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Journal articles on the topic 'Forced labour'
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Et. al., Odiljon Sulaymanov,. "Abolition Of Forced Labour: Case Of Uzbekistan." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 4 (2021): 1078–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i4.618.
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The article analyzes the legal problems in the implementation of international labour standards on the abolition of forced labour in the national legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Fundamental documents of the International Labour Organization on the abolition of forced labour – the legal nature of the Forced Labour Convention No.29, 1930 and the the Abolition of Forced Labour Convention No.105, 1957, the content of national legislation on this issue. The practice of assimilation of the provisions of international agreements on labor issues, which are legally binding for Uzbekistan, into national legislation, the compliance of some issues regulated by the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan on labor relations with the norms of international documents has been studied. As a result of the study, conclusions were made on improving the legislation on labor, criminal and administrative liability, as well as amendments to Article 7 of the Labor Code, Article 1482 of the Criminal Code and Article 51 of the Code of Administrative Liability, the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Employment" and were some suggestions on the appropriateness of making additions. Recommendations were made to amend the national legislation to abolition of forced and compulsory labour in order to bring it in line with international standards. The formation of institutional mechanisms for countering forced labour in Uzbekistan was studied in three periods, the specifics of each period, the functions of the established mechanisms, and the effectiveness of their activities were analyzed. In particular, the tasks of the National Commission for combating human trafficking and forced labour, created by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. PD-5775 dated July 30, 2019, and the Institute of the National Rapporteur are set out.
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Jurabek Rasulov, Odiljon Sulaymanov,. "ABOLITION OF FORCED LABOUR: CASE OF UZBEKISTAN." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 1 (2021): 4564–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i1.1563.
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The article analyzes the legal problems in the implementation of international labour standards on the abolition of forced labour in the national legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Fundamental documents of the International Labour Organization on the abolition of forced labour – the legal nature of the Forced Labour Convention No.29, 1930 and the the Abolition of Forced Labour Convention No.105, 1957, the content of national legislation on this issue. The practice of assimilation of the provisions of international agreements on labor issues, which are legally binding for Uzbekistan, into national legislation, the compliance of some issues regulated by the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan on labor relations with the norms of international documents has been studied. As a result of the study, conclusions were made on improving the legislation on labor, criminal and administrative liability, as well as amendments to Article 7 of the Labor Code, Article 1482 of the Criminal Code and Article 51 of the Code of Administrative Liability, the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Employment" and were some suggestions on the appropriateness of making additions. Recommendations were made to amend the national legislation to abolition of forced and compulsory labour in order to bring it in line with international standards. The formation of institutional mechanisms for countering forced labour in Uzbekistan was studied in three periods, the specifics of each period, the functions of the established mechanisms, and the effectiveness of their activities were analyzed. In particular, the tasks of the National Commission for combating human trafficking and forced labour, created by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. PD-5775 dated July 30, 2019, and the Institute of the National Rapporteur are set out.
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Kibreab, Gaim. "Forced labour in Eritrea." Journal of Modern African Studies 47, no. 1 (2009): 41–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x08003650.
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ABSTRACTUsing fieldwork data collected in Eritrea, Rome, Milan and Stockholm, and supplemented by human rights organisation reports and discussions with key informants in four cities in the UK, this article examines the extent to which the Eritrean national service and its concomitant Warsai-Yikaalo Development Campaign qualify as forced or compulsory labour as defined by the relevant international conventions.
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Hinton, Timothy. "IS TAXATION FORCED LABOUR?" Think 18, no. 51 (2019): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1477175618000313.
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Libertarians frequently complain that when a government taxes some of its citizens in order to help others, it is forcing them to behave altruistically. And obviously, we are meant to think, that use of force is morally objectionable. But what exactly makes taxation objectionable? One answer that many libertarians supply is that forcing some people to benefit others is wrong because it involves forced labour. The underlying thought seems to be that there is something morally troubling about making some people work for others. In this article I scrutinize this thought. After describing two different kinds of taxation, I show how the libertarian argument about taxes depends on a distinction between posing a threat to other people and failing to help them. This brings us to the moral bedrock of the argument that taxation is forced labour, namely the idea that no one has a right to force you to do something unless you pose a threat to other people. The bulk of my article is devoted to showing (1) that this idea cannot deliver the conclusion that libertarians want because it conflicts with other things that libertarians believe; and (2) once you give up on that idea, it turns out that taxation to benefit others is not necessarily wrong by libertarian standards.
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Blikhar, Mariia, Yaryna Oliinyk, Yaryna Tesliuk, Iryna Shulhan, and Ivanna Hula. "ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE ANTI-CRISIS MANAGEMENT OF THE STAFF POTENTIAL OF THE ENTERPRISE UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF STRENGTHENING PROCESSES OF FORCED LABOR MIGRATION." Financial and credit activity problems of theory and practice 4, no. 57 (2024): 473–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.55643/fcaptp.4.57.2024.4474.
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The purpose of the article is to identify the problematic economic and legal aspects of anti-crisis management of the personnel potential of the enterprise in the conditions of strengthening the processes of forced labour migration of the population. The results obtained in the course of the research allow us to ascertain the significant impact on the activities of economic entities of modern challenges and dangers, which cause significant destructive changes in the labour resource management system of enterprises as a result of the threatening increase in the scale of forced labour migration, which exacerbates the shortage of personnel at domestic enterprises. and through the intensification of mobilization measures, which cause the movement of the economically active and highly qualified labour force to the structures of the defence forces and the Armed Forces of Ukraine. The article analyzes the essence, features and interrelationship of the anti-crisis management of the personnel potential of the enterprise with the processes of forced labour migration of the population. It has been established that forced labour migration is a destabilizing factor in enterprise activity and creates prerequisites for the emergence of crisis situations. It has been proven that forced labour migration has a significant negative impact on the formation of labour resources of domestic enterprises, which causes a shortage of highly qualified workers. It was found that the processes of forced labour migration within the regions continue to intensify in Ukraine. In order to overcome crisis situations at the enterprise regarding the management of personnel potential, the most appropriate measures are proposed and substantiated. The model of anti-crisis management of the personnel potential of the enterprise in the conditions of strengthening the processes of forced labour migration of the population is substantiated and proposed.
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Hohmann, Christina. "German universities used forced labour." Nature 408, no. 6812 (2000): 504–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35046237.
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Bakirci, Kadriye. "Human trafficking and forced labour." Journal of Financial Crime 16, no. 2 (2009): 160–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13590790910951830.
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Kunkel, Sarah. "Forced Labour, Roads, and Chiefs: The Implementation of the ILO Forced Labour Convention in the Gold Coast." International Review of Social History 63, no. 3 (2018): 449–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859018000524.
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AbstractThis article analyses the implications of the Forced Labour Convention of 1930 on colonial labour policies for road labour carried out under chiefs in the Gold Coast. The British colonial administration implemented a legal application of the convention that allowed the continuation of the existing system of public works. In the Gold Coast, the issue of road labour was most prominent in the North, where chiefs maintained the majority of roads. Indirect rule became crucial in retaining forced labour in compliance with the convention. This article focuses on “hidden strategies” of British colonialism after 1930, contrasting studies of blatant cases of forced labour. The analysis is based on a close scrutiny of the internal discourse among colonial officials on the question of road labour and the Forced Labour Convention.
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Mayer, Kent V., and Jurabek Rasulov. "International Standards For The Prohibition Of Forced And Child Labour." American Journal of Political Science Law and Criminology 03, no. 06 (2021): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajpslc/volume03issue06-21.
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The article analyzes international standards for appropriate and decent work for young people and children, as well as the prohibition of forced labour. The legal nature of major international agreements on child labour adopted by the UN and the ILO has been studied.
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Lasocik, Zbigniew. "FORCED LABOR – IN SEARCH FOR A NEW MODEL OF ANALYSIS." Polityka Społeczna 592, no. 8 (2023): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.9024.
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Forced labour is a social phenomenon which, due to its unique nature, is difficult to understand, accept and prosecute. Given the unsuccessful attempts to deal with this problem in Poland, and similar experiences in other countries, one has to look for an answer to the question, why is this so? The answer seems obvious: because forced labour is not visible. And it is perhaps because we have a problem understanding the phenomenon itself? The existing legal definition is not particularly helpful in this regard. Therefore, in this two-part article I present a different approach to understanding forced labour and a different definition of the phenomenon. The starting point of this article is the assumption that, in describing forced labour, it is worth moving away from a legal and criminal perspective and looking at this phenomenon in the spirit of humanistic sociology, growing out of the concepts of social pragmatism and symbolic interactionism. The analysis of the reaction of the Polish authorities to the cases of forced labor described in the first article proves that a new perspective is necessary. It turns out that the social system did not take advantage of this unique opportunity and did not learn anything new. A completely new circumstance is the war in Ukraine, which has brought several hundred thousand refugees to Poland, who may also be victims of various forms of exploitation. The new model of analysis of forced labour that is proposed here consists of five elements: exploitation, cognitive façade, cultural taboo, symbolic visibility and subtlety of means of control. It is tempting to hypothesise that the effectiveness of combating forced labour will be greater if we 'see' this crime in a different light than just the “glamour” of traditional slavery.
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COZMA, Oana-Maria. "MODERN SLAVERY AND THE EUROPEAN LABOUR MARKET DYNAMICS." WIDENING KNOWLEDGE FOR A MORE RESILIENT EUROPEAN UNION, no. 10 (2024): 144–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/eurint-2023-coz.
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Many people think of slavery as a matter of the past with little relevance to today's world. But nonetheless, this institution continues to constitute a thriving research field for sociologists, historians, and economists. The present paper examines the issue of modern slavery as related to forced labour and labour exploitation, analyses the labour legislation of the European Union, and gathers several cases of forced labour/ labour exploitation involving Romanian workers. The purpose of the present paper is achieved using content analysis, a qualitative research method. The results suggested that, despite the European Union's extensive labour regulations, it still encounters situations of forced labour/ labour exploitation where basic worker rights and protection are not upheld; the findings highlight the need for greater consideration, further research, and solutions for this issue, together with special concern towards the clear distinctions between forced labour and labour exploitation.
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Hladka, N., and O. Yakovets. "Legislative guarantees of the prohibition and risks of involvement of Ukrainians in forced labour." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 2 (May 11, 2024): 314–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2024.02.54.
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The article analyses the legislative guarantees of the prohibition of forced labour, modern risks of occurrence and involvement of Ukrainians in martial law. International and national norms prohibiting the use of forced labour are revealed. Attention is focused on the fact that Ukraine is one of the states whose citizens suffer from this phenomenon the most in Europe. Researching the concept of "forced labour”, the authors note that it is absent in Ukrainian legislation, therefore, for a full understanding of this term, they use international practice. The article describes the main forms and manifestations of forced labour. The conditions of employment are defined, which are signs of danger for the employee and which should be paid attention to in the process of employment relations in order not to become a victim of labour exploitation. Political and socioeconomic factors that influence the increase in the number of cases of forced labour are analysed. In particular, political instability, a difficult economic situation, the inability of the state to guarantee a decent living standard, unemployment, labour migration, especially outside the state, the low level of legal culture of citizens, which is the reason for the poor awareness of Ukrainians with their rights and the principles of the prohibition of forced labour. The authors draw attention to the fact that under the conditions of martial law in Ukraine, the number of socially vulnerable sections of the population that suffered from military aggression and may be at risk of being involved in forced labour has increased. Statistics of criminal proceedings related to human trafficking for 20222023 are presented, as a significant part of the victims of this offense were subjected to forced labour. It is emphasized that in most countries of the world the phenomenon of imposing forced labour by the state has disappeared and such an activity is recognized as a criminal offense.
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Morgan, Jamie, and Wendy Olsen. "Forced and Unfree Labour: An Analysis." International Critical Thought 4, no. 1 (2014): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2014.878144.
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Bernards, Nick. "The Global Politics of Forced Labour." Globalizations 14, no. 6 (2017): 944–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2017.1287470.
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Drubel, Julia. "Regulation by visibility: New forms of global social governance." Global Social Policy 19, no. 3 (2019): 188–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468018118820732.
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Nation states, networks and international organisations provide huge amounts of quantified information on all fields of international politics. This is done in an effort to regulate them. Besides the increase of numbers, recently, pictures emerge as visual practices of regulations. Parts of the political effort of the International Labour Organization (ILO) to abolish forced labour build a valuable example. The ILO publishes both estimates on forced labour and Global Reports. In addition, illustrated narrations on how a person is trapped in forced labour are provided at its website. Hence, the decent work discourse on regulating forced labour as a Core Labour Standard (CLS) no longer exclusively draws on texts, but increasingly includes image representations. Thus, the article asks how quantitative knowledge on forced labour is produced and visualised as a mode of regulative governance. In order to understand the content of the ILO’s discursive regulative governance, its strategic alignment and to infer on its possible strengths or weaknesses, discursive and pictographic practices are made accessible.
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Chomej, Dawid. "Polish Forced Labourers in the Klaipėda Region during World War II." Genocidas ir rezistencija 1, no. 55 (2024): 269–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.61903/gr.2024.111.
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This paper examines the plight of Polish forced labourers in the Klaipėda region during World War II, shedding light on a lesser-known aspect of Nazi occupation policies. Drawing on a database maintained by the Polish Institute of National Remembrance, the author collected data on nearly 2,000 Polish individuals subjected to forced labour in Klaipėda. Through archival research and analysis of personal testimonies, the study explores the demographics, origins, working conditions, and treatment of these labourers. The occupation of Klaipada by Nazi Germany resulted in the displacement of local populations and the influx of foreign workers to meet wartime labour demands. Polish labourers, predominantly young and from economically disadvantaged regions like Ciechanów, were among those forcibly mobilized. They were subjected to harsh treatment, discriminatory laws, and often found themselves in precarious working and living conditions. The paper highlights the experiences of Polish labourers in various industries, including construction and agriculture, and examines the motivations behind their escapes from forced labour. It also addresses the sensitive issue of sexual violence against female Polish workers, which remains largely overlooked in historiography. The liberation of Klaipėda by Soviet forces in 1945 brought an end to forced labour in the region, but many labourers faced further hardships, including mistreatment by Soviet authorities. The paper concludes with reflections on the post-war reparations process and calls for further research and cross-border cooperation to fully understand the history of forced labour in the Klaipėda region and its lasting impact on affected communities.
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Łukasz Wieczorek. "The Criminological Aspects of Forced Labour in Poland." Archives of Criminology, no. XXXIX (January 2, 2017): 71–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.7420/ak2017c.
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The article discusses some of the findings of research carried out in 2008–2012 on forced labour in Poland. The research was done using triangulation methods and consisted in an analysis of seven criminal cases concerning human trafficking with a view to forced labour examined by Polish courts and prosecutors’ offices in 1998–2012. Interviews with experts and practitioners working to eliminate human trafficking (29 interviews) and with victims of forced labour in Poland (4 interviews) were also conducted. I also used a content analysis method to study press articles on forcing people to work in Poland and forcing Poles to work abroad that had appeared in the Polish press in 1997–2012. A total of 224 press articles were examined. Another source of information about forced labour in Poland, or rather about the social perception of this phenomenon, consisted in qualitative field research done in 32 localities across eight Polish provinces. This included a total of 137 conversations and interviews.The findings indicate that the problem of forced work doubtless exists in Poland, although it is difficult to gauge its actual scale. At the same time the phenomenology of forced labour that I present indicates that there are many aspects to forcing someone to work. Those who fall prey to forced labour include both Polish nationals and foreigners (Poles are generally forced to work abroad, while foreigners are subjected to forced labour in Poland). The age and sex of the victims is also irrelevant, as both young and middle-aged persons and both men and women are forced to work. There are many ways of recruiting and then of forcing one to work. In fact, it would be hard to enumerate all the methods employed by perpetrators to make their victims work. It is therefore impossible to indicate any specific group of people that would be particularly prone to this practice, as anyone can become a victim. The same goes for branches of the economy – it is impossible to indicate any one area that would be particularly susceptible to exploitation and forcing individuals to work. Research findings indicate that in Poland forced labour occurs in agriculture, construction, shipbuilding, textiles, sales, and services (particularly housework). Drawing on B. Andress’s idea of the continuum of exploitation (B. Andrees, Forced labour and trafficking in Europe: how people are trapped in, live through and come out, International Labour Office, Geneva 2008), I discovered that when it came to forced labour in Poland there was a distinctive succession of phases at play before people were actually forced into labour. In other words, ‘employers’ used various types of violence, threats or ruses to test the employee’s susceptibility to exploitation, trying to find out to what extent they could make the person work harder, while at the same time increasing the conditions of enslavement eventually resulting in forced labour. This finding is important when it comes to the scope of the legal provisions penalising human trafficking and forced labour in Poland. In their current wording, these provisions do not include behaviour such as progressive exploitation.My research clearly shows that Polish law enforcement and work inspection agencies have difficulty identifying cases of forced labour. Cases were often discovered by accident or by a coincidence as a result of which police agencies received information about a particular situation. Another weak spot in the identification of such cases is the lack of police intelligence about work agencies bringing foreign workers to Poland, particularly from Asian countries. Another issue is the lack of any regulation that would clearly and unequivocally penalise forced labour. The field research seems to indicate that law enforcement officers, prosecutors and judges are not familiar with the phenomenology of forced labour and do not always consider it a form of human trafficking, particularly when the victims arrived in Poland via legal channels and/or were not sold. The ineffectiveness of the Polish system of eliminating forced labour and human trafficking is another problem due to the lack of joint action by law enforcement and the judiciary. The ineffectualness of law enforcement agencies isn’t only due to poor organisation and lack of human resources, but also due to a lack of instruments and procedures for detecting these kinds of crimes. Finally, low social awareness of the problem and social consent to people being exploited in the work setting are another aspect making it difficult to eliminate forced labour in Poland. The awareness of the foreigners themselves is another issue. They often come to Poland looking for work and agree to poor working conditions, hoping to earn more than in their home countries.
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Blackstone, Nicole Tichenor, Edgar Rodríguez-Huerta, Kyra Battaglia, et al. "Forced labour risk is pervasive in the US land-based food supply." Nature Food 4, no. 7 (2023): 596–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43016-023-00794-x.
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AbstractSocial risk assessments and case studies of labour conditions in food production primarily focus on specific subpopulations, regions and commodities. To date, research has not systematically assessed labour conditions against international standards across diverse, complex food products. Here we combine data on production, trade, labour intensity and qualitative risk coding to quantitatively assess the risk of forced labour embedded in the US land-based food supply, building on our previous assessment of fruits and vegetables. We demonstrate that animal-based proteins, processed fruits and vegetables, and discretionary foods are major contributors to forced labour risk and that 62% of total forced labour risk stems from domestic production or processing. Our findings reveal the widespread risk of forced labour present in the US food supply and the necessity of collaborative action across all countries—high, middle and low income—to eliminate reliance on labour exploitation.
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DOUMBIA, Balla. "Etat des lieux du cadre législatif et institutionnel de lutte contre le travail des enfants au Mali." Notes de l'Enseignant-Chercheur 4, no. 1 (2024): 162–83. https://doi.org/10.71140/necus.41007.
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Child labour poses a serious threat to the health, education and well-being of minors. According to the International Labour Office (ILO), about 168 million children are affected worldwide, or 11% of the child population. This exploitation compromises their physical, mental and social development, while disrupting their schooling. Aware of the devastating effects, states have put in place laws to prevent this practice. At the international level, the International Labour Organization (ILO) is leading the fight against child labour with conventions such as Convention No. 182, which defines the "worst forms of child labour". These forms include activities that jeopardize children's rights, such as slavery, forced labour or prostitution. Children are often isolated from their families and forced to work in dangerous sectors, such as agriculture or begging, where they suffer physical and psychological abuse. Deprived of education, their future is compromised. In response, it is imperative that governments, NGOs and international organizations work together to strengthen laws, raise public awareness and protect children. This includes the prevention of the worst forms of child labour, the rehabilitation of victims and the provision of educational and medical care. Coming together is crucial to combat this exploitation and ensure a bright future for children around the world. Keywords : Law, child, labor, laws, convention. Keywords: Law, child, labor, laws, convention.
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Harvey, Elizabeth. "LAST RESORT OR KEY RESOURCE? WOMEN WORKERS FROM THE NAZI-OCCUPIED SOVIET TERRITORIES, THE REICH LABOUR ADMINISTRATION AND THE GERMAN WAR EFFORT." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 26 (September 29, 2016): 149–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0080440116000098.
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ABSTRACTForeign labour was an essential resource for the Nazi war economy: by September 1944, around six million civilian labourers from across Europe were working in the Reich. Any initial readiness on the part of the peoples of Nazi-occupied Europe to volunteer for work in the Reich had quickly dissipated as the harsh and often vicious treatment of foreign workers became known. The abuse and exploitation of foreign forced labourers by the Nazi regime is well documented. Less well understood is why women formed such a substantial proportion of the labour recruited or forcibly deported from occupied eastern Europe: in September 1944, a third of Polish forced labourers and just over over half of Soviet civilian forced labourers were women. This article explores the factors influencing the demand for and the supply of female labour from the Nazi-occupied territories of the Soviet Union, particularly after the appointment of Fritz Sauckel as Plenipotentiary for Labour in March 1942. It explores the attitudes of labour officials towards these women workers and shows how Nazi gender politics and the Nazi hierarchy of race intersected in the way they were treated.
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Fruscione, Alessandro. "Article: The European Commission Proposes a Regulation to Ban Products Made With Forced Labour." Global Trade and Customs Journal 18, Issue 3 (2023): 120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2023013.
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On 14 September 2022, the European Commission presented a proposal for a Regulation (Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council banning products made with forced labour on the Union market, COM (2022) 453 final of 14 September 2022, https://eurlex. europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52022PC0453) aimed at banning from the EU market products made with forced labour. The proposal – which concerns both imported products and those manufactured in the Union territory to be destined for internal consumption or export and does not focus on specific types of enterprises, thus also affecting very small ones – will now have to be discussed and approved by the European Union Parliament and Council to become an effective legislative act and will apply after twenty-four months from its entry into force. The Regulation Proposal of the European Commission appears to be wide-ranging, and doesn’t identify – at least in this first phase – specific product categories or certain producer countries, unlike what was decided by other countries (For example, the United States of America, in the framework of the bans on the import of goods made with forced labour, on 21 June 2022 adopted the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act (UFLPA), which tightens the ban on imports into the USA for products made with forced labour in China, particularly in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region). The most immediate effect of the desirable approval of the Proposal in question will be represented, for Union economic operators, by the need to carry out even more careful due diligence on supply chains and, more generally, on the reliability of their suppliers, in order to mitigate the risks of placing on the market products obtained by resorting to modern slavery. Forced labour, Regulation, Importer, Exporter, Slavery, Products, Manufactured, Ban, Market, Work conditions
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Mak, Joelle, Tanya Abramsky, Bandita Sijapati, Ligia Kiss, and Cathy Zimmerman. "What is the prevalence of and associations with forced labour experiences among male migrants from Dolakha, Nepal? Findings from a cross-sectional study of returnee migrants." BMJ Open 7, no. 8 (2017): e015835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-015835.
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ObjectivesGrowing numbers of people are migrating outside their country for work, and many experience precarious conditions, which have been linked to poor physical and mental health. While international dialogue on human trafficking, forced labour and slavery increases, prevalence data of such experiences remain limited.MethodsMen from Dolakha, Nepal, who had ever migrated outside of Nepal for work were interviewed on their experiences, from predeparture to return (n=194). Forced labour was assessed among those who returned within the past 10 years (n=140) using the International Labour Organization's forced labour dimensions: (1)unfree recruitment; (2)work and life under duress; and (3)impossibility to leave employer. Forced labour is positive if any one of the dimensions is positive.ResultsParticipants had worked in India (34%), Malaysia (34%) and the Gulf Cooperation Council countries (29%), working in factories (29%), as labourers/porters (15%) or in skilled employment (12%). Among more recent returnees (n=140), 44% experiencedunfree recruitment, 71%work and life under duressand 14%impossibility to leave employer. Overall, 73% experienced forced labour during their most recent labour migration.Forced labour was more prevalent among those who had taken loans for their migration (PR 1.23) and slightly less prevalent among those who had migrated more than once (PR 0.87); however the proportion of those who experienced forced labour was still high (67%). Age, destination and duration of stay were associated with only certain dimensions of forced labour.ConclusionForced labour experiences were common during recruitment and at destination. Migrant workers need better advice on assessing agencies and brokers, and on accessing services at destinations. As labour migration from Nepal is not likely to reduce in the near future, interventions and policies at both source and destinations need to better address the challenges migrants face so they can achieve safer outcomes.
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AjaNwachuku, Mike Akpa. "A Critical Review of Child Labour in Nigeria and The Case for Child Entrepreneurship." Rechtsidee 3, no. 2 (2016): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/jihr.v3i2.371.
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Nigeria and the world over condemn forced or exploitative labour of a child, for the obvious reason of the adverse physical, psychological, mental and emotional effect of it on children. What is condemned is not child labour per se, but child forced or exploitative labour. This paper analyses the condemnable child forced or exploitative labour, distinguishes it from the accepted child labour and makes a case for the advancement from child labour to child entrepreneurship. It posits that the advancement to child entrepreneurship shall enable the Nigerian child to contribute their bit to the financial wellbeing of their family and the economic development of Nigeria.
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Vojcsik, M. Johanna. "A hadiipar női túlélői." Belvedere Meridionale 36, no. 4 (2024): 82–99. https://doi.org/10.14232/belv.2024.4.6.
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This paper examines the forced labor of Hungarian Jewish women in the so called subcamp-system within the concentration camps in the National Socialist Germany. While the historical research in Hungary mainly focuses on the camps like Auschwitz or Mauthausen, the large system of the subcamps has received less attention, despite the fact the more hundreds of thousands of the Hungarian deportees were forced into labor in these sites, particularly for the German armament industry. This research explores the working and living conditions of female forced laborers in six subcamps, using survivor testimonies mainly from the DEGOB archives and the USC Shoah Foundation. With the help of these sources the study reconstructs the living and working conditions in the camps, where female prisoners were forced to work in munition and aircraft factories. Some survivors noted relative improvements compered to the main camps, such as better infrastructure, hygiene, and less overcrowding. However, the long working hours, harsh physical labor, inadequate food, and brutal punishments led to extreme suffering and high mortality rates. By shedding light on the understudied role of subcamps in the Holocaust, this study aims to contribute to the historiography of forced labour and the economic dimensions of National Socialist persecution. The study’s conclusions highlight the urgent need for further research into the fate of Hungarian deportees in Nazi Germany’s vast forced labour network.
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Milman-Sivan, Faina, and Yair Sagy. "Minding the gap? Blind spots in the ILO's and the EU's perspective on anti-forced labour policy." European Labour Law Journal 15, no. 3 (2024): 563–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20319525241266543.
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This article critically examines the EU's recent proposal to ban products made with forced labour from its market, which adopts the ILO's definition of ‘forced labour’ as outlined in the Forced Labour Convention of 1930 (No. 29). The authors argue that the EU's endorsement of the ILO's approach is problematic due to two flawed assumptions: (1) the definition of ‘forced labour’ is universally accepted across the EU, and (2) it is well-suited to combat forced labour in contemporary supply chains. Through an analysis of ongoing debates between the ILO and its Member States, the article demonstrates a lack of consensus regarding the interpretation of the Convention, particularly in the context of hybrid public-private prison labour arrangements. Furthermore, introducing a new Hybrid Multi-Dimensional (HMD) model for analysing contemporary prison labour practices, the article reveals blind spots in the ILO's approach that may inadvertently allow the incorporation of prison labour into supply chains, contrary to the EU's objectives. The article argues that the EU's unequivocal endorsement of the ILO's definition disregards these fundamental issues and may hinder the effective implementation of its proposed ban. The authors suggest that the HMD model offers a more comprehensive framework for analysing the complex realities of modern prison labour and could provide a roadmap for resolving the ILO-States debate. The article concludes that the EU should reconsider its wholesale adoption of the ILO's approach in light of the HMD model's insights in order to fulfil the objectives of its proposed forced labour product ban.
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Rasulov, Jurabek. "CHILDREN AND FORCED LABOUR: THE LEGAL NATURE OF INTERNATIONAL LABOUR STANDARDS." Theoretical & Applied Science 100, no. 08 (2021): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15863/tas.2021.08.100.9.
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C. Hok, Donald, Pierfilippo M. Natta, Olivia Acuff, and George Zaharatos. "Eradicating Forced Labour in Global Supply Chains." Global Trade and Customs Journal 15, Issue 8 (2020): 388–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2020078.
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Whilst globalization has taken command of supply chains worldwide, and human rights practices are being respected with stricter conviction, the burden to eradicate forced Labour and modern slavery from global supply chains has shifted from governments to corporations. In this article Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler (KPMG) offers a global perspective on how the US government has ramped up efforts in eliminating forced Labour linked to the importation of goods into the US. The article addresses both policy and legislative authorities as well as case studies linked to company initiatives. A further observance addressing leading practices is offered in order to provide a more human rights compliant policy for corporations. Forced Labour, Human Rights, Customs, Imports, Uyghur, Xinjang, Convict Labour, Consumptive Demand, Section 1307, USTR.
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Singh, Ashwani, and Achyutananda Mishra. "Forced Labour, Global Supply Chain and TNCs: Recent Trends and Practices." Global Trade and Customs Journal 19, Issue 10 (2024): 627–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2024073.
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The abolition of forced labour is a fundamental element of contemporary international human rights law, but the idea has undergone a protracted and complex history, and the scope of the various international mechanisms that handle different aspects of it is not always precisely defined. Slavery, forced labour, and related practices are strictly prohibited under international law. Forced labour is a longstanding and complex obstacle in global supply chains, frequently associated with the desire for inexpensive products and the outsourcing of manufacturing processes to nations with lax labour regulations. The growing power of transnational corporations (TNCs) poses significant challenges to workers at the bottom of supply chains. However, disagreements have made it unclear how to deal with new forms of forced labour, or modern forms of slavery. This confusion highlights the need for a comprehensive approach to combating these issues. Efforts to stop or restrict forced labour will be made easier with a clear legal definition at both the national and international levels, particularly with an emphasis on the human rights perspective.
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Phillips, Coretta. "Utilising ‘modern slave’ narratives in social policy research." Critical Social Policy 40, no. 1 (2019): 30–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261018319837217.
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Modern slavery has received somewhat limited attention in social policy. Partially responding to this gap, while acknowledging the contested nature of the term ‘modern slavery’, this article makes the case for the primary and secondary analysis of ‘slave narratives’ which provide experiential and agential accounts by those directly harmed by forced labour, coerced sex work and other forms of exploitation. Analysis of a narrative interview with Sean, a (citizen-)victim of forced labour proved under s.71 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009, demonstrates the multifaceted nature of labour exploitation and its multiple, severe and long-lasting harms. That the form and structure of Sean’s narrative of forced labour resembles those used in the abolitionist cause against antebellum slavery points to a certain timeless essence to forced labour exploitation. The article concludes with implications for intervention.
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Ehring, Douglas. "Are Workers Forced to Work?" Canadian Journal of Philosophy 19, no. 4 (1989): 589–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1989.10716785.
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G. A. Cohen, in his ‘The Structure of Proletarian Unfreedom,’ addresses the classical Marxist claim that workers are forced to sell their labour power under capitalism. This claim has been the object of much debate and controversy. Cohen brings his very considerable analytical skills to bear on this question with the result that he supports, in distinctive but non-conflicting ways, both sides of the controversy. On Cohen’s analysis this claim is ambiguous, i.e., the term ‘proletariat’ has two importantly different senses. In the distributive sense, workers need not be coerced, but in the collective sense, they are coerced, i.e., each individual worker is free to leave the working class, but the class of workers' as a whole does not possess a similar freedom. In this paper, I will argue that Cohen’s argument does not establish that the proletariat qua individuals are not forced to sell their labour power. It will also be argued that, in fac;t, there is no definite answer to the question of whether or not workers are forced to sell their labour power. Freedom and coercion are matters of degree, for the relevant range of cases, and, hence, it is not appropriate to ask whether or not the workers are coerced. I will, however, attempt to show that, contrary to the spirit of Cohen’s thesis, proletariat as individuals suffer from a diminished degree of freedom in the sale of their labour power.
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A., Faruk, Ibrahim D.T., and Danjuma I.F. "Trafficking in Human: A Modern-Day Slavery Against the Third World States." African Journal of Law, Political Research and Administration 6, no. 2 (2023): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ajlpra-x7k8zaxz.
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Trafficking in Human is the trade of humans for the purpose of forced labour, sexual slavery, or commercial sexual exploitation for the trafficker or others. This may encompass providing a spouse in the context of forced marriage, or the extraction of organs or tissues, including for surrogacy and ova removal. Human trafficking can occur within a country or trans-nationally. Human trafficking is a crime against the person because of the violation of the victim's rights of movement through coercion and because of their commercial exploitation. Human trafficking is the trade in people, especially women and children, and does not necessarily involve the movement of the person from one place to another. People smuggling (also called human smuggling and migrant smuggling) is a related practice which is characterized by the consent of the person being smuggled. Smuggling situations can descend into human trafficking through coercion and exploitation.People are held against their will through acts of coercion, and forced to work for or provide services to the trafficker or others. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), forced labour alone (one component of human trafficking) generates an estimated $150 billion in profits per annum as of 2014. In 2012, the ILO estimated that 21 million victims are trapped in modern-day slavery. Of these, 14.2 million (68%) were exploited for labour, 4.5 million (22%) were sexually exploited, and 2.2 million (10%) were exploited in state-imposed forced labor. The International Labor Organization has reported that child workers, minorities, and irregular migrants are at considerable risk of more extreme forms of exploitation. Statistics shows that over half of the world's 215 million young workers are observed to be in hazardous sectors, including forced sex work and forced street begging. Ethnic minorities and highly marginalized groups of people are highly estimated to work in some of the most exploitative and damaging sectors, such as leather tanning, mining, and stone quarry work. Human trafficking is the third largest crime industry in the world, behind drug dealing and arms trafficking, and is the fastest-growing activity of trans-national criminal organizations.
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Arsentyev, Viktor M. "Forced Labour in the Industry of the Middle Volga Region in the First Half of the XIX Century." Economic History 17, no. 1 (2021): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2409-630x.052.017.202101.009-021.
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Introduction. Industrial development of Russia in the first half of the XIX century characterized by the existence of various forms and methods of labour organization in the industrial production system. The owners of large enterprises used different practices of attracting labour force, which gave rise to socio-economic and legal heterogeneity of workers. The article considers the importance of compulsory forms of labour organization, which played a significant role in Russian industry until the early 1860s. Materials and Methods. When solving the set research tasks, materials from the funds of federal and regional archives, published sources, as well as scientific literature were used. To analyze the nature and direction of the processes taking place in the industry of serf Russia, the modernization theory was used. The need to process a significant array of quantitative data required the use of a statistical method. Results. Based on the study of archival and published sources, as well as the available scientific literature on the topic, the main categories of workers employed in the industry of the Middle Volga region within the boundaries of the Kazan, Penza and Simbirsk provinces were identified, their quantitative analysis was carried out, and some parameters were considered that show the specifics of their social-economic and legal situation. The study showed that the army of forced labor in the industrial sphere of the region in question was represented mainly by possessive workers, as well as serfs, who were reoriented to industrial labor by their owners. During the implementation of the research program, the conclusion was drawn: despite the growth in the use of hired labour in domestic industry in the first half of the 19th century, the Middle Volga region remained one of the regions where the practice of using forced labour in industrial enterprises not only persisted, but also intensified. Discussion and Conclusion. As the study shows, the dynamics of the change in the ratio of forced and civilian labour was multidirectional. In particular, in the industry of the Kazan province, the prevalence of civilian workers was noted, the proportion of which steadily increased throughout the period under study. On the contrary, with regard to the Penza and Simbirsk provinces, there was an increase in the use of forced labor, which was associated with the intensification of industrial entrepreneurship of the nobles. In the sectoral plan, the most active use of serf labor in industry was recorded in the cloth and distillery industries. It should be noted that in the second quarter of the XIX century the practice of using monetary forms of payment by industrial nobles for the labour of their own serfs. In the Kazan province, forced labour was represented mainly by the possessory workers of the Kazan cloth factory. By the early 1850s they were removed from the system of “possession law” and passed into the free estates. The presence of possessional workers was also recorded at metallurgical plants in the Penza province, which continued to remain on the “possession rights” until the early 1860s. In general, we can conclude that a specific feature of Russian industry in the pre-reform period was the extreme limitation of the “legal” free labor market, which led to the preservation of a large role for compulsory forms of labor organization.
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M. Natta, Pierfilippo. "Anti-Forced Labour Update: Stronger Legislation with an Absence of Guidance." Global Trade and Customs Journal 16, Issue 5 (2021): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2021023.
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Addressing forced labour concerns in 2021 – upcoming legislation and lack of concrete guidance leaves importers concerned when developing mitigation strategies. The last six months have harvested major developments in the area, this brief update highlights how targeted the developments have become and how companies may best prepare for the upcoming anti-forced labour legislation (This is one of a series of articles addressing force labour law. See Olivia Acuff, Donald C. Hok, Pierfilippo M. Natta & George Zaharatos, Eradicating Forced Labour in Global Supply Chains, 15(8) Global Trade & Cust. J. 388–400 (2020)).
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GBENGA-AKANMU, Taiwo Oladunni, and Grace Omolade ADESOKAN. "FREQUENCY OF CHILD TRAFFICKING AND FORCED LABOUR: INVESTIGATING THE PREDISPOSING FACTOR IN CHILDREN’S EDUCATION." Indonesian Journal of Elementary Teachers Education 5, no. 1 (2024): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.25134/ijete.v5i1.9863.
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The study determined the frequency at which children trafficking and child forced labour activities are being practiced in Osun State, and examined the vulnerability of children trafficked and exposed to forced labour in the study area. The study adopted a descriptive research design. Primary data (quantitative and qualitative) involving the use of questionnaire and in-depth interview guide are sourced. In-depth interview was held with 10 senior members of the Ministry of Women Affairs and Child Development (MWACD), Director General, Deputy/Assistant Director General and Confidential Secretary of National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Person (NAPTIP) and One Divisional Police Officer (DPO). For the quantitative data, 240 copies of semi-structured questionnaire were administered to respondents selected through convenience sampling, from 12 locations in the three senatorial districts. Three instruments were used for the study; namely Forced labour Activities Checklist (CLAC) Osun State Child Trafficking and Labour Control Regulation Questionnaire (CLCRQ) for vulnerability indicators and Detection Strata Interview Guide (DS-IG). The data collected were analysed using appropriate inferential and descriptive analysis. Findings on the frequency at which child trafficking and child forced labour activities are being practiced in Osun State revealed that The Child Acts Law has a stake in ensuring that the menace is reduced. Also, the Osun State government is making effort to bring about a drastic reduction to the issues such as awareness and time-to-time sensitization. Results on the factors predisposing children into vulnerability Osun State revealed that factors such as poverty (x ̅ =1.30), poor parenting (x ̅ =1.32), ignorance / illiteracy (x ̅ =1.35), and parental economic benefits from the act (x ̅ =1.59) frequently predispose children into vulnerability of child trafficking and forced labour in Osun State. The study concluded that child trafficking and forced labour are prevalent and frequent practices in Osun State.Keywords: Child; Trafficking; Forced Labour; Predisposing; Pre-School
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Blackburn. "Editorial: Forced labour legacies and modern slavery." International Union Rights 28, no. 3-4 (2021): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.14213/inteuniorigh.28.3-4.0002.
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Reynolds, Matt. "Teaching AI to find forced labour camps." New Scientist 235, no. 3132 (2017): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(17)31251-4.
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Neumayer, Eric, and Indra de Soysa. "Globalisation, Women's Economic Rights and Forced Labour." World Economy 30, no. 10 (2007): 1510–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2007.01060.x.
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Blackburn, Daniel. "Editorial: Forced labour legacies and modern slavery." International Union Rights 28, no. 3-4 (2021): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/iur.2021.a845093.
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Benstead, Amy V. "Forced labour in US food supply chains." Nature Food 4, no. 7 (2023): 545–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43016-023-00796-9.
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Lirëza, Linert. "PROHIBITION OF FORCED LABOUR. THE ALBANIAN CASE." Revue Européenne du Droit Social 59, no. 2 (2023): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.53373/reds.2023.59.2.0112.
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Satzger, Helmut, and Patrick Joseph Siegle. "Remuneration and Forced Labour – The Impact of Remuneration on the Classification as Forced Labour Victim in European Law." European Criminal Law Review 10, no. 2 (2020): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2193-5505-2020-2-241.
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While European regulations prohibiting forced labour do not explicitly address the impact of remuneration on its presence, a closer look at corresponding case law identifies that indeed some specific principles are repeatedly applied by the European Court of Human Rights. As these guidelines seem to approach the problem in an insufficiently engaged manner, the question arises as to how they could be furthered in order to achieve more efficient, victim-oriented protection. A glance at German law reveals that remuneration thresholds, if cautiously applied, could constitute an adequate, indicational directive in the future.
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Sebastián Arévalo Sánchez, Juan Pablo García Sepúlveda, and John Winterdyk. "Using design thinking and innovation camps to combat forced labour: A case example: Wykorzystanie myślenia projektowego i obozów innowacyjnych do zwalczania pracy przymusowej. Analiza przypadku." Archives of Criminology, ONLINE FIRST (April 22, 2021): 22 pp. http://dx.doi.org/10.7420/ak2021.14.
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Educating young people on the risks of forced labour is not only one of the most critical duties in eradicating human trafficking, but due to its clandestine nature, it is also one of the most challenging. Drawing on practical experiences in Colombia, the authors exalt the value of integrating co-creation and innovation tools to promote a more effective, meaningful, and impactful knowledge transfer on forced labour between education disciplines This article, therefore, begins by presenting a descriptive overview of the application of design thinking and innovation camps. Next, the article approximates the application of those methods and instruments in teaching the issue of human trafficking, including forced labour. Then, it examines the opportunities of using design thinking and social innovation camps to educate a new generation with the knowledge, skills, and power to disrupt forced labour. Finally, this article concludes that design thinking and innovation camps are practical methods and instruments to create alternative learning environments to educate the next generation of young changemakers capable of disrupting forced labour through innovation, entrepreneurship, and technology.
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Hoque, Md Mahmudul. "Forced Labour and access to Education of Rohingya Refugee Children in Bangladesh: Beyond a Humanitarian Crisis." Journal of Modern Slavery 6, no. 3 (2021): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22150/jms/ppjy4309.
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Rohingya refugee children in Bangladesh are forced into labour inside and outside the camps for a range of reasons. The article explores the child labour situations inside and outside the camps and relates the issue with access to education for Rohingya children. Being informed by various perspectives concerning child labour and education in developing country context, this research work takes a qualitative approach to study the issue. After collecting data through a few qualitative methods including observations and semi-structured interviews, the researcher explores the issue with those informed perspectives. The study finds that lack of formal identity, lack access in the formal market, absence of social sanctions against child employment, lack of aspirations, household composition and poor living conditions are some of the key factors that force children to various forms of labour. The host community members employ Rohingya children as cheap labourers and domestic workers while undocumented children often become victims of bonded labour, sex trade and trafficking. Forced labour and lack of access to formal education have formed a humanitarian crisis in the largest refugee camp in Cox’s Bazar which demands support and actions from local and international agencies.
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Kopytko, Marta, Volodymyr Panchenko, Anna Levchenko, Hennadii Kapinos, and Volodymyr Hrytsan. "Forced labour migration as a threat to social and economic human rights and a factor of influence on the national labour market and business entities." Social Legal Studios 7, no. 2 (2024): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32518/sals2.2024.140.
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The full-scale military invasion of the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine led to the emergence of a number of substantial destabilising processes and phenomena of a socio-economic nature, one of which is the strengthening of forced emigration of a substantial number of the economically active population of Ukraine. The purpose of the study was a comprehensive review and analysis of the current scientific legacy of papers devoted to the examination of the features, state, and problems of forced labour migration and identifying its impact on the national labour market and economic entities. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study as made up of general scientific heuristic methods, historiographic analysis and synthesis, comparison, and systematisation. Based on the results of the study, it was established that in the modern scientific discourse, the essence of forced labour migration is defined as a complex and dangerous socio-economic phenomenon that manifests itself in the uncontrolled movement of the population for the purpose of employment within the country and extends to other countries of the world. It was determined that most of the researchers are inclined to argue that the scale of forced labour migration has acquired threatening importance, the threatening trends of which were particularly acute during the war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine in 2022-2023, during which there is a critical increase in the volume of forced labour migration from Ukraine to European countries. There is an opinion among the scientific community that the processes of forced labour migration cause substantial problems in the national and international labour market. Most of the researchers argue that the most substantial problem caused by forced labour migration is the increase in the unemployment rate, which in Ukraine during the war reached 35% of the economically active population, which substantially unbalances the international and European labour markets, causing it to increase competition for highly paid jobs. Based on the assessment of researchers' opinions, the main ways to reduce imbalances in the development of the labour market in Ukraine and methods for minimising the risks of unemployment growth are proposed. The obtained research results can be used to create generalising reviews and more effectively work with the bibliography on the subject
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Strauss, Kendra. "Coerced, Forced and Unfree Labour: Geographies of Exploitation in Contemporary Labour Markets." Geography Compass 6, no. 3 (2012): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2011.00474.x.
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Szandra Windt. "The unspoken phenomenon: Forced labour in Hungary: Przemilczane zjawisko: praca przymusowa na Węgrzech." Archives of Criminology, ONLINE FIRST (February 15, 2021): 23 pp. http://dx.doi.org/10.7420/ak2021.03.
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According to official criminal statistics, a total of 36 registered forced labour crimes were committed in Hungary between 2013 and 2019. Forced labour (Section 193 of the Criminal Code) was a separate statutory element in Hungary between July 1, 2013 and June 30, 2020. In 2019, nearly 40 forced labour cases were analysed, the sociological and criminological characteristics of which are summarised and shown in this article following the statistical review. Based on the cases we examined, it can be said that the victim has alcohol problems, is homeless and unemployed, is in extremely poor health condition, has a low intellectual level and is elderly. In terms of their gender, there was a significant number of men among the victims of forced labour. Victims of forced labour and those crimes that were committed against them are even more hidden, even more difficult to detect and to prove than are acts of sexual exploitation. These people are a ‘hidden population’, statuses such as ‘subtenants’ or ‘accepted relatives’ obviously do not reveal the real situation to police officers arriving on the scene. It is possible that this situation prevails for years and is not brought to the authorities.
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Stibbe, Matthew. "Introduction: Captivity, Forced Labour and Forced Migration during the First World War." Immigrants & Minorities 26, no. 1-2 (2008): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02619280802442571.
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Qamar ul Nisa, Dr. Asma Islam, and Ghulam Mohy Ud Din. "Implication of Father’s Education on Child Labor in District Multan." GUMAN 7, no. 3 (2024): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.63075/guman.v7i3.813.
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Child labour continues to be a prevalent issue in many societies around the world, with millions of children forced to work in dangerous and exploitative conditions. There are various factors that contribute to the prevalence of child labour, including poverty, lack of access to education, and societal norms that perpetuate the idea that children should work to support their families. The implications of child labour on society are far-reaching and profoundly negative. Children who are forced to work at a young age miss out on important opportunities for education and overall development. This can perpetuate the cycle of poverty, as these children are often unable to break out of the cycle and improve their circumstances in life. Additionally, child labour can have long-term physical and mental health consequences for children, as they are often exposed to dangerous working conditions and are vulnerable to exploitation and abuse. Furthermore, the prevalence of child labour can have broader societal implications, such as perpetuating income inequality and undermining the overall social and economic development of a country. Children who are forced to work are denied the opportunity to reach their full potential, which can have a negative impact on the future workforce and overall productivity of a nation. Efforts to combat child labour must be comprehensive and multi-faceted, addressing the root causes of the issue and providing support to families and communities in need. Governments, non-governmental organizations, and international bodies must work together to enforce laws and regulations that prohibit child labour, while also implementing programs that provide education and support to vulnerable children and families.In conclusion, child labour is a complex issue that requires a concerted effort from all sectors of society to address. The implications of child labour on society are profound and far-reaching, and it is crucial that we work together to eradicate this harmful practice and ensure that all children have the opportunity to reach their full potential and lead fulfilling lives. Keywords- Implication of Father’s Education, Child Labor, District Multan
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LERCHE, JENS. "A Global Alliance against Forced Labour? Unfree Labour, Neo-Liberal Globalization and the International Labour Organization." Journal of Agrarian Change 7, no. 4 (2007): 425–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0366.2007.00152.x.
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Lingaas, Carola. "Directing the Legal Radar at Forced Labour—Under Special Consideration of Male Victims in Norway." Laws 11, no. 3 (2022): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws11030039.
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Human trafficking in the form of labour exploitation appears to have gone under the legal radar domestically, regionally, and internationally, with ensuing grave consequences for the victims concerned. This paper critically discusses the current legal developments and interpretations of global and regional legal sources on forced labour and the challenges they face. A legal analysis is supplemented by information obtained through interviews with 14 presumed male victims of forced labour, who recently escaped a coercive work situation and were living in a safe house in Oslo (Norway). The paper will demonstrate the shortcomings of the law and its application, using the case of Norway and the affected men as an example. It examines the case law of the European Court of Human Rights using a vulnerability approach and argues that the inaction in preventing and prosecuting crimes committed towards people who are exploited for forced labour is a violation of their human rights and may be interpreted as granting impunity to their perpetrators. The situation for male victims of forced labour is particularly severe.