Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Force motrice de propagation'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Force motrice de propagation.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Cussac, Paul. "Influence d’imperfections surfaciques sur la tenue en fatigue de composants nucléaires." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ESMA0001.
Full textGiven the stringent requirements of high levels of safety in nuclear components, stakeholders of the French nuclear industry must anticipate the presence of residual surface imperfections in these components. Such imperfections could be introduced during manufacturing or maintenance operations. The incidence of surface irregularities on the fatigue strength of metallic components has tobe considered. Meanwhile, nuclear components can be loaded under low-cycle fatigue and large-scale plasticity conditions. The first objective of this work isthento assess to what extent the fatigue life of typical nuclear materials may be affected by the presence of such surface irregularities. In parallel, thisstudy aims at describing, qualitativelyand quantitatively, the crack initiation and propagation from these imperfections. In order to meet these objectives, a uni-axial fatigue test campaign, conducted under fully-reversed total axial strain control, in the air at room temperature, has been carried out on the cylindrical specimens (Φ 9 mm). Surface imperfections were artificially introduced onto the specimens. The electric potential trackingmethod has been mainly usedto monitor the crack initiation, micro and macro propagation phases from surface imperfections. Additional experimental and numerical actions have been carried out to calibrate the potential monitoring. The results of thetest campaigndemonstrate a significant influence of the presence of imperfections on the9 mm specimensfatigue strength. The useof electrical methodhas allowedto determine crackinitiation and growth ratesfrom surface imperfections. The identification of a representative parameter of the propagation driving force,in the context of generalized plasticity associated with the tests carried out,has also allowed to analysedata relating to propagation kinetics in a predictive perspective
Wang, Zhu-Yun. "Analyse et mesure de pertes dans le rotor d'une machine synchrone à aimants permanents pour en optimiser la structure." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA112226.
Full textThis thesis is focused on the estimation and the reduction of losses in magnets by choosing the dimensions and the number of the magnets in the pole of synchronous machine. In order to determine the total eddy current losses in the magnets, we have applied a triple approach: by finites elements model, by analytic model and by measurements. The analytic model helps us to evaluate the losses in function of frequency. This model is named the “parallel model”. The finites element method is the most precise to calculate the eddy current losses. It permits to calculate the total energy stored in the machine and the rotor losses. We have identified the parameters of the parallel model using the finites element model. The losses are calculated and compared with measurements. This double evaluation by the finites elements model and by analytic model helps us to compare different structures of the rotor and to propose an optimized structure considering industrial constraints. Measurements on samples of magnet on a closed “U” have been realized to parameterize the finites element model and also the analytic model. A good agreement has been found between the comparisons between the calculated losses and the measured ones except for some certain first harmonics. An analysis of the discrepancies has been tried
Champagne, Danielle. "L'effet de l'hippothérapie sur le contrôle postural et la motricité d'enfants ayant une déficience motrice cérébrale légère." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9480.
Full textGagakuma, Edem C., Christopher Hogstrom, Christopher Nash, and Kieth Thompson. "Statistical Characterization of Multipath Propagation at Edwards Air Force Base (EAFB)." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/596423.
Full textThis paper describes the use of scattering functions to characterize time-varying multipath radio channels. Channel Impulse responses were measured at Edwards Air Force Base (EAFB) and a process is outlined for generating scattering functions from the impulse response data. From the scattering function we compute the corresponding Doppler power spectrum and multipath intensity profile. These functions completely characterize the signal delay and the time varying nature of the channel in question and are used by systems engineers to design reliable communications links. We observe from our results that flight paths that had ample reflectors exhibited significant multipath events.
Bouguetoch, Amandine. "Méthodes alternatives de renforcement musculaire : cas de l’imagerie motrice et de la stimulation électrique neuromusculaire." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCK041.
Full textAn intense practice of resistance training, i.e. with heavy loads and a low number of repetitions, can cause injuries. To avoid them or limit detraining after an injury, alternative training methods have been developed. These methods have a double target since they also allow populations with different pathologies to practice a physical activity. This thesis focused particularly on the neuromuscular system and the mechanisms involved in strength development on plantar flexors muscles following motor imagery (MI), i.e. mental simulation of a movement without its concomitant motor output, and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), i.e. evoking contractions through electrical current applied on the muscles via surface electrodes.Study I argues in favor of the existence of a continuum of neural activation from rest to MI and from MI to contraction. At least, MI could represent a subliminal activation of neural structures which are shared with actual contraction. Study IIa showed similar gains in strength after NMES and MI trainings, both relying on neural adaptations which involved a larger part of the corticospinal system than usually expected, including both spinal and supraspinal plasticity. Surprisingly, alternating NMES and MI in the same training session did not imply strength gains, highlighting the fact that a combined training does not represent the sum of the gains of each modality. On the contrary, MI and NMES, depending on the parameters, could even imply competitive effects. Study IIb showed that MI seems to be an efficient training method to induce cross education, i.e. strength gains on the untrained limb after unilateral training of the other limb. On the contrary, NMES with our stimulation parameters did not induce cross education. These results highlight the fact that cross education does not necessarily require muscle activity on the trained leg. Study III did not reveal differences in modulation between sedentary participants, explosive athletes, and long-distance runners. A parallel study to this thesis put in evidence different neuromuscular profiles between explosive and sedentary subjects. The preliminary results of this study could suggest that physical practice, and more generally the neuromuscular profile of a subject, does not influence their responsiveness to a solicitation such as MI
Berret, Bastien. "Intégration de la force gravitaire dans la planification motrice et le contrôle des mouvements du bras et du corps." Dijon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DIJOS065.
Full textThis thesis is aimed at better understanding how the Central Nervous System (CNS) plans and controls movements and, in particular, how the gravity field is integrated within these processes. To perform rapid movements, the CNS must anticipate the effects of gravity on the moving limb. To tackle this, experiments in humans and modeling works have been undertaken. The experimental paradigms used here are pointing movements toward a target involving only the arm or the whole body. Concerning the arm movements, our work was grounded on a singular observation showing that upward and downward movements exhibit significant differences, suspected to be due to gravity. In order to test this hypothesis, a theory based upon the minimization of the absolute work of forces produced by muscles has been developed. It postulates that human movements are optimal and minimize in particular an energetic quantity. The main theoretical result is the demonstration of an equivalence between the minimization of a criterion including the absolute work of forces and the presence of simultaneous inactivation periods of agonistic and antagonistic muscles acting at a joint. Experiments have confirmed the existence of such periods of silence in muscular activities at the times predicted by the model. Therefore, we have concluded that the optimality criterion used by the brain to plan movements includes a term similar to the absolute work. A by-product of this result is that both gravitational and inertial forces are integrated into the same motor plan, within the minimization of energy expenditure. However, in most daily-life motor tasks, minimizing energy can not be the only goal of the action; preserving balance or be precise must also be taken into account. An experimental protocol has been elaborated in order to clarify how the CNS coordinates the control of posture and movement for whole-body pointing tasks. Our results confirm the idea of a modular organization of movements for such multi-goal tasks, i. E. Performed from the combination of pre-programmed sequences. In conclusion, this work suggests that the CNS integrates the biomechanical properties of the body and the environmental constraints within a single motor plan. Depending on the task, the CNS could optimize a compromise between energy consumption, safety, or movement precision. Moreover, these results reinforce the idea that an internal model of gravity exists and is strongly implied in human motricity
Lebon, Florent. "Efficience du travail mental sur le développement et le recouvrement des capacités motrices : force musculaire et imagerie motrice." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00570124.
Full textEntakli, Jonathan. "Implication des projections spinales de l'aire motrice supplémentaire lors d'un contrôle précis de force : étude par TMS et EEG." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4121/document.
Full textHuman dexterity is a highly developed function based on the ability to independently and precisely control forces and movements of the fingers related to the constraints of the task. Hand muscles for finger movements are steered by the lateral corticospinal (CS) system. The main source of this CS system is the primary motor area (M1), which has direct CS projections on motoneurons innervating hand muscles. Recently, CS projections from non-primary motor area have also been found, especially from the supplementary motor area (SMA). However, the functionality of this CS tract in human manual force control is little studied. The aim of this thesis was to study the implication of the CS projections from SMA in precision manual force control, using electroencephalography (EEG) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).Altogether, the results obtained in our different studies show the important implication of SMA in dexterity. It appears that this area can act in parallel with M1, directly influencing excitability of spinal motoneurons. We conclude that M1 and SMA both have direct and efficient influence on force production during fine manual motor tasks
Armiger, Travis J. "Force Propagation in Mammalian Cell Systems and the Relevance of the Mechanically Integrated Cell." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2018. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/1143.
Full textSingh, Pooja. "Quantum Coherent Control and Propagation in Lambda System." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc849750/.
Full textBlampain, Justine. "Influence de l'environnement odorant sur le processus de simulation motrice révélée par une cellule de force en population jeune et vieillissante saine." Thesis, Lille 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL3H014.
Full textWith advanced age, a decline in fine motor control, gait and balance is observed. These difficulties affect the elderly’s ability to perform daily activities and maintain their independence (Salthouse, 2000; Seidler et al., 2010). In the context of simulation theories, numerous studies revealed similarities between motor execution and simulation, both at a behavioral and a neural level, in neuronal behavioral behavior (Decety and Jeannerod 1995, Grezes and Decety 2001). According to Jeannerod (2001), this cognitive process permits to simulate an action, while a mechanism of inhibition operates to control any external motor execution (Bonnet et al., 1997, Jeannerod, 1994). However, it is difficult to characterize this process and thus reveal the simulation disorders. In addition, few studies were interesting in the stimulation of the motor simulation process, especially by using odorant stimuli. Indeed, odors can have effects on cognition (Millot et al., 2002), emotions (Matsunaga et al., 2012), and motor execution (Castiello et al., 2006). This thesis aims to evaluate the effect of the odorant environment on motor simulation during action observation and motor imagery task in healthy young and elderly participants. In the first part, we revealed the motor simulation by using a grip-force sensor during action observation and motor imagery tasks. A higher amplitude of the grip force variations was observed in young participants when they were watching video scenes of actions (study 1), reflecting the involving of motor simulation process. These results were also found when pictures depicting either a low (walk) or high (race) intensity of force were presented to young participants (study 2). In the same way, these variations were observed in elderly participants when they were watching video of reach-to-grasp actions (study 3). In the second part, we were interested in the effect of odors on the motor simulation process, cognition and emotions. Indeed, odors are strongly related to memory, either in an emotional (memories) or in a semantic (categorization of an odor) way. Placed in an odorant environment, participants felt more positive affects when the odors recalling autobiographical memories were diffused (Study 4). Based on the Act-in model (Versace et al., 2014), perceiving an odor would lead to a reactivation of memory traces implying the perceptual characteristics of this odor. Thus, smelling an orange (large fruit) or a strawberry (small fruit) would lead to a different motor simulation and execution according to their own characteristics. We thus evaluated the influence of strawberry and orange odors on the simulation of reaching-grasping actions involving fruit handling (Study 4). A size-congruence effect was found when a strawberry odor was diffused, as revealed with the muscular release observed. On the other hand, the orange odor led to a more important muscular contraction, especially when the participants had to imagine handle a strawberry. These studies open the question of the perceptual representation evoked by the odors that can influence the simulation process and thus the execution. Using odors could be relevant in clinical settings for people who are suffering from motor disorders by improving the well-being feeling and also stimulate the motor simulation process by evoking perceptual characteristics with the odors. A set of research perspectives and clinical applications will be opened considering these results and will be discussed in this thesis
Hadjoudj, Youcef. "Étude expérimentale de l'effet de la force pondéromotrice d'une onde haute fréquence sur un faisceau d'électrons en champ magnétique." Nancy 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NAN10318.
Full textFerland, Chantale. "Associations entre la force, les capacités locomotrices et la participation dans les déplacements chez des enfants et des adolescents ayant une déficience motrice cérébrale." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28584/28584.pdf.
Full textGelly, Alain. "Vapeur, thermoélectricité et hydroélectricité comme force motrice le long du corridor industriel du canal de Lachine, des années 1850 à la Seconde Guerre mondiale." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27029/27029.pdf.
Full textWeaver, James C. "The impact of synoptic-scale flow on sea breeze front propagation and intensity at Eglin Air Force Base." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Mar%5FWeaver.pdf.
Full textGeiger, Maxime. "Etude des effets de la stimulation électrique transcrânienne en courant continu (tDCS) sur la fonction motrice volontaire et semi-automatique chez des patients hémiparétiques post AVC." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS072/document.
Full textIn chronic hemiparetic patients, the use of tDCS has been tested on various lower limb tasks, showing interesting but sometimes contradictory results. However, the effects of tDCS on voluntary (knee extension) and semi-automatic (locomotion) motor function in hemiparetic patients are not yet fully known. The purpose of this work was to quantify the effects of tDCS in anodal polarity on the voluntary and semi-automatic motor functions in placebo-controlled studies. The study is divided into two parts: the first aims to evaluate the effect against placebo of bilateral tDCS on the maximal voluntary force of the paretic quadriceps by isokinetic assessment, the second aims to study the effects against placebo of unilateral tDCS on the gait of chronic hemiparetic patients, assessed by three-dimensional gait analysis. The results showed an absence of effect of tDCS on the two types of movements studied. In addition, tDCS had no effect on quadriceps spasticity or functional test performance in hemiparetic patients. This suggests that there is no interest in using bilateral tDCS to improve maximal motor performance (knee extension) or unilateral tDCS to improve semi-automatic movement (locomotion) in chronic hemiparetic patients. The envisaged perspectives are to continue these experiments in a homogeneous group of hemiparetic patients in acute or subacute stroke patients in order to potentiate the post-lesional plastic phenomena. This will strengthen or not the interest of the use of tDCS in hemiparetic patients to improve their motor performance
Pannier, Philippe. "Optimisation de méthodes de formulations intégrales pour l'analyse électromagnétique, en régime force, de discontinuités entre lignes de propagation multimodale." Lille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LIL10228.
Full textWatrin, Eric. "Les méthodes de renforcement musculaire atteignent-elles leurs objectifs? : quels sont leurs ratios bénéfice -risque en terme de sport santé?" Littoral, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011DUNK0276.
Full textThroughout the years, more and more people practise bodybuilding, looking mostly for aesthetic muscle power. The minor objectives are muscle strengthening and functional care. Clubs are debating principally on methods to implement in order to get a quick visual growth of muscles. Empiricism and sometimes drug use legitimate the fear for a practice which goes astray and leads to pathogens. The study was done on three years. It focused mainly on the assessment of the efficiency of two training methods : Group A was an experimental group with a training protocol and a monitoring. Both were based on physiological criteria. Group B was a control group with free training methods. The following data were studied and gathered in a score: Fat Mass Rate (FMR), Lean Body Mass (LBM), Aerobic Performance ( V& O2 maximum), anaerobic alkalic power (Sargent's test), renal function (blood and urine creatinine, blood urea, micro albuminerie), lipid carbohydrate metabolism (cholesterol proportions, triglyceride and combined markers). A significant decrease of the FMR/LBM ratio was observed in group A (-23 vs -5 for group B). It was mainly due to a reduction of the FMR. In group A, the FMR evolution was more homogeneous and the V& O2 maximum increased. The anaerobic alkalic power increased more slowly in group A (average 2. 64% vs 8. 32 in group B). Again, an important standart deviation was recorded in group A. The scores chosen in our study were better for group A (the experimental group). A more coherent progression of the ratio criteria/performance was recorded in group A rather than in group B (the control group). The performances in the experimental group (group A) significantly increased. That improvement did not have any negative effect on the metabolic and renal checkup. During that 3-year longitudinal monitoring, group A saw their determinant score health/performance increase by 6% whereas group B only increased by 1%
Aboutorabi, Seyed Sadreddin. "Étude des conditions critiques de la propagation de l'arc sur les isolateurs recouverts de glace = Study of critical conditions of arc propagation on ice-covered insulators /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2003. http://theses.uqac.ca.
Full textBoijoux, Romain. "Influence de l'élasticité du substrat sur la genèse, propagation et coalescence des structures de cloquage de revêtements et films minces." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAI085.
Full textThin films buckling is a scientific and industrial challenge of primary importance, since it correspond to the first stage of the buckling of the film at a large scale, leading to the loss of the mechanical property initially conferred to the coated material.The influence of the substrate elasticity on this phenomenon is not well understood today, whereas the proportion of industrial systems made of rigid films on soft substrates increase. This study focus principally on the influence of the substrate elasticity on the genesis, propagation and coalescence of the buckled structures. The experimental approach consist in the controlled generation of elementary buckling structures, such as straight-sided buckles, blisters or “telephone cords” buckles, to make them interact and even meet and merge each other. The morphological characterization of such buckling structures will be performed by the atomic force microscopy technique. These experimental results will be then compared to finite elements simulations performed together, allowing to take into account the coupling between the buckling of the film and the film/substrate interface delamination. The obtained results will allow a better understanding of the coating and thin film buckling phenomenon. Thus, this study answer in particular to three questions : how the substrate elasticity impact the propagation dynamic of the buckles ? How their crossing occur, leading sometimes to complex structures ? Is this elasticity helps the coalescence of the buckles, even if they does not match each other in a “ballistic” way ?Finally, the technological goal is part of an environmental approach that consist in identifying the parameters that can suppress, limit or control the buckling phenomenon for specific applications
田中, 啓介, Keisuke TANAKA, 義明 秋庭, Yoshiaki AKINIWA, 拓也 加藤, Takuya KATO, 弘樹 高橋, and Hiroki TAKAHASHI. "繰返しねじり・引張複合荷重下での予き裂からの疲労き裂進展経路の予測." 日本機械学会, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/9131.
Full textZhao, Dan. "Force calibration and wavefield synthesis for acoustical tweezers." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS411.
Full textSingle beam acoustical tweezers have been developed and applied to numerous applications in biological and biochemical domains. Their application in precise manipulations requires accurate control of the acoustical trap. This work sets out to calibrate the force exerted by acoustical tweezers and synthesize the desired wavefield. The single beam acoustical tweezers are achieved by a focused vortex beam. An object in interaction with the acoustic waves is trapped thanks to the radiation pressure. This three-dimensional force can be obtained by knowing the incident beam shape coefficients as well as the scattering coefficients. Therefore, the computation of the forces can be achieved by measuring the wavefield. The first part of the thesis concentrates on assessing different methods to compute the beam shape coefficients from the pressure field to estimate the radiation force exerted on an elastic sphere. Then, in the second part, the synthesis of the field using the inverse filtering method is carried out. A proper synthesis of the field requires a suitable distribution of control points where the wave propagation information is recorded. To synthesize the appropriate vortex beam, three kinds of distributions were compared. For the single beam acoustical tweezers, the most challenging part is the axial restoring force. In order to overcome this difficulty, the spherical vortex beam with high pressure gradient in the axial direction is introduced. This spherical vortex beam is intended to trap large spheres with diameters close to the wavelength. The feasibility of this vortex is analyzed numerically and experimentally
Fadavi, Ali. "Modélisation numérique des vibrations d'un pneumatique et de la propagation du bruit de contact." Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ENPC0205.
Full textVerdoni, Nicole. "Transitions métaboliques chez Pseudomonas mendocina : transitions membranaires et force proton motrice en anaérobiose. Contrôle métabolique exercé par l'oxygène pendant la transition graduelle de l'aérobiose à la limitation en oxygène." Compiègne, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991COMP410S.
Full textMaillard, Aurore. "Optimisation d'un électromyostimulateur intelligent pour le reconditionnement musculaire." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCK026/document.
Full textThis project aims to optimize smart electromyostimulators for the muscular reeducation. The electrostimulator optimization aims to improve the electrostimulation sessions (EMS) by obtaining informations on the muscular electical stimulations and the control application in real time in order to control the muscular response. Various control methods of the muscular force are been developed and applied on an accurate model. In first, the techniques will be applied on the partial model without taking into account the muscular fatigue then in second in taking into account the presence of fatigue and its effects. Theses control methods act on the stimulation parameters in frequency and in amplitude in function of the muscular response
Delay, Delphine. "Contrôle de la force lors d'un mouvement de percussion : l'exemple du putting au golf." Grenoble 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10248.
Full textElie, Dimitri. "Etude de la modulation des interactions corticomusculaires et intermusculaires induite par l'entraînement de force maximale chez le sujet sain." Thesis, Valenciennes, Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, 2021. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/4ba833de-1ce6-410b-9e11-b04c2b2217a5.
Full textThe first few weeks of training lead to a rapid increase of the force production and / or motor control precision. These behavioral adaptations are believed to result from neurophysiological adaptations since muscle structure remains unchanged. These neurophysiological adaptations could be translated by the study of measures of corticomuscular (CMC) and intermuscular (IMC) coherence, which designate a level of correlation between the muscular and the motor cortex oscillatory activity. The objective of this work is to evaluate the reproducibility and modulation of the coherence measurements beforehand during a 3-week maximal strength training (MST) or a 4-day motor training. At the behavioral level, the force production was increased by the MST. During submaximal contractions, motor control performance was improved by the MST and the motor training. After the MST, muscle activations and IMC were decreased during submaximal contractions while cortical activations remained unchanged. After motor training, the CMC was increased. These results suggest that neurophysiological adaptations differ depending on the type of training. Motor training brings about a more specific involvement of cortical structures in the control of muscle contraction. On the contrary, MST induces a more global reorganization of motor commands controlling all muscle activations. The coherence measures are however characterized by an unsatisfactory inter-session reproducibility. In conclusion, these methods should be reserved for cohort studies in order for these markers to be relevant to characterize neurophysiological adaptations in sports and / or clinical fields
Anfosso, Julien. "Propagation Acoustique dans des Milieux Granulaires de Billes de Verre et d'Acier." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2003. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00000532.
Full textDal, Maso Fabien. "Implication du cortex moteur primaire dans la régulation de la coactivation musculaire : étude de la modulation des oscillations corticales et des interactions cortico-musculaires." Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/3292/.
Full textMuscular coactivation is fundamental in stabilizing and protecting the articulations during voluntary contractions and plays an important role in movement control. Numerous studies have shown the contribution of supraspinal and spinal mechanisms to the regulation of muscular coactivation but the implication of the primary motor cortex (M1) is still unclear. We studied the modulation of cortical oscillations and cortico-muscular interactions during isometric contractions in athletes having different levels of muscular coactivation as a consequence of their training orientation (strength (ST) vs. Endurance (ED). We found that in ST, reduced muscular coactivation was associated with greater M1 activation, which could be explained by the control of a greater number of muscles, including antagonist muscles. Using a novel method to analyze cortico-muscular interactions, we show that M1 is directly involved in the control of antagonist muscles in all participants. However, the magnitude of cortico-muscular interactions with antagonist muscles was lower than in agonist muscles, which could be explained by a greater involvement of spinal mechanisms in the regulation of muscular coactivation. The estimation of agonist and antagonist muscle group moments opens the perspective to investigate the cerebral correlates of the modulation of muscular torque. Our results obtained through an approach combining biomechanics and neurosciences highlighted the involvement of M1 in the regulation of the muscular coactivation during isometric voluntary contractions
Nougaret, Simon. "Rôle du striatum, du noyau subthalamique et du globus pallidus externe dans les processus motivationnels : étude électrophysiologique de l'influence de la force et de la récompense dans une tâche visuo-motrice chez le singe." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4702.
Full textThe basal ganglia form a set of subcortical structures known to be involved in sensorimotor, cognitive and motivational processes. The aim of this work was to study the role of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) neurons, the cholinergic interneurons and the projection neurons of the striatum and the neurons of the external part of the globus pallidus (GPe) in the establishment and the execution of a behavior under different motivational contexts. We examined the influence of effort and reward on the activity of these neurons with a behavioral approach combined with extracellular recordings in awake monkeys. The influence of these factors has been investigated in a visuo-motor task in which different levels of effort and reward were imposed on the animal. Our behavioral results showed a consideration of the value of the visual stimuli by the animals. Electrophysiological results showed an implication of each of the neuronal populations studied in the encoding of force and reward related information. These data suggest a role of STN, striatum and GPe in the establishment, the execution and the update of the benefit of the action based on subjective reward value. Our results bring out new features on the neurophysiological substrates underlying motivational processes in basal ganglia circuitry
田中, 啓介, Keisuke TANAKA, 義明 秋庭, Yoshiaki AKINIWA, 照明 御厨, Teruaki MIKURIYA, 光一 田中, and Kouichi TANAKA. "繰返しねじり荷重条件下での予き裂からのき裂進展と停留." 日本機械学会, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/9156.
Full textJacquet, Thibaut. "Interactions peptides antibactériens - surfaces bactériennes : Etude de la carnobactériocine Cbn BM1, une bactériocine de classe IIa." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPL094N/document.
Full textThe antimicrobial activity of class IIa bacteriocins toward Gram positive bacteria relies on their membrane targeting mechanisms of action. These mechanisms are modulated by the bacterial surface properties. The physico-chemical surface properties of eighteen bacterial strains were determined to link these properties to the resistance/sensitivity to Cbn BM1 of the bacterial strains. In this way, two approaches were undertaken : the microbial adhesion to solvents and electrophoretic mobility measurements. The results show a large diversity of the determined properties among the strains but without establishing a direct link between the surface properties and the resistance/sensitivity phenotypes. Mechanisms of action of the bacteriocin Cbn BM1 on Carnobacterium maltaromaticum DSM20730 and Listeria monocytogenes EGDe were determined. Syto9® and propidium iodide allowed to show the heterogeneity of the bacterial populations toward the alteration of the membrane integrity. The interaction of Cbn BM1 with the bacterial membrane was studied by monitoring the fluorescence anisotropy of DPH and TMA-DPH. The results highlight a difference between the mechanism of action of Cbn BM1 on C. maltaromaticum DSM20730 and on L. monocytogenes EGDe. However, a treatment by Cbn BM1 leads to a perturbation of the component of the proton-motive force of the membrane for both strains. These approaches revealed that these bacterial strains exhibit a sensitivity to Cbn BM1 only when treated in log growth phase. Modification of nano-mechanical properties of C. maltaromaticum DSM20730 after a treatment by Cbn BM1 were assessed by an atomic force microscopy approach
Riondet, Christophe. "Effet du potentiel d'oxydoréduction et du ph sur le métabolisme de Escherichia coli : rôle de ces paramètres sur la force proton motrice, sur la survie au choc thermique et sur l'orientation des flux de carbone." Dijon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999DIJOS036.
Full textChen, Sophie. "Implication de l'AMS dans le contrôle précis de la force par la préhension pouce-index. : Exploration du couplage fonctionnel corticomusculaire avec l'EEG et la MEG couplées à l'EMG et des réponses musculaires à la TMS." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5085/document.
Full textThe human hand's opposable thumb plays a large role in human behavior, allowing for a grip far more precise than that of monkeys with opposable thumbs. However, it isn't well understood how the brain controls the hands in such a precise way. In these studies, we investigate how different parts of the brain dedicated to motor tasks, in particular the motor cortex (M1) and the supplementary motor area (SMA), contribute to a precise thumb-index finger grip. Our experiments suggest that some neurons in the SMA, in addition to those well-described in M1, may connect directly to the motoneurons in the spinal cord controlling the hand muscles. Moreover, we found that SMA communicates with the hand muscles as efficiently as M1, while in monkeys, SMA communicates less efficiently than M1. This functional difference in the SMA-muscles pathway between monkey and human may account for the higher capacity of the latter to precisely control the force produced by digits
Gentaz, Lionel. "Simulation bidimensionnelle en fluide visqueux de la propagation d'ondes de gravite et du mouvement force d'un corps : resolution des equations de navier-stokes en presence d'une surface libre." Nantes, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NANT2110.
Full textSiv, Easeng. "Étude expérimentale mésoscopique de la migration des interfaces dans le cuivre polycristallin." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCD031.
Full textA polycrystal is made up of an agglomerate of micrometric single crystals adjoining each other. The interface between two rotated single crystals forms a grain boundary (GB). GBs play an important role in the plastic behaviour of crystalline materials. Under certain conditions of heat (HT) or thermomechanical (TT) treatments, GBs can migrate and cause microstructures to evolve radically. However, these ancient phenomena remain poorly understood and there is no quantitative model describing migration. In this context, we experimentally studied the migration of GB in two grades of electrolytic copper of the same purity. One is delivered in the form of a sheet obtained by cold rolling followed by continuous annealing at 700°C (called copper I), and is recrystallized. The other, supplied as a cylinder (copper II), is partially recrystallized. An initial heat treatment allows to obtain a reference state then different HT and TM are carried out in order to study the migration of the grains boundaries.Our interest lies in the conditions of critical strain hardening (grain growth during germination-free annealing after very low plastic deformation) in order to observe strain-induced migration (Strain Induced Boundary Migration SIBM). The displacement of GB by the mechanism was observed in-situ in SEM. A combined EBSD and AFM measurement technique is used to quantitatively monitor microstructural changes and evaluate the different driving forces involved. The displacement of the GB is precisely quantified thanks to the phenomenon of thermal etching and the existence of stationary points in the EBSD pictures. The stored energy, associated with the dislocation microstructures in each grain, was estimated by two methods, the measurement of local disorientation using KAM mapping and the simulation by a relaxed Taylor model including a physically justified crystal plasticity law and accounting for an isotropic or anisotropic restoration. The curvature of GBs, the 2nd driving force involved, is evaluated from the observed contours of GBs. A migration diagram is drawn and represents the displacements of GBs as a function of estimates of the curvature energy of GB and the difference in stored energy. Significant differences with the behavior of Al polycrystals are noted, certainly due to the difference in stacking fault energy and the existence of numerous twins. From our statistical analysis of copper I using EBSD data, triple junctions seem to strongly influence the migration of GBs
Messerly, Richard Alma. "How a Systematic Approach to Uncertainty Quantification Renders Molecular Simulation a Quantitative Tool in Predicting the Critical Constants for Large n-Alkanes." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6598.
Full textVergari, Claudio. "Mesure in vivo par ultrasons de la force qui s’exerce dans les tendons : approche expérimentale et théorique de la propagation acoustique dans les tendons : Thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux." Caen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CAEN2047.
Full textThe objective of the thesis was to assess the determinants of axial speed of sound (SOS) in tendon and of its variation with loading; as secondary objective, the interest of SOS measurements in the follow-up of tendon lesions was investigated. The theory of ultrasound propagation predicts that under certain hypotheses the SOS depends on the medium’s elastic modulus (E), density and Poisson’s ratio. The latter was measured in equine superficial digital flexor tendons with a custom linear laser scanner; Poisson’s ratio was found near the limit of incompressibility and not varying with tension, suggesting that Poisson’s ratio and density do not significantly affect the SOS variation observed with load. In vitro measurements of SOS and E were then performed, finding that the latter varies linearly with SOS and it accounts for part of the inter-individual SOS variability. These results show that E is the main determinant of SOS in tendon and of its variation with load. The interest of SOS measurements in the follow-up of tendon lesions was then evaluated. In vivo SOS proved to be affected by the lesion’s progression in time. A correlation was observed between normalized SOS values (the ratio of SOS measured in vivo 15 weeks after the lesion insurgence on its value in normal tendon) and the elastic modulus of the injured tendons measured in vitro; normalized SOS was also correlated to the ultrasonographic lesion’s assessment made by clinicians at the same stage. The present work’s results give an insight on the ultrasound propagation in tendon, and on how it is affected by tendon loading; they also confirm the interest of SOS measurements in the follow-up of injured tendons
Ould, Dris Aïssa. "Étude du fonctionnement d'une vanne non-mécanique en L." Compiègne, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990COMPD281.
Full textTérémetz, Maxime. "Développement, validation clinique et valorisation d'une nouvelle technologie pour la rééducation de la dextérité manuelle." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB065/document.
Full textManual dexterity is essential for our physical interaction with the world. The high degree of dexterity in humans requires sophisticated control of several key components such as the control of force, of independence, timing and sequencing of finger movements. Manual dexterity is affected in various pathologies, impacting activities of daily living and leading to loss of independence. The main purpose of this thesis is to improve rehabilitation of dexterity in these patients by a better behavioral quantification and a clearer understanding of manual dexterity and its components of control. We developed the Finger Force Manipulandum (FFM), a new tool allowing for the quantification of the main components of the dexterity in healthy subjects and in patients. To validate this device, we tested the feasibility of its use with stroke patients suffering from moderate-to-severe deficits of dexterity. In these patients, the FFM allowed for quantification of four components of dexterity and for identification of deficits in each of them (example: patients (N=10) made three times more error than controls (N=10) in force control; P=0.0002). These measures (components) are more sensitive than clinical tests, such as the ARAT: patients reaching the maximum ARAT score still showed deficits of dexterity with the FFM. Based on the four FFM scores, individual profiles of affected dexterity were calculated, highlighting the individual deficit of each patient. This allowed for quantitative longitudinal follow up during recovery. In a disease affecting dexterity mildly, such as schizophrenia, the FFM scores of stabilized patients (N = 35) indicated a significantly lower performance compared to control subjects (N = 20) in each of the four dexterity components. Some of the FFM measures correlated with clinical scales, such as the PANSS (R=0.53, P=0.0019), and also with some neuropsychological scales. These FFM measures also provide indicators for the evolution of dexterity over time: certain components remained stable after cognitive remediation, while others improved. In conclusion, the FFM is a new tool, which allows for quantification of manual dexterity (by measuring various underlying components). It is suitable for patients with moderate-to-sever manual deficits and allows for identification of individual profiles of affected dexterity. It also detects minor manual deficits in schizophrenic patients, and may allow for identification of potential behavioral markers related to the neurodevelopmental background of schizophrenic patients (early detection) and to the evolution of the disease
Klass, Malgorzata. "Contribution à l'étude de l'effet du vieillissement sur la fonction neuromusculaire." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209224.
Full textL’objectif de nos investigations a été d’étudier, chez le sujet humain, les mécanismes responsables de l'altération des performances motrices au cours du vieillissement. La première étude était destinée d’une part, à comparer la diminution maximale de force observée dans les différents régimes de contraction et, d’autre part, à contribuer à la compréhension des mécanismes à l’origine de la meilleure préservation de force pour le régime excentrique. Etant donné que jusqu’à présent, seuls des facteurs musculaires avaient été proposés afin d’expliquer les différences existant en fonction du régime de contraction, nous nous sommes plus particulièrement intéressés à une éventuelle participation de facteurs nerveux.
Dans la seconde étude, nous avons testé de manière indirecte (via l’enregistrement d’activités réflexes) l’efficacité des afférences périphériques au cours du vieillissement. En effet, sous le contrôle de la commande centrale, celles-ci contribuent également à réguler le niveau d’excitabilité des motoneurones. Une moindre efficacité de celles-ci pourrait donc être un facteur supplémentaire responsable de l’altération de la fonction motrice.
Nous avons ensuite analysé (études III et IV) les propriétés contractiles et le comportement des unités motrices lors de contractions lentes et très rapides (contractions balistiques). Cela nous a permis de vérifier s’il existait chez les seniors une relation entre la diminution de force, de sa vitesse d’installation, et la stratégie d’activation des unités motrices.
Enfin, dans l’étude V, nous avons analysé la fatigabilité neuromusculaire chez les seniors, comparativement aux sujets jeunes. Plus spécifiquement, nous avons étudié les contractions concentriques et excentriques maximales fatigantes. La fatigue n’a en effet pas encore été étudiée lors de ces deux types de contraction chez les adultes jeunes et âgés. L’objectif de cette dernière étude était surtout d’analyser la part relative des mécanismes nerveux et musculaires à l’origine de la fatigue ainsi que leur décours dans le temps en fonction de l’âge des sujets.
L’approche méthodologique utilisée nous a permis d’analyser les modifications fonctionnelles du muscle et de ses unités motrices avec l’âge. Un intérêt tout particulier a été porté aux ajustements de la commande nerveuse et à la compréhension des mécanismes sous-jacents. L’ensemble de nos résultats expérimentaux documentent de manière originale l’interaction étroite entre les adaptations nerveuses et musculaires au cours du vieillissement. Plus largement, notre travail doctoral contribue à une meilleure connaissance de la remarquable plasticité du système neuromusculaire chez l’homme.
Résumé en anglais :\
Doctorat en Sciences de la motricité
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Ben, abdalah Abir. "Influence du vieillissement sur l'effet mémoire des polymères / Modélisation du mécanisme de mémoire de forme." Thesis, Paris, HESAM, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020HESAE046.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to characterize the Shape Memory Effect (SME) of the (40% PCL/60% SBS) blend and to study the influence of the molecular weight and the physicochemical properties on this SME. Firstly, experimental characterization is performed in order to evaluate the physicochemical, morphological and mechanical properties of the used materials. The (PCL/SBS) blend exhibits a Total SME (TSME) as it recovers 100% of its original shape after one shape memory cycle. The energy stored in the structure acts as the driving force that can be responsible for this SME. Therefore, an original method using a witness is used to establish the stress-strain evolution during recovery. Secondly, to change the molecular weight of PCL in the blend, enzymatic hydrolytic degradation using an Amano Lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens is carried out. The influence of hydrolysis on the pure PCL properties is evaluated. Then, sampling is carried out and (PCL/SBS) blends with different PCL molecular weights are obtained. Subsequently, these blends are submitted to experimental and shape memory tests to study the relationship between the molecular weight and the SME. The results show that the decrease in the molecular weight causes morphological and structural changes: the increase in stiffness and the embrittlement of the mixture, the decrease in compatibility, the increase in heterogeneity and the loss of thermo-dynamical balance of phases. These changes in the molecular weight and in the properties of blends influence its recovery capacity. The blend with the TSME is transformed to a polymer with partial SME. Finally, a bi-parabolic model is used to predict the viscoelastic behavior of the (40% PCL / 60% SBS) blend before and after its enzymatic hydrolytic aging
Wegrzyk, Jennifer. "Wide-pulse, high-frequency electrical stimulation" in humans : Combined investigations of neural and muscular function using electrophysiological and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4080.
Full textConventional neuromuscular electrical stimulation (CONV) is delivered via surface electrodes at short pulse duration (< 400 μs), low frequencies (≤ 50 Hz) and high current intensities. The motor unit recruitment pattern of CONV, however, is different from the pattern of voluntary contractions (VOL) and leads to a hastened onset of muscle fatigue. The use of wide-pulses (1ms), high frequencies (100 Hz) (WPHF) and low current intensities might approach the natural activation pattern of VOL by enhancing the neural contribution to force production. Previous studies investigating WPHF reported progressive and unexpected force increments ("Extra Forces") despite a constant stimulation intensity which might reflect the more pronounced activation of sensory pathways within the central nervous system. The objective of this thesis was to investigate this "Extra Force" (EF) phenomenon and to evaluate the efficiency of WPHF (1 ms pulse duration at 100 Hz) in terms of metabolic demand and neural contribution to force production in comparison to CONV NMES (0.05 ms pulse duration at 25 Hz) and VOL. Our experiments comprised electrophysiological (EMG) and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques (31P spectroscopy of the muscle, functional imaging of the brain). The findings should be considered in future studies investigating the potential of NMES in a clinical context as a treatment for neuromuscular pathologies
Lemaire, Alexandra. "Lombalgies chroniques : évaluation des facteurs mécaniques des membres inférieurs au moyen des relations moment-vitesse." Thesis, Le Mans, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LEMA1024/document.
Full textLow back pain is a public health problem inducing economical and social consequences. Chronicity involves less than 10% of low back pain, but represents 85% of the total costs related to this pathology. In this context, it seems essential to optimize chronic low back pain rehabilitation programs to make them more effective and relevant. The purpose of this phD was then to evaluate lower limbs mechanical factors using torque- and power-velocity relationships. In a first study, knee extensors muscles and trunk flexor and extensor muscles were evaluated in chronic low back pain and healthy subjects. A significant knee extensor strength and power weakness weas observed for chronic low back pain subjects, associated with the typical trunk weakness referred to this population. The second study focused on establishing a protocol allowing assessing hip flexor and extensor torque- and power-velocity relationships. This protocol was then applied to evaluate flexor and extensor hip muscles in chronic low back pain subjects. Results, in accordance with the first study, highlighted a significant strength and power weakness for hip muscle groups in chronic low back pain relative to healthy subjects, with a greater hip extensor deficit, as it is generally observed for the trunk.In conclusion, these different studies showed the importance of proposing torque and power lower limbs rehabilitation for chronic low back pain patients to better fight against the deconditioning syndrome that affects all muscular chains in this population
Létocart, Adrien. "Capacités d’adaptations tendineuses à l’entraînement : effet de l'âge." Thesis, Compiègne, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018COMP2465/document.
Full textThe ability to maintain balance has previously been associated with the structure and mechanical properties of the tendons of the lower limb. In order to evaluate the effects of training intensity (moderate vs. high intensity) and age on changes in tendon architecture (Achilles and patellar) and its mechanical properties, 10 young men and 27 sedentary seniors participated in a 12-week resistance training program (3 times/week) on the muscles of the triceps surae (TS) an quadriceps (QF). The young group and a senior group participated in a moderate training program corresponding to 55% of IRM (maximum repetition), while a second group of seniors received a training intensity of 80% of IRM. Each group received the same volume of training on the TS and QF muscles using guided weight machines. The use of ergometers, ultrasound and MRI images and a motion capture system were required. A decrease in strength, coupled or not depending on the tendon under consideration, and a decrease in the properties of the tendon material have been quantified with age. Evolution curves of each of the QF and TS muscles for both populations were constructed. The two training conditions showed an improvement in the mechanical properties of the Achilles and patellar tendons, and more significantly the Achilles, on both populations without any additional gain for a high intensity. Similar gains after training between the two intensities could be observed in seniors on muscle volumes. The improvement of postural stability and an evolution of the strategy during a chair lift were observed in seniors without any additional benefit between the two training intensities. This made it possible to quantify the effects of age on muscle, tendon and movement abilities by highlighting a threshold of training intensity (55% of IRM) from which seniors do not seem to show any additional gain. This work therefore makes it possible to propose an optimization of the physical activity prescribed to the elderly person
Feneyrou, Patrick. "Étude des propriétés optiques, linéaires et non linéaires, de la molécule et du cristal de 4-diéthylamino-(bêta)-nitrostyrène." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10224.
Full textBelzile, Amélie. "Effet de l'âge sur la variabilité de la force de la cheville /." 2004. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=766856891&sid=11&Fmt=2&clientId=9268&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Full textForest, Marie-Hélène. "Diminution de la performance motrice du membre ipsilatéral au site de l’accident vasculaire cérébral lors de tâches bilatérales." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3153.
Full textAs a result of a cerebrovascular accident (CVA), deficits in the controlateral and ipsilateral limb of the brain lesion are observed in person who had had a CVA. The performance of the ipsilateral limb is determined by the clinical severity of the contralateral limb and by the adequacy of bi-hemispheral processing of information. The objective of the present study is to compare the motor performance of the ipsilateral hand during tasks implying different level of sensori-motor integration in patients with low clinical impairments. The results demonstrated that the pinch strengths between the thumb and the index finger of the ipsilateral limb are modulated and anticipated adequately in stroke persons who have a good motor recovery such as demonstrated by scores of five or more in the Chedoke-McMaster Stroke Assessment (arm and hand parts). The motor performance of the ipsilateral limb of stroke persons during the execution of a bilateral coordination task is comparable to the motor performance of the dominant limb of healthy subjects when the task is realized without interaction between upper limbs (two objects) and it is perturbed when it implies a coordinated and reciprocal action of upper limbs on the same object. Consequently, these stroke persons with a good motor recovery have a central problem of integration and processing of sensori-motor informations when a more complex task has to be realized. These results suggest that the clinicians should pay more attention during unilateral tasks and during tasks with bilateral coordination that require a higher level of sensori-motor integration.
Mercier, Catherine. "Faiblesse, incoordination et performance motrice du membre supérieur chez le sujet hémiparétique." Thèse, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/14481.
Full textDe, Andrade Melo Sibele. "Étude pilote des effets de la vibration de la main sur l'excitabilité corticospinale et la force musculaire chez des sujets hémiparétiques chroniques." Thèse, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/17636.
Full text