy feedstock in the region) and that species richness and species composition contributes strongly to the biogas yield of grasslands. Through soil metagenomic analysis I found that while bacterial diversity does not decline with agricultural intensification, fungal diversity decreases and plant, human and livestock microbial pathogens shown to be pathogenic in other ecosystems dramatically increase on agriculturally improved fields compared to species-rich grasslands. Finally, by combining palaeoecological and modern vegetation data I demonstrate that grassland biodiversity was temporally and spatially linked to long-term human management and would revert to oscillating between open grassland and woodland if this management ceases. Grassland biodiversity is thus a finite natural resource with a strong economic and environmental value that can contribute to the development of more sustainable agricultural and bioenergy production systems in the UK.
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Alari, Fernando Oliveira de [UNESP]. "Morforgênese e estrutura de pastos de capim-tanzânia manejados com diferentes índices de área foliar residual, mantido sob lotação intermitente por caprinos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95838.
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O experimento teve como objetivo avaliar as características estruturais e morfogênicas do capim-tanzânia, sob lotação intermitente, com diferentes índices de área foliar residual (IAFr). O experimento foi conduzido no setor de caprinocultura, FCAV, UNESP Jaboticabal, SP, no período de outubro de 2010 a maio de 2011. Os tratamentos foram três índices de área foliar residuais (IAFr)( 0,8; 1,6 e 2,4), sendo o período de descanso com o critério de 95% de interceptação luminosa (IL), em blocos casualizados com seis repetições. Foram avaliadas, no pré e pós pastejo, as alturas do dossel, IL, IAF, massa de forragem e as características morfogênicas e estruturais. As características período de rebrotação (PR), taxa de aparecimento foliar (TApF), taxa de aparecimento de perfilhos (TAP) obtiveram comportamento linear crescente com o aumento do IAFr. Já as características taxa de alongamento de colmo (TAlC), tamanho de final de folha (TFF), filocrono, taxa de senescência foliar (TSeF), dias de vida da folha (DVF), massa seca de colmo (MSC) no pré-pastejo e massa seca de folha (MSF) no pós-pastejo obtiveram comportamento linear crescente. Em relação aos ciclos de pastejo a TFF obteve efeito linear crescente, a TApF obteve comportamento quadrático com ponto de máximo no segundo ciclo, a MSF no pós e pré-pastejo, e a relação folha/colmo (F/C) obteve efeito linear decrescente, e as características PR, TAlC, filocrono, TSeF e DVF obteve comportamento quadrático com ponto de mínimo no segundo ciclo. Os pastos mantidos com maior desfolhação apresentaram características morfológicas e estruturais mais favoráveis ao pastejo de caprinos
This study aimed to evaluate the morphogenetic and structural characteristics of the Tanzania grass (Panicum maximum (Jacq.) cv. Tanzania-1) under rotational grazing with different levels of residual leaf index (RLI). The experiment was carried out at the goat of the FCAV, UNESP Jaboticabal, SP, from October 2010 to May 2011. Os tratamentos foram três índices de área foliar residuais (IAFr)( 0,8; 1,6 e 2,4), sendo o período de descanso com o critério de 95% de interceptação luminosa (IL), em blocos casualizados com seis repetições. Were evaluated before and after grazing, the sward heights, IL, IAF, herbage mass and the morphogenetic and structural characteristics of the pastures. The characteristics of regrowth period (RP), leaf appearance rate (LAR), rate of tillering (RT) obtained increased linearly with increasing RLA. Since the characteristics of stem elongation rate (SER), final leaf size (FLS), phyllochron, leaf senescence rate (LSR) days of life of the leaf (DLL), dry mass of stem (DMS) in pre-grazing and dry weight of leaf (DWL) in the post-grazing had increased linearly with increasing IAFr. In relation to the grazing cycles FLS obtained increased linearly, the LAR was obtained with a quadratic maximum point in the second cycle, the DWL post and pre-grazing and leaf / stem ratio (L/S) obtained linear decreasing effect the cycles of grazing, and features RP, SER, phyllochron, DLL and LSR obtained with a quadratic minimum point in the second cycle. The pasture maintained with greater defoliation (RLI 0.8), had morphological and structural best for grazing goats
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Hopkins-Shoemaker, Carla Elaine Kerth Chris R. "Evaluation of sustainable forage systems for meat goat production in the southern U.S." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Summer/Dissertations/HOPKINS_CARLA_48.pdf.
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Rosales, Rolando Barahona. "Condensed tannins in tropical forage legumes : their characterisation and study of their nutritional impact from the standpoint of structure-activity relationships." Thesis, University of Reading, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298970.
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Mgbeahuruike, Anthony Christian. "Faecal characteristics and production of dairy cows in early lactation /." Skara : Dept. of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200762.pdf.
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Clark, L. J., and E. W. Carpenter. "Oat Varieties Grown for Grain and Forage Production at the Safford Agricultural Center, 1988." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/200842.
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Eleven oat varieties were tested for grain and forage yields at the Safford Agricultural Center. Cayuse, the predominant variety grown in the area was the top producer of total dry matter. Four other varieties had higher grain yields than Cayuse.
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Wissler, Craig Alan 1959. "A spatial modeling approach for predicting forage production and utilization on a semidesert grassland." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278311.
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Geographic analysis procedures and multiple linear regression techniques are applied to the problem of generalizing forage production and utilization information from sample point data. The study involves the application of these procedures to predict the spatial variability of mean production and utilization of Digitaria californica on the Santa Rita Experimental Range near Tucson, Arizona. Analysis of ten-year means from data collected between 1957 and 1966 indicate that variability in production is a function of mean summer precipitation and elevation. Variability in utilization is found to be a function of land slope and distance from livestock water. Geostatistical procedures are used to estimate mean summer precipitation. A geographic information system (GIS) is used to automate multiple linear regression functions for points in a raster data structure. The geographic analysis procedures are used to describe the spatial variability of the data in a mapped form. Management applications of the approach are demonstrated.
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Tanner, Jonathan Christian. "Cut-and-carry feeding indigenous forage for sheep and manure-compost production on Java." Thesis, University of Reading, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262639.
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Kanelias, Konstantinos. "Identification and application of exogenous enzymes to enhance forage degradation and production by ruminants." Thesis, University of Reading, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443368.
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Picasso, Risso Valentín Daniel. "Diversity, productivity, and stability in perennial polycultures used for grain, forage, and biomass production." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.
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Alari, Fernando Oliveira de. "Morforgênese e estrutura de pastos de capim-tanzânia manejados com diferentes índices de área foliar residual, mantido sob lotação intermitente por caprinos /." Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95838.
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Orientador: Ana Claudia RuggieriCoorientador: Izabelle Auxiliadora Molina de Almeida Teixeira
Banca: Pedro Luís da Costa Aguiar Alves
Banca: Valdo Rodrigues Herling
Resumo: O experimento teve como objetivo avaliar as características estruturais e morfogênicas do capim-tanzânia, sob lotação intermitente, com diferentes índices de área foliar residual (IAFr). O experimento foi conduzido no setor de caprinocultura, FCAV, UNESP Jaboticabal, SP, no período de outubro de 2010 a maio de 2011. Os tratamentos foram três índices de área foliar residuais (IAFr)( 0,8; 1,6 e 2,4), sendo o período de descanso com o critério de 95% de interceptação luminosa (IL), em blocos casualizados com seis repetições. Foram avaliadas, no pré e pós pastejo, as alturas do dossel, IL, IAF, massa de forragem e as características morfogênicas e estruturais. As características período de rebrotação (PR), taxa de aparecimento foliar (TApF), taxa de aparecimento de perfilhos (TAP) obtiveram comportamento linear crescente com o aumento do IAFr. Já as características taxa de alongamento de colmo (TAlC), tamanho de final de folha (TFF), filocrono, taxa de senescência foliar (TSeF), dias de vida da folha (DVF), massa seca de colmo (MSC) no pré-pastejo e massa seca de folha (MSF) no pós-pastejo obtiveram comportamento linear crescente. Em relação aos ciclos de pastejo a TFF obteve efeito linear crescente, a TApF obteve comportamento quadrático com ponto de máximo no segundo ciclo, a MSF no pós e pré-pastejo, e a relação folha/colmo (F/C) obteve efeito linear decrescente, e as características PR, TAlC, filocrono, TSeF e DVF obteve comportamento quadrático com ponto de mínimo no segundo ciclo. Os pastos mantidos com maior desfolhação apresentaram características morfológicas e estruturais mais favoráveis ao pastejo de caprinos
Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the morphogenetic and structural characteristics of the Tanzania grass (Panicum maximum (Jacq.) cv. Tanzania-1) under rotational grazing with different levels of residual leaf index (RLI). The experiment was carried out at the goat of the FCAV, UNESP Jaboticabal, SP, from October 2010 to May 2011. Os tratamentos foram três índices de área foliar residuais (IAFr)( 0,8; 1,6 e 2,4), sendo o período de descanso com o critério de 95% de interceptação luminosa (IL), em blocos casualizados com seis repetições. Were evaluated before and after grazing, the sward heights, IL, IAF, herbage mass and the morphogenetic and structural characteristics of the pastures. The characteristics of regrowth period (RP), leaf appearance rate (LAR), rate of tillering (RT) obtained increased linearly with increasing RLA. Since the characteristics of stem elongation rate (SER), final leaf size (FLS), phyllochron, leaf senescence rate (LSR) days of life of the leaf (DLL), dry mass of stem (DMS) in pre-grazing and dry weight of leaf (DWL) in the post-grazing had increased linearly with increasing IAFr. In relation to the grazing cycles FLS obtained increased linearly, the LAR was obtained with a quadratic maximum point in the second cycle, the DWL post and pre-grazing and leaf / stem ratio (L/S) obtained linear decreasing effect the cycles of grazing, and features RP, SER, phyllochron, DLL and LSR obtained with a quadratic minimum point in the second cycle. The pasture maintained with greater defoliation (RLI 0.8), had morphological and structural best for grazing goats
Mestre
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Whitaker, Warren. "NOVEL CORN HYBRIDS FOR SILAGE PRODUCTION." UKnowledge, 2007. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/432.
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Four corn (Zea mays) hybrid types at three plant densities and two nitrogen rates were evaluated for forage yield, forage quality and ensilage quality. The four hybrid types over the first two year of the study included nutri-dense, waxy, leafy, and dualpurpose, the third year a second dual purpose hybrid was added; while the three target plant densities were 54 000, 68 000, and 81 000 plants per hectare; and the nitrogen rates were 134 and 224 kilograms per hectare. The dual-purpose hybrid consistently had high forage yields compared with the other types. When averaged over nitrogen rate and hybrid type, the two highest plant densities typically had higher yields. Across all hybrids nitrogen had no effect on forage yield when averaged across plant density. The leafy hybrid had a lower harvest index than other hybrid types indicating that leaves accounted for much of the harvested weight. Hybrids were examined both at harvest (green chop) and after ensiling for protein and digestibility. Higher nitrogen rates increased crude protein when averaged over all hybrids and plant densities. Dual purpose and waxy hybrid types typically had the lowest acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and the highest relative feed values (RFV); while the nutri-dense and leafy hybrids typically had the highest ADF and NDF values and lowest RFV.
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Schacht, Walter H. "Wood and Forage Production in Cleared and Thinned Dry Tropical Woodland: Implications to Goat Nutrition." DigitalCommons@USU, 1987. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3581.
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Wood for firewood, fence posts and construction material and forage for domestic livestock are key resources in the caatinga vegetation zone of northeastern Brazil. This experiment was designed as a preliminary assessment of thinned caatinga as the basis of a production system which optimizes forage and wood production. Two levels of thinning (25% and 55% tree canopy cover) were compared to cleared (0% tree canopy cover) and undisturbed (95% tree canopy cover) caatinga in terms of forage and wood production and goat nutrition.
Clearing and thinning of caatinga vegetation resulted in higher amounts of available forage through the wet ·season and up to the time of leaf fall. After leaf fall, total available forage was similar for all four treatments.
Dietary selection differed among the treatments only in February and May, when goats on treated pastures selected higher amounts of herbaceous vegetation than those on control pastures. Herbaceous vegetation was the primary dietary constituent on treated pastures throughout the wet season. During mid to late dry season, when herbaceous vegetation was dead and leaf:stem ratios were low, browse was consistently selected at high levels. Nutrient content of diets were not different among treatments, but forage and digestible energy intakes were higher (P<.OS) on treated pastures than on control.
Due to lack of wood production on cleared plots from an intact tree component, total aboveground biomass production for the cleared treatment was 30% less than that for the control and about 25% less than that for the two thinned treatments. Overall, cleared and thinned treatments had similar positive forage and animal responses but thinned treatments had the added benefit of an intact tree canopy producing valuable wood.
The dry season has been identified as the most critical time of the year for livestock due to low forage availability and quality resulting in weight losses and mortality. Results of this study indicated that either supplementation or increased availability of nutritious forage would be necessary for goats to continue to grow beyond the first half of the dry season. Thinning may be a means of increasing the availability of nutritious forage.
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Ul-Allah, Sami [Verfasser]. "Towards a water and nutrient efficient forage production in semi-arid region / Sami Ul-Allah." Kassel : Kassel University Press, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1065316941/34.
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Ayub, Muhammad. "The yield and chemical composition of cereal-legume mixtures with particular reference to forage production." Thesis, Bangor University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334447.
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McCormick, S. "The nature and causes of spatial variability in forage grass production in cool temperate climes." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.419366.
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Blackburn, David William Kim. "The potential benefit of supported plastic covers with particular reference to UK forage maize production." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273947.
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