Academic literature on the topic 'Force in Cyprus'

The relationship between gender inequality and economic growth has become one of the most interesting and debated issues both in the academic literature and the policy arena. The aim of this study is to investigate how gender inequalities in the labour force participation (LFP) in North Cyprus undermine the per capita output of the country. Thus, the study is designed to estimate the simulation of a possible increase in per capita GDP based on 2011 data generated by the catch up of north female labour force participation rates to the south for the year 2011. Different age categories for female labour force are considered for the measurement. The age categories distributed within the working age population including female labour force population between the ages 15 and over. The age categories are divided into 5 groups as including the female participants between the age from 15 to 24, 25 to 34, 35 to 44, 45 to 54, and 55 and over. Data used is obtained from the State Planning Organization (SPO) of North Cyprus government for North Cyprus and from the World Bank database for South Cyprus. The North Cyprus labour force participation rates are adjusted to the south as suggested by Bryant et. al. (2004). Parallel to the previous literature, it is found that female labour force participation (FLFP) rate has a positive impact on GDP in North Cyprus. There would have been a 4% higher per capita GDP with the catch up of north to south FLFP rate which might be a substantial contribution towards decreasing the income gap between north and south.

Offshore financial centres, or OFCs, are commonly labelled "tax havens" due to the general misconception that they are used solely to avoid or evade tax. The British Virgin Islands ("BVI") and Cyprus are two prominent OFCs, regularly used throughout Europe and the rest of the world, that have been subjected to criticism in recent times. In 2013, there were numerous reports that Cyprus was being used mainly by rich Russians to launder dirty money in local banks, and in April 2013 the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists publicised results of an investigation which suggested that the rich and famous and prominent political individuals use offshore companies to hide their financial interest in lucrative projects and trading entities. The author worked for over five years as a lawyer in the BVI, and also has visited Cyprus twice in the past two years to interview leading lawyers and members of the financial services industry. Accordingly, with particular attention being given to the BVI (which remains the leading centre for the incorporation of offshore companies) and Cyprus (which has an unparalleled network of double taxation treaties), this article aims to debunk recently pronounced myths about the offshore world by focusing on the practical reasons why OFCs are used in international business.

An Assessment of Output Performance in Northern CyprusThis paper mainly attempts to investigate empirically the Northern Cyprus output performance by using a panel data method for the period 1977-2005. A supplementary aim is to assess the impact of export orientation on the Northern Cyprus output level. Empirical results suggest that investment, employment and export variables significantly and positively affect the sectoral production increases in Northern Cyprus. Among other variables, exports of goods and services exert considerable affects on the sectoral production in the case of Northern Cyprus economy. Therefore, it can be suggested that a production structure mostly dependent on foreign demand makes it easier to overcome the restrictions originating from the insufficiency of the domestic market through creating new employment opportunities for highly qualified labor force and additional production capacity with productive investments. Moreover, exports have the potential to rise total factor productivities, and hence, to improve output expansion of the country further. In short, one may propose that outward orientation seems to be relevant in achieving higher levels of output in the case of the Northern Cyprus economy.

The Medical Service of the Hungarian Defence Forces (HDF) has been playing and taking an important role in the elimination and medical stabilization of several regional crisis areas since 1991. These medical protection and “back-ups” literally mean the medical support of our military forces take part in different tasks besides this fulfilling the special tasks of preventive medicine. The medical data collected from the different tasks and missions have been gathered systematically in order to be informative. From 2008 on we manage data collection with a real-time surveillance report system, the so called EPIHUN (Hungarian Epidemiological and Patient Turnover Report), which have been collected from different aspects and analysed from force health protection aspects. With the DNBI data from the system the authors are analysing the preventable diseases morbidity state and tendencies of the EUFOR (European Union Force), KFOR (Kosovo Force), MFO (Multinational Force and Observers) and UNFICYP (United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus) missions on a 2013 data base. It could be surprising that the morbidity data are very similar to the values seen among military collectives living in barracks during the conscription era of the armed forces. Most DNBI are acute respiratory diseases and diseases of the digestive system, which is important information in medical preparation training before deployment.

This article addresses the role and opportunities for public administration and public affairs education in North Cyprus. The context of the research is situated within a transnational education partnership between the University of the West of Scotland and the Management Centre of the Mediterranean (Nicosia, North Cyprus). The dominant narrative of the article is, based on the case of North Cyprus, to provide key insights into why public administration and public affairs education is a force for development in governance and civil society terms. The political context of North Cyprus is such that it is in the midst of significant change based on the twin governance challenges of, first, uncertainty regarding its international status (following the Cypriot coup d’etat and Turkish intervention in 1974 that led to North declaring independence in 1983 and becoming the Turkish Republic of North Cyprus) and, second, efforts to accommodate ‘acquis communautaire’ in order to progress towards EU accession (subject to successful reunification with the South). An underpinning reflective consideration in the article relates to how such educational programmes, based on a franchised model, address aspects of ‘good governance’ (often based on a Western paradigm) but, at the same time, are also suitably responsive to local civil society and political contexts.

The purpose of this research activity was to investigate the issues surrounding hospitality HRM, specifically recruitment and selection, training and development and communication process, as well as quality of service, in order to increase customer satisfaction. The most important issues surrounding HRM and quality of service were investigated from three different perspectives; those of the employees, the customers and the hospitality professionals. The primary objective of my research was the development of awareness of effective HRM and quality of service in five-star hotels in Cyprus. Based on a review of related literature and information gathered from two focus group sessions (restaurant and front office employees), I also followed with quantitative research. I developed two questionnaires to collect data from hotel employees and hotel customers. Statistical research analysis was then implemented, such as means and frequencies analysis, cross tabulations in collaboration with chi-squares, Pearson correlation coefficient, factor analysis and finally regression analysis. Furthermore, qualitative research with semi-structured interviews were assigned and deployed for relevant and important hospitality professionals such as five-star hotel managers, HR directors, hotel executive directors, trade unions, hospitality consultants and so on. After a thorough analysis of all research findings I was able to clarify the issues surrounding HRM and quality of service in five-star hotels in Cyprus in relation to how HRM and quality of service can be improved. The proposed recommendations and suggestions summary, which act as a quality assurance mechanism via HRM sustainability and effectiveness, aims to enhance HRM and quality of service effectiveness in five-star hotels in Cyprus. Thus employee and customer satisfaction and loyalty are established and eventually increase the success of five-star hotels. The cornerstone of the developed recommendations and suggestions summary rests on the foundation that successful and effective HRM and quality of service in five-star hotels, is based on the commitment of all stakeholders involved.

Peacekeeping is a means by which international or regional organizations control conflict situations that are likely to endanger international peace and security. Most scholars have viewed the contributions of peacekeeping forces only in terms of failures, and they have not investigated fully the political-military circumstances" under which conflict control measures succeed. This dissertation is an attempt to bridge this gap and to show how the OAU compares with the UN in carrying out peacekeeping missions. The method of research was the case study method in which primary and secondary data was used to describe the situations in which six peacekeeping forces operated. The content of resolutions, official reports and secondary data were examined for non-trivial evidences of impediments to implementation of mandates. Findings from the research indicate that peacekeeping missions not properly backed by political efforts at settlement of disputes, cooperation of the superpowers, and financial and logistic support were ineffective and usually unsuccessful. Lack of consensus and pursuit of national interests have resulted in ambiguous or unrealistic mandates and have reduced the effectiveness of peacekeeping operations. Moreover, parties to a conflict were interested only in solutions that favored their interests and were often skeptical about the role and credibility of peacekeeping forces. But the continued violations of ceasefire agreements in defiance of the presence of peacekeeping forces were due partly to the force's inability to use force except in self-defense , Most of the forces operated under serious operational and logistical difficulties and they were inadequately funded. But none of the three factors has been responsible alone for the failure of peacekeeping missions. The coordination of UN operations has been better than that of the OAU. In civil war situations, national governments have requested peacekeeping forces because they could not, unaided, put down their opponents. The UN has deployed its forces only as a means of relaxing tensions while member-states have pursued other interests.

The creation of the Foundation Stage of education for children aged three to five years in 2000 was a milestone in early years' education. It brought together a diverse range of provision for children below statutory school age with the reception classes in primary schools. As well as providing a curriculum for this stage, one of its many requirements is that practitioners must work to establish a partnership with the parents of the children they teach. Consequently, the relationship between parents and the practitioners, who teach their children, has become a focus of interest for me and others. In this study, I have tried to discover what parents' expectations are from the Foundation Stage. This exploration has delved into parents understanding of the Foundation Stage, what sort of education their children are receiving, what parents feel are appropriate methods by which young children learn, what sort of relationship they would like to have with their child's practitioner and what type and level of involvement they have in their children's education. Data has been collected through structured interviews with parents in two British Forces schools in Cyprus. Similar interviews were conducted with teachers who work with these children in school. The findings show that parents' expectations are largely being met by the education they are receiving. However, many parents are yet to view the Foundation Stage as one seamless stage of education, as a number of factors are working against this. Additionally, many parents would wish for greater involvement in their child's education and need to be supported to enable this to happen effectively. Recommendations are made for the development of parental partnerships through facilitating greater involvement in their children's education and in improving the quality of provision of Foundation Stage education in the focussed schools.

Under traditional International relations theory, diplomacy relates to relations between sovereign nations. There have been two broad schools of thought on the dynamics behind these relations: the ‘realist’ school, which tends to consider power and conflict as the major lens through which such should be viewed, and the ‘idealist’ school which tended to focus on cooperation rather than conflict. Between these two extreme views, a third school, the English School of International Relations, also known as the British Institutionalists, provides somewhat of a compromise view, acknowledging the merit of both realism and idealism, by accepting that power remains an important element but also advocating that acceptance of common norms and institutions plays a significant role in determining relations, or the International Society between states. In 1977 Hedley Bull offered the following definition of International Society when he stated that International Society … exists when a group of states, conscious of certain common interests and common values, form a society in the sense that they conceive themselves to be bound by a common set of rules in their relations with one another, and share in the working of common institutions. This thesis is not specifically related to International Relations theory, which deals with inter-state relations. Whilst inter-state conflict and international relations remain important drivers of foreign and military policy, there is a growing recognition that it is intra-state conflict avoidance and post-conflict reconstruction which increasingly mitigate the risk to the safety, security, peace and prosperity of nations and regions. Much of this disquiet has its roots in maladministration, poor governance and a lack of justice. These are areas in which traditional approaches to foreign intervention via trade, aid and military force have limited effect, and in which effective consent-based policing and justice can play a significant part in building sustainable and peaceful outcomes. This thesis discusses the role played by a non-traditional actor in the international arena, the police, specifically the Australian Federal Police (AFP), in addressing some of these intra-state justice and governance issues in a constantly changing, unstable and unpredictable global and regional environment. The thesis is intended to outline the diversity and versatility of AFP activities and to contextualise them in terms of non-traditional New Diplomacy. The aspects of diplomacy of most significance relate to diplomatic qualities or traits of the individual police officer, diplomatic behaviours of these members, and diplomatic outcomes of their activities. As such the thesis does not relate directly to International Relations theory or to International Society, as espoused by Hedley Bull. There are, however, some interesting intersections which are worthy of note. There are some critics of the English School who argue that it is Eurocentric. Today’s International Relations originated in the 19th century when a number of European nations formed a club of ‘civilised’ states bound by international law, which expanded around the globe to involve all nations. This concept has been used to explain the lack of imperative for a supra-state or world government to maintain orderly inter-state relations, as the force which binds them is consent to agree to common interest and values within a global rules-based order. In terms of policing on an international scale, global government is simply too unwieldy. There are a number of global, consent-based institutions such as the United Nations and INTERPOL, which fulfil this requirement to a certain extent. The AFP has had long involvement with both of these global institutions, as well as several regional policing institutions. In terms of conflict-oriented ‘realism’ and cooperative ‘idealism’, policing walks both sides of the street. As this thesis will discuss, the whole posture of liberal-democratic policing is conflict prevention, and the means by which such police carry out their daily duties is by cooperation. This is the context in which replication or expansion of International Society should be considered in relation to the activities of the AFP internationally and regionally. This thesis is by definition Eurocentric, or more specifically Anglo-centric, due to the historical fact that the AFP draws all of its principles from Australia’s British antecedents and adheres to a largely ‘western’ or European notion of human rights values. This thesis explores the role of the AFP as an international actor. The thesis asserts that effective international policing has never been more important in linking the international with the domestic. The way the AFP operates in a landscape where traditional policing paradigms are rapidly changing, due to ever-changing, political, diplomatic, and transnational issues, is examined in the context of the ‘globalisation paradox’, of both needing and fearing, global governance simultaneously, as raised by Anne-Marie Slaughter in her book, A New World Order. The way the organisation has evolved from its origins, based on Western liberal-democratic policing values, approaches and skills, to an organisation involved in international policing and diplomacy at the highest levels, while still retaining its liberal-democratic credentials is explained. It is argued that in the contemporary international and Australian context, the AFP is an effective and experienced agency. It is further argued that this is a distinctive form of new diplomacy, appropriate to an increasingly globalised world. The AFP has established an extensive international network in more than 30 countries, has been a consistent contributor to national security, has participated in numerous international deployments over half a century, and continues to play a meaningful role in Australian foreign policy efforts. The thesis provides evidence to show how AFP officers exhibit diplomatic qualities similar to those listed by Daryl Copeland in his book Guerrilla Diplomacy , as well as those mentioned by Christopher Meyer in his book Getting Our Way. In all of its international endeavours, AFP members have demonstrated, in varying degrees, the three enduring elements of diplomacy as outlined by Jonsson and Hall in their book The Essence of Diplomacy. They have communicated and negotiated in some very challenging circumstances and they are representatives of the Australian Government and its humanitarian values. The AFP, as part of broader efforts with institutions such as the UN, have not so much sought a replication of international society, as mentioned by Jonsson and Hall, but have provided a supplement to international society, by effective networking, thereby addressing in large part, Slaughter’s ‘globalisation paradox’. It is not so much universal police homogeneity which is sought by such endeavours, as a balance between it, and the heterogeneity which is inevitably associated with cultures transitioning from custom and tradition, to 21st century expectations of nationhood. The way the AFP’s transnational operations, activities, and deployments, not only serve perceived national interests, but result in more effective regional governance, is identified as ‘diplomacy by default’, because formal Track I diplomacy is not their primary objective. It will be demonstrated how international diplomacy, while generally conducted with perceived national interests as its primary goal, has a secondary benefit, good international citizenship, and that the AFP has a credible history of serving both. It is argued that the AFP is well positioned within government, law and intelligence and security circles, in the Australian and international contexts, through an extensive liaison officer network in South-East Asia, the South-West Pacific as well as more broadly. It will be demonstrated how the AFP has shown itself as capable and ready to respond effectively to extant and emerging challenges, and as such, has earned a place in foreign policy discussions and considerations at the highest diplomatic levels, including the UN. The AFP provides a distinctive and direct link between the global, the regional, and the domestic, which matches the rapidly globalised community it represents. The thesis confirms that international policing acts as a distinctive aspect of Australian ‘firm’ diplomacy, and supplements the more traditional elements of international engagement, between the ‘soft’ or traditional diplomacy, and the ‘hard’ form of military intervention. The evidence provided shows how it is by this form of whole-of-government activity, inclusive of policing, that stability and security are enhanced, and peace and prosperity are encouraged. Overall, the thesis affirms the AFP as a transnational agency, which is well placed to link the international with the domestic, the contextual with the aspirational, and the theoretical with the practical, in a period of strategic uncertainty in international affairs at the dawn of the Third Millennium.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de Direito
With this essay we aim to explore the Principle of Self-Determination of Peoples,starting with its evolution from a political postulate to a Ius Cogens norm, and then analyzeboth external and internal self-determination. In external self-determination we can find firstand foremost a right to decolonization, restrained by the Principle of Uti Possidetis Iuris andallowing for the creation of the national liberation movements in international law. In internalself-determination we will elaborate upon the holders of the right and what it includes,moving to the connection between internal self-determination, human rights and minorities.We will then establish the concept of secession, as a fact in international life and thecriteria for the creation of states in international law and, follow this with the presentation ofthe Principle of Territorial Integrity and the use of force as limitations faced by thesecessionist process.We will defend a right to remedial secession, based upon the violation of internal selfdetermination and human rights, presenting previous decisions mentioning this hypothesisand, also, some criteria provided by the doctrine to regulate secession.Finally, we will explore two cases of secession, Bangladesh and “Turkish Republicof Northern Cyprus” while applying the previously elaborated concepts and analyze theirdifferences with regards to a right to secession.With this essay we aim to explore the Principle of Self-Determination of Peoples,starting with its evolution from a political postulate to a Ius Cogens norm, and then analyzeboth external and internal self-determination. In external self-determination we can find firstand foremost a right to decolonization, restrained by the Principle of Uti Possidetis Iuris andallowing for the creation of the national liberation movements in international law. In internalself-determination we will elaborate upon the holders of the right and what it includes,moving to the connection between internal self-determination, human rights and minorities.We will then establish the concept of secession, as a fact in international life and thecriteria for the creation of states in international law and, follow this with the presentation ofthe Principle of Territorial Integrity and the use of force as limitations faced by thesecessionist process.We will defend a right to remedial secession, based upon the violation of internal selfdetermination and human rights, presenting previous decisions mentioning this hypothesisand, also, some criteria provided by the doctrine to regulate secession.Finally, we will explore two cases of secession, Bangladesh and “Turkish Republicof Northern Cyprus” while applying the previously elaborated concepts and analyze theirdifferences with regards to a right to secession.
Com a presente exposição pretendemos explorar o Princípio da Autodeterminaçãodos Povos, começando pela sua evolução de postulado político para regra Ius Cogens, paradepois analisarmos as suas duas vertentes. Na vertente externa encontramos primariamenteum direito à descolonização, limitado pelo Princípio Uti Possidetis Iuris e que terá permitidoo surgimento da figura dos movimentos de libertação nacional (MNL) no direitointernacional. Já na vertente interna analisaremos quais os seus titulares e conteúdo, passandopela conexão existente entre a autodeterminação interna, direitos humanos e minorias.Estabeleceremos uma noção de secessão, enquanto facto da vida internacional equais os elementos constitutivos de um Estado no direito internacional para, de seguida,apresentarmos o Princípio da Integridade Territorial e o uso da força como limitaçõesenfrentadas pelos processos secessionistas.Defenderemos um direito de secessão enquanto último remédio, baseado naviolação do direito de autodeterminação interna e de direitos humanos, apresentando decisõesprévias com menção à hipótese da secessão e, ainda, alguns critérios reguladoresapresentados pela doutrina.Por fim, analisaremos dois casos de secessão, o Bangladesh e a “República Turcado Chipre do Norte”(RTCN), de forma a aplicar os diversos conceitos previamente tratadose analisar as diferenças nos casos quanto ao nível do direito de secessão.Com a presente exposição pretendemos explorar o Princípio da Autodeterminaçãodos Povos, começando pela sua evolução de postulado político para regra Ius Cogens, paradepois analisarmos as suas duas vertentes. Na vertente externa encontramos primariamenteum direito à descolonização, limitado pelo Princípio Uti Possidetis Iuris e que terá permitidoo surgimento da figura dos movimentos de libertação nacional (MNL) no direitointernacional. Já na vertente interna analisaremos quais os seus titulares e conteúdo, passandopela conexão existente entre a autodeterminação interna, direitos humanos e minorias.Estabeleceremos uma noção de secessão, enquanto facto da vida internacional equais os elementos constitutivos de um Estado no direito internacional para, de seguida,apresentarmos o Princípio da Integridade Territorial e o uso da força como limitaçõesenfrentadas pelos processos secessionistas.Defenderemos um direito de secessão enquanto último remédio, baseado naviolação do direito de autodeterminação interna e de direitos humanos, apresentando decisõesprévias com menção à hipótese da secessão e, ainda, alguns critérios reguladoresapresentados pela doutrina.Por fim, analisaremos dois casos de secessão, o Bangladesh e a “República Turcado Chipre do Norte”(RTCN), de forma a aplicar os diversos conceitos previamente tratadose analisar as diferenças nos casos quanto ao nível do direito de secessão.

AbstractCombating social exclusion of older adults is a key objective of European social policy. But from the beginning of the debate, social exclusion has mainly been interpreted as arising from economic circumstances. Doubts have been raised as to whether this narrow focus contributes to solving the problems identified. In particular, spatial aspects come to the fore, highlighting the fact that exclusion always happens in a specific place. However, spatial exclusion is often reduced to a territorial concept of ‘where’ the exclusion takes place. – but it is simplistic to state that everything happens in a space. The aim of this chapter is twofold. First, it presents a theoretical model, developed during and through the ROSEnet COST Action. The model integrates dimensions of age, space and exclusion in one perspective – the ASE Triangle. Second, this chapter explores the potential of the ASE Triangle to enhance our understanding of two specific European case studies of older people’s exclusion, in Greater Dublin – Ireland, and Nicosia – Cyprus. By ‘upgrading space’ as a theory-led idea we contribute to and challenge existing (human) gerontological theory of space. Similar to the exploration of a relational vision of space, our model does not only consider “experience” of space exclusion, but offers the possibility to simultaneously encompass it in societal processes.

This chapter continues to discuss the mid-career of Demetrius Poliorcetes, and the military and political strategies of the Antigonid family, which had grown to be an absolute force to be reckoned with. Demetrius was next ordered by his father to invade Cyprus, where he conducted a campaign against Ptolemaic forces. It was during this military engagement that Demetrius won a monumental sea battle against Ptolemy off Salamis. This battle proved a absolute watershed in Diadoch history, again leaving the Antigonids pre-eminent among the dynasts, and having long-lasting effects. This chapter offers an overview of this pivotal campaign, reconstructed in detail from the ancient sources.

This chapter examines how the Antitrust Damages Directive has been transposed in Cyprus. It begins with a discussion of the transposition procedure, focusing on the Cypriot competition regime as well as the state of private enforcement in Cyprus. In particular, it provides an overview of the law currently in force against anticompetitive agreements and abuse of dominant position, the Protection of Competition Law of 2008 (13(I)/2008), as amended in 2014 (Law 41(I)/2014) (Cypriot Competition Act), and the provisions relevant to private competition law enforcement. The chapter then considers the history and the different steps of the transposition process before describing the scope of the transposition measure. It also analyses the different provisions of the Cypriot Damages Act and issues that arose during the transposition, such as parent company liability, the binding force of decisions of competition authorities of other Member States, and presumption and quantification of damage caused by cartels or other antitrust infringements.

The underwater suspended pipeline was investigated for the lateral vibration which is applied for the oscillation of the pipeline part for vortex shedding. Firstly it is defined the tension force at the connection legs on the sea bottom. For definition of the dynamical equation it is used the analogy of the Mathieu Equation. For solution it is used Ince-Struut Diagram. As numerical example it was used the pipeline behavior at the project between Turkey and North Cyprus at the East Mediterranean Sea. In this research the theoretical background is compared with the experimental data of Danish Hydraulic Institute. It shows the good agreement.

Borders may be built for security reasons however; they also demarcate administrative, economic, socio-cultural, ethnic or religious divergence. Borders change the destinies of the societies at both sides because they affect the process of urban development and delimit the economic and socio-cultural interactions. Cyprus has been experiencing an interrupted continuity along the border, i.e. green line, under the rule of UN that divides north from the south. In this regard the aim of the study is to figure out how the de facto borders affect the configuration of villages upon their existing position. As a part of an ongoing research which investigates all eleven frontier villages and towns located along the border line, this paper only focuses on the morphological and syntactic comparison of four frontier villages. Within this context, initial exploration is about the village morphologies by means of Morphological Regions based on the evolutionary insights of Conzen (2004) and Whitehand (2009). Additionally, considering shifted centrality and transformed social gathering spaces, research discusses the applicability of the comparative analyses of syntactic and morphological methods in order to reveal the characteristics of the frontier villages. The preliminary findings of the research indicates that edge villages located along the green line have a controlled spatial development with dead ends and loop layouts, where the spatial configuration presents an introverted structure. On the other hand, villages divided by the green line, presents a relatively integrated spatial structure developed on both sides of the border, maintaining traditional centrality along with emphasizing forced territoriality. References: Conzen MRG, 2004, Morphogenesis and Structure of the Historic townscape in Britain: ed. M.P Conzen in Thinking About Urban Form: Papers on Urban Morpholgoy 1932-1998, Peter Lang, London Hillier, B. (1996) Space is the machine (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge). Whitehand, J.W.R. (2009) ‘The structure of urban landscapes: strengthening research and practice’, Urban Morphology 13, 5‐27, University of Birmingham