To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Forced population transfers.
Journal articles on the topic 'Forced population transfers'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Forced population transfers.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Meneses, Rodrigo. "Illegal Properties. A Sociolegal Study of Land-grabbing in Mexico City." Sociológica 39, no. 110 (2024): 10–34. https://doi.org/10.24275/mypz6745.
Full textAbstract:
This article is based on empirical evidence about Mexico City, exploring the spatial distribution of illegal property transfer complaints made by the population to government agencies. It describes the role violence plays in forced property transfers in Mexico City, both nationally and locally. It also provides evidence for discussing the normative and material conditions that facilitate or limit criminal justice system participation in resolving these sorts of property-based conflicts. The author shows that forced property transfers are often concentrated in certain neighborhoods, main-ly in the center of the city, an area disputed because of its historic value and urban facilities.
2
Becker, Sascha O., Irena Grosfeld, Pauline Grosjean, Nico Voigtländer, and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya. "Forced Migration and Human Capital: Evidence from Post-WWII Population Transfers." American Economic Review 110, no. 5 (2020): 1430–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20181518.
Full textAbstract:
We study the long-run effects of forced migration on investment in education. After World War II, millions of Poles were forcibly uprooted from the Kresy territories of eastern Poland and resettled (primarily) in the newly acquired Western Territories, from which the Germans were expelled. We combine historical censuses with newly collected survey data to show that, while there were no pre-WWII differences in educational attainment, Poles with a family history of forced migration are significantly more educated today than other Poles. These results are driven by a shift in preferences away from material possessions toward investment in human capital. (JEL I25, I26, J24, N34, R23)
3
Wolff, Stefan. "Can forced population transfers resolve self‐determination conflicts? a European perspective." Journal of Contemporary European Studies 12, no. 1 (2004): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1460846042000207132.
Full text
4
MAIDANIK, ІRYNA. "Remmitances in Ukraine During the Full-Scale War." Demography and social economy, no. 3 (October 30, 2023): 18–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/dse2023.03.018.
Full textAbstract:
The article is dedicated to the study of the issues related to private money transfers to Ukraine from abroad and in the reverse direction after the onset of a full-scale invasion. The relevance of the research is explained by the dramatic changes in migration behavior of the Ukrainian population as a result of the full-scale attack by the aggressor country and the significant increase in population outflow beyond the country’s borders. As a result, it is necessary to identify the changes in the volumes and patterns of private transfers since these financial flows have been a source of well-being for their recipients and have significantly stimulated the development of the national economy. The aim of the article is to investigate money transfers to Ukraine from abroad and in the reverse direction after the full-scale invasion by the aggressor country. Methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, and selective observation were used. The novelty of the research lies in determining the significance of money transfers from Ukrainians during the full-scale war, identifying the resource potential of forced and voluntary migrants for conducting private transfers to Ukraine, and highlighting the theme of outbound financial flows from Ukraine. A full-scale war has led to a noticeable decrease in the overall volume of remittances to Ukraine. This has primarily occurred due to a reduction in the coverage area of data collection, as the aggressor occupied additional territories, and also due to possible changes in the remitters’ transfer behavior. Research has revealed a rapid decrease in the cost of conducting remittances to Ukraine following the onset of the full-scale invasion. Based on empirical data regarding the well-being of forced Ukrainian migrants abroad who left the country after the full-scale invasion, their potential for conducting private transfers to Ukraine is assessed as low. Migrants who left the country before the invasion have more opportunities for making transfers to Ukraine. The research has documented the widespread active use of funds accumulated in Ukraine abroad. This includes personal savings, pensions, and other types of payments, as well as infrequent remittances sent to forced migrants in their host countries.
5
Rusman, Rina, and Syofirman Syofyan. "Prohibition of Civilians Transfer Under International Humanitarian Law and Its Relation to Genocide." Nagari Law Review 7, no. 3 (2024): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/nalrev.v.7.i.3.p.455-465.2024.
Full textAbstract:
Forcible transfers or forced displacements due to an international or non-international war often happen and cause suffering to those who become displaced by loss of their homes and livelihoods and survival resources. As an example of the current situation, there are many civilians from Gaza, especially Palestinians, who have had to leave their homes and have to seek shelter. Alarmingly, some of them have fled to refugee camps that have been housing Palestinian refugees since the 1948 and 1967 conflicts with limited conditions. While, it is commonly known that evacuation should only be temporary. This fact invites us to discuss and answer the following questions: 1) How is the rule of international humanitarian law or the law of war regarding the transfer of population and civilians in time of war?; 2) How could the displacement of civil population and civilian in time of war amount to genocide or ethnic cleansing?; and 3) How is the law enforcement against the violations of international humanitarian law on the transfer of civilian population? It is expected that the answers of these questions could be a reference to comment any news of displacement due to armed conflict. To answer these questions, normative research is conducted by literature study for collecting secondary data from international treaties and other sources of international law such as customary international law, court rulings, expert opinions and information or news from the field, including the implementation of international law in Indonesian national legislation. Analysis of data for taking conclusion is carried out qualitatively, and the reporting is made in an explanatory descriptive manner. The results showed that the international humanitarian law system has contained sufficient rules containing certain prohibitions and obligations for parties to the conflict. There are several prohibitions against deportation and forcible transfer of population. There are several obligations to prevent the forcible transfer or forced displacement of population. There are several obligations to strive for the safety and fulfillment of basic needs of civilians in the event of evacuation and to ensure that the displaced civilians can immediately return to their places of origin. In circumstances, acts that cause forcible transfers or forced displaced civilians might be categorized as war crimes, crimes against humanity and/or genocide. Concerning the violations of the international humanitarian law relating the forcible transfer of civilian population due to war, the state is obliged to carry out the law enforcement against the persons involved who are under its jurisdiction. In addition, no State shall be allowed to absolve itself of any liability incurred by itself in respect of breaches referred to the rules discussed
6
Urushadze, Amiran. "The Caucasian War and Population Transfers in the Southern Outskirts of the Russian Empire." ISTORIYA 12, no. 10 (108) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840016336-8.
Full textAbstract:
The article examines the history of transfers (displacements) of the population during the years of the Caucasian War. Transfers are analyzed in the context of the Russian Empire's policy of establishing military and political control in the region. The article is based on the materials of several federal and regional archives, as well as published historical evidence and research literature. The author concludes that the history of colonization of the North Caucasus, which is widely represented in historiography, needs revision. The history of Russian colonization is a narrative about the adaptation of the Cossacks and peasants to the new conditions of life and interaction with the local population. However, new settlers came to the territories previously occupied by the indigenous population forced to leave them. In this respect, it is the history of transfers that allows us to understand the motives of the imperial administration, the mechanisms of organization of relocations, and the resettlement reflection of the population. Another conclusion of the article is that during the course of the Caucasian War, population transfers became one of the standard mechanisms of the Russian administration, and the large-scale eviction of the Adygs in 1862—1864 was a continuation of this policy.
7
Kim, Alexander. "Ethnic Cleansing as a Distinct Crime under International Law: Assessing the Case of Forcible Transfer of Ethnic Koreans in the Former USSR(1937)." Korea International Law Review 63 (October 31, 2022): 193–236. http://dx.doi.org/10.25197/kilr.2022.63.193.
Full textAbstract:
The forcible transfer of ethnic Koreans in 1937 marked the first precedent of the policy of wholesale eviction and displacement of populations as an instrument of ethnic cleansing in the USSR and became a pattern during and after World War II, when different ethnic minorities amounting to around 6 million people have been uprooted from their homes, with 1 to 1.5 million estimated to have perished as a result of forced internal displacement.
 The present research considers the forced internal displacement of the ethnic Korean population in the USSR to be an act of ethnic cleansing, which is a mass atrocity crime and a blatant human rights violation. Inability to bring the perpetrators to justice for forced displacement of the entire civilian population of ethnic Koreans in the USSR, which has caused the physical extermination of several thousand people and the destruction of their socio-economic infrastructures and culture, will remain in history as the most serious form of impunity and the most flagrant violation of the fundamental right of victims to justice. The state cannot be held accountable for this wrongful act since the Soviet Union, as a subject of international and geopolitical reality, no longer exists and ethnic cleansing has not yet been recognized as an independent crime under international law.
 International law sets out the human rights and each State and other authorities have a prime responsibility and duty to protect, promote and implement all these rights and fundamental freedoms, and it is essential to carry out protection activities at the national and international level. While the prohibition of forced displacement itself has been a well-established feature of international criminal law since the Nuremberg trials following the Second World War, ethnic cleansing has not yet been written and signed in any UN treaty, which means Member States do not have to protect those who have fallen victim, since ethnic cleansing is still not a criminal charge in international law. But in 2005, a UN World Summit included ethnic cleansing along with genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity as four things from which each individual State has a duty to protect their populations.
 Despite the fact that forcible transfer and other practices involving the coerced, arbitrary or involuntary displacement of the civilian population from their homes, lands, and communities constitute a specific phenomenon, there is no single legal principle in international law that can be applied to all kinds of population transfers. In some circumstances, deportation or internal displacement as well as other forms of involuntary population transfers may amount to a crime against humanity, a crime of genocide or a war crime, depending on the factual elements of the case and the specific requirements of a certain crime.
 This study accordingly reviews population transfers as the constitutive element of such crimes as genocide and crimes against humanity, and transposes this comparative analysis into the context of ethnic cleansing.
 Every state has the responsibility to protect its population from four mass atrocity crimes: genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity (that have not yet been codified in a separate treaty of international law), and ethnic cleansing (that has not been recognized as an independent crime under international law). The term ‘ethnic cleansing’ itself has been acknowledged in judgments and indictments of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, although it did not constitute one of the counts for prosecution. One aspect of the criticism of the terms ‘ethnic cleansing’ focuses primarily on the fact that many state governments use this term even when an incident can be classified as genocide in order not to use state resources or taking action against the perpetrating State.
8
Beer, Matthias. "Vertriebene und “Umsiedlerpolitik.” Integrationskonflikte in der deutschen Nachkriegsgesellschaft und die Assimilationsstrategien in der SBZ/DDR 1945-1961." Central European History 39, no. 1 (2006): 169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938906370069.
Full textAbstract:
Among forced population transfers in the twentieth century, the expulsion of the German population from East Central Europe at the end of World War II was remarkable. More than twelve million Germans were expelled from the eastern parts of the German Reich and some eastern European states. These refugees arrived in a defeated, occupied, destroyed, and divided country. Initially, the percentage of expelled persons in the Soviet Occupation Zone was much higher than in the western zones. With almost 4.5 million individuals, the expellees made up twenty-four percent of the total population in the Soviet Occupation Zone in 1949. By contrast, western Germany had eight million expellees, who comprised roughly sixteen percent of the total population.
9
Woodward, Susan L. "Genocide or Partition: Two Faces of the Same Coin?" Slavic Review 55, no. 4 (1996): 755–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2501235.
Full textAbstract:
Robert Hayden is not alone in wondering why the expulsion of Serbs from Croatia in 1991 and 1995 was labeled a population transfer and even justified by the logic of nation-states, while the expulsion of Muslims by Serbs in 1992-96 from an area of Bosnia and Herzegovina that the Serbs claim for their state was labeled genocide and justified establishing an international war crimes tribunal. Hayden wants to protect the term genocide, and its legal standing internationally, for truly exceptional instances—to wit, the Holocaust, and nothing else until, God forbid, there should be another such instance. By contrast, he argues, population transfers, even on a massive scale and forced, are not pathological. "Ethnic cleansing" of territory in the former Yugoslavia, whether of Croatia or of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is unexceptional, a normal part of the history of the twentieth century. Although final solutions are not inevitable—Hayden criticizes Croatian President Tudjman for writings that seem to have justified the Serb expulsion as such—"ethnic cleansing" is a part of the history even of states that now sit in moral condemnation of the Balkan horrors and the Bosnian Serbs.
10
Hodzic, Sandra. "Government under pressure: investing in better outcomes through social impact bonds." Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being 3, no. 2 (2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35502/jcswb.75.
Full textAbstract:
With shrinking resources and declining federal transfers, provincial governments across Canada are forced to provide increased levels of supports to vulnerable individuals with decreasing resources (Janssen & Estevez, 2013). Governments continue to face obstacles in meeting the needs of vulnerable populations such as children, single parents, and those who are homeless, to name a few. Manitoba, for instance, faces demographic challenges related to an influx of newcomers who are seeking refuge, resettlement, and housing supports, an aging baby boomer population that will need end-of-life supports, as well as a growing number of children in government care. Instead of funding programs based on their activities and outcomes, this paper presents outcomes-based financing, such as the social impact bond, that reward service providers who are able to demonstrate proof of outcomes and can show how the intervention improved the lives of the individuals it was meant to serve. Under a social impact bond, government engages non-traditional partners in the private and non-for-profit sectors, and the community as a whole becomes part of the solution to challenging social problems.
11
Frątczak, Ewa Zofia. "The Demographic Crisis and Global Migration – Selected Issues." Papers on Global Change IGBP 23, no. 1 (2016): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/igbp-2016-0006.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Currently the world is undergoing a serious demographic shift, characterised by slowing population growth in developed countries. However, the population in certain less-developed regions of the world is still increasing. According to UN data, as of 2015, (World… 2015), 244 million people (or 3.3% of the global population) lived outside their country of birth. While most of these migrants travel abroad looking for better economic and social conditions, there are also those forced to move by political crises, revolutions and war. Such migration is being experienced currently in Europe, a continent which is thus going through both a demographic crisis related to the low fertility rate and population ageing, and a migration crisis. Global migrations link up inseparably with demographic transformation processes taking place globally and resulting in the changing tempo of population growth. Attracting and discouraging migration factors are changing at the same time, as is the scale and range of global migration, and with these also the global consequences. The focus of work addressed in this paper is on global population, the demographic transformation and the role of global migrations, as well as the range and scale of international migration, and selected aspects of global migrations including participation in the global labour market, the scale of monetary transfers (remittances) and the place of global migration in the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (Transforming… 2015) and the Europe of two crises (Domeny 2016).
12
Kind-Kovács, Friederike. "Memories of ethnic cleansing and thelocalIron Curtain in the Czech–German borderlands." Nationalities Papers 42, no. 2 (2014): 199–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2013.867931.
Full textAbstract:
The Czech–German borderlands are an archetypal European border region. They evoke not only Cold War histories, but also shelter layers of European memories of the ethnic reshaping of early post-war Europe. By means of life story interviews with German speakers of the border region, this article analyzes the symbolic meaning of and the individual dealing with thelocalIron Curtain. It will shed light on the biographical and narrative interconnectedness of experiences of ethnic cleansing in the early post-war period and retrospective perceptions of the Iron Curtain in these borderlands. In particular, it inquires whether and to what extent thelocalIron Curtain intensified fractures caused by the region's post-and pre-war attempts to halt the multiethnic composition of the border communities. The article suggests that thelocalCzech–German Iron Curtain would have never endured as strongly if the border communities’ common identity had not already been severely damaged in the course of the region's traumatic history and forced population transfers.
13
Kravchenko, I. S. "THE LABOR MARKET OF POLAND AND UKRAINE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE NEW MIGRATION WAVE." THEORETICAL AND APPLIED ISSUES OF ECONOMICS, no. 45 (2022): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/tppe.2022.45.13.
Full textAbstract:
he new wave of migration caused by the full-scale war in Ukraine has caused massive forced displacement of the population, both within the country and outside its borders. The situation with large-scale external migration is becoming critical and, poses a threat to the national security of Ukraine due to the non-return of a part of migrants in the post-war period: demographic changes due to the rapid reduction of the population of Ukraine, threats to socio-economic development, aging of the population, excess of demand over supply of labor in the labor market, etc. In order to clarify the changes taking place in the labor markets of Poland and Ukraine under the influence of the new migration wave, the role and significance of Ukrainian labor migrants in Poland before the start of the war was analyzed: the volumes, causes, main growth trends and probable consequences of external labor migration were determined; an assessment of the impact of labor migration and transfers on the Ukrainian economy in the pre-war period was carried out. An analysis of the number of Ukrainian forced migrants to European countries, in particular, to Poland, after 02/24/2022 was carried out. The influence of the new wave of migration from Ukraine on the labor markets of Poland and Ukraine is studied. Difficulties and obstacles affecting the employment of Ukrainian migrants in recipient countries are analyzed. Consequences caused by mass labor migration for the economy of Poland and Ukraine are considered. It has been proven that the additional labor force from Ukraine contributes to the rejuvenation of the age structure of the population, supports the economy of Poland and contributes to economic growth. At the same time, it should be noted that for Ukraine, the growing volume of external migration leads to a loss of labor potential, a reduction in consumption within the country, the volume of production of goods and services and, accordingly, an even greater reduction in GDP. It was established that in the conditions of war, a new wave of migration creates a number of challenges for the state and requires the implementation of an effective social and economic policy.
14
Chinea, Jorge L. "Race, Colonial Exploitation and West Indian Immigration in Nineteenth-Century Puerto Rico, 1800-1850." Americas 52, no. 4 (1996): 495–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1008475.
Full textAbstract:
“Unlike some Latin American mainland societies which still contain large numbers of indigenous peoples,” Jorge Duany observed, “Caribbean societies are immigrant societies almost from the moment of their conception.” Médéric-Louis-Élie Moreau de Saint- Méry likened the latter to “shapeless mixtures subject to diverse influences.” Their population, Dawn I. Marshall reminds us, “is to a large extent the result of immigration—from initial settlement, forced immigration during slavery, indentured immigration, to the present outward movement to metropolitan countries.” Throughout their history, David Lowenthal noted, limited resources and opportunities kept West Indian societies in a constant state of flux, impelling continuous transfers of people, technology, and institutions within the area. Despite the frequency and importance of these population movements, the bulk of scholarship on American migration history has traditionally concentrated on areas favored by European settlement. Moreover, the overwhelming quantity of research on immigration to the United States, Canada, Argentina, and Brazil has tended to overshadow the study of similar processes in other American regions. Due to its historical association with the arrival of involuntary settlers, migratory currents in the Caribbean have been too narrowly identified with bondage, penal labor and indentured workers. Nowhere is the imbalance more conspicuous than in the study of trans-Caribbean migratory streams during slavery. Discussions on pre-1838 population shifts have centered largely on inter-island slave trading and the exodus prompted by Franco-Haitian revolutionary activity in the Caribbean. The parallel legacy of motion hinted by Neville N.A.T. Hall's “maritime” maroons and Julius S. Scott's “masterless” migrants has attracted noticeably less attention.
15
Juhászová, Tereza. "The Troubled Pasts of Hungarian and German Minorities in Slovakia and Their Representation in Museums." Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics 12, no. 1 (2018): 52–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jnmlp-2018-0002.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In the 20th century, the two world wars reshaped the map of Central Europe as well as the status of Central Europe’s diverse societies. In my article, I focus on the Hungarian and German minorities in Slovakia and the representation of their problematic historical past in contemporary Slovak museums. More specifically, I zoom in on the exhibition Exchanged Homes displayed in Bratislava, which aims to commemorate the fate of Hungarians, Germans, and Slovaks, all of whom were affected by the population transfers after World War II. Based on the concept of memorial museums theorized by Paul Williams, I aim to show how the different exhibitions engage with the traumatic past of forceful resettlement. By offering multifaceted memories of a troubled past, these exhibitions avoid categorizing “victims” and “perpetrators” along national or ethnic lines. My paper thus analyzes the concepts and components of the exhibitions—the context of the postwar events, oral history interviews, and objects of everyday use that should bring the visitor closer to the experience of the people who were forced to leave. I argue that exhibitions of this sort have the ability to challenge the dominant historical narrative focusing on a national “Slovak” history and help the process of reconciliation between the Slovak majority society, and the Hungarian and German minorities.
16
Rusu, S. "The Impact of COVID-19 on Citizens of the Moldova Working Abroad." World Economy and International Relations 66, no. 9 (2022): 130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-9-130-138.
Full textAbstract:
The COVID 19 pandemic and its consequences have changed the lives of migrants around the world. It affected all spheres of people’s life, from the health and education systems to the economy and politics. Migrants who were carrying out work abroad during the outbreak of the pandemic literally became hostages of the situation, many lost their jobs and were forced to return home. However, at home many of them became unexpected guests, so that they hope to be able to return back to where they came from as soon as the borders are opened, and resume their working days in order to continue to provide for their families. In the article, the author examines labour migration from the Republic of Moldova during the COVID 19 pandemic and analyses its impact on citizens who work abroad. It is noted that Moldova is a country where a third of the employable age population is working abroad. In 2019–2020, many migrants had to return to their homeland and adapt to new living conditions, including finding a job at home, with a relatively high unemployment rate in the country. It is emphasized that since the end of 2019, when the pandemic began, despite the “crisis” that has arisen, money transfers have not decreased, but, on the contrary, have broken the maximum record since 2008. In order to identify the impact of the pandemic on migrants, a survey was conducted among Moldovan citizens who work abroad, and they were asked to answer the following questions: where they work; what their education level is; on what grounds they live in the country where they work; how their employment has changed since the start of the pandemic; if they have tried to return to their homeland with the outbreak of the pandemic; if they received financial assistance, and from whom, during the pandemic; how their income has changed during the pandemic; if they made money transfers home during the pandemic, and in what quantity. To sun up, it can be said that, not only the COVID 19 pandemic, but also the poor economic situation in the country led to mass migration from the country and instability among its citizens abroad.
17
Ite, Uwem E. "Turning Brain Drain into Brain Gain: Personal Reflections on Using the Diaspora Option." African Issues 30, no. 1 (2002): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1548450500006363.
Full textAbstract:
Brain drain is a global phenomenon and has always been so. It is a problem confronting and threatening development in Africa and other developing world regions. A study by Carrington and Detragiache concluded that there is an overall tendency for migration rates to be higher for highly educated individuals. Brain drain can therefore be seen as one of the more detrimental implications of organizational decline and crisis. Skilled migration, taking the form of brain drain and movements of professionals and job transfers, has become an important component of contemporary migration.3 Typically, in a historical context highly skilled migration involved the forced movement of professionals as a result of political conflicts, followed by the emergence of the “brain drain” in the 1960s. In the current situation highly skilled migration represents an increasingly large component of global migration streams.Common wisdom suggests that the migration of people with a high level of human capital is detrimental for the country of emigration. In other words, the loss of skilled human resources will ultimately have a grave effect on the economy and jeopardize development programs of the country experiencing brain drain, as the brain drain is a negative externality on the population left in the source country. However, as Mountford has shown, when educational decisions are endogenous and if successful emigration is not a certainty, a brain drain may increase the productivity of a developing country. There is also sufficient evidence to show that the migration of talent from the South to the North does not always mean that developing countries lose out.
18
Teddy Sunardi. "Mezinárodní trestní soud a jeho předchůdci." Czech Journal of International Relations 35, no. 1 (2000): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32422/cjir.1228.
Full textAbstract:
Fifty years after the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials, the international community entered the final stage of work on the establishment of a permanent International Criminal Court ( ICC). The primary aim of the Court would be to bring to justice persons responsible for the most serious crimes under international law, when domestic criminal justice systems fail to do so. The ICC would act as a standard-setting institution in the area of fair trial and due process standards, and serve as a model of international justice.The jurisdiction of the independent, effective and fair ICC should initially be limited to three core crimes: genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity. All three crimes constitute exceptionally serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole and are well established as crimes under customary international law.The ICC Statute defines genocide pursuant to the definition provided for in the 1948 Genocide Convention, which has been ratified by many states and is widely accepted as reflecting customary international law. Acts of genocide may be committed in peacetime as well as in armed conflict.War crimes included in the ICC Statute cover acts committed both in international and non-interactional armed conflict. The enumeration of crimes committed in international armed conflict corresponds to the grave breaches of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, the grave breaches and denials of fundamental guarantees of Additional Protocol I to Geneva Conventions, and violations of the 1907 Hague Convention IV and its Regulations, and crimes committed in non-international armed conflict, provided for in Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol II to Geneva Conventions.The ICC Statute defines crimes against humanity as acts committed on a widespread or systematic basis against a civilian population. The enumeration of such crimes should include: murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, arbitrary detention, torture, extrajudicial executions, forced disappearance of persons, rape, forcible transfers of populations within or across national borders, persecution on political, ethnic, racial, religious and other grounds and other inhumane acts. Crimes can be committed both in time of peace and in armed conflict, by official and non-state actors.
19
Mariana, Bil. "Forced migration under conditions of high social vulnerability of the population of Ukraine." Migration & Law 2, no. 5-6 (2022): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32752/2786-5185-2022-2-5-6-31-43.
Full textAbstract:
The forced migration of the population of Ukraine in the context of high social vulnerability is researched in the article. The aim of the article is actualization of the problematics of the forced migration researches in the context of social vulnerability of the population; determination of the actual problems of regulating the forced migration of the population of Ukraine in today’s conditions and through the prism of planning the priorities of post-war recovery. The results of the research are theoretical generalizations about the essence of forced migration and it’s interrelation to the population social vulnerability. A retrospective analysis of the migration of the population of Ukraine confirmed that forced migration was characteristic of the second and third migration waves of the 20th century. Faced with forced migration in 2014, legal, organizational and other mechanisms for regulating these processes were formed in independent Ukraine. However, given the scale of forced displacements in 2022, they should be applied more comprehensively and effectively. The analysis of trends in forced migration since 2022 rejected the hypothesis about the high potential of the population re-emigration, that was widespread in the first half of the year of the Russian invasion. Significant migration losses in the conditions of a demographic catastrophe determine the urgent need to regulate forced migration. The analysis of the projects and measures of the Recovery Plan of Ukraine related to the regulation of forced migration and the reduction of the population social vulnerability confirmed their overly extensive and unsystematised list and the risks of high formalism during implementation, taking into account the low political culture in Ukraine. In this regard, the basic directions of state policy are proposed that are support for internally displaced persons, stimulation of re-emigration to Ukraine and effective use of migration capital by directing migrants’ remittances for investment purposes, transfer of acquired rights from social insurance upon return. Key words: forced migration; social vulnerability; internally displaced persons; refugees; potential of non-return; re-emigration; resilient economy and society
20
Ulah, Nur Azizah Afifatul. "The Impact of GDP per Capita, Intergovernmental Transfers, and Labor Force on Regional Financial Independence in East Java, Indonesia: A Panel Data Analysis." Journal of Regional Economics Indonesia 6, no. 1 (2025): 36–46. https://doi.org/10.26905/jrei.v6i1.15227.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigates the determinants of regional financial independence in East Java, Indonesia, focusing on the influence of Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) per capita, intergovernmental transfers, and the working population over the period 2014–2023. Using a panel data regression model with a fixed-effects approach, we analyze data from 38 regencies/cities, sourced from the Central Bureau of Statistics, the Indonesian Ministry of Finance, and the Directorate General of Fiscal Balance. Results reveal that GRDP per capita and the working population significantly enhance financial independence, while intergovernmental transfers exhibit a negative impact. Specifically, a 1% increase in GRDP per capita elevates financial independence by 1.34%, and a 1% rise in the working population contributes 1.56% to independence. Conversely, transfers to regions, though intended to support decentralization, reduce independence by 1.89% for every 1% increase, reflecting over-reliance on central government funding. The adjusted R-squared value of 93% indicates robust explanatory power of the model.These findings underscore the critical role of local economic productivity and labor market participation in fostering fiscal autonomy, while highlighting the need for strategic reallocation of transfer funds to stimulate local revenue generation. The study concludes that policies prioritizing investment in high-productivity sectors and job creation are essential to reduce dependency on central transfers and strengthen regional financial resilience.
21
Portegies Zwart, S. "The origin of the two populations of blue stragglers in M30." Astronomy & Astrophysics 621 (January 2019): L10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833485.
Full textAbstract:
We analyze the position of the two populations of blue stragglers in the globular cluster M30 in the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram. Both populations of blue stragglers are brighter than the cluster’s turn-off, but one population, the blue blue-stragglers, aligns along the zero-age main sequence whereas the other, red population is elevated in brightness (or color) by ∼0.75 mag. Based on stellar evolution and merger simulations we argue that the red population, which composes about 40% of the blue stragglers in M 30, has formed at a constant rate of ∼2.8 blue stragglers per gigayear over the last ∼10 Gyr. The blue population on the other hand formed in a burst that started ∼3.2 Gyr ago at a peak rate of 30 blue stragglers per gigayear with an e-folding time scale of 0.93 Gyr. We speculate that the burst resulted from the core collapse of the cluster at an age of about 9.8 Gyr, whereas the constantly formed population is the result of mass transfer and mergers through binary evolution. In this scenario, about half the binaries in the cluster effectively result in a blue straggler.
22
Nazarova, A. G. "On Models of Funding the Lifecycle Deficit." Voprosy statistiki 27, no. 5 (2020): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.34023/2313-6383-2020-27-5-23-35.
Full textAbstract:
The article elaborates on the macro-analysis as related to the aggregated National Transfer Accounts (NTA), the topic originated in the prior publications in Voprosy Statistiki journal (Issues 4 and 11 of 2019), and builds upon the research conducted by HSE National Research University in 2020 as part of Russia’s participation in the global National Transfer Accounts project. The author explored various models of funding the economic life cycle deficit (various support system), adopted by separate groups of economies, through the lens of population savings in these countries. The article was profoundly examined how “excessive” household consumption is supported by public transfers and the correlation between the scale of such transfers and the household sector’s appetite for savings. By taking this research angle, the author aimed to develop deeper understanding of the underlying forces that drive savings into investments within the household sector. The author summarized key parameters of aggregated NTA for Russia in 2017–2019 to produce early quantitative assessments of the deficit funding structure. A closer look into relations between the funding models and incomes saved by population allowed to make cross-country comparisons and map Russia in global environment. The article discussions will be useful to the readers with an interest in demographic studies and socio-economics.
23
McDonald, Jared. "Stolen Childhoods: Cape San Child Captives and the Raising of Colonial Subjects in the Nineteenth-Century Cape Colony." Historia 68, no. 2 (2024): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2309-8392/2023/v68n2a1.
Full textAbstract:
Histories of indigenous child captives in settler-colonies remain marginal amid broader inquiries into colonial-era genocides of indigenous peoples. Yet, child transfers played an integral role in the demise of indigenous populations in numerous settler-colonies. Forced child removals occurred alongside the physical annihilation of parent societies and was often an important part of the erosion and eradication of hunter-gatherer peoples and identities. This article aims to set out an analysis of the integral role played by child abductions and transfers in the genocide of the Cape San during the early nineteenth century, with a particular focus on civilian initiative. In the Cape Colony, civilians initiated the practice of capturing and transferring San children to their invasive settler society. San children were considered malleable and better disposed to forced assimilation as labourers. Apprenticeship legislation was eventually introduced in the Cape Colony to regulate indigenous child transfers and to ensure that its worst abuses were minimised, although these ideals were seldom realised. Apprenticeship legislation attempted to catch up with existing practice set in motion by civilians and in effect, colonial authorities played an enabling role by legally legitimising it. The analysis also explores the narrative justifications for San child abduction and transfer employed by European-descended settlers, and contrasts these with contemporary evangelical-humanitarian discourses. Settlers and missionaries adopted different means to incorporate San children into settler society, while agreeing that incorporation was the desired end. Discursively, settlers and missionaries managed to frame their actions as being in the best interests of San children.
24
Ageeva, V. A., N. A. Trapsh, and M. I. Zhbannikova. "The role of partisans and underground fighters of the Rostov region in saving the civilian population of the region from being taken for forced labor in Germany during the Great Patriotic War." Гуманитарные и юридические исследования 11, no. 1 (2024): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37493/2409-1030.2024.1.1.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. Currently, a pressing scientific problem is a comprehensive study of the systemic genocide of civilians carried out by the Nazi administration in the occupied territories of the USSR. In the legal dimension, such activities are associated with various factors, including the forced transfer of Soviet citizens to forced labor in Germany. In this context the integrated reconstruction of internal counteraction to the repressive practices of the Nazi authorities is of significant interest, carried out by underground organizations and partisan detachments. Materials and Methods. In this article, armed resistance to the forced relocation of the civilian population in the occupied territory of the Rostov region is examined on the basis of documentary sources contained in regional archives and identified as part of the heuristic work of the team of authors. Historical reconstruction is based not only on the objective results of source analysis, but also on the conceptual foundation formed by the previous historiographical tradition. Analysis. Significant empirical material, extracted from differentiated sources, qualitatively illustrates the author’s conclusion, according to which the active actions of underground organizations and partisan detachments helped a significant number of local residents avoid forced deportation in Germany. Armed resistance to the criminal actions of the Nazi occupation authorities was based on the broad support of the civilian population, which determined the high efficiency of the practical actions of the Taganrog partisans and underground fighters in difficult natural and social conditions. Results. A significant role in the systemic prevention of the forced movement of Don residents to Germany was played by both voluntary assistants of underground organizations and direct participants in combat groups, skillfully introduced into the administrative structures of German administration.
25
Bavera, Simone S., Tassos Fragos, Michael Zevin, et al. "The impact of mass-transfer physics on the observable properties of field binary black hole populations." Astronomy & Astrophysics 647 (March 2021): A153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202039804.
Full textAbstract:
We study the impact of mass-transfer physics on the observable properties of binary black hole populations that formed through isolated binary evolution. We used the POSYDON framework to combine detailed MESA binary simulations with the COSMIC population synthesis tool to obtain an accurate estimate of merging binary black hole observables with a specific focus on the spins of the black holes. We investigate the impact of mass-accretion efficiency onto compact objects and common-envelope efficiency on the observed distributions of the effective inspiral spin parameter χeff, chirp mass Mchirp, and binary mass ratio q. We find that low common envelope efficiency translates to tighter orbits following the common envelope and therefore more tidally spun up second-born black holes. However, these systems have short merger timescales and are only marginally detectable by current gravitational-wave detectors as they form and merge at high redshifts (z ∼ 2), outside current detector horizons. Assuming Eddington-limited accretion efficiency and that the first-born black hole is formed with a negligible spin, we find that all non-zero χeff systems in the detectable population can come only from the common envelope channel as the stable mass-transfer channel cannot shrink the orbits enough for efficient tidal spin-up to take place. We find that the local rate density (z ≃ 0.01) for the common envelope channel is in the range of ∼17–113 Gpc−3 yr−1, considering a range of αCE ∈ [0.2, 5.0], while for the stable mass transfer channel the rate density is ∼25 Gpc−3 yr−1. The latter drops by two orders of magnitude if the mass accretion onto the black hole is not Eddington limited because conservative mass transfer does not shrink the orbit as efficiently as non-conservative mass transfer does. Finally, using GWTC-2 events, we constrained the lower bound of branching fraction from other formation channels in the detected population to be ∼0.2. Assuming all remaining events to be formed through either stable mass transfer or common envelope channels, we find moderate to strong evidence in favour of models with inefficient common envelopes.
26
Fingleton, James, Kewu Huang, Mark Weatherall, et al. "Phenotypes of symptomatic airways disease in China and New Zealand." European Respiratory Journal 50, no. 6 (2017): 1700957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00957-2017.
Full textAbstract:
It is uncertain whether phenotypes of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) vary between populations with different genetic and environmental characteristics. Here, our objective was to compare the phenotypes of airways disease in two separate populations.This was a cross-sectional observational study in adult populations from New Zealand and China. Participants aged 40–75 years who reported wheeze and breathlessness in the last 12 months were randomly selected from the general population and underwent detailed characterisation. Complete data for cluster analysis were available for 345 participants. Hierarchical cluster analysis was undertaken, based on 12 variables: forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), FEV1/forced vital capacity ratio, bronchodilator reversibility, peak expiratory flow variability, transfer coefficient of the lung for carbon monoxide, exhaled nitric oxide fraction, total IgE, C-reactive protein, age of symptom onset, body mass index, health status and cigarette smoke exposure.Cluster analysis of the combined dataset described five phenotypes: “severe late-onset asthma/COPD overlap group”, “moderately severe early-onset asthma/COPD overlap group”, “moderate to severe asthma group with type 2 predominant disease”, and two groups with minimal airflow obstruction, differentiated by age of onset. Separate analyses by country showed similar patterns; however, a distinct obese/comorbid group was observed in the New Zealand population.Cluster analysis of adults with symptomatic airways disease suggests the presence of similar asthma/COPD overlap phenotypes within populations with different genetic and environmental characteristics, and an obese/comorbid phenotype in a Western population.
27
Huang, Chun-Rong, and Ye-Hong Chen. "Accelerating quantum information transfer in a three-level system via a specified intermediate Hamiltonian." Laser Physics Letters 21, no. 12 (2024): 125203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1612-202x/ad724e.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract We propose a general approach to speed up quantum adiabatic processes for fast quantum information transfer in a three-level system. In the approach, by using an intermediate Hamiltonian which is assumed to be formed by the original Hamiltonian H 0 ( t ) and its counterdiabatic driving Hamiltonian H cd ( t ) with a simple linear relationship, we design exact dynamics following the eigenstates of the intermediate Hamiltonian to speed up the desired population processes. We apply the present approach to a three-level system to show that by suitably choosing the parameters, not only the population processes could be sped up, but also the existence of the undesired off-diagonal terms, the populations of the intermediate states, and even the shapes of the pulses would be controllable in the speeding up scheme.
28
Bartoloni, N. "Genetic Information Transfer in Populations Under Selection." Journal of Biological Systems 05, no. 01 (1997): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339097000047.
Full textAbstract:
It is important to understand the dynamics of biological information in a genetic population for it determines the dynamics of energy and, thus, of matter. In another work we have initiated the characterization of a genetic population transmitting information from one generation to the next. In this work the genetic information flow under selection is analyzed in a genetic population under random mating. A one-locus diallelic model has been utilized in the derivations. Based upon the Schmalhausen's model of information circulation and the Shannon's theory of information we have focused on the analysis of information flow in the stage of transformation under the input of selective forces. The measures of information are important parameters to take account of when the process of populational evolution is analyzed. Several expressions relating information measures with selection coefficients corresponding to each genotype have been obtained. They are conditional entropies and mutual information (information transfer). Finally, a numerical survey employing a great deal of fitness values has been performed.
29
Tetelepta, Dio Boy, Arman Anwar, and Richard Marsilio Waas. "Pemindahan Penduduk Secara Paksa Dalam Konflik Bersenjata Di Filipina Dan Akibat Hukumnya Menurut Hukum Humaniter Internasional." TATOHI: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 2, no. 10 (2022): 987. http://dx.doi.org/10.47268/tatohi.v2i10.1438.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Population transfer or displacement is the movement of a large group of people from one area to another, In armed conflict it is often a form of forced migration carried out by state policy or international authorities and most often on ethnic or religious grounds.Purposes of the Research: The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze the regulations prohibiting the forcible transfer of civilians in International Humanitarian Law. To know and analyze the legal impact of forcible transfer of civilians in International Humanitarian Law. Methods of the Research: The research method used in this research is normative juridical. This type of research is descriptive analytical. The sources and legal materials used are primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. The technique of collecting legal materials through literature studies which are then processed and analyzed qualitatively.Results of the Research: The results show that the transfer of civilians in armed conflict to be used as hostages or for the purpose of winning the war at the expense of the civilian population as a living shield is a form of forced migration that is prohibited either by expulsion or other coercive actions from the area where they live without being given a reason permitted by international law. The word coercion here is not limited to physical coercion, but can include threats of violence or psychological pressure (8 paragraph (2) letters (a) and (b) of the Rome Statute and Geneva Convention IV on the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War). Forced population transfer or migration carried out by the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) to make civilians as hostages and shields in the non-international armed conflict in the Philippines.
30
Woods, Laura C., Rebecca J. Gorrell, Frank Taylor, Tim Connallon, Terry Kwok, and Michael J. McDonald. "Horizontal gene transfer potentiates adaptation by reducing selective constraints on the spread of genetic variation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 43 (2020): 26868–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2005331117.
Full textAbstract:
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) confers the rapid acquisition of novel traits and is pervasive throughout microbial evolution. Despite the central role of HGT, the evolutionary forces that drive the dynamics of HGT alleles in evolving populations are poorly understood. Here, we show that HGT alters the evolutionary dynamics of genetic variation, so that deleterious genetic variants, including antibiotic resistance genes, can establish in populations without selection. We evolve antibiotic-sensitive populations of the human pathogen Helicobacter pylori in an environment without antibiotic but with HGT from an antibiotic-resistant isolate of H. pylori. We find that HGT increases the rate of adaptation, with most horizontally transferred genetic variants establishing at a low frequency in the population. When challenged with antibiotic, this low-level variation potentiates adaptation, with HGT populations flourishing in conditions where nonpotentiated populations go extinct. By extending previous models of evolution under HGT, we evaluated the conditions for the establishment and spread of HGT-acquired alleles into recipient populations. We then used our model to estimate parameters of HGT and selection from our experimental evolution data. Together, our findings show how HGT can act as an evolutionary force that facilitates the spread of nonselected genetic variation and expands the adaptive potential of microbial populations.
31
EVANS, JONATHAN P., ANDREA PILASTRO, and INDAR W. RAMNARINE. "Sperm transfer through forced matings and its evolutionary implications in natural guppy (Poecilia reticulata ) populations." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 78, no. 4 (2003): 605–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0024-4066.2002.00193.x.
Full text
32
Davenport, Miles P., Timothy Schlub, Jaime L. Sabel, John T. Harty, and Vladimir P. Badovinac. "Cell division predicts CD62L expression in vivo (83.6)." Journal of Immunology 182, no. 1_Supplement (2009): 83.6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.83.6.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Naïve CD8+ T cells express a predominantly CD62Lhigh phenotype, but CD62L expression is rapidly lost during the effector phase of the immune response and only slowly regained during the memory phase. We used adoptive transfer of TCR-transgenic T cells followed by Listeria infection to study the dynamics of cell division and differentiation in vivo. Adoptive transfer of larger quantities (400 000) of naïve TCR-transgenic T cells leads to diminished T cell growth following infection and a higher proportion of cells remaining CD62Lhigh than populations derived from adoptive transfer populations of smaller quantities (3200 naïve TCR-tg T cells). This suggests a process of 'division-linked differentiation', where a proportion of cells change phenotype (in this case CD62Lhigh => CD62Llow) upon division. A simple model of division-linked CD62L differentiation where 20% of CD62Lhigh cells differentiate to become CD62Llow on each division accurately predicts the phenotype of cells during acute infection. By contrast, expression of CD127 did not conform to this simple pattern of differentiation. These results suggests that CD62Lhigh and CD62Llow cells arise from the same precursors, and CD62Llow cells are formed from the CD62Lhigh population by a process of progressive, division-linked differentiation.
33
Mas-Hesse, J. Miguel, and Miguel Cerviño. "Evolutionary population synthesis: the effect of binary systems." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 193 (1999): 550–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900206268.
Full textAbstract:
We present in this contribution our set of multi-wavelength synthesis models including the evolution of single and binary stars. The main results we have obtained can be summarized as follows: (a) massive close-binary systems will start to experience mass transfer episodes after the first 4Myr of the starburst evolution; (b) as a result of these mass transfer processes, stars of relatively low initial mass can lose completely their envelope and become a Wolf-Rayet star. In this way, the formation of WR stars is extended over longer than 15 Myr, and does not stop at 6Myr as predicted by models including only single stars; (c) WR stars can thus be coeval with red supergiants, which peak at around 10 Myr for solar metallicities; (d) the accretion of mass will originate relatively massive stars at ages for which they should have already disappeared; these stars, together with the WR stars formed in rather evolved clusters, increase the production of ionizing photons, so that the Hβ equivalent width will not drop as rapidly as predicted by models considering only individual stars; and (e) the mass transfer to compact companions will produce an additional source of high-energy radiation in the form of high-mass X-ray binaries, not predicted either by standard synthesis models.
34
Ivanov V. A. "Low pressure DBD in He-Ne mixture. Spectroscopy of the Afterglow." Optics and Spectroscopy 130, no. 7 (2022): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/eos.2022.07.54719.3076-21.
Full textAbstract:
The paper considers the possibility of using a low-pressure dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) as a plasma source for the active medium of a He-Ne-laser. The results of a spectroscopic study of the decay stage of a DBD plasma of a cylindrical configuration with a pronounced inverse population of the upper level of the 2p55s configuration, which makes the line of 632.8 nm one of the brightest in the visible region of the spectrum, are presented. Based on the analysis of data on the populations of the excited levels of the neon atom and the metastable levels of helium 21S0 and 23S1, it is shown that in the early stage of the DBD afterglow at helium pressures of a fraction of a Torr, the distribution of populations over the 2p55s and 2p54d levels of the neon atom, which is characteristic of the excitation transfer mechanism, is realized. In the late afterglow with the departure of helium atoms He21S0, emission in the visible region of the spectrum is formed mainly by transitions from levels of the 2p53p, configuration, the population of which is associated with He(23S1) atoms. At this stage, the population of the 2p55s and 2p54d states by electron-ion recombination processes is ineffective and does not lead to the formation of population inversion. As an optimal solution in terms of the 632.8 nm line brightness in the afterglow, it is proposed to use a discharge with electrodes along the outer surface of a cylindrical discharge tube, initiated at frequencies that exclude the recombination stage of the afterglow. Keywords: elementary processes, barrier discharge, inverse population, afterglow, helium-neon plasma, excitation transfer
35
Zhang, Youyuan, Erik Lotstedt, and Kaoru Yamanouchi. "Population inversion in laser-driven N2+." EPJ Web of Conferences 205 (2019): 07010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920507010.
Full textAbstract:
The time-dependent population transfer process of N2+ generated in an intense laser pulse has been investigated using the quasi-stationary Floquet theory by assuming that N2+ experiences an intense laser pulse with the sudden turn-on. A light-dressed B state is formed with a significant amount of population when pulse is suddenly turned on and is adiabatically transformed to the vibrational ground state (v = 0) of the field-free B state when the pulse vanishes. In addition, a part of the population is transferred to the electronically excited A state through one-photon resonance, which also contributes to decreasing the final population in the X state, facilitating the population inversion between the B state and the X state.
36
Chung, Chang Foo, Ivana Chandra Voo, and Rosdiana Abdul Hamid. "The Investigation of Intergenerational Cash Transfer, Financial Status, Loneliness Status and Labour Force Participation of Elderly People in Malaysia Using Stata." 15TH GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES ON 14 - 15 SEPTEMBER 2023, NOVOTEL BANGKOK PLATINUM PRATUNAM, THAILAND 15, no. 1 (2023): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2023.1(11).
Full textAbstract:
The increase in the number of elderly individuals and a decrease in the birth rate has caused significant worry about the availability of future labor force in Malaysia. Therefore, it is crucial to examine the participation of elderly individuals in the workforce. Based on the literature review, few gaps have been identified. According to Husain (2019), the modernization process will affect the traditional view of family and community support, leading to a decrease in financial support for older people as the filial piety custom fades away. Vaghefi et al. (2016) found that a significant number of elderly people have lower retirement income, and they are likely to use up their financial resources within three years of retirement. Abdullah's study (2019) shows that Malay and Indian elderly individuals are more financially vulnerable than Chinese elderly individuals. Loneliness is a common issue among the aging population, and approximately one out of four elderly individuals in developed nations experience loneliness (Guthmuller, 2022; Chawla et al., 2021). Loneliness has an indirect influence on the labor force participation of elderly individuals, as it is linked to poor health (Wang, 2022), which could limit their ability to work. There is a lack of research on the relationship between intergenerational cash transfers, financial status, loneliness status, and labor force participation of elderly individuals in Malaysia. Thus, further investigation is needed to examine the impact of intergenerational transfers, financial status, and loneliness status on the labor force participation of elderly individuals in Malaysia. Keywords: Elderly People, Intergenerational Cash Transfer, Financial Status, Labour Force Participation, Loneliness Status
37
Braga de Almeida-Gabriel, Flávio, Márcio Luiz Ribeiro, João Felipe Ferreira da Luz, and Carlos Augusto Lira Vaz da Costa. "Income Inequality of the Brazilian Amazon Population." Revista Brasileira de Estudos Regionais e Urbanos 16, no. 1 (2023): 113–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54766/rberu.v16i1.824.
Full textAbstract:
The main objective of this study is to evaluate the behavior of income distribution in the Amazonian States of Brazil from 2004 to 2015. As complementary objectives, we sought to determine the immediate causes of any differences of Household Income Per Capita (HIPC) distribution in the Legal Amazon, based on the static decomposition of the Gini Index, and to analyze the dynamic decomposition of the Gini Index considering HIPC portions. This methodology used microdata from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) for the analyzed period. As a result, the Gini index of the Legal Amazon HIPC performed differently from that of Brazil (without Legal Amazon). The HIPC portion formed by the income of military and civil servants from the Legal Amazon stood out for having the highest degree of negative progressivity when compared to the rest of the country, whereas “government transfers” had the highest degree of positive progressivity, being responsible for 36.7 of the Gini Index variation from 2004 to 2015.
38
Jäntti, Markus, and Sheldon Danziger. "Child Poverty in Sweden and the United States: The Effect of Social Transfers and Parental Labor Force Participation." ILR Review 48, no. 1 (1994): 48–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399404800104.
Full textAbstract:
The authors compare the incidence and some of the causes of child poverty in Sweden and the United States in selected years using data from the Luxembourg Income Study. The U.S. sample is restricted to white non-hispanic children to present the most favorable comparison with Sweden's more homogeneous population. When parents' labor force participation and demographic characteristics are taken into account, the proportion of children in families whose income prior to social transfers and taxes was below the poverty line (defined as 40% of median disposable income adjusted for family size) is very similar in the two countries. Because all poor children in Sweden received transfers and many in the United States did not, however, and because transfers were more generous in Sweden, a much lower percentage of children in Sweden than in the United States were poor after social transfers and taxes, regardless of parents' work effort or other characteristics.
39
Verbanck, Sylvia, Alain Van Muylem, Daniel Schuermans, Ivan Bautmans, Bruce Thompson, and Walter Vincken. "Transfer factor, lung volumes, resistance and ventilation distribution in healthy adults." European Respiratory Journal 47, no. 1 (2015): 166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00695-2015.
Full textAbstract:
Monitoring of chronic lung disease requires reference values of lung function indices, including putative markers of small airway function, spanning a wide age range.We measured spirometry, transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide (TLCO), static lung volume, resistance and ventilation distribution in a healthy population, studying at least 20 subjects per sex and per decade between the ages of 20 and 80 years.With respect to the Global Lung Function Initiative reference data, our subjects had average z-scores for forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV1/FVC of −0.12, 0.04 and −0.32, respectively. Reference equations were obtained which could account for a potential dependence of index variability on age and height. This was done for (but not limited to) indices that are pertinent to asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease studies: forced expired volume in 6 s, forced expiratory flow, TLCO, specific airway conductance, residual volume (RV)/total lung capacity (TLC), and ventilation heterogeneity in acinar and conductive lung zones.Deterioration in acinar ventilation heterogeneity and lung clearance index with age were more marked beyond 60 years, and conductive ventilation heterogeneity showed the greatest increase in variability with age. The most clinically relevant deviation from published reference values concerned RV/TLC values, which were considerably smaller than American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society-endorsed reference values.
40
Jadranin, Zeljko, Gordana Dedic, Freda Vaughan, Michael Grillo, and Vesna Suljagic. "The impact of an educational film on promoting knowledge and attitudes toward HIV in soldiers of the Serbian armed forces." Vojnosanitetski pregled 72, no. 7 (2015): 569–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp140226042j.
Full textAbstract:
Background/Aim. Millions of soldiers around the world represent one of the most vulnerable populations regarding exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The programs for HIV prevention remain the most viable approach to reducing the spread of HIV infection. Very few studies have tested the effectiveness of HIV preventive interventions undertaken in military population. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of educational film to transfer knowledge about HIV infection to soldiers. Methods. We performed a quasi-experimental study among 102 soldiers of the Serbian Armed Forces. The experimental intervention consisted of the HIV knowledge pre-questionnaire, watching a film on HIV knowledge, then the post-HIV knowledge questionnaire. The results of pre-and post-HIV knowledge questionnaires were compared. Results. There were 23 questions in the test. The average total score on the questionnaire before watching the film was 18.23 and after watching it was 20.14, which was statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). Conclusions. The results of the study show that viewing a film on HIV infection is an effective method of transferring knowledge about HIV to the Serbian military population.
41
SAITO, OSAMU. "Land, labour and market forces in Tokugawa Japan." Continuity and Change 24, no. 1 (2009): 169–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416009007061.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTThis article examines the markets for land and labour in traditional Japan, where peasant families accounted for 80 per cent of the population; it focuses on the extent of these markets and how they operated. The survey of evidence, both literary and statistical, indicates that, while the size of the factor markets was small and limited, lease arrangements for farmland and the markets for seasonal labour and the rural–urban transfer of manpower functioned rather well. It is therefore suggested that market forces must have played an indispensable part in the process of Tokugawa Japan's proto-industrialization and Smithian growth.
42
Dowding, John E., and Shaun M. O'Connor. "Reducing the risk of extinction of a globally threatened shorebird: translocations of the shore plover (Thinornis novaeseelandiae), 1990-2012." Notornis 60, no. 1 (2013): 70. https://doi.org/10.63172//764728ridggk.
Full textAbstract:
The shore plover (Thinornis novaeseelandiae) is a highly threatened shorebird endemic to New Zealand. It is particularly susceptible to introduced mammalian predators, and has a very small total population and a very limited range. This paper lists the translocations that have formed the core of the shore plover recovery programme over the past 22 years, and summarises the outcomes. In the early 1990s, a captive population was established in mainland New Zealand using birds reared from eggs transferred from the last self-sustaining wild population on the Chatham Islands. Since 1994, captive-bred birds have been released on 5 offshore islands around the New Zealand mainland in attempts to found new populations. There have also been transfers of wild-bred birds from South East I to Mangere I in the Chatham Is. Between 1994 and April 2012, 404 juvenile and 28 adult shore plover have been released at a total of 6 sites. Birds bred at 4 of the 6 sites, and breeding populations established at 3 of them. However, recent mammalian predator incursions at 1 (and probably 2) of those, and habitat limitation at the 3rd, mean that the translocated populations are all currently small (6 pairs or less), and their long-term future is uncertain. Other challenges faced during the programme include avian predation of released birds, high rates of dispersal, and outbreaks of avian pox. In spite of recent setbacks, the risk of extinction for the species has gradually been reduced. Since 1990, a self-sustaining captive population has been set up, the number of breeding pairs has increased, and the number of breeding populations in the wild has risen from 2 to 4 (although 1 is currently facing extirpation). Features of the shore plover programme that have contributed to these outcomes are outlined. Aspects of shore plover ecology revealed by the translocations are noted. While progress has been made, existing populations will need to grow, and further populations will need to be established before the shore plover’s threat ranking improves.
43
Deng, Bangyao. "Pension’s Impact to the Subjective Well-being of Retirees." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 24 (December 31, 2023): 366–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/3fa95k40.
Full textAbstract:
The aging population is a growing concern of many countries worldwide. The change in population structure has forced governments of these countries to actively deal with this problem. Many countries’ governments are taking measures to the aging population problem, and the pension system is one important way to ensure old people’s welfare by transfer payment from other parties of the society. This paper aims to conclude and discuss the mechanism about how pension affects the subjective well-being of retirees. It is important to fully understand the implications behind pension’s impact for policy makers to make wise decisions. Researchers found that pension mainly contributes to financial security and health situation, which are two important factors affecting subjective well-being of retirees. Financial security is enhanced by increased income, so that retirees can transfer payment to other family member and increase their own consume costs. The positive impact of pension to health situation are only significant for poor population.
44
Gallegos-Garcia, Monica, Maya Fishbach, Vicky Kalogera, Christopher P. L Berry, and Zoheyr Doctor. "Do High-spin High-mass X-Ray Binaries Contribute to the Population of Merging Binary Black Holes?" Astrophysical Journal Letters 938, no. 2 (2022): L19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac96ef.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Gravitational-wave observations of binary black hole (BBH) systems point to black hole spin magnitudes being relatively low. These measurements appear in tension with high spin measurements for high-mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs). We use grids of MESA simulations combined with the rapid population-synthesis code COSMIC to examine the origin of these two binary populations. It has been suggested that Case-A mass transfer while both stars are on the main sequence can form high-spin BHs in HMXBs. Assuming this formation channel, we show that depending on the critical mass ratios for the stability of mass transfer, 48%–100% of these Case-A HMXBs merge during the common-envelope phase and up to 42% result in binaries too wide to merge within a Hubble time. Both MESA and COSMIC show that high-spin HMXBs formed through Case-A mass transfer can only form merging BBHs within a small parameter space where mass transfer can lead to enough orbital shrinkage to merge within a Hubble time. We find that only up to 11% of these Case-A HMXBs result in BBH mergers, and at most 20% of BBH mergers came from Case-A HMXBs. Therefore, it is not surprising that these two spin distributions are observed to be different.
45
Kustikova, Olga S., Anke Wahlers, Klaus Kühlcke, et al. "Dose finding with retroviral vectors: correlation of retroviral vector copy numbers in single cells with gene transfer efficiency in a cell population." Blood 102, no. 12 (2003): 3934–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2003-05-1424.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Retroviral vectors are commonly used in clinical gene therapy, but recent observations of insertional oncogene activation in preclinical and clinical settings have forced a discussion of their safety. Here we investigated the relationship between retroviral transduction efficiency in mass cultures and the actual number of integrated vector copies in single cells using K562 leukemia and primary CD34+ cells. We found an exponential increase of integration numbers correlated to gene transfer rates and a linear increase of expression levels with insertion frequency. On average we detected one vector insertion per transduced cell for a gene transfer of less than 30%, 3 for 60%, and approximately 9 for 90% (in K562). Clonal analysis revealed strikingly increased variations of both transgene copy numbers (more than 20-fold in primary cells) and expression levels associated with higher transduction. Therefore, limiting retroviral gene transfer to approximately 30% may be suggested to avoid generating clones containing multiple insertions.
46
Shestakov, Sergey V. "HOW DOES THE HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER IN BACTERIA OCCUR AND THAN IS IT TIED UP." Ecological genetics 5, no. 2 (2007): 12–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ecogen5212-24.
Full textAbstract:
Horizontal gene transfer as well as mutations, ge- nomic reorganization and gene loss is one of major driving forces of speciation and evolution of bacteria. A notion of definition of "species genome" is presented. The role of various types of mobile elements in distant gene transfer is considered. The nature of barriers for suc- cessful gene transfer on the level of molecular, cell and population processes is uncovered. A special attention is paid to the contribution of different systems of recombination. Hypothesis on the decisive role of horizontal gene transfer in genetic and ecological diversification of bacteria is discussed.
47
RUSIN, Viktor. "INCREASE OFSTIMULANT INFLUENCE REMITTANCES FROM ABROAD." WORLD OF FINANCE, no. 4(53) (2017): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2017.04.056.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. International migration is accompanied by strong financial flows, which are formed due to money transfers of migrants. Ukraine is one ofthe largest suppliers of labours to the countries of the European Union and other countries and, in accordance with it, it is one of the largest recipients ofremittances. he purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of remittances of citizens from abroad on the socio-economic environment in Ukraine and to develop recommendations for improving theiruse forthe benefit of society as a whole. Results. It’s found out the reasons of the transfer of private money to Ukraine and the main factors influencing their volumes are determined. The dynamics of remittances of private money transfers to Ukraine from abroad is analyzed. It is ascertained that money transfers from Ukrainian migrants are significant, their volumes make up about 6% of GDP. The influence of remittances on the socio-economic development of Ukraine is researched. It is noticed positive and negative consequences for households and the state from remittances. It has been established that remittances are significant additional income of households and are mainly spent on consumption. Their positive impact on gross national income, balance of payments, welfare of the population, poverty level, unemployment rate is argued. Conclusion. In order to use remittances from abroad in the interests of the entire society as a motive for social and economic development, a focused and effective migration policy of the state is needed. One of the most important tasks of the macroeconomic policy of Ukraine should be the creation of such conditions that migrant remittances should be received by official channels and used not only forconsumerpurposes, but also for investing.
48
Akbulut, Hale. "Gender Disparities, Labor Force Participation and Transfer Payment: What Do Macro Data Say?" Review of Economic Perspectives 16, no. 4 (2016): 375–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revecp-2016-0021.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This paper analyzes the relationship between government transfer payments and labor force participation rates for a sample of 34 countries over the period of 1995- 2012. We benefit from two step system Generalized Method of Moments as a methodology and thereby eliminate the biases that may arise from endogenous variables. Our econometric results also confirm the employment of the dynamic methodology. First, we estimate the coefficients for overall population and then we re-estimate the coefficients for different genders. As a result of our estimations we observe that the significances and the values of coefficients increase when we employ labor force participation rates of females as dependent variable. Therefore, our findings suggest that transfer payments are more effective in working decisions of females.
49
Vos, J., A. Bobrick, and M. Vučković. "Observed binary populations reflect the Galactic history." Astronomy & Astrophysics 641 (September 2020): A163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201937195.
Full textAbstract:
Context. Wide hot subdwarf B (sdB) binaries with main-sequence companions are outcomes of stable mass transfer from evolved red giants. The orbits of these binaries show a strong correlation between their orbital periods and mass ratios. The origins of this correlation have, so far, been lacking a conclusive explanation. Aims. We aim to find a binary evolution model which can explain the observed correlation. Methods. Radii of evolved red giants, and hence the resulting orbital periods, strongly depend on their metallicity. We performed a small but statistically significant binary population synthesis study with the binary stellar evolution code MESA. We used a standard model for binary mass loss and a standard metallicity history of the Galaxy. The resulting sdB systems were selected based on the same criteria as was used in observations and then compared with the observed population. Results. We have achieved an excellent match to the observed period-mass ratio correlation without explicitly fine-tuning any parameters. Furthermore, our models produce a very good match to the observed period-metallicity correlation. We predict several new correlations, which link the observed sdB binaries to their progenitors, and a correlation between the orbital period, metallicity, and core mass for subdwarfs and young low-mass helium white dwarfs. We also predict that sdB binaries have distinct orbital properties depending on whether they formed in the Galactic bulge, thin or thick disc, or the halo. Conclusions. We demonstrate, for the first time, how the metallicity history of the Milky Way is imprinted in the properties of the observed post-mass transfer binaries. We show that Galactic chemical evolution is an important factor in binary population studies of interacting systems containing at least one evolved low-mass (Minit < 1.6 M⊙) component. Finally, we provide an observationally supported model of mass transfer from low-mass red giants onto main-sequence stars.
50
Silaeva, Yu Yu, A. A. Kalinina, L. M. Khromykh, A. V. Deykin, and D. B. Kazansky. "Formation of a Unique Population of CD8+ T Lymphocytes after Adoptive Transfer of Syngeneic Splenocytes to Mice with Lymphopenia." Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics 497, no. 1 (2021): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1607672921020137.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Under conditions of lymphopenia, T lymphocytes proliferate and acquire a surface activation phenotype, which in many respects is similar to the phenotype of true memory T cells. We investigated the phenotypic features of the CD8+ T-cell population formed from donor lymphocytes after adoptive transfer of syngeneic splenocytes to sublethally irradiated mice. This population expresses markers CD44, CD122, CD5, CD49d and the chemokine receptor CXCR3. Thus, for the first time, the phenomenon of the formation of a population of T cells with signs of suppressive CD8+ T lymphocytes and true memory cells was demonstrated.