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Journal articles on the topic 'Foramen transversarium'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Sultana, Qudusia, Ramakrishna Avadhani, Varalakshmi KL, and Shariff MH. "VARIATIONS OF FORAMEN TRANSVERSARIUM IN ATLAS VERTEBRAE : A MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY WITH ITS CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU 05, no. 02 (2015): 080–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1709822.

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Abstract Introduction: The second part of the vertebral artery along with vertebral venous plexus and sympathetic plexus traverses through vicinity of foramen transversarium of atlas. Derangement of these structures in their course may be seen due to deformities, narrowing and presence of osteophytes in foramen transversarium. Methods: Two hundred foramen transversarium of 100 atlas vertebrae were grossly studied for their variations. Results: Out of hundred atlas vertebrae examined, we found that all the vertebrae had foramina transversaria. Absence of costal element was noticed in five atlas

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Rathnakar, Pretty, and Remya K. "STUDY OF ACCESSORY FORAMEN TRANSVERSARIA IN CERVICAL VERTEBRAE." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU 03, no. 04 (2013): 097–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1703711.

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AbstractThe cervical vertebrae presents foramen transversaria in each transverse process. In all but the seventh cervical vertebra, the foramen normally transmits vertebral artery and vein and a branch from the cervicothoracic ganglion.140 cervical vertebrae were studied. Variations were noticed in the number of foramen transversarium unilaterally and bilaterally. Variations in foramen transversarium may indicate the variation in course of vertebral arteries

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Satish, Kumar Harioudh, Gopal Tailor Krishna, V. Motagi Manjunath, Kumar L. Sarda Swapnil, and Rishi Prisha. "A Study of Presence of Accessory Foramina Transversaria in Dry Human Cervical Vertebrae." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 16, no. 7 (2024): 1358–63. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13207270.

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<strong>Introduction</strong><strong>:</strong> Unique feature of cervical vertebra is the presence of foramen transversaria, which is present in the transverse process of the vertebra and transmits vertebral vessels and autonomic nerves. However sometimes there may be presence of accessory foramen usually seen behind the foramen transversaria knows as accessory foramen transversaria (AFT). The present study was aimed to find out the incidence of (AFT) and to study the morphometry of Accessory Foramina Transversaria in dry human cervical vertebrae. <strong>Methodology</strong><strong

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Patil, Karthikeya, C. J. Sanjay, K. P. Mahesh, Eswari Solayappan, Christopher Varusha Sharon, and Namrata Suresh. "A cone beam computed tomographic study on foramen transversarium." European Journal of Anatomy 28, no. 3 (2024): 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.52083/cjiy2659.

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The foramen transversarium is a vital feature found in the cervical vertebrae of the spine. It serves as a protective passageway for the vertebral artery and vertebral vein, supplying blood to the brain and spinal cord. Any compromise to these structures within the foramen can lead to severe neurological complications, emphasizing its clinical significance. The study was carried out on 83 subjects of typical cervical vertebrae. Among them were 42 males and 41 females. All the foramen transversaria were observed for any anatomical variations. The anteroposterior, transverse diameters of all the

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Shivaleela C, Khizer Hussain Afroze M, Ramesh P, and Lakshmiprabha S. "An Osteological Study of Anatomical Variations of Foramen Transversarium of Cervical Vertebrae and its Clinical Implications." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 9, no. 4 (2021): 8145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2021.171.

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Background: In cervical vertebrae, the costal and transverse elements are connected to each other around the foramen transversarium of the transverse process. The adult cervical vertebrae are characterized by the presence of Foramen Transversarium (FT) in transverse process. These transverse foramina are found to have variations in size, shape and numbers and may be absent, incomplete or duplicate, which may lead to various symptoms. Aim: To study the anatomical variations of cervical vertebrae. Materials and methods: The present observational study was performed on 182 dry human cervical vert

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Pateliya, Urmila, and Sunita Gupta. "INCIDENCE AND MORPHOLOGY OF ACCESSORY FORAMEN TRANSVERSARIUM IN TYPICAL CERVICAL VERTEBRAE." International Journal of Advanced Research 12, no. 08 (2024): 445–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/19271.

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Introduction: Cervical vertebrae shows presence of foramen transversarium on transverse process. It is formed by the fusion of the costal element with the true transverse process of cervical vertebrae. the vertebral artery, vertebral vein,and sympathetic nerves passes through the foramen. In seventh cervical vertebrae passes vertebral vein. These foramina shows variations in size, shape and number. Variation of these foramina may lead to many symptom. Material and Method: Our study include 440 typical cervical vertebrae from various medical collage of Gujarat. All these vertebrae observed macr

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Niloy Kumar Das and Urmimala Basu. "Morphological features and anatomical variations of the Foramen Transversarium in Cervical vertebrae: A study in Eastern Indian population." International Journal of Science and Technology Research Archive 3, no. 2 (2022): 213–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.53771/ijstra.2022.3.2.0156.

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Introduction: The foramina transversaria (FT) is a cardinal feature of the Cervical Vertebra. It transmits the vertebral vascular bundle (vertebral artery, and veins) and the sympathetic plexus which accompanies the vessels. Variations in number, size, shape & other morphological details of foramen transversarium give rise to neurological as well as hearing impairment. We in the index study, deliberated over the variations of FT as well as accessory FT. This in turn will help neurology surgeons as well as orthopedic surgeons while performing surgeries on the cervical spine. Objectives: Stu

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I, Dinesh, Neeraja T, Ravindrakishore S, and Suneetha S. "Surgico-Clinical Significance of Accessory Foramina Transversaria in Cervical Vertebrae." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 15, no. 11 (2023): 740–43. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11220834.

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<strong>Introduction:</strong> The cervical vertebrae, located in the neck region of the spinal column, is recognized by the presence of the Foramen Transversarium (FT) on their horizontal processes. This anatomical feature allows for the passage of vertebral artery. Variations in the size, shape, and number of FT may lead to clinical symptoms, emphasizing the need to understand these anomalies for safe and effective medical interventions. The study’s primary objective was to investigate the significance of foramina transversaria in the cervical spine. <strong>Methodology:</str

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Yalçın, AKBULUT, Beril KARAKAŞ TANIR Aslı, YARAR Burhan, and SUNAR Mukadder. "Morphometric Analysis and Incidence of Accessory Foramen Transversarium in a Population in Eastern Turkey." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE AND CLINICAL RESEARCH STUDIES 03, no. 09 (2023): 2075–79. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8382983.

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The aim of this study is to reveal the incidence and morphometric features of the accessory foramen transversarium in the population in eastern Turkey. In the study, a total of 125 cervical vertebrae of unknown gender and age, located in the Anatomy Department of Ataturk, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım and Kafkas University Medical Faculties, were used and accessory foramen transversarium was detected in 22 (17.6 %) of these cervical vertebrae. In this study, the area, vertical and horizontal diameters of the accessory foramen transversarium were measured for the first time. It was determined that t

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Murugan, Magi, and Suman Verma. "A study on variations of foramen transversarium of cervical vertebrae." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 03, no. 01 (2014): 04–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1700714.

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Abstract Background and aims: Foramen transversarium of cervical vertebra is a bony enclosure for the vertebral artery. These foramina are known to exhibit variations in size, shape and may be multiple in number or absent. The aim of this study is to record these variations of foramen transversarium of cervical vertebrae. Material and methods: This study was carried out on 150 cervical vertebrae available in the department of anatomy at Pondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences. Results: Among 150 cervical vertebrae, 19 vertebrae were found to possess double foramina transversaria. Among these

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G, Prabavathy, Sadeesh T, and Jayaganesh J. "Morphometry of foramen transversarium of cervical vertebrae and its clinical significance in South Indian population." Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology 7, no. 4 (2021): 338–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcap.2020.071.

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Literature shows multiple variations within the foramen transversarium of the cervical vertebrae. To study the morphometry of foramen transversarium of the cervical vertebrae on both sides. The foramen transversarium of three-hundred-fifty dry human cervical vertebras of unknown age and sex was studied. The dimensions of the main foramen and the incidence of accessory foramen transversarium were measured and tabulated. Among 350 vertebrae studied, the accessory foramina was noted in 66 (19%) vertebrae. On 21 (6%) vertebrae the accessory foramen was noted on both sides of the vertebra and in th

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M, Lalit. "Study of Morphological Analysis of the Foramen Transversarium and Accessory Foramen Transversarium in Typical Cervical Vertebrae." Journal of Human Anatomy, no. 1 (February 20, 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/jhua-16000184.

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Foramen Transversarium (FT) is present in the transverse process of cervical vertebrae. One FT is present in each transverse process of cervical vertebrae. The vertebral artery, vein, and sympathetic nerves pass through it. The present study was carried out on 100 typical cervical vertebrae on their foramen transversarium regarding their shape and no of FT on transversarium. The oval shape was mostly observed in 45% and 44% on the right and left sides. The accessory foramen transversarium (AFT) was observed in 22 vertebrae among 100 vertebrae. The AFT was mostly observed on the right side.

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Ananthi K, Suba, Reena Agrawal, and Ravi Shankar P. "DIVIDED FORAMEN TRANSVERSARIUM." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental sciences 2, no. 52 (2013): 10267–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/1764.

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Dinesh K, Patel, and Shinde Amol A. "Synostosis of C7 And T1 with Bilateral Incomplete Foramen Transversarium in T1 - A Case Report." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 12, no. 3 (2024): 8961–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2024.129.

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The fusion of cervical vertebrae is seen in Klippel-Feil syndrome. We found a fused bone in which the C7 and T1 vertebrae are fused. Incomplete or forming foramen transversarium [FT] is seen on the transverse process of T1. Costal facets are seen on the body and transverse process of T1 along with an incomplete or forming foramen transversarium. The incomplete foramen were seen bilaterally and of similar size. Knowledge of this rare variation will guide the radiologists for diagnosis and spine surgeons to decide the course of the surgery. KEY WORDS: Klippel-Feil Syndrome, Incomplete foramen tr

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15

Mridul, Tripathi, Kumar Sudele Dilip, and R. Choudhary Gunwant. "Study of Foramen Transversarium: A Morphological Variation." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 16, no. 12 (2024): 178–81. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14591349.

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<strong>Background:</strong> Foramen transversarium (FT) is the special foramen located on the cervical vertebrae’s left and right transverse processes (C1 to C7) containing the vertebral vessels and sympathetic plexus.<sup>1-3</sup> It is an important and noticeable feature of the cervical vertebrae that occupies the sympathetic fibers, vertebral vein (VV), and vertebral artery (VA). Foramen transversarium gives passage to vertebral artery, vertebral vein and sympathetic plexus from inferior cervical ganglion while C7 vertebra transmits only the vein. The vertebrae of the cerv

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Timmons, S. R., A. Ruprecht, and S. T. Deahll. "Frequency of portrayal of foramen transversarium of the second cervical vertebra on rotational panoramic radiographs." Dentomaxillofacial Radiology 28, no. 3 (1999): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj/dmfr/4600433.

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OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of portrayal of the foramen transversarium of the second cervical vertebra on rotational panoramic radiographs. METHODS A stratified random sample of 1600 diagnostic-quality rotational panoramic radiographs were retrospectively reviewed. Approximately 100 radiographs each for males and females were reviewed for each of the decades of life up to age 69 and for subjects 70 or older. RESULTS The foramen was portrayed 29.3% of all radiographs, 35% of females and 22.6% of males. However, when considering only those radiographs in which cervical vertebrae were

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Husain, Adeel, Yusuf T. Akpolat, Daniel K. Palmer, David Rios, Kevin R. Criswell, and Wayne K. Cheng. "A comparison of open versus percutaneous cervical transfacet fixation." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 25, no. 4 (2016): 430–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2016.2.spine151334.

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OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to describe a technique for percutaneous cervical transfacet screw placement and compare this technique to the open technique with regard to the accuracy of facet capture and the potential of placing neurovascular structures at risk. METHODS Eight cadaveric cervical spines were harvested. One side of each spine was assigned to the percutaneous group, and the other side to the open group. The spines were instrumented from C-3 to T-1 (80 screws). The distance to the spinal canal, foramen transversarium, and neural foramen were measured to determine the likeliho

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Sangari, Santosh Kaur, Paul-Michel Dossous, Thomas Heineman, and Estomih Phillip Mtui. "Dimensions and Anatomical Variants of the Foramen Transversarium of Typical Cervical Vertebrae." Anatomy Research International 2015 (September 10, 2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/391823.

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The study was conducted on random sample of seventy-one dried, typical cervical vertebrae (C3–C6). The data on the age, sex, and built was not available. Using vernier calipers with 0.01 mm accuracy, the anteroposterior and transverse diameters of transverse foramina and their distance from the medial margin of the uncinate process were measured bilaterally. The mean diameter of the right/left transverse foramen varied from 2.54 mm to 7.79 mm (mean = 5.55 ± 0.87 mm) and from 2.65 mm to 7.35 mm (mean = 5.48 ± 0.77 mm), respectively. The transverse foramen was less than 3.5 mm in three vertebrae

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Kaur, Jasveen, Harpreet Singh Gulati, and Kamaljeet Kaur. "Morphometric Study of Atlas Vertebra In Relation to Sulcus Arteriae Vertebralis." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 11, no. 2 (2023): 8634–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2023.143.

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Background: Atlas(C1) is an atypical cervical vertebra shaped like a ring. Important structures like the vertebral artery, suboccipital plexus of veins and first cervical nerve pass through it. Knowledge of the variability of C1 is important for neurosurgeons, orthopaedicians, otorhynologists and other physicians who in everyday practice are in contact with disorders of the spine and their consequences. So, this study was undertaken to assess the various dimensions of the C1 in relation to the vertebral artery groove. Methods and materials: fifty dried human atlas vertebrae were studied. Vario

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M, Lalit, Piplani S, and Piplani N. "Exploring the Anatomical and Clinical Perspectives of the Vertebra Prominens (C7)." Journal of Human Anatomy 8, no. 1 (2024): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.23880/jhua-16000207.

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The vertebra prominens is unique for its palpable prominence at the dorsum of the neck that serves as a key landmark in both clinical examinations and surgical procedures. Anatomical and morphometric aspects of the vertebra prominens also play a very important role in degenerative, traumatic and neoplastic diseases of the cervical spine and also as a reference point in surgery. This e-book “Exploring the Anatomical and Clinical Perspectives of the Vertebra Prominens” provides an in-depth analysis of its morphological and morphometric components. Dry bone specimens were utilized to measure vert

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Fox, Mark W., David G. Piepgras, and John D. Bartleson. "Anterolateral decompression of the atlantoaxial vertebral artery for symptomatic positional occlusion of the vertebral artery." Journal of Neurosurgery 83, no. 4 (1995): 737–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1995.83.4.0737.

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✓ A case of repeated vertebrobasilar ischemic attacks related to head rotation (bow hunter's stroke) is reported. With head rotation of 45° or more to the right, the patient would become lightheaded and feel as if she were going to lose consciousness. Angiography performed when head rotation was to the right revealed mechanical compression of the left vertebral artery at the foramen transversarium of the axis and an occluded right vertebral artery. Untethering of the vertebral artery as it passed through the foramen transversarium of the atlas in this case completely relieved the patient's sym

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Priyanka, Raj, Pallavi, and Kumar Singh Ashok. "Morphometric Assessment of the Foramen Transversarium of Cervical Vertebrae: An Observational Study." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 14, no. 5 (2022): 751–55. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13830233.

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<strong>Aim: </strong>To study the morphometry of foramen transversarium of the cervical vertebrae on both sides. <strong>Material & Methods: </strong>The present study was conducted in the department of Anatomy, Vardhman institute of medical sciences, Pawapuri, Nalanda, Bihar, India for three months. 400 dry human cervical vertebras of unknown age and sex were utilized for this study. <strong>Results: </strong>After intercomparison, the p-value was found to be <0.001 (p<0.05) in all cases, which was statistically significant<strong>. </strong>A signific

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Bhingardeo, Alka. "Bilateral double foramen transversarium in cervical vertebra." Medpulse International Journal of Anatomy 20, no. 3 (2022): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26611/10012032.

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Sikka, Aprajita, and Anjali Jain. "Bilateral Variation in the Origin and Course of the Vertebral Artery." Anatomy Research International 2012 (June 6, 2012): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/580765.

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Understanding the great vessels of the aortic arch and their variations is important for both the endovascular interventionist and the diagnostic radiologist. An understanding of the variability of the vertebral artery remains most important in angiography and surgical procedures where an incomplete knowledge of anatomy can lead to serious implications. In the present case, a bilateral variation in the origin and course of vertebral artery was observed. The left vertebral artery took origin from the arch of aorta and entered the foramen transversarium of the fourth cervical vertebra. The right

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Senthilnathan, S., and V. Rajitha. "Isolated congenital foramen transversarium abnormality causing occipital headache." Ceylon Medical Journal 56, no. 1 (2011): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cmj.v56i1.2026.

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Taitz, Cecil, and Baruch Arensburg. "Erosion of the Foramen transversarium of the Axis." Cells Tissues Organs 134, no. 1 (1989): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000146668.

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Stojanovic, Vesna, Milena Trandafilovic, Miljana Pavlovic, Sladjana Ugrenovic, Braca Kundalic, and Jovana Cukuranovic-Kokoris. "Variations in Foramen Transversarium in Typical Cervical Vertebra." International Journal of Morphology 42, no. 4 (2024): 945–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-95022024000400945.

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PGDMCH, Camellia Chanda MBBS,. "Accessory Foramen Transversarium in Cervical Vertebrae – An Osteological Study." Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research 05, no. 02 (2017): 17437–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v5i2.37.

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S, Kaur. "Study of Morphometric Analysis of Foramen Transversarium and Uncinate Process and Clinical Relevance in Typical Cervical Vertebrae." Journal of Human Anatomy 8, no. 1 (2024): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/jhua-16000198.

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The foramen transversarium differentiates the cervical vertebrae from the other vertebrae of the spinal column. From the first part of the subclavian artery, the vertebral artery arises and passes through the foramen transversarium. FT protects the vertebral artery. The medial boundary of the luschka joint is a safe sight to protect the vertebral artery. The Uncovertebral Joint, also known as the Luschka Joint, is a joint that was formed by the Uncinate Process between the cervical vertebra bodies. These joints form the medial border of an intervertebral foramen in the cervical area below C-2

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Kahveci, Ceyda, and İsmail Malkoç. "Radiologic Investigation of the Presence of Accessory Transverse Foramen in Individuals Aged 21-60 Years Living in the Western Black Sea Region." Sağlık Bilimlerinde Değer 15, no. 2 (2025): 252–55. https://doi.org/10.33631/sabd.1617913.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to radiologically evaluate the occurrence of more than one for. transversarium, called accessory foramen transversarium (ATF), in individuals aged 21-60 years living in the Western Black Sea Region. Material and Methods: Personal information (name, last name and age) of the patients who participated in the study were not shared and confidentiality was taken as a basis. In the study, cervical vertebrae of 200 healthy individuals, 100 females and 100 males aged 21-60 years, were obtained retrospectively by Computed Tomography (CT) through the Hospital Imaging Archi

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Molinet Guerra, Marcia, Patricio Robles Fuentes, and Ignacio Roa. "Anatomical Variations of the Foramen Transversarium in Cervical Vertebrae." International Journal of Morphology 35, no. 2 (2017): 719–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-95022017000200053.

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Sharma, Archana, Kuldeep Singh, Vishnu Gupta, and Shubha Stivastava. "Double Foramen Transversarium in Cervical Vertebra an Osteological Study." Journal of Anatomical Society of India 59, no. 2 (2010): 229–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-2778(10)80031-0.

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Panchal, Padam Jeet. "Double foramen transversarium in cervical vertebrae: An Osteological Study." Journal of the Anatomical Society of India 66 (August 2017): S121—S122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasi.2017.08.388.

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Sharma, Vanita, Anju Pratap, Sushma Makhaik, Kunal Chawla, Neeraj Kumar, and Ankur Gupta. "Variable origin of vertebral artery : A Cadaveric and Multidetector computed tomographic study on Indian population." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 7, no. 04 (2018): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1701736.

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Abstract Background: The knowledge of normal and variant anatomy of vertebral artery is important for the interpretation of vascular radiology and in performing safe vascular procedures like repair of aneurysms, excision of craniocervical junction masses & vertebral endarterectomy. Aim: To find out incidence of left vertebral artery of aortic origin in North Indian population. Materials & Method: During routine dissection of thoracic region, an anatomical variation of origin of left vertebral artery of aortic origin was observed in adult male cadaver. To find out incidence of left vert

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Lalit, Monika, Anupama Mahajan, Sanjay Piplani, and Jagdev S. Kullar. "An Anatomical Study of the Morphometric Differences between Complete Arcuate Foramina and Ipsilateral Foramina Transversaria in Human Atlas Vertebrae: Could these Be Responsible for Vaso-occlusive Symptoms?" National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 08, no. 03 (2019): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1697550.

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Abstract Background and Aims Arcuate foramina (AF), the atlas bridges formed by a delicate bony spicule over the posterior arch of atlas, have been implicated in the compression of the vertebral artery during extreme rotation of head and neck movements. Reduction in the size of arcuate foramina as compared with foramen transversarium (FT) is also an important cause for the compression of vertebral artery. Aim of the present study was to determine the morphometric differences between complete AF and ipsilateral foramina transversaria. Materials and Methods Eighty dry adult human atlas vertebrae

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Cohen, Michael A., Alexander I. Evins, Gennaro Lapadula, Leopold Arko, Philip E. Stieg, and Antonio Bernardo. "The rectus capitis lateralis and the condylar triangle: important landmarks in posterior and lateral approaches to the jugular foramen." Journal of Neurosurgery 127, no. 6 (2017): 1398–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2016.9.jns16723.

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OBJECTIVEThe rectus capitis lateralis (RCL) is a small posterior cervical muscle that originates from the transverse process of C-1 and inserts onto the jugular process of the occipital bone. The authors describe the RCL and its anatomical relationships, and discuss its utility as a surgical landmark for safe exposure of the jugular foramen in extended or combined skull base approaches. In addition, the condylar triangle is defined as a landmark for localizing the vertebral artery (VA) and occipital condyle.METHODSFour cadaveric heads (8 sides) were used to perform far-lateral, extended far-la

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Lalit, Monika, Sanjay Piplani, J. S. Kullar, and Anupama Mahajan. "Morphometric Analysis of Lateral Masses of Axis Vertebrae in North Indians." Anatomy Research International 2014 (August 24, 2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/425868.

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Background and Objective. The lateral masses of axis have good cancellous bone quality beneath the articular surface of facets that make this area a good site for the insertion of an internal fixation device. Methods. 60 dry axis vertebrae were obtained for anatomic evaluation focused on pedicle, superior and inferior articular facets, and foramen transversarium. Based upon linear and angular parameters the mean, range, and standard deviation were calculated. Results. The mean length, width, and height of the pedicle were 21.61 ± 2.37 mm, 8.82 ± 2.43 mm, and 5.63 ± 2.06 mm. The mean pedicle su

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Dofe, M. Y., A. P. Kasote, and M. M. Meshram. "THE STUDY OF CERVICAL VERTEBRAE SHOWING VARIATIONAL PRESENTATION OF FORAMEN TRANSVERSARIUM." International Journal of Anatomy and Research 3, no. 2 (2015): 1128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2015.176.

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Arunkumar, Arivalagan, Bhargavan Rajesh, and V. Tamilalagan. "Variations among Foramen Transversarium in Cervical Vertebrae and its Clinical Significance." Indian Journal of Anatomy 7, no. 2 (2018): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ija.2320.0022.7218.6.

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Murugan, Magi, and Suman Verma. "A study on variations of foramen transversarium of cervical vertebrae." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 3, no. 1 (2014): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2277-4025.297367.

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Akhtar, Md, Premjeet Madhukar, Shamir Rahman, and Nishant Kashyap. "A morphometric study of foramen transversarium of dried cervical vertebrae." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 3, no. 4 (2015): 912. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/2320-6012.ijrms20150418.

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Nguyen, D. K., and P. Laplante. "Extrinsic compression of vertebral artery by congenital foramen transversarium stenosis." Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases 6, no. 6 (1997): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1052-3057(97)80161-9.

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Kumar Saxena, Amit, Prachi Saffar Aneja, Naresh Kumar Sharma, and Harnam Singh Madan. "VARIATIONS IN THE NUMBER OF FORAMEN TRANSVERSARIUM: AN OSTEOLOGICAL STUDY." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 5, no. 13 (2016): 531–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2016/122.

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FREILICH, MARK, CHAT VIRAPONGSE, E. LEON KIER, MOHAMMAD SARWAR, and SULTAN BHIMANI. "Foramen Transversarium Enlargement Due to Tortuosity of the Vertebral Artery." Spine 11, no. 1 (1986): 95–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007632-198601000-00030.

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Varghese, Jija E., Suganthy Rabi, Vivek Joseph, Lakshmanan Jeyaseelan, and Ivan J. Prithishkumar. "Morphometric Analysis of the Neural Arch of C2 Vertebra in Indian Population." Neurology India 72, no. 2 (2024): 334–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ni.ni_1033_22.

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Abstract:

Background and Objective: The most common injuries to upper cervical spine are fractures of the second cervical vertebrae. The study aims to evaluate the morphometry of the neural arch of the second cervical vertebrae in the South Indian population. Materials and Methods: Sixty-three second cervical vertebrae of undetermined gender and age without any gross defect were used for the study. The dimensions of neural arch, including superior articular facet, inferior articular facet, pediculoisthmic component, lamina, spinous process, foramen transversarium, and vertebral foramen, were measured by

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Hingmire, Vivek K., Kavita S. Kokane, and Nagaraja V. Pai. "Morphological Study of Foramen Transversarium of Atlas Vertebrae and its Clinical Significance." SSR Institute of International Journal of Life Sciences 11, no. 2 (2025): 7059–63. https://doi.org/10.21276/ssr-iijls.2025.11.2.9.

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Chauhan, Renu, and Jugesh Khanna. "Absence of costal element of the foramen transversarium of atlas vertebrae." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 1, no. 2 (2013): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/2320-6012.ijrms20130505.

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Oetgen, Matthew E., Brandon D. Lawrence, and James J. Yue. "Does the Morphology of Foramen Transversarium Fractures Predict Vertebral Artery Injuries?" Spine 33, no. 25 (2008): E957—E961. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/brs.0b013e31818e2f31.

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Sanchis-Gimeno, Juan Alberto, Francisco Martínez-Soriano, and Luis Aparicio-Bellver. "Degenerative anatomic deformities in the foramen transversarium of cadaveric cervical vertebrae." Osteoporosis International 16, no. 9 (2005): 1171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00198-005-1908-2.

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Önaloğlu, Yiğit, Kadir Abul, Ali Kürşad Ganiyusufoğlu, Ali Volkan Özlük, and Mehmet Bülent Balioğlu. "Congenital Scoliosis with Bilateral Foramen Transversarium in the Fifth Lumbar Vertebra." Cam and Sakura Medical Journal 3, no. 3 (2023): 120–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4274/csmedj.galenos.2023.2023-5-4.

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