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1
Puspita, Annisaa Dina, and Anis Rosyidah. "Force Based Design and Direct Displacement Based Design for Dual System Structure." Logic : Jurnal Rancang Bangun dan Teknologi 19, no. 3 (2019): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.31940/logic.v19i3.1454.
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The Force Based Design (FBD) and the Direct Displacement-Based Design (DDBD) are methods for designing seismic-resistant buildings. Building structures designed, are expected to be suitable with the purpose and usefulness of a building. For this reason, this study compares the performance of dual system structures using the DDBD and FBD methods that aim to prove better performance with consideration of safety against users during an earthquake. This research method uses design analysis method to compare the value of the base shear force, reinforcement ratio, and performance level using software for static nonlinear pushover analysis. The results showed the value of the base shear force x direction of the DDBD method was 17.57% smaller than the FBD method, whereas for the y direction the DDBD value was greater than 9.38% of the FBD. The value of the reinforcement ratio of the beam, column and shear wall results is greater DDBD than FBD. The actual drift of the DDBD and FBD methods is slightly different. So that both are at the same level of performance, namely damage control. The performance level has not reached the performance target of life safety design in DDBD, but the structure has met the level performance requirements for offices.
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Zhang, Qi, M. Shahria Alam, Saqib Khan, and Jianping Jiang. "Seismic performance comparison between force-based and performance-based design as per Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code (CHBDC) 2014." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 43, no. 8 (2016): 741–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2015-0419.
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Performance-based design (PBD) was first introduced in Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code (CHBDC) in 2014. Performance-based design is the design that meets multiple performance criteria under different earthquake hazards. To investigate the impact of changes in CHBDC 2014, a four-span concrete highway bridge is designed and evaluated using force-based design (FBD) and PBD methods as per CHBDC 2014, and FBD method as per CHBDC 2006. By incorporating soil–structure interaction (using p–y curves) nonlinear pushover and dynamic time history analyses are conducted to assess the seismic performance of these bridges. Maximum strains of concrete and reinforcing steel are compared among the three designs to determine their performance levels. It is concluded that PBD (CHBDC 2014) is highly conservative compared to FBD (for both CHBDC 2014 and 2006). For the three-level PBD approach, the design is governed by the criterion of reinforcing steel not yielding under the design earthquake (with 475 years return period).
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MEENA, A. BHAGAT, and KAKDE SHUBHANGI. "STUDY ON PERFORMANCE ON FORCE BASED DESIGN VS DISPLACEMENT BASED DESIGN IN EVALUATING SEISMIC DEMAND ON REGULAR RCC STRUCTURE." JournalNX - a Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal 3, no. 6 (2017): 65–68. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1421037.
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Recently many research projects related to the design of earthquake resistant structures and various robust construction methods are expected to be earthquakes and the study explains two major methods of Force Based Design (FBD) and Direct Displacement Based Design(DDBD) in which the first is a Conventional method, while later one is an approach to design performance. Design and analysis were in bare-frame dimensions of four, eight and twelve stories based on the following IS 456, IS 1893 codes: 2000, ETABSA and two design approaches should be studied.
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Fox, Matthew J., Timothy J. Sullivan, and Katrin Beyer. "Comparison of Force-Based and Displacement-Based Design approaches for RC coupled walls in New Zealand." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 47, no. 3 (2014): 190–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.47.3.190-205.
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Reinforced concrete coupled walls are a common lateral load resisting system used in multi-storey buildings. The effect of the coupling beams can improve seismic performance, but at the same time adds complexity to the design procedure. A case study coupled wall building is designed using Force-Based Design (FBD) and Direct Displacement-Based Design (DDBD) and in the case of the latter a step by step design example is provided. Distributed plasticity fibre-section beam element numerical models of the coupled walls are developed in which coupling beams are represented by diagonal truss elements and experimental results are used to confirm that this approach can provide a good representation of hysteretic behaviour. The accuracy of the two different design methods is then assessed by comparing the design predictions to the results of non-linear time-history analyses. It is shown that the DDBD approach gives an accurate prediction of inter-storey drift response. The FBD approach, in accordance with NZS1170.5 and NZS3101, is shown to include an impractical procedure for the assignment of coupling beam strengths and code equations for the calculation of coupling beam characteristics appear to include errors. Finally, the work highlights differences between the P-delta considerations that are made in FBD and DDBD, and shows that the code results are very sensitive to the way in which P-delta effects are accounted for.
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Reza, Samy M., M. Shahria Alam, and Solomon Tesfamariam. "Seismic performance comparison between direct displacement-based and force-based design of a multi-span continuous reinforced concrete bridge with irregular column heights." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 41, no. 5 (2014): 440–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2012-0278.
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North American bridge design codes, e.g., Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code and AASHTO 2007, follow force-based design (FBD) method, which is focused at the target force resistance capacity of the structure. Displacement-based design (DBD) method, on the other hand, aims to ensure a target maximum displacement of the bridge during earthquakes in a specific zone. In this study, bridges with irregular column heights have been designed according to DBD and FBD (as per Canadian standards and AASHTO 2007) considering seismic loading. Subsequently, seismic performances of the bridges designed with the two different methods have been compared by conducting nonlinear dynamic analyses in the longitudinal direction. Maximum and residual displacements and energy dissipation capacity are used as performance indicators. This study outlines the necessity of possible modification in the current Canadian seismic design standards as well as DBD for bridges with irregular column heights.
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Parisi, Fulvio. "Seismic Design of Box-Type Unreinforced Masonry Buildings Through Direct Displacement-Based Approach." Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 10, no. 1 (2016): 293–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836801610010293.
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In the last decade, displacement-based seismic design procedures have been recognised to be effective alternatives to force-based design (FBD) methods. Indeed, displacement based design (DBD) may allow the structural engineer to get more realistic predictions of local and global deformations of the structure, and hence damage, under design earthquakes. This facilitates the achievement of performance objectives and loss mitigation in the lifetime of the structure. Nonetheless, DBD needs further investigation for some structural types such as masonry buildings. In this paper, a direct displacement based design (DDBD) procedure for unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings is presented and critically compared to FBD. The procedure is proposed for box-type URM buildings with reinforced concrete slabs, bond beams and lintels above openings, which have shown acceptable seismic performance in severe earthquakes preventing out-of-plane failure modes. Seismic design of a three storey brick masonry building in a high seismicity region is discussed as a case study. The effects of ordinary and near-field design earthquakes, as well as load combinations and accidental eccentricity prescribed by current codes, were investigated. Finally, design solutions provided by FBD and DDBD were optimised and their construction costs were estimated. It was found that, particularly at small epicentral distances, neglecting the combination of horizontal seismic actions and accidental eccentricity may induce significant underestimation and an ideally more uniform distribution of strength demands on URM walls. In addition, construction costs resulting from DDBD may be significantly lower than those related to code based FBD procedures.
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Pudjisuryadi, Pamuda, William Sumargo, Alvin Kho, and Benjamin Lumantarna. "Performance Evaluation of Simple Regular Buildings using FBD and DDBD Methods with a Consistent Target Drift." Civil Engineering Dimension 27, no. 1 (2025): 59–72. https://doi.org/10.9744/ced.27.1.59-72.
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The Direct Displacement Based Design (DDBD) method, proposed by Priestley, is an alternative to the traditional Force-Based Design (FBD) method for earthquake-resistant design. This study compares the performance of 4-story and 12-story buildings designed using both FBD and DDBD with the same target drift of 2%. The differences in base shear used for the design of the two approaches are discussed. To evaluate the buildings' performance, Nonlinear Dynamic Procedure (NDP) analysis, or nonlinear time history analysis, was conducted considering 500 and 2500 years return period earthquakes. The results indicate that the actual drift of both designs deviates from the target drift; however, the observed drifts remain within the maximum limits set by FEMA 356. Moreover, plastic damages were observed in unexpected areas of the columns, suggesting that the strong-column weak-beam design concept, as stipulated by building codes, does not entirely prevent damage to columns.
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Palsanawala, T. N., K. M. Gondaliya, and S. A. Vasanwala. "Seismic fragility comparison of FBD and DDBD designed RC frame using incremental dynamic analysis." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1326, no. 1 (2024): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1326/1/012006.
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Abstract Direct displacement-based design (DDBD) is a design approach in which structures are designed for predefined displacements to withstand earthquakes within specified performance criteria. In order to defeat the drawbacks of force-based design (FBD), which is based on stiffness assumptions, the DDBD method evaluated the displacement constraint in which structure response must remain within the predetermined displacement. The fragility assessment reveals the structure’s probability of future collapse from the nonlinear analysis will help to detect the structure’s performance. In this study, Incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) is performed on a four-story reinforced concrete (RC) frame structure designed using DDBD and FBD approach to predict nonlinear structural behavior in earthquake-prone regions. The RC frame is designed to satisfy the immediate occupancy (IO) performance limit of 1% drift while taking into account the DDBD method. Sixteen ground motions with two horizontal directions mounted to various intensity levels represented by peak ground acceleration (PGA) are used to perform IDA. Fragility curves are generated from logarithms of intensity measures (IM) computed from the IDA. As a result, earthquake damage in terms of the probability of collapse and inter-storey drift ratio are compared for both approaches and using the DDBD approach, four times less PGA occurrence is observed for the IO performance limit compared to FBD.
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Falcão Moreira, Rodrigo, Humberto Varum, and José Miguel Castro. "On the Applicability of Conventional Seismic Design Methodologies to Hybrid RC-Steel Systems." Buildings 12, no. 10 (2022): 1558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101558.
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This paper addresses the application of conventional (force-based) seismic design methodologies to hybrid RC-steel systems. The q-factor-based EC8-3 seismic assessment procedure is first reviewed. A case-study application follows, analyzing and discussing the difficulties a practitioner will face when assessing the efficiency of a steel-brace retrofitting system designed within the framework of EC8-1. Afterward, the performance of the obtained retrofitted structure is evaluated using nonlinear analysis. The obtained results are discussed in light of the EC8-3 performance requirements, and conclusions are drawn about the adequacy of the force-based design (FBD) methodology (and associated q-factors) for such situations. The study shows that the process does not ensure the adequate seismic behavior of the retrofitted structures. It thus calls for the development of an effective performance-based design methodology that explicitly considers the interaction between the two structural systems (RC structure and steel braces), namely the influence of the steel braces’ resistance on the deformation capacity of RC members.
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Hilmi, Zihan Ramdan, Bayzoni Bayzoni, and Hasti Riakara Husni. "Evaluation of Stucture Performance the Building a Regional Police Headquarters of Lampung using Direct Displacement Based Design Method of Base Shear Forces." Jurnal Rekayasa Sipil dan Desain 8, no. 4 (2021): 667–80. https://doi.org/10.23960/jrsdd.v8i4.1519.
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Direct Displacement Based Design (DDBD) is a new method in computing the loading of earthquakes resistant building structures with displacement as a performance target, which is considered to be more efficient than the method often used previously, namely the Force Based Design (FBD). The purpose of this research is evaluate the performance of the Lampung Regional Police Headquarters building based on the ATC-40 and FEMA 440, where the dimensions of the structure used from shop drawings and can be change if the dimensions not meet requirements. The loads used are gravity loads and base shear force designed using DDBD, where the design performance target is life safety. In the evaluation process of this research, there is one type of main beam that must be changes in dimensions, and the result of structure performance evaluation is immediate occupancy, based on ATC-40 and FEMA 440. Keywords: Displacement, DDBD, Evaluation of Performance.
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Dwiqhee Abdul Ghani, Zulfikar Djauhari, and Reni Suryanita. "Kontrol Perencanaan Struktur Rangka Beton Bertulang Berdasarkan Indeks Kerusakan." Sainstek (e-Journal) 7, no. 2 (2019): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.35583/js.v7i2.20.
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Perencanaan struktur beton bertulang umumnya menggunakan metodestrength based design atau biasa disebut force based design (FBD). MetodeFBD tidak mampu mengidentifikasi kinerja dan indeks kerusakan strukturyang terjadi, maka diperlukan analisis lebih lanjut yang dinamakanperformance based design (PBD). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalahmengidentifikasi pengaruh rasio tulangan kolom dan balok terhadap indekskerusakan struktur. Pada penelitian ini, indeks kerusakan statis struktur (DIE)dihitung berdasarkan luasan kurva spektrum kapasitas yang telah dibuatberdasarkan ATC-40 melalui analisis pushover. Struktur yang dianalisismerupakan struktur rangka beton bertulang 4 lantai dengan pembebanangempa rencana berdasarkan SNI 1726-2012. Nilai parameter yang ditinjauadalah nilai rasio tulangan balok dan kolom beserta pengaruhnya terhadapindeks kerusakan struktur (DIE). Hasil analisis indeks kerusakan menunjukanbahwa portal dengan rasio tulangan balok 0,579% dan rasio tulangan kolom2,268% lebih layak untuk menahan beban gempa rencana karena nilai DIEyang terjadi adalah 2,508. Nilai ini tidak melebihi indeks kerusakan statisrencana (DIS) yang telah dijadikan ambang batas untuk kerusakan sedangyaitu sebesar 0,2519. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi acuan danrekomendasi untuk perencanaan struktur bangunan tahan gempa.
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Jian, Bin, Chaoyi Lei, and Pingping Liao. "A Relative Reliability Approach for Direct Displacement-Based Seismic Design of Partially Prestressed Reinforced Concrete Frame Structures." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/234879.
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A relative reliability approach for Direct Displacement-Based Design (DDBD) is first proposed in this paper, which is based on the average reliability level implicit in current Chinese design codes. By introducing a relative reliability coefficientα, the determination of reliability from DDBD is transformed to the calculation of its ratio to the average reliability of current Chinese codes. This approach not only follows the reliability principle of current Chinese codes, but also avoids the complex calculation of reliability in general. The calculation of reliability at any performance level can be transformed to the nominal reliability of frequent earthquake for the expected earthquake risk level. Meanwhile, based on the assumption of elasticity, it is shown that, under frequent earthquake risk, the calculated base shear derived from DDBD theoretically equals that from force-based design (FBD). Therefore, a revised calculation of section bearing capacity for DDBD, which follows the expression in current Chinese codes, is advised, according to the numerical study of 24 examples of Partially Prestressed Reinforced Concrete (PPRC) frame structures. Finally, this proposed approach is verified to be effective and superior by a comparative analysis of 10 examples of PPRC frames.
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Bairán, J. M., R. Moreno-González, and J. Peguero. "Seismic Behavior of Medium and High Strength Concrete Buildings." Open Civil Engineering Journal 9, no. 1 (2015): 308–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501509010308.
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Current concrete technology has made higher concrete grades more affordable to mid and high-rise buildings; hence its use has been increasing in the late years as it allows for smaller cross-sections, reduction of the structure’s weight, improve durability, among other benefits. However, it is known that brittleness of plain concrete increases with the strength; therefore, some national codes have limited the concrete’s strength in high seismic zones. In this paper, the seismic behavior of a 10 storey dual frame-wall building, designed with concrete grades C30, C60 and C90 is studied in order to assess the advantages and disadvantages of this material and investigate the effects of high concrete strength on the seismic behavior of buildings. In total, three models were studied. Furthermore, a comparison between Force-Based-Design (FBD) and Displacement-Based-Design (DBD) methodologies is made. DBD showed advantages in determining the adequate design ductility and the distribution of forces between frame and wall. The structures are designed according to Eurocode 8 for seismic design high ductility structures. To assess the seismic performance of the building, pushover analyses were made according to the Eurocode 8 (N2 method) in order to determine the performance point. It is observed that adequate design could accommodate concrete’s reduction of ductility. Needed confinement levels can objectively be defined for different concrete strength. Some benefits of the overall increase of strength are highlighted in the paper. The C90 building showed adequate response, although changes on the failure mode were observed.
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Liu, Zhiqiang, Lei Xia, Bin Wu, Ronghua Huan, and Zhilong Huang. "Control Algorithm Design of a Force-Balance Accelerometer." Sensors 23, no. 20 (2023): 8640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23208640.
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The force-balanced accelerometer (FBA), unlike other types of sensors, incorporates a closed-loop control. The efficacy of the system is contingent not solely on the hardware, but more critically on the formulation of the control algorithm. Conventional control strategies are usually designed for the purpose of response minimization of the sensitive elements, which limits the measurement accuracy and applicable frequency bandwidth of FBAs. In this paper, based on the model predictive control (MPC), a control algorithm of a force-balance accelerometer considering time delay is designed. The variable augmentation method is proposed to convert the force-balance control into an easy-handed measurement error minimization control problem. The discretization method is applied to deal with the time delay problem in the closed loop. The control algorithm is integrated into a practical FBA. The effectiveness of the proposed control is demonstrated through experiments conducted in an ultra-quiet chamber, as well as simulations. The results show that the closed loop in the FBA has a time delay 10 times of the control period, and, utilizing the proposed control, the acceleration signals can be accurately measured with a frequency range larger than 500 Hz. Meanwhile, the vibration response of the sensitive element of the controlled FBA is maintained at the level of microns, which guarantees a large measurement range of the FBA.
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Sciomenta, Martina, Vincenzo Rinaldi, Chiara Bedon, and Massimo Fragiacomo. "Application of Modal-Displacement Based Design Method to Multi-Story Timber Blockhaus Structures." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11 (2020): 3889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10113889.
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Structures under seismic excitation undergo different inter-story drift levels that can be associated to damage of both structural and non-structural elements, and thus to the expected losses. The Modal-Displacement Based Design (DBD) procedure, in this regard, has been developed to fix major issues of Force Based Design (FBD) approaches, thus to design multi-story buildings in which the inter-story drift can allow one to control damage mechanisms. In this paper, the conventional Modal-DBD methodology is applied to multi-story timber buildings constructed using the Blockhaus technology. Given their intrinsic geometrical and mechanical features (i.e., stacking of logs, door/window openings, gaps and friction mechanisms, etc.), dedicated methods of analysis are required for them, compared to other wooden structures. A three-story case-study Blockhaus system of technical interest is thus presented for the assessment of Modal-DBD calculation steps. As shown, special care must be spent for the selection of convenient inter-story drift limits that in general should reflect the characteristics of the examined structural typology. The backbone parameters are thus collected for each shear-wall composing the 3D Blockhaus building, based on refined Finite Element (FE) analyses of separate log-walls. The overall results of the Modal-DBD process are thus finally assessed by means of a Push-Over (PO) analysis, carried out on a simplified 3D FE model of the examined multi-story structure. The comparison of FE predictions, as shown, demonstrates that reliable estimates can be obtained when the Modal-DBD procedure is applied to timber Blockhaus systems. In particular, base shear loads can be estimated with good accuracy, while the corresponding top displacements are slightly overestimated (with up to +10%–14% the expected values, for the collapse prevention performance level).
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Liang, Minfu, Yang Song, Xinqiu Fang, et al. "Structural Design and Application of Desensitized FBG Force-Measuring Bolt." Sensors 22, no. 10 (2022): 3930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22103930.
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Bolt-supporting technology has been widely used in mine roadway support, and its own working conditions have important reference value for roadway safety support. In order to realize the continuous and reliable monitoring of the bolt rod’s working condition, this paper analyzes the existing problems of the existing fiber Bragg grating force-measuring bolt (FBG-FMB), and proposes a fiber grating strain desensitization sensing theory. Based on this theory, a desensitized FBG-FMB is developed with the spring as the elastic sensitive element. A mechanical analysis and drawing test show that the strain of the force-measuring bolt is greater than 60 times the micro-strain of the fiber grating, which verifies the feasibility of the structure design of the FBG-FMB. Finally, through the field application in the coal mine roadway, the working conditions of the bolt body at the two measuring points of the roadway are obtained to verify the reliability of the force-measuring bolt. In addition, the desensitized FBG-FMB can be widely used in the supporting fields of underground engineering such as slopes, tunnels, and foundation pits.
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Guo, Yongxing, Dongsheng Zhang, Zude Zhou, Fangdong Zhu, and Li Xiong. "Development and commissioning of FBG sensors for impact test of rock fall protective barrier." Sensor Review 34, no. 4 (2014): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-09-2013-728.
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Purpose – This paper aims to present an effective sensing detection system based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing technology for protective barriers that have been effectively applied to intercept and stop rocks from falling onto railway tracks. . Determination of exact stress and deformation values during impact tests for key components of the protective barrier forms important criteria for quality control of these barriers. Monitoring changes in force along the protective barrier when deployed in field application allows for real-time disaster warning for collapse and falling rocks. Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, we propose a monitoring strategy for key components of a protective barrier. During performance tests, dynamic force and strain were measured for the steel strands and supporting I-beam, respectively. Design of a special elastic structure for the force transducer based on finite element analysis and tensile tests has been discussed here. Two types of FBG force transducers were manufactured based on the elastic structure. Four FBG force transducers and four FBG strain sensors were used for impact verification testing of a new rigid protective barrier with a design protection level of 25 KJ. Findings – Dynamic force and strain responses were obtained during an impact of free-falling block with a kinetic energy of 25 KJ. Originality/value – The FBG monitoring scheme can be extremely valuable for optimized design of the barrier and can provide real-time disaster warning in regions of collapse and falling rocks.
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Varfolomeev, Igor, Michael Windisch, and Gerben Sinnema. "Application of the strain-based FAD to failure assessment of surface cracked components." International Journal of Structural Integrity 6, no. 6 (2015): 689–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-01-2015-0002.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to validate the strain-based failure assessment diagram (SB-FAD) approach for surface cracks in components subjected to displacement controlled boundary conditions. Design/methodology/approach – Numerical analyses are performed for several crack geometries and materials representative for aerospace applications. The performance of the SB-FAD is judged by comparing numerically calculated J-integrals to respective analytical estimates, using both Options 1 and 2 approximations. Findings – In the most cases, both Options 1 and 2 SB-FAD method results in reasonably conservative J-estimates. Exceptions are for surface cracks in a pressurized vessel made of a material with low-strain hardening, for which Option 2 assessment produces non-conservative results. In contrast, Option 1 assessment is conservative for all geometries considered. In general, Option 1 results in a considerable overestimation of the crack driving force, whereas Option 2 produces rather accurate results in many cases. Originality/value – The results demonstrate both the potential of the SB-FAD method and needs for its further improvements.
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Wu, Huifeng, Lei Liang, Hui Wang, Shu Dai, Qiwei Xu, and Rui Dong. "Design and Measurement of a Dual FBG High-Precision Shape Sensor for Wing Shape Reconstruction." Sensors 22, no. 1 (2021): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22010168.
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FBG shape sensors based on soft substrates are currently one of the research focuses of wing shape reconstruction, where soft substrates and torque are two important factors affecting the performance of shape sensors, but the related analysis is not common. A high-precision soft substrates shape sensor based on dual FBGs is designed. First, the FBG soft substrate shape sensor model is established to optimize the sensor size parameters and get the optimal solution. The two FBG cross-laying method is adopted to effectively reduce the influence of torque, the crossover angle between the FBGs is 2α, and α = 30° is selected as the most sensitive angle to the torquer response. Second, the calibration test platform of this shape sensor is built to obtain the linear relationship among the FBG wavelength drift and curvature, rotation radian loaded vertical force and torque. Finally, by using the test specimen shape reconstruction test, it is verified that this shape sensor can improve the shape reconstruction accuracy, and that its reconstruction error is 6.13%, which greatly improves the fit of shape reconstruction. The research results show that the dual FBG high-precision shape sensor successfully achieves high accuracy and reliability in shape reconstruction.
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Wang, Juan, Zhichao Liu, Jinhua Yang, and Zhentao Zhang. "Research on Networking Algorithm of Distributed FBG Sensor Network." Mobile Information Systems 2021 (October 11, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5250778.
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The status monitoring of industrial process equipment is of great significance to its production energy efficiency and safety. A state monitoring system for complex surface structures based on the distributed FBG sensor network is proposed. The system adopts the FBG network and realizes the calculation of the stress field of the complex surface through the FBG layout design at different positions in the three-dimensional space. A 32-channel FBG sensor network is designed, and the light source, demodulation module, and processing system are selected and analyzed. On the basis of building the FBG sensor network, the stress field test was carried out on the industrial process equipment. For complex three-dimensional surface structures, an optical scanner is used for position offset calibration. Experiments show that when force is applied to the center point, the slope of the FBG at the best sensitive position is 0.715 pm/N; when force is applied on both sides, the maximum slope in the positive direction is 0.348 pm/N and the maximum slope in the negative direction is −0.381 pm/N. After data fusion correction is used, the average error of the three-dimensional position offset of the test data is 6.85%. It can be seen that the FBG network has the ability to monitor the state of complex surface structures in the industrial engineering equipment.
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Lahouli, Rihab, Manel Ben-Romdhane, Chiheb Rebai, and Dominique Dallet. "Mixed baseband architecture based on FBD ΣΔ–based ADC for multistandard receivers." ACTA IMEKO 4, no. 3 (2015): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v4i3.258.
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<p>This paper presents the design and simulation results of a novel mixed baseband stage for a frequency band decomposition (FBD) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) in a multistandard receiver. The proposed FBD-based ADC architecture is flexible with programmable parallel branches composed of discrete time (DT) 4<sup>th</sup> order single-bit Sigma-Delta modulators. The mixed baseband architecture uses a single non-programmable anti-aliasing filter (AAF) avoiding the use of an automatic gain control (AGC) circuit. System level analysis proved that the proposed FBD architecture satisfies design specifications of the software defined radio (SDR) receiver. In this paper, the authors focus on the Butterworth AAF filter design for a multistandard receiver. Besides, theoretical analysis of the reconstruction stage for UMTS test case is discussed. It leads to a complicated system of equations and high digital filter orders. To reduce the digital reconstruction stage complexity, the authors propose an optimized digital reconstruction stage architecture design. The demodulation-based digital reconstruction stage using two decimation stages has been implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Technical choices and performances are discussed. The computed signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the MATLAB/SIMULINK FBD ADC model is equal to at least 75 dB which satisfies the dynamic range required for UMTS signals. Next to hardware implementation with quantized filters coefficients, the authors implemented their proposition in VHDL in a SysGen environment. The measured SNR of the hardware implementation is equal to 74.08 dB which satisfies the required dynamic range of UMTS signals.</p>
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Wang, Yonghong, Xueying Liu, Mingyi Zhang, Songkui Sang, and Xiaoyu Bai. "Test and Study of Pipe Pile Penetration in Cohesive Soil Using FBG Sensing Technology." Sensors 20, no. 7 (2020): 1934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20071934.
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In order to examine the applicability of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensing technology in the static penetration of pipe piles, static penetration tests in clay were conducted using double-wall open and closed model pipe piles. The strain was measured using FBG sensors, and the plug height was measured using a cable displacement sensor. Using one open pile and two closed piles, the difference in pipe pile penetration was compared and analyzed. Based on FBG sensing technology and the strain data, the penetration characteristics of the pipe pile, such as axial force, lateral friction, and driving resistance were examined. Results showed that FBG sensing technology has superior testing performance for the pipe pile penetration process, can accurately reflect the strain time history of pipe piles, and can clearly reflect the penetration process of pipe piles with increasing penetration depth. In addition, the variation law of the characteristics of the jacked pile pile–soil interface was obtained. This test has significance for model tests and the engineering design of pipe piles.
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Fuss, Franz Konstantin. "The Dynamics of a Turning Ship: Mathematical Analysis and Simulation Based on Free Body Diagrams and the Proposal of a Pleometric Index." Dynamics 3, no. 3 (2023): 379–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dynamics3030021.
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This study attempts to shed new light on the dynamics of a turning ship using the principles of free body diagrams (FBDs). Unexpectedly, the literature gap is defined by incomplete and flawed FBDs. The method behind this new approach involves the FBD of a turning ship, with all the essential forces included, namely propulsive force, sideward thruster force (producing the initial turning moment), drag force, lift force, centrifugal force, inertial force, and hydrodynamic force couple. From these forces, the force and moment equations are derived. The accelerations are calculated from the force and moment equilibria to simulate the dynamics from input parameters such as mass m, length L, draught D, and fluid density ρ. The turning dynamics are explained in terms of velocities, accelerations, forces, and moments, based on two conditions: flat and steep angles of attack (AoA) and long and short turning radii R. A critical result is the proportionality of lift and centrifugal forces, leading to the proposal of a pleometric index (m·L–2·D–1·ρ–1), which is nonlinearly proportional to the product of AoA and R/L, characterising the dynamics of a turning ship. The FBD approach of this study also identified missing databases required for accurate simulation of turning dynamics, such as drag and lift coefficients of different hull geometries.
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Triwijaya, Santi, Yuli Prasetyo, Budi Triyono, Dimas Nur Prakoso, and Teuku Multazam. "Implementation of smart room system based PLC and block diagram function programming." Journal Geuthee of Engineering and Energy (JOGE) 3, no. 1 (2024): 01–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.52626/joge.v3i1.36.
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Technological developments have brought a revolution in the smart home concept, with smart rooms becoming the main focus to increase comfort, efficiency and security. This article explores the concept of a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) based smart room with Function Block Diagram (FBD) programming. PLCs, which were originally used in industry, were introduced into the smart home environment as a central brain capable of managing and controlling electronic devices. FBD programming, with its visual approach, provides an intuitive programming solution by using function blocks to represent control logic. Through the use of FBD-based PLCs, smart rooms can be effectively automated, including lighting, temperature and security aspects. The advantages of this method include an easy-to-understand programming interface and the ability to design control logic without requiring a deep understanding of programming languages. The research results show that FBD-based PLCs provide an efficient and effective solution to improve the function of smart rooms. This implementation can provide significant benefits in terms of energy management, occupant comfort and home security. Thus, the PLC-based smart room concept with FBD programming marks a step forward in realizing a smart home that is responsive, connected, and can be adapted to the needs of residents.
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Li, Yuan Ting, Qi Gang Han, Ming Zhe Li, and Peng Xiao Feng. "Study of Flexible Blank-Drawer Forming for Sheet Metal." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.401.
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In order to save the manufacturing cost and solve problems of stamping, a new type of flexible blank-drawer (FBD) forming device was presented by the authors based on the principle of flexible stretch-forming. It can be used with a variety of different sizes, different shapes of stamping die which can cut the manufacturing cost and shorten the development cycle of sheet metal forming largely. Extensive numerical simulations of the process for forming saddle parts were carried out and the forming results using FBD were compared with those using traditional blank-holder (TBH). By adjusting the value of blank-drawer force, good quality of saddle parts can be attained easily. Simulation results indicate that FBD forming can solve the shortages of TBH forming, inhibit wrinkle, prevent fracture, and form parts with small springback and uniform strain. This work can provide useful guidance in plastic forming technology for sheet metal.
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Yoo, Junbeom, Sungdeok Cha, Chang Hwoi Kim, and Duck Yong Song. "Synthesis of FBD-based PLC design from NuSCR formal specification." Reliability Engineering & System Safety 87, no. 2 (2005): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2004.05.005.
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Liang, Minfu, Kewei Li, Xinqiu Fang, et al. "Development of FBG Inclination Sensor: A Study on Attitude Monitoring of Hydraulic Supports in Coal Mines." Applied Sciences 15, no. 7 (2025): 3429. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073429.
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The hydraulic support is one of the most crucial pieces of equipment at the working face. To achieve the intelligentization of the attitude-monitoring system, we have designed and developed a Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) inclinometer for the hydraulic support. This innovation offers a brand-new monitoring tool and approach for measuring the attitude angle of the hydraulic support. The FBG inclinometer for the hydraulic support integrates passive grating sensing technology with an inclination force element. It not only fulfills the inclination measurement function but also employs passive sensing technology, rendering it safer and more reliable compared to electromagnetic inclinometers. First, we delved into the sensing principle of the grating based on its structure, and investigated its sensing characteristics under uniform axial stress and temperature variations. We analyzed the strain–temperature cross-sensitivity issue and applied a temperature compensation technique. Second, we carried out a novel structural design and proposed two design alternatives: the cantilever beam type was selected after a comprehensive comparison. Subsequently, we deduced the corresponding theoretical formulas and ultimately adopted the temperature compensation method using an unstressed reference grating. Finally, on-site verification was conducted on the hydraulic support in the general mining face of Delong Mine, and the FBG inclinometer successfully passed the test. Finally, an actual test was carried out at the Delong Coal Mine site, and the subsequent use yielded quite satisfactory results. An analysis of the data collected on-site by the FBG inclinometer for the hydraulic support revealed that the newly developed FBG inclinometer for the hydraulic support can be effectively applied in the field of intelligent monitoring in underground coal mines. The monitoring data can serve as a reliable data foundation for assessing the operating attitude of the hydraulic support. This indicates that the FBG inclinometer is highly suitable for wide-scale industrial applications.
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Gupta, Aparna, Vijay Sharma, and Lalit Singh. "Process variable studies for preparation of optimized system for bupropion hydrochloride using CCD." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 2-s (2019): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i2-s.2513.
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Aim of present work is to develop optimized sustained release dosage form of Bupropion hydrochloride using Formulation by Design (FbD) approach. Development and optimization of formulation batches was done by design experiment using Central Composite Design (CCD). Tablets were formulated by direct compression technique and evaluated. The impact of independent variables like concentration of Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC K4M) and Carbopol (CP 934P) were observed on dependent variable like hardness of tablet, drug release in 12 h (Q12h) and the time for fifty percent release of drug (T50%). Polynomial equations were generated using multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA), response surface plots and contour plots were drawn, optimum formulations were selected by brute force method. The hardness and Q12h was found in the range of 4.4- 4.7 Kg/cm2 and 88.19- 96.7% respectively, while T50% was found in the range of 3.5- 5.5h. Validation of optimization study performed using four confirmatory experimental runs which indicated very high degree of prognostic ability of FbD methodology with percentage error varied between -0.024% and 0.024 %. The overlaying of all these plots provided an overlay plot, which signified the region of optimization. Thus, central composite design (CCD) is a useful tool in the development of optimized dosage form along with the significance of independent variable as well as least investment of money, manpower and time. Keywords: Formulation by Design, Central Composite Design, Bupropion Hydrochloride.
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Dong, Shiyuan, Sen Ma, Tenglong Zhou, et al. "A Miniaturized FBG Tactile Sensor for the Tip of a Flexible Ureteroscope." Sensors 25, no. 9 (2025): 2807. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25092807.
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This work introduces a novel fiber Bragg grating (FBG)-based tactile sensor specifically developed for real-time force monitoring at the tips of flexible ureteroscopes. With a diameter of only 1.5 mm, the sensor features a dual-FBG configuration that effectively separates temperature effects from force signals, integrated with an innovative elastomer structure based on staggered parallelogram elements. Finite element analyses comparing traditional spiral and parallel groove designs indicate that the new configuration not only enhances axial sensitivity through optimized deformation characteristics but also significantly improves resistance to transverse forces via superior stress distribution and structural stability. In the sensor, a suspended lateral FBG is employed for thermal compensation, while an axially constrained FBG is dedicated to force detection. Calibration using a segmented approach yielded dual-range sensitivities of approximately 283.85 pm/N for the 0–0.5 N range and 258.57 pm/N for the 0.5–1 N range, with a maximum error of 0.07 N. Ex vivo ureteroscopy simulations further demonstrated the sensor’s capability to detect tissue–instrument interactions and to discriminate contact events effectively. This miniaturized solution offers a promising approach to achieving precise force feedback in endoscopic procedures while conforming to the dimensional constraints of standard ureteroscopes.
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Zavaleta-Cortijo, Carol, Janet Cade, James Ford, et al. "Does food biodiversity protect against malnutrition and favour the resilience to climate change-related events in Amazon Indigenous communities? A protocol for a mixed methods study." Wellcome Open Research 7 (October 4, 2022): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18235.1.
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Background: Undernutrition is projected to be a major consequence of climate change. Biodiversity could enhance climate change resilience by improving nutritional outcomes and providing healthy food resources during and/or after climate-related events. For Indigenous populations who currently base their diet on local biodiversity, rapid climate changes may affect their ability to produce, access or gather food and consequently impact their nutritional status. There is a knowledge gap regarding whether nutritional status among Indigenous populations is better among those who consume a diet with greater biodiversity than those who have a diet with low biodiversity. Objective: This study aims to investigate the role of food biodiversity (FBD) in nutritional resilience to extreme flooding events of Shawi Amazon Indigenous adults living in Peruvian communities that have experienced extreme floods in the past five years. Methods: This study will use a mixed-method sequential explanatory design. The quantitative component includes a cross-sectional survey to assess the association between food biodiversity (FBD) and the prevalence of anaemia in adults aged 15 to 60 years old (n=365). Anaemia will be evaluated using blood hemoglobin and serum ferritin. FBD will be measured with a food frequency questionnaire and a 24-hour dietary recall. Soil-transmitted helminth infections, malaria, and inflammatory biomarkers will also be evaluated. Qualitative component will include a community-based participatory approach to investigate the role of FBD in the responses to extreme floods. Male (n=14) and female (n=14) participants, previously identified in the quantitative phase with high and low levels of FBD, will be invited to participate in a Photovoice activity and semi-structured interviews. A analytical framework for climate change resilience will be used to integrate the data. Discussion: Findings will be integrated to identify features of diet quality to suggest nutritional interventions that are resilient to changing climatic conditions in the Amazon and respect Indigenous views.
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Zavaleta-Cortijo, Carol, Janet Cade, James Ford, et al. "Does food biodiversity protect against malnutrition and favour the resilience to climate change-related events in Amazon Indigenous communities? A protocol for a mixed methods study." Wellcome Open Research 7 (June 26, 2023): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18235.2.
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Background: Undernutrition is projected to be a major consequence of climate change. Biodiversity could enhance climate change resilience by improving nutritional outcomes and providing healthy food resources during and/or after climate-related events. For Indigenous populations who currently base their diet on local biodiversity, rapid climate changes may affect their ability to produce, access or gather food and consequently impact their nutritional status. There is a knowledge gap regarding whether nutritional status among Indigenous populations is better among those who consume a diet with greater biodiversity than those who have a diet with low biodiversity. Objective: This study aims to investigate the role of food biodiversity (FBD) in nutritional resilience to extreme flooding events of Shawi Amazon Indigenous adults living in Peruvian communities that have experienced extreme floods in the past five years. Methods: This study will use a mixed-method sequential explanatory design. The quantitative component includes a cross-sectional survey to assess the association between food biodiversity (FBD) and the prevalence of anaemia in adults aged 15 to 60 years old (n=365). Anaemia will be evaluated using blood hemoglobin and serum ferritin. FBD will be measured with a food frequency questionnaire and a 24-hour dietary recall. Soil-transmitted helminth infections, malaria, and inflammatory biomarkers will also be evaluated. Qualitative component will include a community-based participatory approach to investigate the role of FBD in the responses to extreme floods. Male (n=14) and female (n=14) participants, previously identified in the quantitative phase with high and low levels of FBD, will be invited to participate in a Photovoice activity and semi-structured interviews. A analytical framework for climate change resilience will be used to integrate the data. Discussion: Findings will be integrated to identify features of diet quality to suggest nutritional interventions that are resilient to changing climatic conditions in the Amazon and respect Indigenous views.
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Nugraha, Widi, Indra Djati Sidi, Made Suarjana, and Ediansjah Zulkifli. "Pengukuran Faktor Beban Dinamis Struktur Jembatan menggunakan Bridge WIM pada jembatan bentang pendek di Indonesia." Jurnal Teknik Sipil 30, no. 2 (2023): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jts.2023.30.2.8.
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Abstrak Jembatan lalu lintas adalah struktur yang mengalami beban yang bersifat dinamis. Efeknya pada elemen jembatan adalah kemungkinan terjadinya amplifikasi beban yang dialami dibandingkan dengan beban kendaraan dalam kondisi statis. Besaran faktor amplifikasi beban dinamis ini harus diperhitungkan dalam desain jembatan sebagai pengali dari beban desain. Dalam Standar pembebanan jembatan SNI 1725:2016 ditetapkan faktor beban dinamis (FBD) adalah 30-40% tergantung panjang bentang jembatan. Seiring perkembangan teknologi pengukuran beban kendaraan, yaitu menggunakan Bridge Weigh-in-Motion (B-WIM), FBD ini dapat diperhitungkan untuk setiap kendaraan yang melintas. Hasil pengukuran B-WIM di Ruas Jalan Nasional Pantura Jawa Tengah, Batang– Kendal, pada tahun 2018 yang memiliki kondisi beban dan lalu lintas terberat di ruas jalan nasional akan digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Pengukuran FBD terhadap kendaraan yang melintasi jembatan yang digunakan sebagai B-WIM dengan metode analisa respons elemen struktur jembatan tersebut. Nilai FBD bisa didapatkan sebagai rasio antara respons dinamis terhadap respons statis perhitungan berdasarkan algoritma B-WIM. Dari studi ini didapatkan bahwa dalam nilai FBD kendaraan sifatnya acak dan memiliki nilai rata-rata 1,18 dengan koefisien variansi 16%, yang berada di bawah nilai FBD dalam SNI. Kemudian, sebuah persamaan regresi diusulkan untuk penentuan nilai FBD bagi jembatan bentang pendek di Indonesia. Kata-kata Kunci: Beban bergerak, beban dinamis, faktor beban dinamis, jembatan, SNI. Abstract Bridge is a structure that withstands dynamic loading due to traffic. The dynamic effects on bridge element could amplifies the loading to be larger than static loading. This dynamic amplification effect should be considered on bridge design and applied as multiplier factor of the design load. On SNI 1725:2016 Bridge Loading Code, the dynamic load amplification factor (DAF) is set at 30-40% depending on bridge span length. Due to recent development on vehicle live load measurement, such as Bridge Weigh-in-Motion (B-WIM), DAF can be calculated for every vehicle passed the bridge. The B-WIM measurement results on North Coast National Road of Batang-Kendal, Central Java in 2018 which has busiest and also heaviest traffic loading, will be used on this research. The DAF measurement due to traffic vehicle load that passed the bridge that used as B-WIM can be done by doing analysis on bridge structure response. DAF is ratio of dynamic response and static response, the static response on B-WIM is a calculated signal based on B-WIM algorithm. From this study, DAF is a random variable, with average of 1,18 & coefficient of variation 16%, which is below DAF on SNI. Also, a bilinear equation of DAF is proposed for short span bridge in Indonesia. Keywords: Bridge, dynamic amplification factor, dynamic load, weigh-in-motion, SNI.
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Hosam Aldeen Mohammad, Omar, and Montasir Masoud Alabdullah. "Landscape architecture design as an art creative practice: A studio teaching model." Landscape Architecture and Art 20, no. 20 (2022): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/j.landarchart.2022.20.10.
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Landscape Architecture is defined as a blend of art and science. However, it has been acknowledged that configuration of design forms, which is related to spatial composition and element forms is the most challenging design aspect that the students face in learning the design process in the basic design course. This is not the case for the scientific aspects where students can establish their ability and confidence in learning landscape technical issues and functional requirements. This paper discusses the outcomes of the first Landscape Architecture Design Studio at the Department of Landscape Architecture at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), which represents the first foundation stone for Landscape Architecture design education. The Landscape Architecture Studio has examined the role of creative practice in art plays in the landscape architecture design process in the light of Zangwill’s Aesthetic Creation Theory (ACT), and following the Form-Based Design (FBD) approach process defined by Stefano Fillipi. In this studio, students were asked to design a private garden related to, hypothetically, an artist’s family house. Based on the FBD approach, each student chose a specific modern artist, supposedly owning the garden house, and studied his artistic principles of forms, patterns, colours and composition, and used them as an inspiration for their own art paintings. The students’ art pieces acted as the basis for conceptualising their design preliminary plans and 3D images. As a result of this studio, students showed a great interest in the studio artistic approach, and demonstrated a significant ability to translate the artistic principles and qualities existing in creative painting successfully into their landscape architecture design. At the end of the teaching process, a reflective student survey feedback from instructors indicated that students had learned about the aesthetic creative approach and were able to understand the role non-aesthetic properties played into manifesting the design aesthetic quality.
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Wang, Chengfei. "ELUCIDATING PRODUCT BASED ON SYSTEM-LEVEL DESIGN PHASE: INTELLIGENT FROST PREVENTION EQUIPMENT DESIGN FOR TEA." New Design Ideas 8, no. 2 (2024): 334–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.62476/ndi82334.
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The purpose of this study is to address the challenges of conceptual design creativity and functional derivation for complex products in the System-level Design Phase, filling the research gap in design strategies at the conceptual design stage. Conceptual design of complex products is recognized as a challenging and ill-defined problem involving various interdisciplinary aspects such as technological trends, social factors, functional requirements and aesthetic preferences. Based on a literature review, this study integrates Bytheway's FBD model and Benami & Jin's Creative Stimulation method, exploring a new research framework for creative inspiration and design strategies in industrial design during the conceptual design. Leveraging the characteristics of complex product conceptual design and its requirement for diverse knowledge, the study conducts a practical exploration during the product system-level design stage. Using a combination of subjective and objective research methods, the investigation analyzes information related to tea antifreeze equipment. The findings highlight creative stimulation in the conceptual design stage, offering applications for the tea planting equipment industry. The results of this study have practical significance for the design of tea frost prevention equipment. It provides a systematic research strategy for the product conceptual design phase, contributing to the understanding and application of systematic methods in industrial conceptual design.
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Grakovich, Fedor. "THE INFLUENCE OF BLUFF BODY SHAPE AND FEEDBACK CHANNELS ON THE ACCURACY AND SENSITIVITY OF VORTEX FLOWMETERS." Energy Systems 9, no. 2 (2024): 81–85. https://doi.org/10.34031/es.2024.2.008.
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Vortex flowmeters are widely used for measuring liquid and gas flows due to their high accuracy and reliability. Their operation is based on the generation of vortices formed by a bluff body (BB), the parameters of which significantly affect the metrological characteristics of the device. This study investigates the influence of the BB shape and the presence of a feedback channel (FBC) in its design on the vortex formation processes. The research was conducted using numerical modeling of hydrodynamic processes via the finite element method in the Comsol Multiphysics environment. Cylindrical and trapezoidal BB shapes, both with and without FBC, were analyzed at flow velocities of 0.11, 0.27, and 0.44 m/s. The results showed that incorporating an FBC increases the vortex shedding frequency, enhancing the flowmeter's sensitivity, and reduces the amplitude of the forces acting on the BB, thereby improving the device's operational stability. The findings of this study hold practical value for the design of vortex flowmeters, contributing to improved accuracy, durability, and operational reliability.
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Khurana, Bharat, Daisy Arora, and Raj K. Narang. "FbD Supported Development and In Vitro Evaluation of Carbomer based Resveratrol Loaded Topical Antipsoriatic Nanoemulgel for its Targeted Skin Delivery." Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology 8, no. 2 (2020): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2211738508666200129160027.
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Background: Resveratrol is a wonder therapy for the treatment of several skin disorders, including psoriasis, but its skin permeation limits its applications. Objective: The present work dealt with optimizing and formulating resveratrol loaded vitamin E based nanoemulsion and carbomer based nanoemulgel intended for topical application in the treatment of plaque psoriasis. : The major objective of this study was to achieve the quality target product profile with respect to enhanced skin permeation and superior skin deposition of the formulated nanoemulgel to achieve the superlative therapeutic advantages. Methods: Formulation by design (FbD) approach was employed to optimize varied critical material attributes such as the concentration of oil and Smix to achieve the desired quality characteristics. Carbomer based nanoemulgel was formulated and evaluated. Results: Optimized formulation was having globule size (168.3 ± 4.98 nm), percentage cumulative permeation (4.81 ± 0.65%), permeation flux (7.62 ± 0.39 μg hr-1cm-2), and skin deposition (668.65 ± 11.98 μg cm-2). Nanoemulgel was found to have optimum physical properties in terms of viscosity, spreadability, pH and physical stability. The extent of skin deposition was approximately 6.682 times higher while the permeation enhancement ratio was around 2.872 as compared to conventional formulation indicating its higher skin targeting abilities, which was further ratified by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy results. Conclusion: Nanoemulgel formulated by the current FbD approach has enhanced skin permeation and skin deposition properties as compared to conventional carbomer gel. Thus, it could augment the therapeutic benefits of encapsulated bioactive in the treatment of several skin disorders like psoriasis.
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Priestley, M. J. N. "Performance based seismic design." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 33, no. 3 (2000): 325–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.33.3.325-346.
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One of the major developments in seismic design over the past 10 years has been increased emphasis on limit states design, now generally termed Performance Based Engineering. Three techniques - the capacity spectrum approach, the N2 method and direct displacement-based design have now matured to the stage where seismic assessment of existing structures, or design of new structures can be carried out to ensure that particular deformation-based criteria are met.
 The paper will outline and compare the three methods, and discuss them in the context of traditional force-based seismic design and earlier design approaches which contained some elements of performance based design. Factors defining different performance states will be discussed, including the need, not yet achieved, to include residual displacement as a key performance limit. Some emphasis will be placed on soil-related problems, and the incorporation of soil/structure interaction into performance-based design. It will be shown that this is relatively straightforward and results in consistent design solutions not readily available with force-based designs using force-reduction factors.
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Nielsen, Rasmus Fjordbak, Jakob Kjøbsted Huusom, and Jens Abildskov. "Driving Force Based Design of Cyclic Distillation." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 56, no. 38 (2017): 10833–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.7b01116.
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López, Daniel, Ricardo S. Decca, Ephraim Fischbach, and Dennis E. Krause. "MEMS-based force sensor: Design and applications." Bell Labs Technical Journal 10, no. 3 (2005): 61–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bltj.20104.
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Wang, Can, Yuanbin Fang, Song Huang, Guizhi Zhang, Qingyu Meng, and Xi Liu. "Optimization design of scraper angle based on orthogonal test." MATEC Web of Conferences 175 (2018): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817502005.
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The scraper angle of milling machine has a direct effect on the milling efficiency. This research establishes the finite element model of scraper, and designs the cutting front angle and the cutting back angle as factor, impact force and the average force for orthogonal test of evaluation indexes. Through simulation analysis, the force is obtained at the different level. At the same time, the simulation results are verified by experiments. The results show that the simulation results of contact force in the X direction are close to the measured results, and prove the accuracy of the simulation results. The optimized scraper is that the cutting angle is 5.5°, and the cutting back angle is 9°. The impact force is minimum, and the resultant of average force and impact force is minimum. The optimization of scraper angle can effectively reduce the impact force and the average force, which provides guidance for the improvement of scraper.
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Calder, C., and S. Smith. "BIOMECHANICAL FORCE-PLATFORM DESIGN BASED ON STRAIN GAGES." Experimental Techniques 11, no. 1 (1987): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1567.1987.tb00385.x.
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Jefri, Achmad, and Siti Sendari. "Pengembangan Modul dan Trainer Pengemas Barang Untuk Pembelajaran FBD di Jurusan Teknik Elektro Universitas Negeri Malang." Jurnal FORTECH 1, no. 2 (2020): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.32492/fortech.v1i2.224.
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The objectives of this research are (1) to design development of instructional media in form of modules and product packaging trainers for Industrial Automation Workshop courses in Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, State University of Malang, (2) developing product packaging trainers that have been made it can be used for a variety of systems (microcontrollers, smart relays, and PLCs), (3) developing product packaging trainer practicum module based on smart relay for learning FBD (Function Block Diagram) programming in Industrial Automation Workshop course in Department of Electrical Engineering, State University of Malang and, (4) testing feasibility of module and trainer of goods packaging that have been developed for learning courses in Industrial Automation Workshop in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, State University of Malang. This study adopting a development tailored model to needs of module development but still refers to existing development models. Development model in this research uses development model from Sugiyono tailored to needs. Based on results of validation and feasibility testing of practicum modules by experts 1, experts 2, product trials and usage trials can be concluded that practicum modules and product packaging trainers are very suitable used in learning
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Saglam, Haci, and Ali Unuvar. "THREE-COMPONENT, STRAIN GAGE BASED MILLING DYNAMOMETER DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING." Journal of Integrated Design and Process Science: Transactions of the SDPS, Official Journal of the Society for Design and Process Science 5, no. 2 (2001): 95–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jid-2001-5208.
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In engineering applications, force measurements, particularly in machine tools, has been done widely. In this study, a dynamometer design and manufacturing, Strain Gage based, tree-component, computer linked, were carried out to measure cutting forces in milling. This dynamometer can be used in static force measurements and also in dynamic force measurements in planning and grinding machines. Strain gages bonded on the octagonal rings have been used for sensing of the force signals. The analogue force signals obtained from three-channels have been amplified and converted into digital signals via a data acquisition card and recorded in a computer. To test the dynamometer, face-milling operation has been made. It has been observed that, the cutting forces recorded synchronously from the tests have corresponded to the calculated values.
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Ziganshin, Aydar M., and Viktor A. Mudrov. "Possibilities for predicting perineal birth injury." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 69, no. 4 (2020): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd6945-11.
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Hypothesis/aims of study. To date, intranatal injuries of the genital tract and their adverse effects on the womans body remain one of the most important issues in obstetrics and gynecology. Despite the improved management of childbirth, the frequency of the birth canal tissue injuries has no tendency to decrease and amounts to 10.239.0%. The aim of this study was to assess the possibility for predicting intranatal perineal injuries.
 Study design, materials and methods. The study included a prospective analysis of 90 cases of labor through the natural birth canal based on data obtained from Ufa and Chita perinatal centers in the years 20172019. To determine the elasticity of perineal tissues, a perineoelastomer has been developed, which allows expressing the elasticity of the vulvar ring tissues by a special conditional coefficient. Data was processed using the IBM SPSS Statistics V25.0 software package.
 Results. Based on the assessment of the obtained data, a probability coefficient of perineal injuries was developed. Its calculation is based on a nonlinear regression analysis and is expressed by the formula: T = (100 ∙ CFH) / (PAA ∙ FBD ∙ ∙ ), where CFH is the circumference of the fetal head at the level of visual tubercles (mm), PAA is the pubic arch angle (degrees), FBD is the distance from the front to the back of the adhesion of the vulvar ring (cm), is the coefficient of elastic deformation of the perineum. When the coefficient T is more than 1, perineal rupture in labor is predicted.
 Conclusion. In the development of obstetric injuries of the perineum, a major role is played by the ratio of the circumference of the fetal head and the maximum perimeter of the extension of a vulvar ring, which, together with the value of the pubic arch angle and the coefficient of elastic deformation of the perineum, may be a criterion in favor of performing surgical protection of the perineum in case of a threatening rupture.
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Li, Yuanyuan, Wenke Lu, Changchun Zhu, Qinghong Liu, Haoxin Zhang, and Chenchao Tang. "Circuit Design of Surface Acoustic Wave Based Micro Force Sensor." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/701723.
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Pressure sensors are commonly used in industrial production and mechanical system. However, resistance strain, piezoresistive sensor, and ceramic capacitive pressure sensors possess limitations, especially in micro force measurement. A surface acoustic wave (SAW) based micro force sensor is designed in this paper, which is based on the theories of wavelet transform, SAW detection, and pierce oscillator circuits. Using lithium niobate as the basal material, a mathematical model is established to analyze the frequency, and a peripheral circuit is designed to measure the micro force. The SAW based micro force sensor is tested to show the reasonable design of detection circuit and the stability of frequency and amplitude.
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Thongudomporn, U., P. Smithmaitrie, V. Chongsuvivatwong, and A. F. Geater. "Design and evaluation of a Force Sensing Resistor based bite force measuring device." International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology 4, no. 1 (2010): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbet.2010.034280.
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Wang, Minghui, Hongliu Yu, Ping Shi, and Qiaoling Meng. "Design Method for Constant Force Components Based on Superelastic SMA." Materials 12, no. 18 (2019): 2842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12182842.
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Clamping devices with constant force or pressure are desired in medical instruments, such as hemostatic forceps and the artificial sphincter, to prevent soft tissues from injures due to overloading. This paper studies the design method issues in constant force components using superelastic shape memory alloy. A generalized method for generating a constant force components-based shape memory alloy is proposed. An example of a C-shaped shape memory alloy sheet with a thickness of 0.2 mm is presented. The design results using the generalized design method for a C-shaped shape memory alloy sheet with 0.2 mm thickness are compared with its experimental results. Based on the generalized design method, the obtained design solutions for Cases 1 and 2 are coincident with the results obtained by the experiments. It could be seen that the generated design shape of the superelastic shape memory alloy component might obtain constant force within a relatively large deformation range. It is validated that the proposed generalized design method was feasible and effective. It is also illustrated that changing the geometric dimensions of the superelastic SMA component might obtain constant force within a relatively large deformation range.
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Hong, Yun, and Yi Sheng Liu. "Undersea Observatory Platform Shape Design and Sinking Calculation Based on Fluent." Applied Mechanics and Materials 548-549 (April 2014): 525–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.548-549.525.
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In order to research the drag force and balance characteristics of undersea observatory platform during the sinking process. The effect base in different shape and arrangement on the flow field are studied with the help of Fluent, the relationship that how shape and arrangements of base influences drag force and balance characteristic are studied. The results show that pressure drag is the main component of the whole drag force. Round pie base suffer the least drag force, adopting the arrangement that put a round pie base at each vertex of hexagon, undersea observation platform would maintain good stability during the sinking process.
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P. D., Ms Joshilkar. "Force Displacement Based Design of Steel Moment Resisting Frame." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 6, no. 1 (2018): 1419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2018.1215.
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Liu, Yang, De-ping Yu, and Jin Yao. "Design of an adjustable cam based constant force mechanism." Mechanism and Machine Theory 103 (September 2016): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2016.04.014.
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