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Journal articles on the topic 'Forages production'
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1
Nagadi, S., M. Herrero, and N. S. Jessop. "A comparison of the gas production profiles of fresh and dry forage." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030822960003275x.
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The aim of using any in vitro method is to obtain a good description of the nutritional value of forages as they are fed, which in most cases is on a fresh basis. The in vitro gas production technique has the potential to characterise fermentation pattern of the carbohydrate fractions of forages, and has been used extensively with forage material that has been dried and ground through a 1mm screen. The objective of the present study was to compare the fermentation patterns of fresh and dry forage.
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Pent, Gabe J. "192 Towards Year-Round Grazing in the Southeastern U.S." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_2 (November 1, 2020): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz397.153.
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Abstract Winter feeds costs for small ruminants exceeds 50% of the total cost of most small ruminant production systems in the Southeastern U.S. Keeping these feed costs low is one of the most effective and time-tested ways to improve farm profitability. While maintaining an appropriate stocking rate will be critical for sustaining long-term farm productivity, a suite of other management practices is available to assist in this objective. Installing appropriate fence and watering system infrastructure for managing grazing will be critical for improving harvest efficiency and stockpiling forages for utilization when forage growth is limited. Filling gaps in forage production may also be achieved through the strategic use of a number of forage species, including warm-season or cool-season forages and annual or perennial forages. Managing stored forages appropriately during storing and feeding will help minimize feed losses, while producing quality hay will reduce the need for supplementary feeds. With the adoption of these proven practices, sheep and goat production may be optimized by allowing them to harvest their own feed almost year-round in the Southeastern U.S.
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Andrade, Carlos Augusto Oliveira de, Emerson Borghi, Leandro Bortolon, Elisandra Solange Oliveira Bortolon, Francelino Peteno de Camargo, Junior Cesar Avanzi, Vitor Del Alamo Guarda, Marcelo Kosgen Cunha, Rubens Ribeiro da Silva, and Rodrigo Ribeiro Fidelis. "Forage Production and Bromatological Composition of Forage Species Intercropped With Soybean." Journal of Agricultural Science 12, no. 1 (December 15, 2019): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n1p84.
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Brazil is one the largest soybean and cattle producer worldwide and degrade pasture is one of the major problem in the Cerrado region. Integrated crop-livestock system is a key to increase grower income, to reduce crop yield loss by water deficit during growing season and to reclaim degraded pasture. However, forage production and its quality is important to evaluate under integrated crop-livestock system. The objective of this study was to evaluate forage production and the bromatological composition of different forage species in monoculture and in intercropping with soybean in an oversowing system. A completely randomized block design with four replications in a 5 × 2 + 1 factorial scheme, with five forage species (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu; U. ruziziensis; P. maximus cv. Mombaça; P. infestans cv. Massai and P. americanum) and two cropping systems (monoculture and a consortium with soybeans) and a standard treatment (P. americanum in succession with soybeans). The forage productivity and the bromatological composition of the forages were evaluated. The species U. ruziziensis, U. brizantha, M. maximum and P. infestans presented higher forage production capacity, when cultivated in consortium with soybeans and in monoculture, in relation to P. americanum. The cultivation of the forages U. ruziziensis, U. brizantha, M. maximum and P. americanum in monoculture produced higher productivity than that in consortium with soybeans. The forages U. ruziziensis and U. brizantha intercropped with soybean presented a better nutritional value over the autumn-winter period.
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Tagliapietra, Franco, Mirko Cattani, Matteo Guadagnin, Mohamed L. Haddi, Leonardo Sulas, Rosella Muresu, Andrea Squartini, Stefano Schiavon, and Lucia Bailoni. "Associative effects of poor-quality forages combined with food industry byproducts determined in vitro with an automated gas-production system." Animal Production Science 55, no. 9 (2015): 1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14023.
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This experiment aimed to investigate the associative effects among two low-quality forages (crown daisy, milk thistle) and three agro-industrial byproducts (apple pomace, citrus pulp, tomato peel), by means of an automated gas production (GP) system. All feeds were incubated alone or as 50 : 50 mixtures of each forage with each byproduct. Samples (0.500 ± 0.0010 g) of single feeds or mixtures were incubated for 96 h, in three replicates in individual bottles (310 mL), with 75 mL of buffered rumen fluid. Bottles were vented by an open-close valve when the internal pressure reached 3.4 kPa. The metabolisable energy content of single feeds and mixtures was computed from GP at 24 h and feed chemical composition. Feed substrates were ranked for GP in the following way: byproducts, mixtures, and forages. The two forages did not differ for GP and metabolisable energy content, although differences were observed among byproducts and among mixtures. Both forages interacted positively with apple pomace from 6 h (P < 0.001) to 24 h (P = 0.029) of incubation and with citrus pulp at 12 h (P = 0.005) and 24 h (P = 0.012), whereas no associative effects were detected when forages were incubated with tomato peels. Results suggest that in vitro fermentability of low-quality forages could be efficiently improved by combining these two forages with apple pomace or citrus pulp. These findings are relevant, because the use of low-quality forages and byproducts in ruminant feeding is considered important for improving the environmental and economic sustainability of forage systems in arid and semi-arid areas.
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SHIFERAW, MULUKEN, BIMREW ASMARE, FIREW TEGEGNE, and DESSALEGN MOLLA. "Farmers perception and utilization status of improved forages grown in the natural resource areas of northwestern Ethiopia." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, no. 4 (July 1, 2018): 1568–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190450.
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Shiferaw M, Asmare B, Tegegne F, Molla D. 2018. Farmers perception and utilization status of improved forages grown inthe natural resource areas of northwestern Ethiopia. Biodiversitas 19: 1568-1578. A study on the perception and utilization ofimproved forages grown in natural resource conservation areas was conducted in selected districts of northwestern Ethiopia. This studyaims to investigate the perception of improved forage production and utilization system on natural resource conservation areas inselected areas of northwestern Ethiopia. Primary data was collected from selected households by interviewing using semi-structuredquestionnaire. Field observation and focus group discussion were also employed to enhance the survey data. A total of 180 households(90 from each district) were selected and interviewed. The collected data were analyzed with descriptive statistics using SPSS softwareversion 20. The result indicated that the average land and livestock holding of respondents were 2.24 ha and 5.56 TLU per household,respectively. The most common forage production methods used by the smallholder farmers were broadcasting (41%), cutting (28%)and row seedling (18%) for both districts. For the majority of respondents (44%), the purpose of forage production of respondents wasfor animal fodder. Farmers in the study areas had a good perception about improved forage production as forages due havemultifunction to the household in the form of soil conservation, fodder production, and income generation. Though improved forageshave many roles in the livelihood and environmental management of the study districts, respondents had problems of skill in productionand utilization of forages. This study elucidates that, relevant development and research interventions such as management andutilization of improved forage production should be the future direction of research and development. Sustainable forage developmentand use for nature conservation and is becoming very important to be a livestock feed source if cut and carry system is regularly applied.
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Bueno, Ives C. S., Sergio L. S. Cabral Filho, Liliana L. Oetting, and Adibe L. Abdalla. "Voluntary intake and apparent digestibility of tropical forages fed to sheep in Brazil." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200007985.
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In Brazil ruminant production is based mainly on extensive systems in which forages are the most important, if not the only, source of nutrients. The quality of tropical forages declines seriously with advancing maturity and in extensive systems large amounts of forage commonly remain unused after grazing during the wet season (spring/summer). This unused forage could be harvested and sun-dried. During the dry season, there is a lack of feed on pastures and the hay produced from unused forages could provide a cheap alternative to concentrate supplements. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate three commercially available tropical forages as sheep feed in the Piracicaba river region of Sao Paulo State in Brazil.
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Cranston, Lydia M., Keith G. Pembleton, Lucy L. Burkitt, Andrew Curtis, Daniel J. Donaghy, Cameron J. P. Gourley, Kerry C. Harrington, James L. Hills, Luke W. Pembleton, and Richard P. Rawnsley. "The role of forage management in addressing challenges facing Australasian dairy farming." Animal Production Science 60, no. 1 (2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an18570.
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Forage management underpins the viability of pastoral dairy systems. This review investigated recent developments in forage research and their potential to enable pastoral dairy systems to meet the challenges that will be faced over the next 10 years. Grazing management, complementary forages, pasture diversity, fertiliser use, chemical restriction, irrigation management and pasture breeding are considered. None of these areas of research are looking to increase production directly through increased inputs, but, rather, they aim to lift maximum potential production, defend against production decline or improve the efficiency of the resource base and inputs. Technology approaches consistently focus on improving efficiency, while genetic improvement or the use of complementary forages and species diversity aim to lift production. These approaches do not require additional labour to implement, but many will require an increase in skill level. Only a few areas will help address animal welfare (e.g. the use of selected complementary forages and novel endophytes) and only complementary forages will help address increased competition from non-dairy alternatives, by positively influencing the properties of milk. Overall, the diversity of activity and potential effects will provide managers of pastoral dairy systems with the best tools to respond to the production and environmental challenges they face over the next 10 years.
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La Guardia Nave, Renata, and Michael Corbin. "Forage Warm-Season Legumes and Grasses Intercropped with Corn as an Alternative for Corn Silage Production." Agronomy 8, no. 10 (September 21, 2018): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8100199.
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Intercropping of forage grasses and legumes can increase forage productivity and nutritive value; however, intercropping of corn with warm-season forages has not yet been studied in southeast U.S., thus requiring more information. The purpose of this study was to determine the yield and nutritive value potential of warm-season annual forages intercropped with corn (Zea mays L.) for silage production. Crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.)] is considered a weed for corn production systems; however, our study shows that if crabgrass is interseeded with corn, it does not compete for resources and can maintain high corn yields. Forage mass for sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) was higher than that of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] and crabgrass in 2016, due to a drought in spring and summer, giving sunn hemp a competitive advantage. Crude protein content was higher for cowpea as compared to crabgrass and sunn hemp, due to cowpea’s ability to maintain its vegetative stage and high N-fixation, when compared to crabgrass and sunn hemp. Despite differences in the mass of the intercropped forages, the total herbage mass of the produced silage did not differ in 2016 and 2017. Intercropped forages can be harvested and ensiled with corn for silage production or can be left with the corn residue after harvesting to be grazed on in integrated crop-livestock systems.
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Hifizah, Amriana. "4. Characteristics Of Some Potential Forages In Indonesia In Reducing Methane (Ch4) Emission From Ruminants: Benefits And Limitations." International Journal of Tropical Veterinary and Biomedical Research 1, no. 1 (May 1, 2016): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21157/ijtvbr.v1i1.5078.
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Animal production can be more efficient and also sustainable if we reduce CH4 production from ruminal fermentation. One option is to find alternative forages that modify rumen fermentation. CH4 is not only harmful the environment but also means loss to the animals. All of the aspects of the issue is related to the condition of ruminant’s farm in Indonesia. Some other forages that are mainly fed as protein source to ruminants, are: cassava leaves, sweet potato leaves, soya bean leaves, tofu waste, leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus, Musa paradisiaca L, Ipomea batatas. Roughage sources are hays of Panicum maximum, Pennisetum purpureum, and Setaria sphacelata and the concentrate sources mainly corn, rice bran and cassava waste, and corn cobs. However, there are very limited studies in finding alternative forages that can both increase animals productivity and also reduce CH4 production. Only forages relevant to Indonesia that have been studied in vitro is reviewed in this article, about its potential in reducing CH4 production from rumen fermentation. Even though some forages reduce CH4, it could negatively influence digestibility, hence less productivity. Some studies indicated that it was due to the fat content of the forage while others indicated that the concentration of the bioactive compounds such as condensed tannin influence the side effect of low CH4 ruminal production.
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Shoaib, M., N. Akhtar, M. Shehzad, and R. Qamar. "Small Grain Cereal–Clover Mixtures for Forage Production." Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova 49, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cerce-2016-0028.
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Abstract Fresh forages are the cheapest source of animal feed in world. Small grain cereals (SGC) are the most commonly used fresh forages or ensiled forage. Clovers are the perennial legumes that offer quality forage but their initial dry matter (DM) yield is low. Usually, SGC and clover are sown in mixtures to draw benefits from greater Cut-1 DM yield of cereals and biological nitrogen (N) fixation of clovers. However, mixtures are difficult to manage, compared to monoculture owing to differences in their growth pattern, temporal, spatial and physical requirements. In this review, SGC-clover mixtures are analyzed for their potential herbage DM yield and quality of the produce. Effect of various management factors on the productivity of forage mixtures are well documented. Decisions in managing mixtures, like choice of cereal and cutting time and how they affect the value of the final produce is reviewed. Besides decision, effect of relative proportion and spatial arrangement of intercrops is also deliberated. Special attention is paid to the competition between SGC and clovers and its impact on clover suppression in mixture. At the end conclusions are drawn to optimize production from mixtures.
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Fraser, T. J., D. R. Stevens, R. W. Scholfield, B. J. Nelson, A. J. Nelson, and S. M. Shortland. "Improved forages to enhance hill country sheep production." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 16 (January 1, 2016): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.16.2016.3234.
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Recently, sheep and beef farms in New Zealand have been out-competed for prime land by dairy and horticulture farming. This means that industry targets to increase sheep and beef production have to be achieved on farms with constraints on pasture production. They are increasingly restricted to hilly and other locations with variable climates and soils, and landscape constraints on farming practices. These challenges lead to the formation of two on farm projects within the Beef + Lamb New Zealand Demonstration Farm programme to improve production from permanent pastures on sheep and beef farms. The first of these was a 4 year evaluation at Whangara Farms North of Gisborne looking at improving forage supply on both noncultivatable hill and flat to easy country through spraying out existing vegetation and oversowing or direct-drilling with white clover and plantain. The second project at Aria in the King Country concentrated on improving the forage quality and quantity at critical times of the year. Clovers and plantain were established through cultivation. Both projects showed that forage and animal production increased after the introduction of clovers and plantain. However, plantain at Whangara did not persist beyond the fourth year from sowing. Poor white clover establishment at Aria resulted in substituting red and white clover for plantain from the second year with improved forage and animal performance. At both sites the costs associated with introducing new forages was repaid within the first 2 years. Keywords: hill country development, forage species, forage quality, whole farm systems
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Harlow, Richard F., Bruce W. Pinkerton, David C. Guynn, and James G. William. "Fertilizer Effects on the Quality of White-Tailed Deer Forages on Utility Rights-of-Way." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 17, no. 1 (February 1, 1993): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/17.1.49.
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Abstract Deer forages on utility rights-of-way in South Carolina were subjected to six treatments: mow, mow-and-fertilize, burn, burn-and-fertilize, plant-and-fertilize, and control. The influence of these treatments on forage quality was compared seasonally over a 3 yr period. The quality of both native and introduced deer forages was significantly improved seasonally by addition of fertilizer. Planted forages were nutritionally superior to native and naturalized forages that occurred on the unplanted treatments. When the cost per treatment for production of crude protein was compared, the mow-and-fertilize treatment was the most economical. South. J. Appl. For. 17(1):49-53.
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Farzinmehr, Somayeh, Javad Rezaei, and Hassan Fazaeli. "Effect of harvesting frequency and maturity stage of Jerusalem artichoke forage on yield, chemical composition and in vitro fermentation of the tubers and forage." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 18, no. 2 (May 18, 2020): e0602. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2020182-15379.
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Aim of study: To evaluate the effect of maturity stage and harvesting frequency of Jerusalem artichoke (JA) forage on the nutritional quality of the tubers and forages.Area of study: The plant cultivation and laboratory experiments were carried out in Karaj (Alborz, Iran) and Tehran (Tehran, Iran), respectively.Material and methods: Forages were harvested every 60, 90 and 120 days during the growing season (four, three and two harvests per year, respectively). Tubers were harvested just once, at the end of the growing season, from plots with four, three and two forage cuts per year. Biomass production, chemical composition and in vitro ruminal fermentation of the forages and tubers were assessed.Main results: Compared to 90 and 120 days, the forages harvested every 60 days contained the highest (p<0.05) yearly dry matter (DM) biomass (27.16 t/ha), crude protein (98.6 to 145 g/kg DM), organic matter digestibility (0.607 to 0.691) and microbial biomass production (350 to 369 g/kg DM). Compared to 60 and 90 days, harvesting JA forage every 120 days caused the tubers with the higher (p<0.05) water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), in vitro digestibility and DM yield (7.63 t/ha). Jerusalem artichoke forages and tubers contained the low phenolics (4.93 to 13.2 g/kg DM) and nitrate (1.12 to 3.19 g/kg DM). Overall, the best harvesting interval of JA forage to achieve tubers with the highest yearly yield, WSC and digestibility was every 120 days, while the highest nutritive value and yield of the forages were observed with harvesting JA every 60 days.Research highlights: The best harvesting interval of JA forage to obtain the highest yearly DM, protein and energy biomass from both tubers and forage was every 60 days.
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Lister, S. J., M. S. Dhanoa, J. L. Stewart, and M. Gill. "Relationship between in vitro gas production and near infrared reflectance spectra of gliricidia provenances." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1996 (March 1996): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600031895.
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The chemical composition of tropical forages is generally more complex than that of temperate forages, yet the need for simple methods to predict nutritive value is greater. Near Infrared Reflectance (NIR) spectra could provide a possible solution. NIR has been used to predict both in vitro and in vivo digestibility (Murray, 1993). Direct calibration with in vivo parameters is ideal, but factors such as different types of forages, animals and management conditions have to be taken into consideration. The gas production technique, which may be considered as an in vitro counterpart of the dacron bag technique, provides information relating to the fermentable fractions and kinetics of a forage and these parameters can be related to the NIR spectra. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between NIR spectra and cumulative gas production and derived parameters in tree leaves.
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Ichinohe, T., W. J. Shand, D. J. Kyle, X. B. Chen, and E. R. Ørskov. "Relationship between in vitro gas production and in situ degradability for forage components." BSAP Occasional Publication 22 (1998): 244–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00032742.
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Recently in vitro and in situ techniques have been used for assessing forage nutritive value for ruminants instead of laborious in vivo trials. Although, Blummel and Ørskov (1993) have shown that an in vitro gas production technique gives reliable estimates of forage nutritive value, whether the estimates could be correlated with in situ degradation are not well established. There is little known about the differences in degradation characteristics of neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) and cellular contents (CC: soluble carbohydrates, lipids and crude protein) in the rumen, and also about the relationships between component degradation rate in the rumen and gas production rate for different forages. This is because most in situ kinetic studies have followed the disappearance of insoluble cell wall constituents and comparative studies of in vitro and in situ estimates was not performed sufficiently.The objective of this experiment was to investigate the relationship between in situ degradation of forage components and in vitro gas production rate for the three forages.
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Kleden, Markus M., M. R. T. Ratu, and M. D. S. Randu. "KAPASITAS TAMPUNG HIJAUAN PAKAN DALAM AREAL PERKEBUNAN KOPI DAN PADANG RUMPUT ALAM DI KABUPATEN FLORES TIMUR NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR." ZOOTEC 35, no. 2 (August 14, 2015): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.35792/zot.35.2.2015.9274.
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ABSTRACT CARRYING CAPACITY OF FORAGE IN COFFEE FARM AND NATIVE PASTURE AREA AT DISTRICT OF FLORES TIMUR, EAST NUSA TENGGARA. Research was conducted at coffee farm and native pasture area with the objective to measure the production and quality of forage. The research method used was survey method. Primary data were collected at Sub-district of Wulanggitang - District of Flores Timur, particularly in the coffee farm and the native pasture areas. Primary data consisted of production and quality of the native grasses including land fertility -both physical and chemical - in the coffee farm area. On the other hand, secondary data were taken from related institutions cover climate condition and topography. The result showed that potency of forage resources in the Sub-District of Wulanggitang reach 7,664 ton fresh matter/ha for the coffee farm and 6.98 ton fresh matter/ha for the native grasses, respectively. The total production may figure carrying capacity of the coffee farm area is 0.42 UT/ha and 0.38 ST/ha of the native grasses, respectively. In addition, the topography of Wulanggitang Sub-district was about 0 % - > 40 %. Moreover, chemical composition of the forages, mainly crude protein, was 6.95 % in the coffee farm area and 6.65 % in the native pasture area, respectively. It was found that the forages crude protein was very high and available over the livestock minimum needed. Composition of the crude protein was high since the forages are relatively young due to high rainy distribution in a few weeks before taking the sample. However, although the crude composition of the forages in the coffee farm - both quantitatively and qualitatively- was higher than that of the native pasture, its function to support the feed resources was not significant. In conclusion, the potency of the forage resources in those two areas was not support the livestock development especially beef cattle farm at the Sub-district of Wulanggitang when it depends only on the forages of these two areas. Key words: Forage quality, Stocking rate, Coffee farm, Native pasture, Carrying capacity
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Fitzgerald, J. J., and J. J. Murphy. "Effect of maize silage quality in a mixed forage diet and the crude protein level in the concentrate supplement on milk production of dairy cows." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600033626.
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Good quality maize silage with a high starch content and DM digestibility when fed to dairy cows increased forage intake, milk production and milk protein concentration compared with grass silage or low starch maize silage (Fitzgerald, 1997). Due to the low crude protein (CP) content of maize silage compared with grass silage, additional protein supplementation is required in the concentrate. The optimum level of protein in the concentrate for maize silage based forages differing in starch content was investigated in this study.Three forages consisting of either all grass silage (GS) or mixed forages of grass silage and maize silage (40:60 DM mix) which contained either a low (LSM) or a high (HSM) starch content were offered ad libitum to individually fed dairy cows in early lactation (12 cows/forage). Each forage was supplemented with concentrates (6 kg/day) containing 180, 230 or 280 g CP/kg according to a change over design (3 periods of 3 weeks/period).
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Mengistu, Shimelis, Ajebu Nurfeta, Adugna Tolera, Melkamu Bezabih, Abera Adie, Endalkachew Wolde-meskel, and Mesfin Zenebe. "Livestock Production Challenges and Improved Forage Production Efforts in the Damot Gale District of Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia." Advances in Agriculture 2021 (June 25, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5553659.
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This study was conducted to identify major livestock production constraints and improved forage production efforts in the Damot Gale district. Four representative kebeles, two associated with our NGO project and two from nonproject outreach activities, were selected. Forty farmers from each kebele were randomly chosen for the purpose of individual interviews using a semistructured questionnaire. Data collected were analyzed using SPSS (version 20) and Excel. The topmost livestock production constraint was feed shortage where a larger proportion of farmers (75.6%) suffered from the problem with higher ( p ≤ 0.01) severity in nonproject intervention areas. Of these, 38.6% were challenged for a period of three months while another 61.4% suffered for about four months. Purchasing grass (31.4%) and concentrate (33.5%) and feeding enset (Ensete ventricosum) leaf (21.49%) were the most commonly adopted coping mechanisms to alleviate feed shortages during the dry season, while using purchased grass and enset leaf was the main coping strategy in nonproject intervention ( p ≤ 0.01) areas. The majority of households (90.75%) participate in improved forage production regardless of farm size. Desho grass (Pennisetum pedicellatum) (71.38%) and elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) (42.63%) are the most common improved forages in both study areas. These forages are produced for the purpose of two or more functions (feed, cash, and preventing erosion) that vary ( p ≤ 0.01) among intervention status. Major niche locations adopted for improved forage production include farm land, soil and water conservation structures, and perimeter fencing. Greatest constraints on improved forage production were seed/material shortage followed by land shortage and lack of awareness. Project intervention ( p ≤ 0.01), tropical livestock unit (TLU) holding ( p ≤ 0.01), and forage seed/planting material access ( p < 0.05) were identified as factors (among others) having significant relationship with improved forage development. Strong extension services and efficient input delivery for farmers are vital to support profitable livestock production and resource utilization.
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Suarna, I. Wayan, Ni Nyoman Suryani, and K. M. Budiasa. "FORAGE POTENTIAL AND ADAPTATION OF Alysicarpus vaginalis IN BALI PROVINCE." Pastura 8, no. 1 (January 12, 2019): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/pastura.2018.v08.i01.p03.
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Climate change that has hit the world requires to make adaptation efforts so that agricultural productivity can be maintained. Alysicarpus vaginalis is one of the local variety forage that can grow in a various of environmental conditions. In this regard, a survey research has been carried out to study various types of local forages throughout Bali. The aim of the research is to obtain forages that have superior properties and can be developed in various regions in Bali. The survey sampling location refers to a map prepared specifically for that by overlaying a map of soil types, land use maps, and climate maps. Based on the results of the survey, several species of local forages that have superior characteristics have been found. One of them is Alysicarpus vaginalis plant as a forage superior, Alysicarpus vaginalis forage production as much as 46,302 kg DM ha-1 with 0.21% botanical composition.
Keywords: Alysicarpus vaginalis, superior legumes, tropical forage
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Phipps, R. H., R. F. Weller, H. Clark, and A. Reeve. "Preliminary observations on the production and quality of whole crop wheat." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1991 (March 1991): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600020961.
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During the last few years there has been increasing interest in the potential role of alternative forages in dairy cow rations based on grass silage. In this context, whole crop cereals, particularly wheat (WCW) treated with urea (40 g/kg DM), have more recently received considerable attention within the farming community. This is in spite of the fact that research experience of the potential of whole crop wheat as a forage component for dairy cow rations is limited.In order to provide general background information on the practical application of this approach, eight farms were surveyed on wheat crop husbandry, harvesting and preservation. Nutritional quality of the resultant forages was also assessed. Additional observations on crop losses during harvesting and feeding were undertaken at the Bernard Weitz Centre.
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Oka, Anak Agung, Ambius Anton, Ni Putu Sarini, and Siswanto Siswanto. "SIMULASI PRODUKSI HIJAUAN PADA TIPE UNIT SISTEM TIGA STRATA YANG BERBEDA." Pastura 7, no. 2 (January 12, 2019): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/pastura.2018.v07.i02.p12.
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Nowadays, availability of forage for cattle and other animal protein resources getting less and less due to land changing functions. This will lead to increase in land price, decrease in animal productivities the will end on sustainability of the animal husbandry business. In Bali, farmers applied a Three Strata Forage System to provide forage along dry and rainy seasons. This study purpose was to find out forage production from four types but similar size of land (1 ha) which applied in that system, that were Type A (rectangle: 200 m x 50 m), Type B (L Form: 4 x (50 x 50 m), Type C (rectangle: 125 m x 80 m) and Type D (squares: 100 m x 100 m). This simulation showed that the forage production of the land was 14.533,805 ton DM/year for type A and B; 14.301,434 ton DM/year for Type C : and 14.276,171 ton/DM/year for Type D. It can be concluded that the land in similar size but differ in shape or type produce different quantity of forages. And addition forage production and carrying capacity were estimated below of recommended the three strata forage system.
Keywords: Forages, production, three strata forage system
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Charmley, E., S. R. O. Williams, P. J. Moate, R. S. Hegarty, R. M. Herd, V. H. Oddy, P. Reyenga, K. M. Staunton, A. Anderson, and M. C. Hannah. "A universal equation to predict methane production of forage-fed cattle in Australia." Animal Production Science 56, no. 3 (2016): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15365.
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The methods for estimating methane emissions from cattle as used in the Australian national inventory are based on older data that have now been superseded by a large amount of more recent data. Recent data suggested that the current inventory emissions estimates can be improved. To address this issue, a total of 1034 individual animal records of daily methane production (MP) was used to reassess the relationship between MP and each of dry matter intake (DMI) and gross energy intake (GEI). Data were restricted to trials conducted in the past 10 years using open-circuit respiration chambers, with cattle fed forage-based diets (forage >70%). Results from diets considered to inhibit methanogenesis were omitted from the dataset. Records were obtained from dairy cattle fed temperate forages (220 records), beef cattle fed temperate forages (680 records) and beef cattle fed tropical forages (133 records). Relationships were very similar for all three production categories and single relationships for MP on a DMI or GEI basis were proposed for national inventory purposes. These relationships were MP (g/day) = 20.7 (±0.28) × DMI (kg/day) (R2 = 0.92, P < 0.001) and MP (MJ/day) = 0.063 (±0.008) × GEI (MJ/day) (R2 = 0.93, P < 0.001). If the revised MP (g/day) approach is used to calculate Australia’s national inventory, it will reduce estimates of emissions of forage-fed cattle by 24%. Assuming a global warming potential of 25 for methane, this represents a 12.6 Mt CO2-e reduction in calculated annual emissions from Australian cattle.
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Hurdle, Nicholas L., Timothy L. Grey, Patrick E. McCullough, Donn Shilling, and Jason Belcher. "Bermudagrass tolerance of indaziflam PRE applications in forage production." Weed Technology 34, no. 1 (September 11, 2019): 125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wet.2019.76.
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AbstractBermudagrass is a major forage species throughout Georgia and the Southeast. An essential part of achieving high-yielding, top-quality forages is proper weed control. Indaziflam is a residual herbicide that controls many broadleaf and grass species by inhibiting cellulose biosynthesis. Research conducted in Tift and Colquitt counties in Georgia determined optimal PRE rates for indaziflam for bermudagrass forage production. Treatments applied at spring greenup of established ‘Alicia’ bermudagrass included indaziflam at 47, 77, 155, or 234 g ai ha−1 PRE, pendimethalin at 4,480 g ha−1 PRE, a split application of indaziflam at 47 g ha−1 PRE followed by the same rate applied POST after the first cutting, and a nontreated control (seven treatments in all). Forages were machine harvested three times each year for each location beginning at least 47 d after treatment (DAT), with final cuttings up to 168 DAT. For all treatments, fresh- and dry-weight yields at each harvest and totals for the season did not differ from the nontreated control. Indaziflam at 155 and 234 g ha−1 did cause minor stunting at 44 DAT, but this was transient and not observed at the second harvest. Indaziflam applied PRE has the potential to provide residual control of troublesome weeds in bermudagrass forage and hay production, with ephemeral stunting at the recommended application rates.
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Bowen, M. K., F. Chudleigh, S. Buck, and K. Hopkins. "Productivity and profitability of forage options for beef production in the subtropics of northern Australia." Animal Production Science 58, no. 2 (2018): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16180.
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This study measured forage biomass production, diet quality, cattle liveweight gain, and economic performance of six forage types at 21 sites across 12 commercial beef cattle properties in the Fitzroy River catchment of Queensland during 2011–2014 (28 annual datasets in total). The forages were annual forage crops (oats (Avena sativa), sorghum (Sorghum spp.) and lablab (Lablab purpureus)), sown perennial legume-grass pastures (leucaena-grass (Leucaena leucocephala spp. glabrata + perennial, tropical grass (C4) species) and butterfly pea-grass (Clitoria ternatea + perennial, C4, grass species)), and perennial, C4, grass pastures. The sown forages resulted in 1.2–2.6 times the annual cattle liveweight gain per ha than perennial grass pastures. Annual cattle liveweight gain per ha, forage establishment and management costs, and cattle price margin (sale price less purchase price, $/kg liveweight) all influenced gross margin, however, none was an overriding factor. The average gross margins ($/ha.annum) calculated using contractor rates, ranked from highest to lowest, were: leucaena-grass pastures, 181; butterfly pea-grass pastures, 140; oats, 102; perennial grass, 96; sorghum, 24; and lablab, 18. It was concluded that the tendency towards greater average gross margins for perennial legume-grass pastures than for annual forage crops or perennial grass pastures was the result of the combined effects of lower average forage costs and high cattle productivity.
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Diana, Nevy. "RESPONE OF FORAGES BY ADMINISTRATION OF FERMENTED GOAT URINE." JURNAL PETERNAKAN NUSANTARA 5, no. 1 (June 8, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30997/jpnu.v5i1.1420.
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Urine goat fermentented can be used as organic fertilizers element hara on the ground For the agricultural crops and forage. Theof this study todetermine dosage of fermented goat urine onnumber of tillers, plant heightproduction of fresh dry matter,content of Phosphor and potassium on different forages (Pennisetum purpureum schumach), (Setaria sphacelata)and (Brachiaria brizantha). Experimental design usedfactorial with two factors, the first factor wasdose of fermented goat urine (liters /ha) composed of P0 = 0/ha,P1 = 10/ha, P2 = 15/haand P3 = 20/ha and the second factor was forages composed of R1 Pennisetum purpureum schumach, R2 Setaria sphacelataand R3 Brachiaria brizanta. The results showed that dosage of fermented goat urine and species of forage and interaction had significant effect (P<0.05) on number of tillers, plant height, fresh and dry weight production, phosphorus and potassium of plant.Increasing dosage, dosage fermented goat urine.Increase plantheight, fresh weight, dry weight production while, growth of Pennisetum purpureum schumach was higher than Brachiaria brizantha and Setaria sphacelata. The optimum dosage fermented goat urine on Pennisetum purpureum schumach was 20 liters/ha while on Brachiaria brizantha and Setaria sphacelata was 15 liters/ha. It is concluded that usage increase growth of forages and the best combination show on Pennisetum purpureum schumach with dosage at 20 liters /ha.Keywords: Forages, Urine goat fermented, productivity.
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Neal, J. S., W. J. Fulkerson, and L. C. Campbell. "Differences in yield among annual forages used by the dairy industry under optimal and deficit irrigation." Crop and Pasture Science 61, no. 8 (2010): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp09216.
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While perennial forages dominate the feed base on Australian dairy farms, poor persistence of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and relatively poor forage nutritive value of kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex. Chiov.) and paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.) has led to an increasing interest in growing annual forages. Thus, this study was conducted to identify annual forage species that are more productive than the commonly used perennial pasture species. Seventeen annual forages were investigated under ‘optimal’ irrigation and two deficit irrigation treatments (nominally 66 and 33% of irrigation water applied of the optimal level) over 3 years at Camden, New South Wales, on a brown dermosol in a warm temperate climate. The forages evaluated were: Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), oats (Avena sativa L.), triticale (Triticosecale rimpaui Wittm), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), balansa clover (Trifolium michelianum Savi), berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.), maple pea (Pisum sativum L.), Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L. var. majus Boiss.), subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), forage rape (Brassica napus L.), forage radish (Raphanus sativus L.), maize (Zea mays L.), Japanese millet [Echinochloa esculenta (A. Braun) H. Scholz], pearl millet [Cenchrus americanus (L.) Morrone], sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], cow pea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] and lablab [Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet]. There was more than a 4-fold range in annual yield between forages, but the length of the growing season and season of growth made direct comparisons difficult. Under optimal irrigation, maize produced the highest mean yield of 29.0 t DM/ha in only 125 days, which was over three times greater than cow pea (9.2 t DM/ha) grown in the same season yet requiring 190 days. Of the cool season annuals, wheat had the highest mean yield of up to 20.6 t DM/ha in 230 days, which was more than three times the yield of the lowest yielding forage, subterranean clover, at only 6.5 t DM/ha in 215 days. The forages which require harvesting generally had higher yields within a growing period of similar length than those that were defoliated to reflect being ‘grazed’. Combining annual forages in an annual cycle (e.g. maize and wheat) had the potential to produce up to 47 t DM/ha. Deficit irrigation reduced annual yield of all warm season-grown forages ranging from 8% for sorghum up to 48% for maize. In contrast, annual yield reductions were generally smaller for cool season forages, there being no reduction for forage rape, subterranean clover or oats, but up to 35% for Persian clover. However, while yield is an important criterion for choosing dairy forages, it is only one factor in a complex system, and choice of forages must be considered on a whole-farm basis and include water use efficiency, nutritive value, cost of production and risk.
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AGYEMANG, K., D. L. DOGOO, and H. J. MAKUN. "PROFITABILITY OF FORAGE PRODUCTION IN SMALLHOLDER PERI-URBAN DAIRY PRODUCTION SYSTEMS." Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 4 (October 1998): 423–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479798004013.
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Peri-urban dairy producers in West Africa face major production constraints including inadequate and poor quality feeds. In view of the high cost of traditional supplementary feeds such as oilseed cakes, the production of forage, especially legumes, is increasingly being advocated. However, it has not been established whether returns in terms of increased livestock productivity from sown forages will be adequate to encourage smallholder livestock owners to undertake forage production for indigenous livestock.In three trials involving indigenous Bunaji cows biological and economic responses in terms of milk yields to farmer-planted forage legumes and tree legumes from home gardens were evaluated. Synthesis of the resulting data on labour inputs, forage yields, feed intakes, milk yields, value of outputs and cost of inputs such as seeds and fertilizers showed that for the semi-intensive smallholder and zero-grazed models considered in this study, the margin or profit from using home-grown fodder was 5–8 times the cost of acquiring the feed. The opportunity cost of using the land for forage production rather than for cultivating sorghum, a highly favoured cereal crop, was only 67% of the accrued benefits from milk yields produced by cows supplemented with the forage hays. Thus, there is a real potential for profitable dairy production in peri-urban areas using home-grown fodder.
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Boyer, Christopher N., Dayton M. Lambert, Andrew P. Griffith, Christopher D. Clark, and Burton English. "Seasonal Hay Feeding for Cattle Production in the Fescue Belt." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 52, no. 1 (August 22, 2019): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2019.30.
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AbstractWe determined how pasture and grazing management practices affected the number of days hay was fed to cattle by season. Data were collected from a survey of Tennessee cattle producers. Days of cattle on hay varied across seasons because of variations in forage production and weather. The number of days hay was fed to cattle varied with pasture-animal management practices such as rotating pastures, forage mixtures, and weed management strategies. Having mixtures of cool- and warm-season grasses reduced the number of days on hay in the winter, spring, and summer months indicating benefits from diversified forages.
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Li, X. "Plant cell wall chemistry: implications for ruminant utilisation." Journal of Applied Animal Nutrition 9, no. 1 (May 21, 2021): 31–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jaan2020.0017.
Full textAbstract:
Ruminants have adapted to cope with bulky, fibrous forage diets by accommodating a large, diverse microbial population in the reticulo-rumen. Ruminants are dependent on forages as their main sources of energy and other nutrients. Forages are comprised of a complex matrix of cellulose, hemicellulose, protein, minerals and phenolic compounds (including lignin and tannins) with various linkages; many of which are poorly defined. The composition and characteristics of polysaccharides vary greatly among forages and plant cell walls. Plant cell walls are linked and packed together in tight configurations to resist degradation, and hence their nutritional value to animals varies considerably, depending on composition, structure and degradability. An understanding of the inter-relationship between the chemical composition and the degradation of plant cell walls by rumen microorganisms is of major economic importance to ruminant production. Increasing the efficiency of fibre degradation in the rumen has been the subject of extensive research for many decades. This review summarises current knowledge of forage chemistry in order to develop strategies to increase efficiency of forage utilisation by ruminants.
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Mundy, G. N., K. L. Greenwood, K. B. Kelly, S. M. Austin, and K. E. Dellow. "Improved soil and irrigation management for forage production 3. Plant - soil - water relationships." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 3 (2006): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04097.
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A field experiment was conducted from January 2000 for 2.5 years, at the Department of Primary Industries, Kyabram, in northern Victoria. The experiment determined the effect of soil modification, with and without subsurface drainage, on the yield and water use of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), lucerne (Medicago sativa), phalaris (Phalaris aquatica) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) under 2 irrigation frequencies. The soil was a red-brown earth. The forages were spray irrigated from August to May when evaporation minus rainfall (E – R) reached 45–50 mm (frequent) or 90–100 mm (infrequent). The depth of irrigation water applied was equal to the soil water deficit (SWD) of each treatment, measured before each irrigation. Soil modification did not change the plant available water content of the soil (about 115 mm). The apparent depth of water extraction was initially different between soil management treatments but, over time, these differences disappeared. There were consistent differences between the forage species in the apparent depth of soil water extraction. Lucerne extracted water from deeper in the soil than phalaris followed by tall fescue and then perennial ryegrass. In general, the infrequently irrigated forages extracted water from deeper in the soil than did the frequently irrigated forages. The frequently irrigated treatments received slightly more water than did the infrequent treatments. The depth of water applied to the control and modified soil was similar, whereas the drained soils received more water than did the undrained treatments. There were differences between the forages in the depth of water applied, with lucerne receiving up to about 1500 mm/year and the grasses about 1100 to 1300 mm/year. Water use efficiency [kg dry matter (DM)/ha.mm] of the forages ranged from 14 to 18 kg DM/ha.mm in 2000–01 and up to 24 kg DM/ha.mm in 2001–02. The relatively high water use efficiencies were largely due to the high yields achieved, as water use was similar to that of district farms.
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Syed, J. S., and J. D. Leaver. "Influence of protein level of supplement on diet selection by dairy cows given a choice of grass or maize silages, and on intake of forages when offered separately." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2001 (2001): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200005822.
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In a previous study of forage choice (Syed and Leaver, 2000), cows selected a high proportion of grass relative to maize silage (0.87:0.13). Milk production level of cows and protein level in supplement were not influential in the proportion of forage selected. An understanding of forage preferences by cows should lead to the production of forages with improved intake characteristics. This experiment examined how intake of grass and maize silages offered as a choice compared with intake when offered separately with low or high protein supplements.
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Rawnsley, R. P., D. F. Chapman, J. L. Jacobs, S. C. Garcia, M. N. Callow, G. R. Edwards, and K. P. Pembleton. "Complementary forages – integration at a whole-farm level." Animal Production Science 53, no. 9 (2013): 976. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12282.
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A high proportion of the Australian and New Zealand dairy industry is based on a relatively simple, low input and low cost pasture feedbase. These factors enable this type of production system to remain internationally competitive. However, a key limitation of pasture-based dairy systems is periodic imbalances between herd intake requirements and pasture DM production, caused by strong seasonality and high inter-annual variation in feed supply. This disparity can be moderated to a certain degree through the strategic management of the herd through altering calving dates and stocking rates, and the feedbase by conserving excess forage and irrigating to flatten seasonal forage availability. Australasian dairy systems are experiencing emerging market and environmental challenges, which includes increased competition for land and water resources, decreasing terms of trade, a changing and variable climate, an increasing environmental focus that requires improved nutrient and water-use efficiency and lower greenhouse gas emissions. The integration of complementary forages has long been viewed as a means to manipulate the home-grown feed supply, to improve the nutritive value and DM intake of the diet, and to increase the efficiency of inputs utilised. Only recently has integrating complementary forages at the whole-farm system level received the significant attention and investment required to examine their potential benefit. Recent whole-of-farm research undertaken in both Australia and New Zealand has highlighted the importance of understanding the challenges of the current feedbase and the level of complementarity between forage types required to improve profit, manage risk and/or alleviate/mitigate against adverse outcomes. This paper reviews the most recent systems-level research into complementary forages, discusses approaches to modelling their integration at the whole-farm level and highlights the potential of complementary forages to address the major challenges currently facing pasture-based dairy systems.
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Gandarillas, Mónica, Juan Pablo Keim, and Elisa María Gapp. "Associative Effects between Forages and Concentrates on In Vitro Fermentation of Working Equine Diets." Animals 11, no. 8 (July 26, 2021): 2212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082212.
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Background: Horses are hindgut fermenters, and it is therefore important to determine the postgastric nutritive value of their feedstuffs and diets. Moreover, it has been demonstrated in other animal species that the fermentation of diets results in different values than those expected from pure ingredients. Therefore, the general objective of this work is to evaluate the gas production (GP) and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, as well as the associative effects, of mixtures of different forages and concentrated foods, which are representative of the traditional diets of high-performance horses. Methods: An in vitro gas production experiment was conducted to assess the fermentation of two forages and three concentrates that are typical in horse diets. The combination of 70% of forage and 30% concentrates was also assessed to determine potential associative effects. Results: Concentrates and grains produced higher GP and VFA than forages when evaluated alone. When experimental diets were incubated, GP parameters and VFA concentrations of forage–concentrate mixtures had unexpected differences from the values expected from the fermentation of pure ingredients, suggesting the occurrence of associative effects. Conclusions: Our results indicate that there is a need to evaluate the fermentation of diets, rather than predicting from the values of pure ingredients.
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Thompson, D. J., R. F. Newman, G. Hope, K. Broersma, and D. A. Quinton. "Nitrogen cycling in silvopastoral systems in the Pacific Northwest: A review." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 80, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p99-045.
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Clearcuts in interior British Columbia are often aerially seeded with domestic forages such as orchardgrass and alsike clover to prevent erosion and help control understorey vegetation during establishment of lodgepole pine plantations. These seeded clearcuts provide valuable mid-summer range for cattle and with careful management there is little damage to planted trees. There is growing concern about N losses due to clearcutting and site preparation and what effect these might have on long-term forest productivity. The literature indicates that without cattle or forage seeding natural N inputs from the atmosphere and N fixation are barely sufficient to provide adequate nutrition for a lodgepole pine stand. This literature review addresses what effect introducing domestic forages and cattle grazing can have on N cycling on clearcuts. Forage seeding alone may reduce N losses due to runoff and leaching and legumes can fix atmospheric N, but grazing by cattle can counteract some of these benefits. Estimates of N losses due to cattle grazing were calculated using summary data from a long-term grazing trial conducted in interior British Columbia where experimental pastures were either aerially seeded with clover-orchardgrass mixtures or left unseeded. Using forage yields, cattle gains, and a number of assumptions, N losses due to cattle grazing on the seeded pastures were calculated as 2.4 kg N ha−1 yr−1 compared with 0.8 kg N ha−1 yr−1 on native vegetation. Losses were from N in new cattle tissue and N volatilized from urine as ammonia. Increased losses due to grazing seeded forages were short-lived as the forage production of seeded pastures was equal to that of native vegetation by the seventh year. During this period, the losses due to grazing seeded forages may be balanced by increased capture of labile N by the forages. Key words: N cycling, seeded clearcuts, cattle grazing
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Schiek, Ben, Carlos González, Solomon Mwendia, and Steven D. Prager. "Got forages? Understanding potential returns on investment in Brachiaria spp. for dairy producers in Eastern Africa." Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 6, no. 3 (September 28, 2018): 117–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17138/tgft(6)117-133.
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Production of livestock and dairy products in Sub-Saharan Africa struggles to keep pace with growing demand. The potential exists to close this gap in a climate-friendly way through the introduction of improved forage varieties of the Brachiaria genus. We assess the potential economic impact of the development and release of such varieties in 6 Eastern African countries using an economic surplus model. Results are presented across a range of potential scenarios involving different adoption rates and percentage increases in production. For all but the lowest levels of adoption and production increases, improved forages have the potential for positive return on investment. Using these results, we present formulae that help readers calculate the adoption rate or percentage increase in production necessary to achieve specific desired levels of net benefit. Overall, the model output suggests that investment in a forages research program related to the qualities of the forage itself as well as programs to enhance dissemination and adoption of new materials would be low risk and have high likelihood for positive outcomes, generating discounted net benefits in the order of multiple tens of millions of dollars over a 30-year time horizon.
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Scasta, John Derek, David M. Engle, Samuel D. Fuhlendorf, Daren D. Redfearn, and Terrance G. Bidwell. "Meta-Analysis of Exotic Forages as Invasive Plants in Complex Multi-Functioning Landscapes." Invasive Plant Science and Management 8, no. 3 (September 2015): 292–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-14-00076.1.
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AbstractIntroducing exotic forages in the attempt to enhance livestock and wildlife forage has been practiced widely for over a century. These forage species are selected for traits conferring persistence under stress, potentially yielding invaders that transform native plant communities. Using standardized systematic review guidelines and meta-analytical techniques we quantified effects of exotic forage invasion on change of native plant community structure, and compared the magnitude and direction of change across exotic forage species, plant functional groups, and structure of plant communities. Our study of 13 exotic forage species in North America (six C4 grasses, three C3 grasses, and four legumes) yielded 35 papers with quantitative data from 64 case studies. Nine of the 13 species met our inclusion criteria for meta-analysis. The overall effect of exotic forage invasion on native plant communities was negative (Ē̄ = −0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.29 to −0.25). The effect size was most negative for two C4 grasses, Lehmann lovegrass and Old World bluestems. A negative effect was also expressed by C3 and C4 grass functional groups, and these effects were stronger than for legumes. Effect size differed among measures of plant community structure, with the greatest negative effect on native plant biomass and the least negative effect on species evenness. Weighted fail-safe numbers indicated publication bias was not an issue. Exotic forage species are important for agricultural production but may threaten complex multi-functioning landscapes and should be considered as a subset of potentially invasive exotic species. Characteristics making exotic forages different from other exotic plants hinge on pathways of selection and dispersion: selection is based on persistence mechanisms similar to characteristics of invasive plants; dispersion by humans is intentional across expansive geographic regions. Exotic forages present a complex socio-ecological problem exacerbated by disconnected scientific disciplines, competing interests between policy and science, and organized efforts to increase food production.
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Harmon, D. D., M. L. Bass, J. M. Lourenço, C. D. Teutsch, J. R. Segers, A. M. Stelzleni, R. L. Stewart, and D. Hancock. "0624 Evaluation of warm-season annual forages on forage production and stocking rate." Journal of Animal Science 94, suppl_5 (October 1, 2016): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jam2016-0624.
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Istomina, L. A. "BEST PRACTICES OF MAINTAINING LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN THE UDMURT REPUBLIC WITH THE USE OF MODERN INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN MILK PRODUCTION." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Economics and Law 29, no. 4 (July 25, 2019): 428–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9593-2019-29-4-428-432.
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Implementation of modern innovative technologies in agricultural production allows not only to save both work and monetary forces of agricultural organizations, but also to increase production of milk. The article discusses the experience of implementation of modern innovative technologies in milk production by the example of application of the latest professional software version for management of feeding animals “DTM IC”. This software version allows agricultural organizations to accurately monitor and control the cost of forages, adjust a feeding diet, manage stocks, select components of a forage and collect all data on each feeding, generate detailed reports. Implementation of these best practices of the software for management of feeding animals "DTM IC" in production of milk allowed the analyzed organization to increase dairy productivity and to lower costs of forages; the payback of the program is 2.5 months. Implementation in dairy production of the milking machine “Roundabout” allowed the organization to considerably reduce expenses of time for milking of cows and to save work of service staff. To conclude, the efficiency of the modern innovation technologies used in the milk production organization is obvious, wich allows not only to significantly reduce the cost of milk production, but also to increase the financial results of management.
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McCartney, D., and J. Fraser. "The potential role of annual forage legumes in Canada: A review." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 90, no. 4 (July 1, 2010): 403–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps07182.
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The need to reduce agricultural input costs while increasing soil fertility has prompted researchers to look for alternative crop production systems that include N fixing crops. Annual legumes can be used in rotations as forages and green manure crops to increase the organic matter and N content of soils and provide soil cover to control erosion and weeds. Despite the benefits of annual legumes, high production costs and scarcity of seed has hindered their use.Key words: Medic, clover, vetch, pea, bean, lentil, forage yield, forage quality
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Akins, Matthew, Elizabeth Remick, Huawei Su, Lingyan Li, Abbey Grisham, and Wayne K. Coblentz. "40 Alternative forages for dairy heifers." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.040.
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Abstract Dairy heifers have moderate energy needs with diets containing high proportions of corn silage, often exceeding needs of pregnant heifers. Use of moderate energy forages to decrease energy and increase NDF content has been successful to control intake and growth of pregnant heifers. Several forages could be used, including cereal grain forages/straws, warm season perennial grasses, sorghum forages, and corn stover. Higher NDF content diets control intake through rumen fill as heifers eat approximately 1% of bodyweight in NDF daily. Research at the University of Wisconsin found reduced intakes and more desirable gains for pregnant heifers fed diets that included either corn stover, wheat straw, or eastern gamagrass (0.8–1.0 kg gain/day) compared with heifers fed an alfalfa/corn silage diet (1.2 kg gain/day). A study feeding alfalfa stemlage also found that heifers had more desirable gains (0.9–1.0 kg/day) when fed diets with stemlage or straw than heifers fed an alfalfa/corn silage diet. Sorghum forages may also work to partially replace corn silage in the forage program, with an opportunity to double-crop with cereal grain forages. Wisconsin studies show that sorghum forages can have similar or greater yields than corn silage when planted in early to mid-June and harvested once in the fall, with sorghums being more responsive to irrigation and nitrogen than corn. Most sorghums had similar or greater yields than corn silage when fertilized at 22–45 kg N/acre or irrigated at 50–75% of levels recommended for corn. A recent study found heifers fed sorghum-sudangrass silage based diets had lower intakes due to higher NDF content leading to more optimal daily gains (0.9 kg/d) than heifers fed a corn silage/alfalfa silage/grass hay diet that had similar protein and energy content, but was lower in NDF content. Use of alternative forages can help control nutrient intake and thus growth, and can also help control costs and improve nutrient/manure management by lowering intakes and forage production costs.
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Amole, T. A., B. O. Oduguwa, O. A. Adepoju, O. Adenuga, and O. Adegunwa. "Effect of maturity stage and processing on chemical composition, in vitro gas production and preference of Panicum maximum and Pennisetum purpureum." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 40, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): 172–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v40i2.1129.
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The trials arranged in 2 x 2 x 2 factorial completely randomized design to evaluated the selection preference of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) and Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum ) of four and eight weeks regrowth served either fresh green chop or pelleted using 12 intact Muturu calves in a 15 min cafeteria. The diets were served to animals either individual or in group. The CP content of the grasses ranged from 105 to 133 g/kg DM with pelleted panicum at 8 weeks old having the highest CP. Pelleted grasses of 4 week old had the lowest (P<0.05) NDF in the trial. Panicum pelleted at 4 weeks old recorded the highest (P < 0.05) sequential in vitro gas volume of 5.25 ml/200g while the volume of gas produced by pelleted grasses was higher (P < 0.01) than the fresh grasses. Pennisetum pelleted at 8 weeks old had the highest (P<0.05) ME of 6.18 MJ/kg DM. Age at harvest influenced preference as forages harvested at 4 weeks old had higher intake. Group feeding also influenced forage preference. Correlation analysis showed that DM, SCFA, and ash contents have poor (P> 0.01) capacity to preference of forages. Forage preference considered in terms of intake rate indicated that growing calves preferred fresh P. maximum 4 week old to the other samples used in this study. It is concluded that in order to optimize DM intake farmers should consider the type of grasses and their age at harvest particularly for Muturu. Pelleting improves acceptability of forages when rejected by animal as fresh forage form due to advanced age.
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Rufino-Moya, Pablo Jose, Mireia Blanco, Sandra Lobón, Juan Ramon Bertolín, Ramón Armengol, and Margalida Joy. "The Inclusion of Concentrate with Quebracho Is Advisable in Two Forage-Based Diets of Ewes According to the In Vitro Fermentation Parameters." Animals 9, no. 7 (July 17, 2019): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9070451.
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Ewes receive hay or graze on fresh pastures supplemented with concentrates to fulfil their lactation requirements. Quebracho (Schinopsis balansae) can be added to change the ruminal fermentation. Fermentation parameters of forages alone and 70:30 forage:concentrate diets with control and quebracho concentrate were compared after 24 h of in vitro incubation. Fresh forage diets produced less gas (p < 0.05) and had greater IVOMD (p < 0.001), ammonia (NH3-N) content, valeric acid, branched-chain volatile fatty acid proportions, and lower propionic acid proportion than the hay diets (p < 0.01). In the hay diets, methane production increased with control concentrate (p < 0.01) and tended to decrease with quebacho concentrate (p < 0.10). The inclusion of both concentrates increased the acetic:propionic ratio (p < 0.01), and only the inclusion of quebracho concentrate increased the IVOMD (p < 0.01). In the fresh forage diets, gas and methane production increased with the inclusion of the control concentrate (p < 0.05), but methane production decreased with quebracho concentrate (p < 0.01). The inclusion of quebracho concentrate reduced the NH3-N content and valeric acid proportion (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the inclusion of quebracho concentrate would be advisable to reduce the CH4 production and NH3-N content in fresh forage diets and to increase the IVOMD in hay diets in comparison with the forages alone.
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Jacobs, J. L., J. Hill, and T. Jenkin. "Effect of stage of growth and silage additives on whole crop cereal silage nutritive and fermentation characteristics." Animal Production Science 49, no. 7 (2009): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08244.
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The efficient production and subsequent utilisation of home-grown forage is seen as the cornerstone of profitability of the dairy industry as it leads to lower unit costs of milk production compared with purchased forage or grain supplements. Cereals such as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), oats (Avena sativa L.) and triticale (Triticum × Triticosecale) all have the potential to produce high forage dry matter (DM) yields. These forages are not widely grown within dryland Australian dairy systems and there is a paucity of information on both the agronomic requirements and subsequent ensiling and feed-out management under these conditions. The experiment reported in this paper examines the DM yield, nutritive and ensiling characteristics of three small-grain cereals (triticale, wheat and oats) cut at various stages of development and ensiled with or without silage additives. We hypothesised that: (1) delaying harvesting until later stages of growth would result in higher DM yields, but negatively impact on both nutritive and fermentation characteristics of subsequent silages; (2) ensiling wilted material at earlier harvests would improve fermentation characteristics compared with direct ensiled material; and (3) the use of silage additives at all harvests would improve fermentation characteristics of resultant silages compared with untreated silages. Apart from winter oats, the estimated metabolisable energy of forages was highest at the boot stage of growth, declined during anthesis and then rose again during milk and soft-dough stage of growth. The crude protein content of forages declined with maturity, with final values at soft dough below 90 g/kg DM. Neutral detergent fibre content was highest at anthesis and then declined, with lowest values observed at soft dough (497–555 g/kg DM). In the majority of cases silages were well preserved, with direct ensiled material having pH values generally below 4.5 and wilted material below 5.0, with limited proteolysis as assessed by ammonia-N contents in the range of 5–15% of total-N. The production of volatile fatty acids and lactic acid was influenced by wilting and the use of additives. Generally, wilted silages fermented less than the corresponding direct ensiled forages, whereas the use of Sil-All 4 × 4 additive resulted in a lactic acid-dominant fermentation compared with LaSil additive, which resulted in a greater proportion of acetic acid as an end product of fermentation. The findings of the present study highlight the potential of forage cereals to produce high DM yields for whole crop cereal silage. The timing of harvest directly influences nutritive characteristics of forages for ensiling. The use of silage additives can assist in controlling fermentation pathways during ensilage, ensuring the production of silages with fermentation attributes more likely to lead to higher intakes when fed to animals.
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Sharma, Banshi. "Forage mission for alleviating feed deficit situation of livestock in Nepal." Journal of Agriculture and Environment 17 (May 7, 2018): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v17i0.19856.
Full textAbstract:
Nepal is divided in five agro-ecological zones. There is feed deficit in every zones except in high mountain regions. There is 34% deficit in animal feed (Singh, 2002). The forage mission* is carried out in 49 districts of the country with the aim of providing sufficient green and dry matter to improved livestock of the country to yield more milk from cattle and buffalo. Similarly more meat from buffaloes, sheep and goats has been obtained. Pasture land improvement is in high mountain areas. In mid hills, cultivation of forages such as stylo, molasses, mulato, setaria, joint vetch, leucaena, napier , forage peanut, desmodium and climbing legumes such as fodder peas have been promoted. In Terai, intensive cultivation of fodder crops: basically winter forages- oat, berseem and vetch is going to be popular. Feeding the legumes and non-legumes forage plant in suitable ratio helps a great extend in livestock production.
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Jank, L., CB Valle, and RMS Resende. "Breeding tropical forages." Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 11, spe (June 2011): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-70332011000500005.
Full textAbstract:
Brazil has the largest commercial beef cattle herd and is the main beef exporter in the world. Cultivated pastures are the basis for the Brazilian beef production, and occupy an area of 101.4 million hectares. However, very few forage cultivars are commercially available, and the majority of these are of apomictic reproduction, thus genetically homogeneous. Tropical forage breeding is at its infancy, but much investment and efforts have been applied in the last three decades and some new cultivars have been released. In this paper, origin of different species, modes of reproduction, breeding programs and targets are discussed and the resulting new cultivars released are presented.
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Coblentz, Wayne K., and Matthew Akins. "39 Management of cereal-grain forages for yield and quality." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_2 (July 2019): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz122.038.
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Abstract Cereal-grains have a long history of providing quality forage for livestock operations. Our objective is to review the existing literature and describe the principle factors controlling the yield and quality of cereal-grain forages. Generally, cereal-grain forage production can occur via management scenarios that include: 1) winter-annuals planted during fall and then grazed or harvested the following spring; 2) cereals not requiring vernalization planted during early spring and harvested during late-spring or summer; and 3) cereals not requiring vernalization planted during late-summer and harvested before winter. Winter-annuals planted during fall also are used extensively for fall grazing, particularly for backgrounding stocker cattle. The requirement for vernalization before plants elongate and produce viable seed plays a large role in synchronizing management strategies with producer goals. For example, maximization of fall growth can be attained by choosing a species or cultivar that does not require vernalization and will elongate, but this choice will likely eliminate winter survival and subsequent spring forage production. Ambient temperature during plant maturation affects lignin formation positively; therefore, forages grown during cooler fall temperatures will typically exhibit greater NDF digestibility than those maturing during summer. Most nutritional characteristics are influenced heavily by two competing processes that include the normal negative maturation effects that reduce the quality of most forages. However, this process is juxtaposed against the physiological process of grain fill, which can dilute concentrations of forage fiber components, increase energy density, and improve DM digestibility at advanced plant-growth stages. Digestibility of NDF declines with plant maturity, and generally is not affected by grain fill. A boot-stage harvest for silage often exhibits the most favorable nutritional characteristics for lactating dairy cows; however, producers making this management choice will need to accept a substantial yield penalty compared with a commonly recommended harvest at soft-dough stage, which would likely maximize yield.
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Paul, Birthe K., Jeroen CJ Groot, Brigitte L. Maass, An MO Notenbaert, Mario Herrero, and Pablo A. Tittonell. "Improved feeding and forages at a crossroads: Farming systems approaches for sustainable livestock development in East Africa." Outlook on Agriculture 49, no. 1 (February 26, 2020): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030727020906170.
Full textAbstract:
Dairy development provides substantial potential economic opportunities for smallholder farmers in East Africa, but productivity is constrained by the scarcity of quantity and quality feed. Ruminant livestock production is also associated with negative environmental impacts, including greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, air pollution, high water consumption, land-use change, and loss of biodiversity. Improved livestock feeding and forages have been highlighted as key entry point to sustainable intensification, increasing food security, and decreasing environmental trade-offs including GHG emission intensities. In this perspective article, we argue that farming systems approaches are essential to understand the multiple roles and impacts of forages in smallholder livelihoods. First, we outline the unique position of forages in crop-livestock systems and systemic obstacles to adoption that call for multidisciplinary thinking. Second, we discuss the importance of matching forage technologies with agroecological and socioeconomic contexts and niches, and systems agronomy that is required. Third, we demonstrate the usefulness of farming systems modeling to estimate multidimensional impacts of forages and for reducing agro-environmental trade-offs. We conclude that improved forages in East Africa are at a crossroads: if adopted by farmers at scale, they can be a cornerstone of pathways toward sustainable livestock systems in East Africa.
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Neal, J. S., W. J. Fulkerson, R. Lawrie, and I. M. Barchia. "Difference in yield and persistence among perennial forages used by the dairy industry under optimum and deficit irrigation." Crop and Pasture Science 60, no. 11 (2009): 1071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp09059.
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Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is the dominant forage grazed by dairy cows in Australia; however, poor persistence has led to an increasing interest in alternative forages. This study was conducted to identify more productive and/or persistent perennial forage species than perennial ryegrass. We evaluated 15 perennial forages under optimum irrigation (I1) and 2 nominated deficit irrigation (I2, 66% of irrigation water applied to I1; I3, 33% of irrigation water applied to I1) regimes, over 3 years at Camden, NSW (34°3′S, 150°39′E), on a brown Dermosol in a warm temperate climate. The forages were: perennial ryegrass, cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.), phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.), prairie grass (Bromus catharticus M. Vahl), tall fescue (Schedonorus phoenix (Scop.) Holub), kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex. chiov.), paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.), birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), strawberry clover (Trifolium fragiferum L.), sulla (Hedysarum coronarium L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), chicory (Cichorium intybus L.), and plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.). Under non-limiting conditions of water and fertility, tall fescue, kikuyu, and prairie grass had the highest mean annual yield over the 3 years of this experiment (24.8–25.5 t dry matter (DM)/ha), which was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than perennial ryegrass (21.1 t DM/ha). Kikuyu was significantly higher than all forages under the extreme I3 deficit irrigation treatment, with mean annual yields of 17.0 t DM/ha. In contrast, the mean yield of white clover was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than of any other forage at only 5.0 t DM/ha, a 70% decline in yield compared with I1. Lucerne was the most tolerant species to deficit irrigation, with a mean annual yield decline (P < 0.05) between the I1 and I3 treatment of only 22%. This study has shown that there are large differences in the relative yield potential of forages and, importantly, indicates the possibility of increasing yield of perennial forages by at least 2-fold on commercial farms, by improving water, and fertiliser management. However, while yield is an important criterion for choosing dairy forages, it is only one factor in a complex system, and choice of forages must be considered on a whole-farm basis and include water-use efficiency, nutritive value, costs of production, and risk.
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Moorby, J. M., P. R. Evans, and N. E. Young. "Milk production from dairy cows offered a conserved barley/kale bicrop compared to grass silage." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1998 (1998): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600032372.
Full textAbstract:
The efficiency of use of feed protein for milk protein production is very poor, particularly for animals offered conserved forages. Contributing to this is the inefficient capture of rumen degradable N in situations where a readily fermentable energy supply is not available for use by the rumen microbial population. The incorporation of a whole crop cereal into a conserved forage could increase rumen protein efficiency. This experiment was carried out to investigate the milk production of dairy cows offered a conserved forage of a whole crop barley and kale bicrop compared with grass silage, and a mixture of the two.
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Suarna, I. Wayan, and Ni Nyoman Suryani. "POTENSI PRODUKSI HIJAUAN Mikania cordata SEBAGAI PAKAN TERNAK RUMINANSIA DI PROVINSI BALI." Pastura 7, no. 2 (January 12, 2019): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/pastura.2018.v07.i02.p04.
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Identification of potential forage variety from various biological resources of forages has become a vital need in order to increase forage production. A study has been carried out aimed to finding out the potential forage production of Mikania cordata and its development potential as tropical forage. The research method used is a field survey of the presence of Mikania cordata in all regencies in Bali. The survey results show that the production of Mikania cordata is 840 kg ha-1 with a high water content. Mikania is very easy to spread and is very fond of shade and can grow well on non-humid land. Almost all districts in Bali can find Mikania plants. Mikania has been widely used by farmers as feed mixed with various local grasses. It was concluded that Mikania cordata is very potential as a source of forage feed, easily developed in sharing patterns of crop integration and high production.
Keywords: Mikania cordata, identification, and forage production