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Journal articles on the topic 'Force field developent'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 8 June 2024

Last updated: 19 July 2025

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1

Sikka, Anmol, Ian DesJardin, Thomas Leps, and Christine Hartzell. "Development of an Empirical Model of the Force between Paramagnetic Particles in Uniform Magnetic Field on M-type Asteroids." Planetary Science Journal 4, no. 7 (2023): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/psj/ace323.

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Abstract M-type asteroids may have remanent magnetic fields. Regolith particles on M-type asteroids are likely to have metallic components, causing them to be paramagnetic and respond to an external magnetic field. Paramagnetic particles placed in an external magnetic field are influenced by induced magnetic moments of neighboring particles. Therefore, the magnetic force between regolith particles on an M-type asteroid can change the net cohesion of the regolith. Previous works have shown the influence of cohesive forces in the evolution of rubble-pile asteroids. This work characterizes the ma

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2

Yamamoto, Tatsuya, and Yasuhiro Sugawara. "Development of low-temperature and ultrahigh-vacuum photoinduced force microscopy." Review of Scientific Instruments 94, no. 3 (2023): 033702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0132166.

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In this paper, we develop optical and electronic systems for photoinduced force microscopy (PiFM) that can measure photoinduced forces under low temperature and ultrahigh vacuum (LT-UHV) without artifacts. For our LT-UHV PiFM, light is irradiated from the side on the tip–sample junction, which can be adjusted through the combination of an objective lens inside the vacuum chamber and a 90° mirror outside the vacuum chamber. We measured photoinduced forces due to the electric field enhancement between the tip and the Ag surface, and confirmed that photoinduced force mapping and measurement of ph

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3

Kimura, Toshitaka, and Hiroaki Gomi. "Temporal Development of Anticipatory Reflex Modulation to Dynamical Interactions During Arm Movement." Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 4 (2009): 2220–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90907.2008.

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It is known that somatosensory reflex during voluntary arm movement is modulated anticipatorily according to given tasks or environments. However, when and how reflex amplitude is set remains controversial. Is the reflex modulation completed preparatorily before movement execution or does it vary with the movement? Is the reflex amplitude coded in a temporal manner or in a spatial (or state-dependent) manner? Here we studied these issues while subjects performed planar reaching movements with upcoming opposite (rightward/leftward) directions of force fields. Somatosensory reflex responses of s

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Fiorillo, Luca, Marco Cicciù, Cesare D’Amico, Rodolfo Mauceri, Giacomo Oteri, and Gabriele Cervino. "Finite Element Method and Von Mises Investigation on Bone Response to Dynamic Stress with a Novel Conical Dental Implant Connection." BioMed Research International 2020 (October 8, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2976067.

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The bioengineering and medical and biomedical fields are ever closer, and they manage to obtain surprising results for the development of new devices. The field of simulations and studies in silica has undergone considerable development in recent years, favoring the advancement of medicine. In this manuscript, a study was carried out to evaluate the force distribution on the implant components (In-Kone® Universal) and on the peri-implant tissues subjected to loading. With the finite element analysis and the Von Mises method, it was possible to evaluate this distribution of forces both at 0 deg

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5

Iwaoka, M., and D. Yosida. "Development and evaluation of the single amino acid potential force field (SAAP force field)." Seibutsu Butsuri 43, supplement (2003): S52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2142/biophys.43.s52_2.

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6

Abel, Stéphane, François-Yves Dupradeau, Beatrice de Foresta, and Massimo Marchi. "Development of a Force Field Topology Database for Detergents for Molecular Dynamics Simulations with the Amber Force Fields." Biophysical Journal 102, no. 3 (2012): 395a—396a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2011.11.2161.

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7

Krämer-Fuhrmann, Ottmar, Jens Neisius, Niklas Gehlen, Dirk Reith, and Karl N. Kirschner. "Wolf2Pack – Portal Based Atomistic Force-Field Development." Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 53, no. 4 (2013): 802–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ci300290g.

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8

Lyubartsev, Alexander P., and Alexander L. Rabinovich. "Force Field Development for Lipid Membrane Simulations." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1858, no. 10 (2016): 2483–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.12.033.

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9

Liivat, Anti, Alvo Aabloo, and John O. Thomas. "Development of a force field for Li2SiF6." Journal of Computational Chemistry 26, no. 7 (2005): 716–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.20209.

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10

NISTORESCU, Claudiu Valer. "NEW CHALLENGES REGARDING THE DEVELOPMENT AND CONFIGURATION OF THE ARMORED CAPABILITIES." STRATEGIES XXI - Command and Staff College 17, no. 1 (2021): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/2668-2028-21-03.

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Abstract: A new international security paradigm in the evolution of the international environment and modern battlefield requirements implies the reconsideration of the combat large-scale operations concept. Consequently, the need to reconsider this concept generates a number of imperatives in configuring and developing tactical force structures and formations. Flexibility, versatility, operational mobility, as well as the ability to survive in the tactical field are general but mandatory requirements for those forces. Armored forces, the main striking force of the tactical units must be versa

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11

Elshan Aliyev, Azer Gasimli, Elshan Aliyev, Azer Gasimli. "ON DEVELOPMENT OF OIL FIELDS." ETM - Equipment, Technologies, Materials 21, no. 03 (2024): 04–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/etm21032024-01.

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Using a literature review, the article concludes that the displacement of oil by surfactants affects interrelated factors: by affecting the surface tension at the oil-water-rock interface, SAM adsorption occurs on the surface of pore channels, rock surface water and oil wetting changes, the oil layer is broken up and washed from the rock surface, the dispersion of oil in water stabilizes, the phase permeability of the porous medium changes, and finally, the forced displacement of oil by the water phase occurs. Keywords: gravity, elastic, capillary forces, adhesion, adsorption.

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12

Robustelli, Paul, Stefano Piana, and David E. Shaw. "Developing a molecular dynamics force field for both folded and disordered protein states." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 21 (2018): E4758—E4766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1800690115.

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Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is a valuable tool for characterizing the structural dynamics of folded proteins and should be similarly applicable to disordered proteins and proteins with both folded and disordered regions. It has been unclear, however, whether any physical model (force field) used in MD simulations accurately describes both folded and disordered proteins. Here, we select a benchmark set of 21 systems, including folded and disordered proteins, simulate these systems with six state-of-the-art force fields, and compare the results to over 9,000 available experimental data po

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13

Zu, Gongbo, and Kit Ming Lam. "Simultaneous measurement of wind velocity field and wind forces on a square tall building." Advances in Structural Engineering 21, no. 15 (2018): 2241–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433218770822.

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Vortex shedding from a tall building is known to be responsible for the quasi-periodic across-wind force exerted on the building. This article unveils the exact relationship between the vortex shedding pattern and the fluctuating across-wind force. Simultaneous particle-image velocimetry and pressure measurements are carried out on a square-plan tall building model in the wind tunnel toward an understanding of the velocity–pressure–force relation for across-wind force generation on the building. A collection of instantaneous wind flow patterns and synchronized wind pressure distributions sugge

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14

O'Sullivan, Patrick. "Geopolitical Force Fields." Geographical Analysis 27, no. 2 (2010): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00342.x.

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15

Deng, Kui, Wei Hu, Liang Ge, Ze Hu, Qing Yang, and Xiaoting Xiao. "Study of Downhole Lateral Force Measurement Modelling and Devices in Petroleum Exploration." Energies 15, no. 15 (2022): 5724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155724.

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Measurement while drilling (MWD) technology is important for obtaining downhole parameters. As an essential parameter in drilling engineering, lateral force provides a powerful reference basis for judging the downhole drilling direction. Although stress measurement technology has matured, research on downhole lateral forces, especially near-bit lateral forces during the drilling process in petroleum exploration, is lacking. Based on the force analysis of a short measurement circuit, the lateral force measurement value of a drill bit and centralizer was converted to a drill string’s radial-bend

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16

Ding, Weiye, Congfang Ai, Sheng Jin, and Jinbo Lin. "3D Numerical Investigation of Forces and Flow Field around the Semi-Submersible Platform in An Internal Solitary Wave." Water 12, no. 1 (2020): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010208.

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Characteristics of hydrodynamic forces and flow fields around the semi-submersible platform induced by the internal solitary wave (ISW) propagation were investigated in a 3D numerical wave tank. Good agreements between numerical results and experimental data of forces and torque on the platform were achieved. The hydrodynamic loads increased and decreased with the increases in the ISW amplitude and fluid depth ratio, respectively. The pressure mainly contributed to the force on the platform. The horizontal forces on bracings were negligible. Almost all the vertical forces on the platform were

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17

Nicholson, Michelle S. A., and Michelle V. Eastman-Jarrott. "The Impact of COVID-19 on the Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force: A Command Perspective." Journal of Developing Societies 39, no. 4 (2023): 490–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x231209085.

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In Trinidad and Tobago, military commanders were forced to deploy personnel on the frontlines alongside police officers during the COVID-19 pandemic in an attempt to contain the spread of the virus. The armed forces were used to provide drivers to transport returning residents to quarantine facilities and nurses and paramedics to assist with the critically ill at the field hospitals. The military was also utilized to enforce lockdown regulations. The use of the military in these ways exposed personnel to the added risk of contracting the virus, all the while increasing the burdens of their ser

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18

Pan, Jiasheng, Leigang Zhang, and Qing Sun. "Development of a force-field-based control strategy for an upper-limb rehabilitation robot." Mechanical Sciences 13, no. 2 (2022): 949–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ms-13-949-2022.

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Abstract. Robot-assisted rehabilitation has proven to be effective for improving the motor performance of patients with neuromuscular injuries. The effectiveness of robot-assisted training directly depends on the control strategy applied in the therapy training. This paper presents an end-effector upper-limb rehabilitation robot for the functional recovery training of disabled patients. A force-field-based rehabilitation control strategy is then developed to induce active patient participation during training tasks. The proposed control strategy divides the 3D space around the rehabilitation t

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19

Ebner, Erich. "Pulsed Magnetic Field Resonance Therapy." British Journal of Healthcare and Medical Research 12, no. 03 (2025): 138–41. https://doi.org/10.14738/bjhr.1203.18827.

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Medical-therapeutic and especially alternative procedures are increasingly developing in parallel with subspecialized high-performance medicine and are increasingly losing the understanding and advantages of integrative therapy. However, a look at the basic prerequisites of life toward physical laws reveals a different picture. A picture that questions this development of an isolated subspecialization. Magnetism, as a fundamental physical force, is the basis of life and thus one of the decisive forces in the origin and development of all life on Earth, as well as in all biological processes, c

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20

Liang, David, Ziji Zhang, Miriam Rafailovich, Marcia Simon, Yuefan Deng, and Peng Zhang. "Coarse-Grained Modeling of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein by Physics-Informed Machine Learning." Computation 11, no. 2 (2023): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computation11020024.

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Coarse-grained (CG) modeling has defined a well-established approach to accessing greater space and time scales inaccessible to the computationally expensive all-atomic (AA) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Popular methods of CG follow a bottom-up architecture to match properties of fine-grained or experimental data whose development is a daunting challenge for requiring the derivation of a new set of parameters in potential calculation. We proposed a novel physics-informed machine learning (PIML) framework for a CG model and applied it, as a verification, for modeling the SARS-CoV-2 spike

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21

Pastor, R. W., and A. D. MacKerell. "Development of the CHARMM Force Field for Lipids." Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 2, no. 13 (2011): 1526–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jz200167q.

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22

Zhang, Ling, and J. Ilja Siepmann. "Development of the trappe force field for ammonia." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 75, no. 5 (2010): 577–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc2009540.

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The transferable potentials for phase equilibria (TraPPE) force field is extended through the development of a non-polarizable five-site ammonia model. In this model, the electrostatic interactions are represented by three positive partial charges placed at the hydrogen position and a compensating partial charge placed on an M site that is located on the C3 molecular axis and displaced from the nitrogen atom toward the hydrogen atoms. The repulsive and dispersive interactions are represented by placing a single Lennard–Jones site at the position of the nitrogen atom. Starting from the five-sit

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23

DuBay, Kateri H., Michelle Lynn Hall, Thomas F. Hughes, Chuanjie Wu, David R. Reichman, and Richard A. Friesner. "Accurate Force Field Development for Modeling Conjugated Polymers." Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation 8, no. 11 (2012): 4556–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ct300175w.

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24

Ahmed, S., S. A. Bidstrup, P. A. Kohl, and P. J. Ludovice. "Development of a New Force Field for Polynorbornene." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 102, no. 49 (1998): 9783–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp9814294.

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25

Guvench, Olgun, and Alexander D. MacKerell. "Automated conformational energy fitting for force-field development." Journal of Molecular Modeling 14, no. 8 (2008): 667–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00894-008-0305-0.

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26

Ding, Ye, Kuang Yu, and Jing Huang. "Data science techniques in biomolecular force field development." Current Opinion in Structural Biology 78 (February 2023): 102502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102502.

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27

Mirkov, Dragan M., Olivera M. Knezevic, Amador Garcia-Ramos, Milan Čoh, and Nejc Šarabon. "Gender-Related Differences in Mechanics of the Sprint Start and Sprint Acceleration of Top National-Level Sprinters." MDPI 17, no. 18 (2020): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186447.

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Background: Within the current study we aimed at exploring gender-related differences and the relationship between sprint start block kinematics and kinetics and sprint acceleration force–velocity (F-v) relationship parameters (maximal force [F0], maximal velocity [v0], maximal power [Pmax] and slope) in top national-level sprinters. (2) Methods: Twenty-eight sprinters (6 females) performed 10 maximal 30-m sprints. Start block and acceleration kinematics and kinetics were collected with an instrumented sprint start block and a laser distance sensor (KiSprint system). Displacement-time da

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28

Liang, Guanqun, Yan Wang, Mario A. Garcia, et al. "A Universal Approach to Tire Forces Estimation by Accelerometer-Based Intelligent Tire: Analytical Model and Experimental Validation." Tire Science and Technology 50, no. 1 (2021): 2–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.21.21001.

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ABSTRACT Efforts to improve the performance and safety of vehicles include placing active sensing components (e.g., embedded microsensors) within tires result in intelligent tires. One application of intelligent tire is tire force estimation based on accelerometers. However, its development is limited due to the difficulty of relating the tire force to kinematical information by model-based theory. In this manuscript, a universal approach to tire forces estimation by the accelerometer-based intelligent tire is formulated and experimentally validated. First, a microelectromechanical system acce

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29

Z. Rakhmonov, T. "Development of the high-performance separator based on a mathematical model of droplet deposition in centrifugal forces field." Applied Technologies and Innovations 10, no. 4 (2014): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15208/ati.2014.19.

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30

HU, GANG, LE SONG, FENG MENG, et al. "RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL FORCE STANDARDS AT NIM." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 24 (January 2013): 1360020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194513600203.

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With the development and industrialization of micro- and nano- technology, small force measurements are widely applied in many fields such as advanced materials, bio-technology, aerospace and so on. For realizing traceable small forces and founding small force metrology hierarchy in China, NIM has launched a research project on small force metrology in 2011. 2 methods for small force realization at the scale of nano-Newton to micro-Newton are applied: electrical force based method and mass based method. The initial prototype of small force standard, which is based on the electrostatic force re

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31

Balogh, Gábor, Tamás Gyöngyösi, István Timári, et al. "Comparison of Carbohydrate Force Fields Using Gaussian Accelerated Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Development of Force Field Parameters for Heparin-Analogue Pentasaccharides." Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 59, no. 11 (2019): 4855–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00666.

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32

Fleuridas, Colette, and Drew Krafcik. "Beyond Four Forces: The Evolution of Psychotherapy." SAGE Open 9, no. 1 (2019): 215824401882449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244018824492.

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One framework for studying the evolution or development of personality theory and psychotherapy is the concept of forces—theoretical models, paradigms, dimensions, movements, or worldviews—that have made significant contributions to and shaped the field. This article describes and documents the rise of this evolutionary construct, the identification of the first three forces of psychotherapy (psychoanalytic, behavioral, and humanistic-existential), and the naming of the fourth force given to several, significant theoretical paradigms (transpersonal psychology, family systems, feminist psycholo

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33

Roeber, James BW, Santosh K. Pitla, Roger M. Hoy, Joe D. Luck, and Michael F. Kocher. "Development and Validation of a Tractor Drawbar Force Measurement and Data Acquisition System (DAQ)." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 33, no. 6 (2017): 781–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12489.

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Abstract. Matching agricultural tractors to implements towed by the drawbar is one of the important aspects of machinery management for ensuring optimum performance and fuel cost savings. A field deployable tractor draft force measurement and data acquisition system was developed and evaluated as part of this research project. A drawbar instrumented to measure draft force in field operating conditions was developed and statically calibrated. The drawbar was calibrated by applying loads from 4.45 to 134 kN using a hydraulic cylinder connected to a 444.8 kN load cell. Testing was conducted with

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34

Klauda, Jeffery B. "Considerations of Recent All-Atom Lipid Force Field Development." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 125, no. 22 (2021): 5676–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c02417.

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35

Markiewicz, M., J. Grochowski, P. Serda, et al. "Xanthone derivatives: conformational study and development of force field." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 61, a1 (2005): c276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767305088240.

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36

Chaban, Vitaly V. "Force field development and simulations of senior dialkyl sulfoxides." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 15 (2016): 10507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp08006a.

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Thermodynamics, structure, and dynamics of diethyl sulfoxide (DESO) and ethyl methyl sulfoxide (EMSO) were investigated using ab initio calculations and non-polarizable potential based molecular dynamics (MD) simulations.

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37

Kondoh, Junji, Kansuke Fujii, Kazuhiro Nomoto, Takahiro Harada, Shunji Tsuji-Iio, and Ryuichi Shimada. "Development of high field Tokamak with force-balanced coil." Fusion Engineering and Design 42, no. 1-4 (1998): 417–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-3796(97)00171-3.

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38

Smith, Dayle M. A., Yijia Xiong, T. P. Straatsma, Kevin M. Rosso, and Thomas C. Squier. "Force-Field Development and Molecular Dynamics of [NiFe] Hydrogenase." Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation 8, no. 6 (2012): 2103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ct300185u.

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39

Huang, Jing, and Alexander D. MacKerell. "Force field development and simulations of intrinsically disordered proteins." Current Opinion in Structural Biology 48 (February 2018): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2017.10.008.

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40

LaBrosse, Matthew R., J. Karl Johnson, and Adri C. T. van Duin. "Development of a Transferable Reactive Force Field for Cobalt." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 114, no. 18 (2010): 5855–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp911867r.

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41

Cho, Soo Gyeong, Rayomand J. Unwalla, Frank K. Cartledge, and Salvatore Profeta. "Chlorosilanes: Development and application of MM2 force field parameters." Journal of Computational Chemistry 10, no. 6 (1989): 832–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100606.

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42

Kirschner, K. N., A. H. Lewin, and J. P. Bowen. "Molecular mechanics force-field development for amino acid zwitterions." Journal of Computational Chemistry 24, no. 1 (2003): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.10174.

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Wang, Junmei, Romain M. Wolf, James W. Caldwell, Peter A. Kollman, and David A. Case. "Development and testing of a general amber force field." Journal of Computational Chemistry 25, no. 9 (2004): 1157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.20035.

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44

Zhang, Lu, Daniel-Adriano Silva, YiJing Yan, and Xuhui Huang. "Force field development for cofactors in the photosystem II." Journal of Computational Chemistry 33, no. 25 (2012): 1969–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.23016.

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45

Durier, Viviane, Frankie Tristram та Gérard Vergoten. "Molecular force field development for saccharides using the SPASIBA spectroscopic potential. Force field parameters for α-d-glucose". Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM 395-396 (травень 1997): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-1280(97)00002-x.

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46

Cavender, Chapin E., Pavan K. Behara, David L. Dotson, et al. "Development and benchmarking of a self-consistent force field for proteins and small molecules from open force field." Biophysical Journal 123, no. 3 (2024): 421a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2023.11.2562.

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47

Santana, Sharlene E., David M. Grossnickle, Alexa Sadier, Edward Patterson, and Karen E. Sears. "Bat Dentitions: A Model System for Studies at the Interface of Development, Biomechanics, and Evolution." Integrative And Comparative Biology 62, no. 3 (2022): 762–73. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13431066.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Abstract The evolution of complex dentitions in mammals was a major innovation that facilitated the expansion into new dietary niches, which imposed selection for tight form–function relationships. Teeth allow mammals to ingest and process food items by applying forces produced by a third-class lever system composed by the jaw adductors, the cranium, and the mandible. Physical laws determine changes in jaw adductor (biting) forces at different bite point locations along the mandible (outlever), thus, individual teeth are expected to experience

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48

Santana, Sharlene E., David M. Grossnickle, Alexa Sadier, Edward Patterson, and Karen E. Sears. "Bat Dentitions: A Model System for Studies at the Interface of Development, Biomechanics, and Evolution." Integrative And Comparative Biology 62, no. 3 (2022): 762–73. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13431066.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Abstract The evolution of complex dentitions in mammals was a major innovation that facilitated the expansion into new dietary niches, which imposed selection for tight form–function relationships. Teeth allow mammals to ingest and process food items by applying forces produced by a third-class lever system composed by the jaw adductors, the cranium, and the mandible. Physical laws determine changes in jaw adductor (biting) forces at different bite point locations along the mandible (outlever), thus, individual teeth are expected to experience

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49

Santana, Sharlene E., David M. Grossnickle, Alexa Sadier, Edward Patterson, and Karen E. Sears. "Bat Dentitions: A Model System for Studies at the Interface of Development, Biomechanics, and Evolution." Integrative And Comparative Biology 62, no. 3 (2022): 762–73. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13431066.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Abstract The evolution of complex dentitions in mammals was a major innovation that facilitated the expansion into new dietary niches, which imposed selection for tight form–function relationships. Teeth allow mammals to ingest and process food items by applying forces produced by a third-class lever system composed by the jaw adductors, the cranium, and the mandible. Physical laws determine changes in jaw adductor (biting) forces at different bite point locations along the mandible (outlever), thus, individual teeth are expected to experience

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50

Santana, Sharlene E., David M. Grossnickle, Alexa Sadier, Edward Patterson, and Karen E. Sears. "Bat Dentitions: A Model System for Studies at the Interface of Development, Biomechanics, and Evolution." Integrative And Comparative Biology 62, no. 3 (2022): 762–73. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13431066.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Abstract The evolution of complex dentitions in mammals was a major innovation that facilitated the expansion into new dietary niches, which imposed selection for tight form–function relationships. Teeth allow mammals to ingest and process food items by applying forces produced by a third-class lever system composed by the jaw adductors, the cranium, and the mandible. Physical laws determine changes in jaw adductor (biting) forces at different bite point locations along the mandible (outlever), thus, individual teeth are expected to experience

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