Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Force de réaction au sol'
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Alkhatib, Rami. "Human locomotion analysis, classification and modeling of normal and pathological vertical ground reaction force signals in elderly." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSES029/document.
Full textWalking is defined as sequences of repetitive cyclic gestures. It was already shown that the speed and the variability of these sequences can reveal abilities or motorskill failures. The originality of this work is to analyze and characterize the steps of elderly persons by using pressure signals. In a preliminary study, we showed that pressure signals are characterized by cyclostationarity. In this study, we intend to exploit the nonstationarity of the signals in a search for new indicators that can help in gait signal classification between normal and Parkinson subjects in the elderly population. These parameters are tested on a population of 47 subjects. First, we started with preprocessing the vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) signals and showed in this first part of the thesis that filtering can remove a vital part of the signal. That is why an adaptive filter based on empirical mode decomposition (EMD) was built. Turning points are filtered using synochronosqueezing of time-frequency representations of the signal. We also showed that the content of gait force signals is highly affected by unquantifiable parameter such as cognitive tasks which make them hard to be normalized. That is why features being extracted are derived from inter-subject comparison. For example we equated the difference in the load distribution between feet. It is also recommended in this work to choose the mid-sensor rather than relying on summation of forces from array of sensors for classification purposes. A hypothesis of balanced and unbalanced gait is verified to be potential in improving the classification accuracy. The power of this hypothesis is shown by using the load distribution and Age×Speed in the first classifier and the correlation in the second classifier. A time series simulation of VGRF based on a modified version of nonstationary- Markov model of first order is derived. This model successfully predict gaits in normal subjects and fairly did in Parkinson’s gait. We found out that the three modes: time, frequency and space are helpful in analyzing force signals that is why parallel factor analysis is introduced as a tensor method to be used in a future work
Chastan, Nathalie. "Etude des mécanismes du contrôle de l’équilibre au cours de l’initiation de la marche chez l’homme." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066288.
Full textWe propose a novel biomechanical parameter derived from vertical velocity of the centre of gravity (CG). During the single support phase, there is a CG fall due to the force of gravity, followed by a braking of the CG fall. The CG fall can be arrested by the swing limb hitting the ground (“passive” mode) or by activation of the ankle plantar flexors prior to foot-contact (“active” mode). During gait initiation, the CG fall was reversed before foot-contact in all healthy subjects (n=34), related to the stance-leg simultaneous soleus contraction, suggesting that the braking before foot-contact is an active physiological mechanism. Age did not influence the braking. Braking was dramatically decreased in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP, n=10) characterized by a major postural instability. One third of the patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD, n=32) without levodopa, showed a braking before foot-contact versus only a half with levodopa, perhaps as a result of non-dopaminergic lesions. PD patients with normal braking had significantly better gait and balance scores and higher mesencephalic surface areas compared to patients with impaired braking. High frequency substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) stimulation in 7 PD patients improved axial, but not distal parkinsonian motor symptoms, with an increase in the braking capacity. The braking of the CG fall is a simple assessment parameter of postural control during gait. Our results imply that the SNr output is involved in the braking mechanism probably as a result of its projection to the pedonculopontine nucleus, which show a massive neuronal loss in PSP patients and a partial loss in PD patients
Du, Dianchun. "Design of tunnels using the hyperstatic reaction method." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAI063/document.
Full textThis research work aims to present the design of tunnel by means of the Hyperstatic Reaction Method (HRM). The models developed by the HRM method are firstly proposed for investigating the behaviour of U-shaped tunnels under different conditions, considering two load cases, two different geometries of U-shaped tunnel lining, two different cases of springs, change of the spring stiffness, multi-layered soil conditions, surcharge loading, and saturated soil masses. The presented models permit to obtain good predictions with a high computational efficiency in comparison to finite difference numerical modelling. Then a parametric analysis has permitted to estimate the U-shaped tunnel lining behaviour in a large number of cases which cover the conditions that are generally encountered in practice. Thereafter, taking a twin-lane metro tunnel as an example, a series of mathematical functions used in the optimization progress of sub-rectangular tunnel shape is deduced, which gives to tunnel designers a theoretical support to choose the optimal sub-rectangular tunnel shape. The effect of different parameters, like the lateral earth pressure factor, soil Young’s modulus, tunnel depth, surface loads, on the internal forces and shape of sub-rectangular tunnel is then given. In the last part of the manuscript, the influence of a temperature change on the lining forces of circular tunnel by means of the HRM method is investigated, considering different factors, such as the tunnel lining thickness, lining elastic modulus and ground coefficient of thermal expansion
Schiavon, Giovanni. "Sol-gel derived nanocomposites synthesis, spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2000. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=962035424.
Full textDassié, Pierre-Igor. "Vers une approche intégrée de la synthèse et de la mise en forme d'oxydes métalliques par extrusion réactive." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS131/document.
Full textA new one pot method for the synthesis and shaping of nanostructured metal oxides, based on the coupling of sol-gel chemistry and reactive extrusion process, was developed. To our knowledge, no literature is to be found about this topic so this work is situated at the frontier of such chemical systems’s knowledge. First, we worked on the synthesis and shaping of amorphous aluminosilicates with hierarchical porosity (micro/meso/macroporous) and zeolitic feature. Extrudates were obtained, those solids show fine textural properties (specific surface area above 800 m2/g, porous volume above above 0.6 cm3/g). Furthermore, they demonstrate increased acidity properties compared to standard amorphous aluminosilicates. Their catalytic activities were appraised by m-xylene isomerization and methanol dehydration and were found to be actually better than a catalyst with zeolite Y (for an activity calculed at iso-weight). Then we worked on the synthesis and shaping of boehmite (γ-AlOOH). First, we tryed to adapt an aluminium salts based co-precipitation reaction to our process. Afterward, we change the chemical reaction to aluminium alkoxides hydrolysis/condensation (without solvent). This later reaction was especially interesting, both in the validation of the reactive extrusion process (process intensification, thermal integration) as well as in the products textural properties
Fakih, Mahmoud. "Modélisation numérique discrète de la croissance racinaire dans un sol : relation force-forme." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT323/document.
Full textPlant roots play an important role in the growth and development of plants, and it is well known that the mechanical interactions between a growing root and the surrounding soil can have a major impact on root growth and consequently on plant biomass production. These mechanical interactions are one of numerous factors that explain the variability of root architecture, including genetics, environment and developmental instability. But this factor has often been under-estimated. I hypothesize that the heterogeneous structure of soil at the particle scale, demonstrated by the broad distribution of forces, can significantly influence root growth trajectories. This thesis aims at determining how grains in granular soils are reorganized under the action of growing roots, and in return how the resulting forces acting on root tips modify their development, including the kinematics of their trajectories, in order to develop a general biophysical law of root-soil mechanical interactions. I developed a 2D numerical model of root growth in a granular medium using a Discrete Element Model (DEM). The model is able to compute grain-grain and root-grain contact forces within a granular medium. The root system is modelled using chains of connected spheroline elements. The orientation of root growth at every growth step is determined by the dynamics of the whole root under the action of its internal elastic forces and reaction forces exerted by the grains, which are the mechanical interactions that control numerical growth in the model.Parametric studies were carried out in order to (i) estimate the influence of granular structure (grain diameter distribution, cohesion, volume fraction) and root mechanical properties (root bending stiffness) on the axial force signal acting on the root tip, and on the root trajectories and (ii) define general physical laws that can be used further to analyze experimental data. The distribution curves of computed root tip-grain forces normalized by the mean force during a given period of growth were characterized by a decreasing power law for forces below the mean force, and an exponential fall-off for forces above the mean force, thus reflecting the broad distribution of forces inside the granular material. An analysis of the standard deviation of the local deformations of root trajectories resulted in two different regimes with regard root stiffness. In the first regime, soil controlled the root deformation and in the second, the root trajectory was straighter and displaced more significantly the surrounding grains during growth
Zhang, Lingran. "Modélisation en champ proche de l’interaction entre sol et bloc rocheux." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAI096/document.
Full textThe prediction of boulder trajectory and the design of protection structures are particularly two main interests of rockfall engineering. The prediction of boulder trajectory largely depends on the bouncing of the boulder, and the design of protection structures, such as embankments, are closely related to the impact force on the boulder.Based on this background, the thesis deals with the interaction between a boulder and a granular medium as well as the bouncing of a boulder on a granular medium, through numerical modelling based on discrete element method. The objective of the thesis is to identify and quantify the mechanisms that governs the bouncing of boulder and the load transfer inside the impacted medium. The main contents include three parts: DEM modelling of the impact process, global bouncing of the boulder and micromechanical behaviour of the impacted medium.The classical contact law implemented with rolling resistance to consider particle shape effects calibrated based on quasi-static triaxial tests is used to model the dynamic impact process. The boulder is modelled as a single sphere with an incident velocity, the medium is modelled as an assembly composed of poly-disperse spherical particles. The numerical impact modelling is validated in terms of impact force, impact duration, penetration depth by experiments from literature.Bouncing of the boulder is investigated together with the energy propagation process inside the impacted medium. The strength of the medium during impact is represented by elastic strain energy, while the strength of the medium is not persistent since the increase of elastic strain energy is followed by the increase of kinetic energy and energy dissipation, as well as the decrease of the coordination number. Boulder's bouncing occurrence obtained based on 3D simulations shows that three impact regimes exist, which is consistent with the results of citet{Bourrier_2008}. In addition, comparison between 2D and 3D bouncing occurrence diagrams shows that the positions and shapes of bouncing occurrence diagrams shift due to the different strength and energy dissipation properties. Based on the two aspects of investigations, the relation between the bouncing of the boulder and the energy propagation inside the medium is discussed.The micromechanical behaviour of the impacted system is investigated by focusing on force chain mechanisms. The force chain network in the impacted medium is characterized based on particle stress information. The aim is to find the role of force chains in the strength and the microstructure of the medium. Investigations of the impact force on the boulder by impacting samples composed of different grain sizes shows that sample composed of big grains resulting in a larger impact force, longer force chains compared with the medium thickness, and large percentage of long age force chains. In addition, the spatial and temporal distribution of force chains are investigated and the results show that the strength of the medium under impact is built by chain particles located between the boulder and the bottom boundary, and the force chain propagation in the lateral direction of the medium plays a secondary role. Moreover, the investigation of force chain buckling mechanisms indicates that, triggered by the relative movements between the chain particles, the increase of buckling number is related to the decrease of impact force on the boulder as well as the increase of kinetic energy and energy dissipation inside the medium
Ocampo, Fabien. "Développement de catalyseurs pour la réaction de méthanation du dioxyde de carbone." Strasbourg, 2011. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2011/OCAMPO_Fabien_2011.pdf.
Full textNickel-based catalysts supported on ceria-zirconia mixed oxides were studied in the carbon dioxide methanation reaction. The effect of Ni loading, noble metals doping, the preparation method and Ce/Zr ratio on catalylic performances was examined. The structural and redox properties of the materials were also investigated owing to various characterization techniques. Among other factors, the insertion of Ni2+cations into the mixed oxide structure strongly benefits to catalytic performances. Indeed, it strengthens the metal-support interaction (increasing nickel dispersion) and modifies the support properties (improving its specific activity). Thus, a compromise between the proportion of Nio and Ni2+ species is required to optimize the catalytic results. The system 5Ni(60-40) turned out to be the mosl interesting in respect of economic and ecological criteria. Plus. Our catalysts are more competitive than the other materials given in the literature. The deactivation was ascribed to the sintering of metallic nickel particles and to the partial rejection of Ni2+ cations. Then, the system 5Ni(60-40) was evaluated in a discontinuous process operating under varying H2/CO2 flew, supplied by decarbonated energics and in a process supplied by the outlet flow of biomass vapogasification. The former seems conceivable, and the latter would require a previous decrease in the concentration of carbon monoxide which strongly poisons our catalysts. Lastly, a bifunctional reaction mecanism was proposed, according to the results obtained by infrared spectroscopy analysis. The Nio phase activates the hydrogen and the mixed oxide support activates the carbon dioxide on basic sites
Ribeiro, Passos Aline. "Alumines macro-mésoporeuses produites par procédé sol-gel pour une application en catalyse hétérogène." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112140/document.
Full textAlumina is an important support for heterogeneous catalysts. Thematching of appropriate alumina physical properties and controlled texturalproperties can improve its performance as support in catalysis applications.Cobalt based catalysts have been reported to have a good ethanol steamreforming (ESR) performance due to their high activity for the cleavage of C-Hand C-C bonds.Many studies have been conducted about the effects of aluminaproperties on the cobalt catalysts properties. Alumina exhibits a rather complexsurface chemistry which can be controlled by the preparation procedure. In thiswork alumina samples with macro and mesoporous structure were obtainedusing the one-pot sol-gel synthesis accompanied by phase separation. In thisintegrative strategy both processes, gelation and phase separation,spontaneously occur in system containing the presence of the phase separationinducer.The different aluminas were produced by using as aluminum reactants,aluminum isopropoxide and chloride and PolyEthylene Oxide or PolyPropyleneOXide as phase separation inducer. Appropriate choice of the startingcomposition allows the control the pore size and volume. Macroporous areformed as a result of phase separation after burning the phase separationinducer, while voids between particles of the xerogel skeletons form amesoporous structures.The different alumina porous alumina and commercial alumina wereused as supports for preparing by wetness impregnation cobalt-based catalyst.The oxidic catalyst precursors obtained after calcination are composed of Co ₃ O ₄ and CoAl₂O ₄ -like phases, the latter being in higher proportions in the sol-gelalumina than in the commercial one. As the sol-gel alumina presents a largeramount of octahedral AlVI sites and surface hydroxyl groups than thecommercial alumina, it was assumed that these features can facilitate themigration of Co ions into the alumina network leading to formation of thegreatest amount of CoAl₂O ₄ .The catalysts were characterized under realistic activation and reactionconditions by the combination of Quick-XAS (X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy)for monitoring the change of the local order around Co with time-resolvedRaman and Mass spectroscopy for monitoring reaction products. If the Co(0)species is undoubtedly the active species for ESR, the catalytic performancehas been clearly shown to be affected by the Co ² ⁺ /Co ⁰ ratio obtained afteractivation, getting lower Co ² ⁺ /Co ⁰ ratios will not allow to clean the surface of thecatalyst by oxidation of C* as ESR is running. As an important conclusion of thework reported herein, we have evidenced that the cobalt oxide (CoO) plays akey role in the stability over time of the catalyst through oxidation of adsorbedand reactive carbon atoms. Then the control of the Co ²⁺ /Co ⁰ ratio appears to beone of the key issues in the design of efficient cobalt alumina-supported ethanolsteam reforming catalysts and the choice of the support is essential forcontrolling this ratio of active cobalt species
Mokeddem, Abdelhammid. "Modélisation géomécanique et probabiliste des rideaux de palplanches : prise en compte de l’interaction sol-structure et de la variabilité spatiale du sol." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0057/document.
Full textThe geomechanical behaviour of geotechnical structures such as sheet pile walls is subjected to epistemic uncertainties due to geomechanical models’ assumptions and also the aleatory uncertainties which could be related to the soil spatial variability. The main objective of this thesis is to gain more insight into the effect of these uncertainties on the sheet pile behaviour. To this end, this thesis focuses on four main issues: The first one is related on the one hand to the analysis of the used geomechanical hypotheses for modelling of retaining walls. On the other hand, to extend the one-dimensional subgrade reaction method which is based on a beam relying on elastoplastic supports to a two-dimensional system that call to an orthotropic plate relying on the same supports (MISS-CR-PLQ). The second issue concerns the soil spatial variability modelling. After a key comparison between two random field generation methods, we selected the Circulating Embedding method for its efficiency. Several parametric studies have been conducted to analyse the effects of different assumptions of random field generation. The third issue is related to the implementation of the proposed mechanical-reliability approach taking into account the soil spatial variability. The last issue is devoted to the application of the developed approach to a case study through probabilistic and reliability analyses. The influence of statistical parameters (e.g. correlation lengths, cross-correlation,...), mechanical and geometrical has been examined
Bouhrara, Mohamed. "Préparation de matériaux catalytiques bien définis à site unique de type complexe carbénique N-hétérocyclique d’Au(I) : application à la réaction d’addition des alcools sur les alcynes." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10193.
Full textN-heterocyclic carbene ligands have been described as interesting alternatives to tertiary phosphines in term of bonding and reactivity and have been therefore extensively studied as metallocarbene promotors. As a result, a large variety of homogeneous metal-NHC complexes have been developed and their impressive catalytic properties have been studied. However, such highly active homogeneous catalysts suffer from fast deactivation and separation problems from the reaction products. The immobilization of such complexes could overcome these drawbacks and that is the reason why this area has attracted much attention in the last ten years. The most common strategy for complexes immobilisation involves covalent grafting oforganosilane precursors onto solid support surfaces, via reaction with surface OH groups. Although this method provides a convenient way for introducing all kinds of organic moieties into solids, it does not permit the control of either their distribution in the final material or the nature of the surface species. The alternative methodology, to classical grafting, developed in this PhD project, is based on the design of organic-inorganic hybrid mesostructured materials containing NHC units along their pore channels or into their walls and the subsequent coordination on the NHC units with the Au organometallic precursor. These materials were prepared by sol-gel process using a templating route, via co-hydrolysis and co-polycondensation of an organotrialkoxysilane precursor and tetraethoxysilane. This strategy permits a control of: the ligands distribution into the silica matrix, the nature of the silica surface species and the organic moieties concentration. All the solids, from the starting hybrid material to the Au-NHC containing one, were fully characterized using various techniques: nitrogen adsorption-desorption at 77 K, transmission electron microscopy, small angle X-Ray diffraction, solid state NMR spectroscopy and elementary analysis. After screening the catalytic performances of these Au-NHC containing materials in several catalytic reactions (selective oxidation of alcohols, Suzuki cross-coupling and olefins diboration), their high catalytic activity in alcohols addition to alkynes reactions prompted us to study more deeply their catalytic behaviour (and that of their homogeneous homologues) in the reaction of methanol addition to 3-hexyne. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first use in catalysis of gold Nheterocyclic carbene complexes in this reaction
Marty, Nicolas. "Modélisation couplée (transport-réaction) des interactions fluides-argiles et de leurs effets en retour sur les propriétés physiques de barrières ouvragées en bentonite." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2006/MARTY_Nicolas_2006.pdf.
Full textCABANE, Nicolas. "Sols traités à la chaux et aux liants hydrauliques : Contribution à l'identification et à l'analyse des élèments perturbateurs de la stabilisation." Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00010521.
Full textentreprises utilisatrices des sols traités et productrices des agents de traitement se sont associées pour lancer des travaux de recherches destinés à comprendre les causes des défaillances.
Cette étude a tout d'abord établi un modèle de l'enchaînement des mécanismes qui conduisent à une stabilisation des sols :
- la chaux permet la floculation des argiles d'où la formation de grumeaux lors du malaxage. Ce grumeau constitue l'entité caractéristique du sol.
- le ciment forme une coque enrobant les grumeaux. Le compactage permet la coalescence de ces pâtes en formant un réseau continu. Le durcissement du ciment permet l'acquisition des caractéristiques mécaniques.
- l'excès de chaux en milieu basique conduit à la formation d'une seconde génération d'hydrates calciques (C-S-H) par réaction pouzzolanique aux dépens des argiles. Le développement des hydrates permet la rigidification du coeur du grumeau et l'augmentation correspondante des résistances mécaniques sur plusieurs années.
Les perturbations rencontrées lors des chantiers peuvent s'interpréter comme des écarts à ce modèle:
- écarts d'ordre microstructural ; dans les sols micacés, le comportement mécanique de ces matériaux est contrôlé par la présence de paillettes de micas dans la coque et de
fragments aplatis de roche au sein des grumeaux.
- écarts d'ordre physico-chimique ; des composés solubles interfèrent avec les liants :
- le soufre favorise le développement d'ettringite selon des faciès qui dépendent de la spéciation du soufre et de la perméabilité du grumeau.
- les matières organiques ralentissent l'hydratation du ciment et piègent les ions calcium et hydroxyle et sont ainsi responsables des résistances mécaniques insuffisantes
Ayant identifié et analysé les mécanismes des perturbations, nous nous sommes attachés à proposer des essais simples et fiables de caractérisation démontrant rapidement la présence de
ces agents perturbateurs au sein des sols :
- par la caractérisation de la morphologie des particules
- par le retard de début de prise de pâtes pures de ciment gâchées avec des jus extraits de sols pour les matières organiques.
Linardos, S. "Preparation of submicron PZT particles with the sol-gel technique and direct measurement of inter-particles forces with atomic force microscope." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.427149.
Full textLe, Droumaguet Céline. "Ingénierie de fluorophores pour l'absorption à deux photons et applications." Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1S004.
Full textTwo-photon absorption (TPA) has attracted growing interest over recent years owing to its applications in various fields such as biological imaging, optical limitation, as well as 3D microfabrication. After introducing the field of TPA, the advantages of this process and the main two-photon absorbing fluorophores, this work describes the engineering of octupolar compounds, leading to a modular emission from the blue to the red region and to an enhancement of the two-photon fluorescence in the 700-1000 nm range. Relationships between structures and properties have been established and allowed to optimize these octupolar systems. The use of these fluorophores in biological imaging and in sol-gel materials is discussed. The last part of the work deals with a new concept of two-photon probes based on the association of a two-photon absorbing core with peripheral boron dipyrromethene emitting moieties
Bègue, Jérémie. "Étude des modifications du contrôle du moment cinétique chez la personne âgée lors de l'exécution du pas." Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0038.
Full textIn order to understand the etiology of falls in the elderly, studies in the field of biomechanics have mainly focused on assessing balance abilities, relying on the analysis of linear body movements. However, maintaining balance during our various motor tasks requires both appropriate control of linear movements and angular (rotational) movements of body segments. Thus, this doctoral work aims to identify and understand changes in the control of angular body movements in old adults through the study of whole-body angular momentum, which is recognized as a mechanical parameter highly controlled by the central nervous system to maintain balance. Our studies reveal that during the volitional stepping task, old adults exhibit an alteration in the control of the whole-body angular momentum. Overall, our results show that old adults have a higher range of whole-body angular momentum than their younger counterparts – particularly in the sagittal plane – and this is exacerbated with the increase in progression velocity. Furthermore, our results highlight that this age-related changes in the control of whole-body angular momentum is directly ascribed to changes in segmental angular momenta, with old adults having higher trunk and lower limb angular momenta than young adults. Finally, we observed a relationship between the range of whole-body angular momentum during the stepping task and measurements of muscle strength and balance in young and old adults. These results suggest that age-related changes in the control of whole-body angular momentum, which may impose greater challenge for balance control and potentially a greater risk of fallingduring the volitional stepping task in old adults, can be partially attributed to the decline in lower limb muscle strength and the impairment of other systems involved in balance control with aging. Together, our results contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying impaired balance control in old adults and provide a basis for future studies to reduce the incidence of falls in this population
Mennad, Abdelkader. "Préparation et caractérisation des catalyseurs au nickel et au fer-nickel : étude de leur activité catalytique dans la réaction d'hydrocondensation du monoxyde de carbone." Lyon 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LYO10520.
Full textRitter, Patxi. "Ondes gravitationnelles et calcul de la force propre pour un astre compact en mouvement autour d'un trou noir super-massif." Thesis, Orléans, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ORLE2038/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on modelling the gravitational waves and the relativistic motion associated to Extreme Mass Ratio Inspiral (EMRI) systems. These systems consist of a stellar mass compact object gravitationally captured by a super-massive black hole. In black hole perturbation theory, we further develop a numerical method which computes waveforms generated by a point mass particle orbiting a Schwarzschild black hole. The Regge-Wheeler-Zerilli wave equation is solved in time domain. The gauge invariant solution is related to the polarisation modes, the energy and the angular momentum carried by the gravitational waves. In reaction to the energy and the moment lost, the trajectory is modified all along. In the MiSaTaQuWa formalism, we compute the self-force acting upon a point particle which is initially at rest, and then falling into a Schwarzschild black hole. We show how this quantity is defined in the Regge-Wheeler gauge by using the mode-sum regularisation technique. We take into account the self-force effect on the motion of the particle by using an iterative and osculating orbit method conceived herein. We quantify the orbital deviation with respect to the geodesic motion, but also the perturbed wave forms and the associated radiated energy
Harguindéguy, Stéphanie. "Transport de l’uranium dans les eaux et le sol : approche combinée colloïdale et isotopique." Thesis, Pau, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PAUU3043/document.
Full textMechanisms of interaction between uranium and colloids were studied by samples taken from a site of interest for the “French Nuclear Agency” (CEA). The mobilization of uranium from soils was apprehended by static and dynamic leaching experiments. The transfer and transport have been studied by considering pondwaters and drainwaters. Results confirm that anthropogenic uranium is more mobile than natural uranium. However mechanisms of mobilization and distribution of uranium, does not differ depending on its origin. The colloidal fraction plays an important role on the migration in soil and the transfer into water by representing from 10 to 90 % uranium depending on samples. The colloidal fractions of uranium are in a continuum of size up to about 200 nm hydrodynamic diameter. They are mainly composed of organic material, iron and aluminum. Along the drain, from the upstream to the downstream of the site, rearrangement of colloidal associations between uranium and organic material occurs in disfavor of colloidal associations between uranium and iron, the proportion of colloidal uranium bound to aluminum remains unchanged
Shao, ZhenMian. "Les nouveaux systèmes ferroélectriques (La1-xLnx)2Ti2O7 (Ln = Pr, Nd, Sm) : synthèse, caractérisations structurales et mesures électriques sur massifs et couches minces." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10100/document.
Full textThe environmental constraints advocate the replacement of lead-based substances found in electronic equipments. In this context, we have synthesized (La1-xLnx)2Ti2O7 (Ln = Pr, Nd, Sm) solid solutions as bulks and thin films deposited on SrTiO3-Nb substrates oriented (100) or (110). In ceramics’ form, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of these layered perovskite solid solutions are found. In thin films’ form, the investigation by θ/θ X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows a (012) preferred orientation for the films deposited on (100)-SrTiO3 substrates and (001) for (110)-SrTiO3 substrates’ films. The measurements by high resolution XRD and reciprocal space mappings reveal the existence of supplementary orientations on these films, which are (025) for films deposited on (100)-SrTiO3 substrates and (212) for films deposited on (110)-SrTiO3 substrates. The macroscopic electrical measurements suggest a ferroelectric nature in these samples. The local electrical measurements performed by piezoelectric force microscopy (PFM) confirm the ferroelectricity in all films. This microscope reveals the existence of ferroelectric domains which the polarization vectors have components in and out of film’s plane, in good agreement with HR-XRD results. These promising results place these solid solutions as potential candidates under the replacement of lead-based substances in electronic equipments
Bachelet, Romain. "Couches minces d'oxydes élaborées par voie sol-gel, épitaxiées et nanostructurées par traitements thermiques post-dépôt." Limoges, 2006. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/4cc09354-efa8-4f34-bdf3-4f9197e96005/blobholder:0/2006LIMO0044.pdf.
Full textThis work deals with elaboration of epitaxial oxide thin films by post-deposition thermal treatments from sol-gel method. The thermal treatments induce the formation of nanostructures made of nano-islands. Different nanostructures have been realized on different pre-patterned monocrystalline surfaces. Flat-top islands have been obtained on smooth substrates, dome-shaped islands on rough substrates and tilted flat-top islands on vicinal surfaces. When the island diameter is smaller than the mean terrace length of step-bunched vicinal surface, self-organized arrays of nano-islands can be encountered. The nanostructured thin films have been studied by atomic force microscopy and x-ray diffraction using reciprocal space mapping
Ritter, Patxi. "Ondes gravitationnelles et calcul de la force propre pour un astre compact en mouvement autour d'un trou noir supermassif." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00920959.
Full textPicard, Karine. "Lutte biologique par Pythium oligandrum en culture hors-sol : dynamique des populations, antagonisme et rôle d’une protéine dans l’induction de résistance chez la tomate." Brest, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BRES0001.
Full textSamrakandi, Moulay Abdeslam. "Rôle des nitrites dans l'oxydation des polyphénols et la formation de polycondensats de type humiques." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1992. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1992_SAMRAKANDI_M_A.pdf.
Full textHammoudi, Alaaeddine. "Modeling and mathematical analysis of the dynamics of soil organic carbon." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS205/document.
Full textUnderstanding the soil organic matter (SOM) cycle is a major tool in the effort toreduce global warming, to preserve biodiversity and to improve food safety strategies.In this context, this thesis is about modelling and mathematical analysis of thedynamics of the organic carbon in soil.In chapter 2, we validate mathematically a nonlinear soil organic carbon model(MOMOS) and we prove that, if data is periodic, then there is a unique attractiveperiodic solution. In chapter 3, we focus on the mathematical validation of a spatialmodel derived from MOMOS and where we used diffusion and transport operators.We prove also the existence of a periodic solution. In addition, the effect of soilheterogeneities on the model is studied in chapter 4 using homogenization techniques.Moreover, following the Bosatta and Agren methodology, we derive a continuousquality model taking in consideration the effect of age on the quality of SOM. Wevalidate the model mathematically and experimentally in chapter 5. Finally, weconsider in chapters 6 and 7 another model that takes into account the chemotaxismovement of soil microorganisms. We prove mainly the existence and uniqueness of apositive solution in a regular spatial domain of dimension less or equal to 3
Zaepffel, Manuel. "Etude des mécanismes fonctionnels de la préparation du mouvement : inférences à partir des potentiels électrophysiologiques de surface, intracorticaux et des rythmes cérébraux dans une tâche de saisie manuelle." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5100.
Full textFor grasping, the motor system has to control several movement parameters to produce a motor command adapted to the object properties. The understanding of the mechanisms involved in the development of this motor command relies on several questions. What kinds of parameters are processed by the nervous systems? What are the cortical structures involved? When and how these parameters are processed? During the execution or during the preparation phase preceding movement initiation? All these questions are addressed in this thesis which general objective is to provide a better understanding of the mental processes linking perception to action and to clarify how the functional organization of these processes is reflected in the neurophysiological activity. Our research is based in particular on the comparison between humans and monkeys studied in a similar experimental setting and performing an identical reach-to-grasp task. The results of this work led us to focus our discussion on three main axes. First, they allowed to specify the functional principles underlying the preparation of grasping movements. Second, we identified several components that characterize the modulations of the beta rhythm (15-35 Hz) and pinpointed the main factors governing their presence or absence. In this sense, we propose a hypothesis for interpreting in a unified theoretical framework a large number of studies that often provide conflicting interpretations of this sensorimotor rhythm
Youssef, Emile. "Etude théorique et expérimentale du flambement des pieux." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1994. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00523301.
Full textHenrion, Bénédicte. "Caractérisation et identification de champignons ectomycorhiziens par amplification enzymatique (PCR) de l'ADN ribosomal : application au suivi du basidiomycète laccaria bicolor en pépinière forestière." Nancy 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NAN10329.
Full textTison, Erick. "Caractérisation de la zone de mélange d'un extracteur centrifuge à effet Couette utilisé en extraction liquide-liquide." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPL065N.
Full textWagner, Pierre-André. "Écophysiologie comparée de plants de chêne pédonculé (Quercus robur L. ) et de chêne sessile (Quercus petraea (Matt. ) Liebl. ) soumis à deux contraintes racinaires successives : hypoxie et sécheresse : application à la mise en valeur forestière des pélosol-pseudogleys." Nancy 1, 1996. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1996_0354_WAGNER.pdf.
Full textNguyen, Trung Hieu. "Multi-capteurs chimiques de chloramines et de chloroforme à transduction optique. Application à la surveillance de la qualité de l’air dans les piscines." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112022.
Full textIn swimming-pools, chlorine is used as a disinfectant to minimize the risk to users from microbial contaminants. In water, chlorine reacts with nitrogen compounds generated by human activity like saliva, sweat, urine and skin, leading to the formation of toxic compounds, such as monochloramine (NH2Cl), dichloramine (NHCl2), nitrogen trichloride (NCl3), chloroform (CHCl3), etc… The detection and the quantification of these volatile compounds at ppb level (part per billion) is an important and significant challenge to be able to monitor the air quality in swimming pool. Or, there is currently no commercially available and low-cost system which can instantaneously measure at ppb concentrations.The aim of this research is to develop a cheap, sensitive and selective chemical and colorimetric sensors of monochloramine, nitrogen trichloride and chloroform. For this purpose, we developed chemical sensors based on the use of nanoporous silicate matrices doped with probe-molecules. The NCl3 sensor doped with NaI and amylose can detect NCl3 at ppb level (5 ppb – 180 ppb) in humid atmospheres (from 50% to 80% relative humidity) at ambient pool temperatures. Due to the fast change of color, visible with naked eyes, these sensors can be used to detect peaks of pollution and to monitor the air quality of indoor pools. The NH2Cl selective sensor is based on the Berthelot reaction. The nanoporous silicate matrices doped with sodium nitroprusside and phenol in an alkaline medium, turn from transparent to blue upon exposure to gaseous NH2Cl. This sensor can detect NH2Cl in the range from 60 to 250 ppb in a very humid atmosphere (≈ 80%). Used to probe the quality of pool water, this sensor can detect NH2Cl in water with a detection limit of 0,1 µmol•L-1. A preliminary study of the CHCl3 detection was also conducted to identify probe-molecules capable of reacting with chloroform to form colored products. The reagents of the Fujiwara reaction were selected. The study of the 2,2’-bipyridine reactivity in solution in the presence of a strong base allowed highlighting the simultaneous formation of two colored compounds, whose formation depends on the nature of the reaction environment
Liu, Qiang. "Optimization of Epitaxial Ferroelectric Pb(Zr0.52,Ti0.48)O3 Thin-Film Capacitor Properties." Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ECDL0049/document.
Full textWith the intensive use of modern microelectronic devices in numerous areas, there is an increasing demand for non-volatile memories. FeRAM (ferroelectric random access memory) is one of the most potential next-generation memories for its ultra-low power consumption and high read/write rate. Among various ferroelectrics, PZT (Pb(Zr1-x,Tix)O3) exhibits high remnant polarization and low coercive field, which make it a promising candidate for FeRAM.In this dissertation, PZT(52/48) layers of various thicknesses (from 33 nm to 200 nm) have been epitaxially grown on SrTiO3 substrate, with a SrRuO3 interlayer as bottom electrode, using two deposition methods for comparison: sol-gel and sputtering. Three different conductive materials (SrRuO3, Pt and ITO) have been deposited as top electrode. The objective was a detailed study of the electrical and ferroelectric properties of these MFM (metal-ferroelectric-metal) capacitors, with a particular investigation of the influence of elaboration conditions and electrode material on leakage currents and domain switching dynamics.Sputtered and sol-gel-derived PZT capacitors showed similar properties: Above a minimum workable thickness of about 100 nm for a 100 × 100 μm2 PZT capacitor, they showed low leakage current, high maximum relative permittivity (600 - 1300) and high remnant polarization (30 - 40 μC/cm2). The dominant leakage current mechanisms were identified by fitting the results, showing different contributions as a function of electric field. PFM (piezoresponse force microscopy) characterizations confirmed the existence of ferroelectric domains of opposite directions. Coercive field was found to be highly dependent on work frequency. Besides, imprint properties were found to be dependent on top electrode, annealing procedure and bottom electrode thickness
Le, Crom Sébastien. "Modélisation à l'échelle microscopique des fluides et des solutés dans des argiles saturées et insaturées." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS211.
Full textThe clay minerals were selected by Andra in the deep geological disposal facility for radioactive waste management, named Cigeo, for their adsorption properties and very low permeability. In this context, gas can be inserted into the pores of the initially saturated natural environment, creating partially saturated transient conditions. Whose impact must be quantified in order to ensure the durability of storage. In clay pores, of nanometric size, the water and solutes transfer is strongly influenced by electrostatic interactions with surfaces. Thus, we used Molecular Dynamics to study the impact of charged surfaces on the species properties at the atomic scale. We first probed the effect of the species polarizability in the calcul of interactions (force field) on a saturated montmorillonite reference system. Polarizability has been shown to significantly change the organization and dynamics of water and solutes within the pore. In particular, it increases the number of ionic pairs formed in solution, which leads to a layer structuration of the polarizable ions at the clay interface.The effect of an air unsaturation on the properties of species confined within a clay pore has been shown to be important for very large unsaturations. In very unsaturated pores, the cations are placed between the surface and the anions in order to screen the negative charge of the clay, creating locally an overcompensation of the charge. The diffusion of all the species is controlled by cations which varies according to the type of force field used, polarizable or non polarizable
Hoff, Brice. "Nanostructuration et caractérisation en ultravide de dépôts de molécules sur surfaces isolantes par microscopie à force atomique en mode non-contact et sonde de Kelvin." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4078/document.
Full textThanks to ultra high vacuum experiments using non-contact AFM and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), we have been able to characterize precisely several depositions of molecules on different surfaces, including the (001) surface of a Cd2+ doped NaCl single crystal called the Suzuki surface. This surface is nanostructured such as two different regions coexist : pure NaCl regions and Suzuki regions covering partially the (001) surface. We show that the Suzuki surface can be used as a nanotemplate in order to confine the adsorption of nano-objects such as organic or inorganic molecules. After deposition of different functionalised pentahelicenes molecules, a large part of those stay preferentially adsorbed on Suzuki regions. Following the nc-AFM and KPFM observations a model will be presented on the mechanism of adsorption and desorption of those helicenes, accompanied with a astonishing study about fullerenes C60 molecules deposed on several surfaces, and the charge manipulation in these islands
Ruiz, Preciado Marco Alejandro. "Synthèse, caractérisation et réponse photocatalytique des oxydes semi-conducteurs à base de NiTiO3." Thesis, Le Mans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LEMA1037/document.
Full textThe thesis work is devoted to the synthesis of NiTiO3-based semiconductive structures, i.e. powders and thin films, and the investigation of their related properties with the aim of their applications in photocatalysis. Theoretical approach and numerical simulations of the electronic, vibrational and optical properties of bulk and nanosized NiTiO3 structures have been carried out in order to deepen the understanding of the experimental results. The synthesis of NiTiO3 powders has been achieved by sol-gel and solid state reaction, while NiTiO3 thin films have been grown by rf-sputtering.Characterizations on their structural, vibrational and optical properties confirm the stabilization of polycrystalline NiTiO3 in its ilmenite phase in both powders and thin films as well. The determination of a band gap at 2.25 eV suggests the feasibility to implement the synthesized materials as visible-light-active photocatalysts. This feature has been tested in thedegradation of methylene blue in aqueous solution using rf-sputtered NiTiO3 thin films irradiated with visible light,achieving the degradation of 60% of the initial concentration of the colorant in 300 minutes. In addition, the electro-oxidation of methanol has been accomplished by applying an external voltage on an electrode containing NiTiO3 powders in alkaline media. The Ni ions present in the catalyst have been identified as the active species with the oxidation of the organic molecules on the surface of Ni3+ sites. As a main achievement, NiTiO3 has been synthesized as powders and thin films with suitable characteristics for efficient heterogeneous photocatalysis and the catalytic capabilities of NiTiO3 have beendemonstrated on the photodegradation of Methylene Blue and the electro-oxidation of methanol
Tian, Roger Bi Diangoné. "Sources environnementales de Mycobacterium ulcerans en Côte d'Ivoire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5040.
Full textBuruli ulcer is the third mycobacteriosis in the world after tuberculosis, leprosy. Buruli ulcer is widespread in at least 33 countries including West Africa which has the highest prevalence. Among the countries in which Buruli ulcer is reported, Ivory Coast which we come from has the highest incidence of 36% reported in the World Health Organization. Buruli ulcer is caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, an environmental mycobacterium whose reservoir and source of transmission to humans, are not understood. Our review of the literature focused on environmental sources of this mycobacterium in West Africa, which converge stagnant aquatic environment. On this basis, we conducted an extensive campaign of environmental sampling in Ivory Coast and detected by real-time PCR M. ulcerans in stagnant water, soil and feces of an herbivorous mammal Thryonomys swinderianus. Then we experimentally proved that M. ulcerans could survive in the soil for at least four months. These results suggest that, in Ivory Coast, stagnant water, soil and animal could play a role in the life cycle of the bacterium. In the second work, we have upgraded aquatic tropical plants by the use of extracts in the culture medium of M. ulcerans, slow growing mycobacteria to accelerate its growth. In the third work, we proposed the methylene blue, less expensive, easy to access as an alternative treatment for Buruli ulcer. It is appropriate to resume the experiment on methylene blue by other teams of researchers and after reproducing our experimental data, suggest the topical use of purified, non-toxic methylene blue in human clinical
Do, Ngoc Anh. "Numerical analyses of segmental tunnel lining under static and dynamic loads." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0042/document.
Full textThis PhD thesis has the aim to study the behaviour of segmental tunnel lining by developing a new numerical approach to the Hyperstatic Reaction Method (HRM) and producing two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) numerical models using the finite difference method (FDM). The study first deals with under static loads, and then performs under dynamic loads. Firstly, a literature review has been conducted. A new numerical approach applied to the HRM has then been developed. At the same time, a 2D numerical model is programmed regarding static loading conditions in order to evaluate the influence of the segmental joints, in terms of both joint distribution and joint stiffness characteristics, on the tunnel lining behaviour. After that, full 3D models of a single tunnel, twin horizontal tunnels and twin tunnels stacked over each other, excavated in close proximity in which the joint pattern is simulated, have been developed. These 3D models allow one to investigate the behaviour of not only the tunnel lining but also the displacement of the ground surrounding the tunnel during the tunnel excavation. A simplified 3D numerical model has then been produced in order to validate the new numerical approach applied to the HRM. In the last part of the manuscript, the performance of the segmental tunnel lining exposed to dynamic loading is taken into consideration through quasi-static and full dynamic analyses using 2D numerical models (FDM). A new HRM model has also been developed considering quasi-static loads. The differences of the tunnel behaviour under static and seismic loadings are highlighted
Glinel, Karine. "Polysaccharides perfluorés dérivés de pullulane : synthèse et étude des propriétés en solution." Rouen, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ROUES009.
Full textLagmich, Youssef. "Diagnostic et modélisation d'une décharge à barrière diélectrique pour le contrôle d'écoulement." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30285.
Full textSurface plasmas can modify the boundary layer of a flow along an airfoil. Several types of plasma actuators are being studied in different laboratories. In aerodynamic applications, these plasma actuators could be used to increase performance and reduce energy consumption, by controlling the transition between laminar and turbulent regimes, reducing drag, controlling lift and reducing noise. The advantages of plasma actuators are their simplicity and the possibility to electrically control the actuator, without moving mechanical pieces. In this work, we have focused on plasma actuators based on surface dielectric barrier discharge (DBDs). The goal was to develop self-consistent discharge models and simple experiments under controlled conditions to understand in detail the physics of the surface DBDs and of the electrohydrodynamic (EHD) force generated in these discharges. We have shown that the EHD force in surface DBDs is of the same nature as the force associated with the "ion wind" in corona discharge. Results show that the EHD force is due to the development of ion clouds generated above the dielectric surface and drifting in the large electric field. The contribution of the current peaks associated with periodic breakdown above the surface to the EHD force is negligible. Both positive and negative ions contribute to the force: positive ions during the positive part of the cycle (when the electrode above the dielectric surface is the anode), negative ions during the negative part of the cycle (cathode above the dielectric surface). The average EHD force per unit length in a surface DBD is on the order of 50 mN/m, with an efficiency of about 0. 2 mN/W. Experiments developed in this work confirm the physical description of the surface DBD provided by the model. The trends predicted by the simulation results are in excellent agreement with available experimental results
Malakooti, Hossein. "Météorologie et qualité de l'air dans une grande ville : application sur Téhéran, Iran." Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00555962.
Full textLesoin, Sapho. "Migration cationique et anionique des métaux toxiques (Plomb, Chrome et Zinc) dans les sols sous l'effet d'un champ électrique." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00529773.
Full textDérue, Véronique. "Polymérisation de films de Langmuir et de Langmuir-Blodgett. Application à l'acide élaïdique et à un dérivé aminé." Rouen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ROUES006.
Full textClair, Bruno. "Etude des propriétés mécaniques et du retrait au séchage du bois à l'échelle de la paroi cellulaire : essai de compréhension du comportement macroscopique paradoxal du bois de tension à couche gélatineuse." Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008857.
Full textLes fibres à couche G semblant être le moteur du fort retrait axial du bois de tension, une observation du comportement au séchage à l'échelle de la paroi cellulaire est mise au point. Des observations en microscopie électronique à balayage et en microscopie à force atomique montrent que, en plus de son fort retrait transverse, la couche G a aussi un très fort retrait longitudinal. Une approche simple de modélisation par éléments finis est proposée pour rendre compte des phénomènes observés.
Afin de récolter des données pour la modélisation, deux outils complémentaires sont mis au point pour une estimation des propriétés élastiques et viscoélastiques des couches de la paroi cellulaire. La réalisation d'un microscope acoustique en transmission et l'utilisation de la microscopie atomique en mode contact vibrant permettent d'envisager la caractérisation quantitative des propriétés mécaniques à l'échelle de la paroi dans différentes conditions d'humidité.
Imanzadeh, Saber. "Effets des incertitudes et de la variabilité spatiale des propriétés des sols et des structures sur le dimensionnement des semelles filantes et des conduites enterrées." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00803563.
Full textDalibard, Jean. "Le rôle des fluctuations dans la dynamique d'un atome couple au champ électromagnétique." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066393.
Full textAl, Maksoud Walid. "Des matériaux hybrides pour le captage de bio-toxiques : Par greffage des poly-aromatiques obtenus via une méthodologie palladocatalysées in et ex-aqua. Par greffage des molécules poly-azotées." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00845468.
Full textMoreau, Maxim. "La force de réaction au sol verticale maximale comme témoin d'effets fonctionnels et structuraux chez des modèles canins d'arthrose : potentiel envers le développement thérapeutique." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12989.
Full textAnimal models of osteoarthritis are useful to evaluate the potential of osteoarthritis therapeutics at the preclinical stage of development. In this thesis, the dog is used as a model of naturally-occurring (i.e. companion animal) and experimentally induced (i.e. by surgical transection of the cranial cruciate ligament) osteoarthritis. The peak of the vertically-oriented ground reaction force, which is measured during kinetic gait analysis, is proposed to be an indicator of structural and functional benefits in these models of osteoarthritis. In a canine model of naturally-occurring osteoarthritis, the threshold of the minimal detectable change in peak vertical force was determined. An improvement in the locomotor disability can now be identified according to the measurement error (noise) of the peak vertical force. This allows the identification of responders when the peak vertical force is used as an outcome measure of functional benefits. A retrospective analysis later determined that current therapeutic approaches provided a responder rate of 62.8% with an effect size of 0.7 in dogs with naturally-occurring osteoarthritis. This analysis also determined that the therapeutic response is favored in cases of severe locomotor disability. In a canine model of osteoarthritis induced by surgical transection of the cranial cruciate ligament, the peak vertical force demonstrated an inverse relationship with different types of structural changes, as evaluated upon magnetic resonance imaging. The sensitivity of the peak vertical force to detect structural benefits on the subchondral bone was also shown in this model using an antiresorptive agent (i.e. tiludronate). The experiments conducted in dogs with naturally-occurring osteoarthritis further validate findings from clinical trials in which the peak vertical force is used as an outcome measure of functional benefits. The practice of an evidence-based medicine is then expected. The experiments conducted in dogs with surgically-induced osteoarthritis support the recording of the locomotor disability, being in line with the level of the structural changes. By performing gait analysis in addition to structural evaluations, it is expected to establish the impact of structural benefits on joint discomfort This thesis suggests that a platform for preclinical investigations, which combines the canine model of osteoarthritis induced by surgical transection of the cranial cruciate ligament and a clinical trial in dogs with naturally-occurring osteoarthritis, offers the opportunity to discern structural benefits having functional impacts. A better prediction of outcomes for human clinical trials is expected by using the peak vertical force.
Eslami, Mansour. "Effect of foot angle changes on body joints and segments during standing and running = Effet de changement d'angle au pied sur les articulations et les segments lors de l'équilibre debout et de la course." Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15466.
Full textSchiavon, Giovanni [Verfasser]. "Sol-gel derived nanocomposites : synthesis, spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy / Giovanni Schiavon." 2000. http://d-nb.info/962035424/34.
Full textTu, Liang-Chi, and 涂良池. "The influence of interfacial force of sol-gel rubbery hybrid materials of modified SBS and SiO2 on their properties." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/72466865801784664838.
Full text國立臺灣科技大學
纖維及高分子工程研究所
87
Different interfacial force rubbery hybrid materials, SBS-NO2/SiO2, SBS-NH2/SiO2, and SBS-Si(OCH3)3/SiO2, were prepared through sol-gel process of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and modified SBS(styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene copolymer), SBS-NO2, SBS-NH2, and SBS-Si(OCH3)3, respectively. SBS-NO2, SBS-NH2, and SBS-Si(OCH3)3 were synthesized by the introduction of -NO2, -NH2 and -Si(OCH3)3 groups respectively to the phenyl group in styrene block without damaging the double bonds in the butadiene block and lowering the molecular weight of SBS. The structures and properties of the hybrids with different interfacial force were studied and compared. The hybrids, SBS-Si(OCH3)3/SiO2, with covalent bonds between the organic and inorganic phase, had better chemical, thermal and abrasion resistance, and higher storage modulus, dimensional stability than that of hybrids, SBS-NO2/SiO2 and SBS-NH2/SiO2, with hydrogen bonds as interfacial force. The influence of the respective contents of the introduced -NO2, -NH2, -Si(OCH3)3 groups in SBS chains, and the contents of SiO2 on the properties of hybrids, were also studied in detail.