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Journal articles on the topic 'Forced removals'
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1
O'Regan, Catherine. "No More Forced Removals?" South African Journal on Human Rights 5, no. 3 (January 1989): 361–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02587203.1989.11827783.
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Richardson, Eugene T., Carl D. Morrow, Theodore Ho, Nicole Fürst, Rebekkah Cohelia, Khai Hoan Tram, Paul E. Farmer, and Robin Wood. "Forced removals embodied as tuberculosis." Social Science & Medicine 161 (July 2016): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.05.015.
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Murray, Colin, Laurine Platzky, and Cherryl Walker. "The Surplus People: Forced Removals in South Africa." International Journal of African Historical Studies 20, no. 1 (1987): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/219316.
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Mazur, Robert, Laurine Platzky, and Cherryl Walker. "The Surplus People: Forced Removals in South Africa." African Studies Review 31, no. 2 (September 1988): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/524424.
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Zarrugh, Amina, and Luis A. Romero. "Detention, Disappearance, and the Politics of Family." Contexts 18, no. 3 (July 29, 2019): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1536504219864956.
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Phuong, Catherine. "The removal of failed asylum seekers." Legal Studies 25, no. 1 (March 2005): 117–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.2005.tb00273.x.
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Many human and financial resources are being spent on the asylum determination and appeal processes in order to distinguish those asylum applicants who require protection from those who do not. However, the majority of failed asylum seekers do not leave the country. The lack of an effective removal policy defeats the purpose of having an asylum system at all. In other words, removals of failed asylum seekers are essential to preserve the integrity and credibility of the asylum system. Since forced removals are a crucial component of our asylum system, this paper seeks to examine how they can be made more eflcient and humane. In particular, it examines the recent measures adopted through the Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants, etc.) Act 2004 and proposed measures currently debated at the EU level.
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Landman, Christina. "Telling Sacred Stories Eersterust and the Forced Removals of the 1960S." Religion and Theology 6, no. 3 (1999): 415–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157430199x00254.
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AbstractThe Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) has introduced a process in South Africa in which healing became possible through storytelling. The Research Institute for Theology and Religion (University of South Africa) has taken up the challenge of extending this process to people who, for a variety of reasons, did not have the chance to tell their stories to this commission. This introduces a new era in oral history research in South Africa in which healing, that is discontinuity, and not truth or the establishment of a continuous tradition, is the aim of research on and through storytelling. Also, the present government, by withdrawing from moral legislation, now allows for religious communities to assist civil society in the formation of a social ethos. Consequently, the aim of oral history research for the RITR has shifted from establishing the liberational and interventionary moment in storytelling to that of focusing on its religious, healing and moral subtext. This article deals exclusively with the stories of coloured people in Eersterust, a town just outside Pretoria, which focus on the forced removals of the 1960s.
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Beyers, Christiaan. "Moral Subjectivity and Affective Deficit in the Transitional State." Social Analysis 59, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 66–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/sa.2015.590405.
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In the context of transitional justice, how does the reinvented state come to be assumed as a social fact? South African land restitution interpellates victims of apartheid- and colonial-era forced removals as claimants, moral and legal subjects of a virtuous 'new' state. In the emotional narratives of loss and suffering called forth in land claim forms, the state is addressed as a subject capable of moral engagement. Claim forms also 'capture' affects related to the event of forced removals as an unstable political resource. However, within an ultimately legal and bureaucratic process, the desire for recognition is typically not reciprocated. Moreover, material settlements are indefinitely delayed due to political and institutional complications. The resulting disillusionment is counterweighed by persistent aspirations for state redress.
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Palo, Annbritt, Lydia Kokkola, and Lena Manderstedt. "Forced Removal of National Minority Children in the Swedish and Finnish Arctic through Schooling." International Research in Children's Literature 13, no. 2 (December 2020): 289–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ircl.2020.0359.
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Whilst the colonial practices of child removal outside of Europe are (in-)famous, similar practices within Europe have received less critical attention. This paper examines novels and short stories set in Sweden, Finland, and the border area known as the Torne Valley. It analyses the literary portrayal of the forced removals of children, almost exclusively from the Sámi- and the Finnish/Meänkieli-speaking minorities, into workhouses or boarding schools in the Arctic regions of Sweden and Finland in the twentieth century. These stories are set against the historical background; our focus is on modalities of the trauma experienced. The discussion reveals recurring themes regarding the direct and indirect violence experienced by children, and highlights the inadequacies in the theorisation of coloniser-colonised situations developed in other contexts for describing European Arctic literature.
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FREEMAN, JAMES, and MARCOS BURGOS. "Accumulation by Forced Removal: The Thinning of Rio de Janeiro's Favelas in Preparation for the Games." Journal of Latin American Studies 49, no. 3 (December 8, 2016): 549–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x16001942.
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AbstractIn this article we argue that the pacification of strategic Rio de Janeiro favelas is a case of what David Harvey calls accumulation by dispossession, allowing for capital accumulation at multiple scales. Drawing on multi-year participant observation, we seek to show the particular form that this process takes as it works through Rio's social and spatial structures. Unlike the mass removals of the 1960s and 1970s, favela families have more recently been displaced through a process of thinning, in the context of a neoliberal development programme centred on a series of mega-events. Removal is carried out through a combination of threats, promises, disinformation, and the intentional generation of insecurity that together constitute a form of psychological terror.
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Kgatla, Selaelo T. "Forced removals and migration: a theology of resistance and liberation in South Africa." Missionalia 41, no. 2 (May 19, 2014): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.7832/41-2-9.
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Chigeza, Shingairai, Vera Roos, and Karen Puren. "“…Here We Help Each Other”: Sense of Community of People Subjected to Forced Removals." Journal of Psychology in Africa 23, no. 1 (January 2013): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2013.10820599.
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Abel, Martin. "Long-Run Effects of Forced Resettlement: Evidence from Apartheid South Africa." Journal of Economic History 79, no. 4 (September 20, 2019): 915–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050719000512.
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In an attempt to divide and marginalize the black population, the apartheid regime forcefully relocated some 3.5 million South Africans to rural homelands between 1960 and 1980. This event, considered one of history’s largest social engineering exercises, created overcrowded and economically deprived communities of displaced people. This article uses geo-coded data to explore the long-term effects of removals on current measures of social capital. Comparing people within the same homeland, I show that those living close to former resettlement camps have higher levels of trust towards members of their social network, people in general, and members of other ethnic groups. These findings are important, as solidarity among suppressed people is believed to be a critical factor in explaining the demise of the apartheid regime.
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Kentridge, Isabella. "‘And so they moved one by one’: Forced Removals in a Free State Town (1956–1977)." Journal of Southern African Studies 39, no. 1 (March 2013): 135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2012.763209.
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Buffel, O. "A JOURNEY OF THE PEOPLE OF BETHANY MARKED BY DISPOSSESSION, STRUGGLE FOR RETURN OF LAND AND CONTINUED IMPOVERISHMENT: A CASE STUDY OF LAND REFORM THAT HAS NOT YET REDUCED POVERTY." Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae 41, no. 2 (December 18, 2015): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2412-4265/102.
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This article investigates the history of the farm Bethany in the Free State (a province of South Africa), which was the first mission station of the Berlin Mission Society. It traces its history from the time when Adam Kok II allocated the farm to the Mission Society for the purpose of spreading the gospel to the indigenous people, and to its dispossession through the forced removals of 1939 and later in the 1960s. It argues that the history of the community is a journey from a community that was economically sustainable before the forced removal, to a journey of impoverishment caused by dispossession. After successful restitution of the farm in 1998, the community continues to be impoverished. The article argues for a restitution process that reduces and eliminates poverty and it challenges the Department of Land Affairs to partner with communities that have returned to their ancestral lands. In this partnership the weak and inadequate post-settlement support must be reviewed and improved in view of ensuring that livelihoods are enhanced and poverty reduced, if not eliminated. The article also challenges the Evangelical Lutheran Church, which still owns part of the farm through its Property Management Committee, to equally partner with the community members of whom the majority are members of the Lutheran Church.
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Thomas, Albert. "Twenty-five Years Later: The Forced Removals of the Coloured People from Simon's Town: An Interview with William Kindo." African Studies 60, no. 1 (July 2001): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00020180120063692.
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Potts, Deborah. "Murray, Christina and O'Regan, Catherine (eds.), "No Place to Rest: Forced Removals and the Law in South Africa" (Book Review)." Third World Planning Review 13, no. 2 (May 1991): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/twpr.13.2.2229t13246282350.
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Aslam, Mian Muhammad-Ahson, Hsion-Wen Kuo, Walter Den, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Sultan, and Hadeed Ashraf. "Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) for Water and Wastewater Treatment: Preparation to Application." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 19, 2021): 5717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105717.
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As the world human population and industrialization keep growing, the water availability issue has forced scientists, engineers, and legislators of water supply industries to better manage water resources. Pollutant removals from wastewaters are crucial to ensure qualities of available water resources (including natural water bodies or reclaimed waters). Diverse techniques have been developed to deal with water quality concerns. Carbon based nanomaterials, especially carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with their high specific surface area and associated adsorption sites, have drawn a special focus in environmental applications, especially water and wastewater treatment. This critical review summarizes recent developments and adsorption behaviors of CNTs used to remove organics or heavy metal ions from contaminated waters via adsorption and inactivation of biological species associated with CNTs. Foci include CNTs synthesis, purification, and surface modifications or functionalization, followed by their characterization methods and the effect of water chemistry on adsorption capacities and removal mechanisms. Functionalized CNTs have been proven to be promising nanomaterials for the decontamination of waters due to their high adsorption capacity. However, most of the functional CNT applications are limited to lab-scale experiments only. Feasibility of their large-scale/industrial applications with cost-effective ways of synthesis and assessments of their toxicity with better simulating adsorption mechanisms still need to be studied.
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Sánchez, George J. "Why Are Multiracial Communities So Dangerous?" Pacific Historical Review 86, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 153–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2017.86.1.153.
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This essay was the author’s presidential address at the annual meeting of the Pacific Coast Branch, American Historical Association, in Waikoloa Beach, Hawai’i, on August 6, 2016. The address compares three multiracial communities—in Boyle Heights, California; Cape Town, South Africa; and various sites in Hawai’i—and asks why these areas often sparked controversy and were considered dangerous by the powers governing these societies. How these communities became multiracial through labor migration and urban land policies is explored, as well as the nature of interracial life that was created. Each of these communities shares a common history of interracial radicalism that threatened white supremacy, as well as confronting policies of forced removals that attempted to destroy their multiracial nature. Finally, the address, given in Hawai’i at the end of the Obama presidency, addresses the importance of keeping local histories alive through projects of historical memory and museums of conscience.
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McAllister, Patrick. "Relocation and Advocacy in South Africa's Transkei." Practicing Anthropology 12, no. 3 (July 1, 1990): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.12.3.a11461556024405w.
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Six years ago the Surplus People's Project, an investigation into forced removals in South Africa, reported that some3.5 million black people had been "uprooted and relocated: as a direct result of prevailing apartheid policies. This figure does not include the missions of people relocated within the areas reserved for blacks (the "homelands") in the name of agricultural "betterment" schemes and associated ideas concerning conservation and rural development, about which relatively little has been written. In what follows I outline what "betterment" entails and look at the implementation of such a plan in Shixini, an administrative area or ward in Willowvale district, Transkei, one of the supposedly "independent states" created under the policy of separate development. Secondly, I document an attempt by a group of researchers at Rhodes University, including myself, to generate an alternative development program for Shixini (and an alternative to "betterment" in the Transkei as a whole).
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Webster, Gary. "Biriai." Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 34, no. 1 (July 22, 2021): 3–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jma.43200.
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The materiality of forced migration and resettlement have understandably moved to the forefront of archaeological research recently, although data from prehistoric refugia remain limited. One potentially informative example is the west Mediterranean island of Sardinia, where remains of the later third millennium BC document discontinuities associated with the appearance of Bell Beaker elements in local cultural modalities. Employing an augmented version of Aaron Burke’s ethnographically based approach, this study examines the Sardinian record, first toward identifying the contexts and factors that may have induced forced migration, such as agonistic relations with Beaker-bearing entities, then toward identifying likely refugia. Diagnostic correlates are derived in terms of the material consequences of adaptations to anthropologically documented risks encountered by refugees (e.g. landlessness, homelessness, marginalization). On these criteria, the eastern Sardinian settlement of Sa Sedda de Biriai in Oliena is identified and investigated as a possible refuge settlement of the Monte Claro culture. Evidence is marshalled with the aim of discovering temporal, spatial and material patterns consistent with Burke’s model in an augmented form, emphasizing non-local source venues, homelands or pre-flight affiliations, pre-flight or transitional objects, post-flight/refuge integrative expressions, security-adapted house architecture, residential enclaves or districts and removals of iconic pre-flight cult spaces. The social identity of the bearers of Beaker material culture on Sardinia is discussed briefly.
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Dommisse, John. "Apartheid as a Public Mental Health Issue." International Journal of Health Services 15, no. 3 (July 1985): 501–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/xrwq-r9ma-06wr-09a5.
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The most serious hazard to the physical and mental health of the majority rural poor black population in South Africa is caused by the ruling wealthy white minority's policy of apartheid. Forced removals and dumping of millions of people into small, disconnected, barren, poor reserve areas, bereft of adequate medical, psychiatric and public health services (the ‘final solution’ of the ‘native problem’) causes widespread malnutrition, infectious and other diseases, and high mortality and mental-illness rates. Blacks and progressive whites are banned, terrorized, detained without trial, tortured, and murdered by the state; the Africans are not only disfranchised but are now also being denationalized and deprived of their ancient birthright to this richly-endowed part of Africa. Acceptance of this modern version of Naziism by the World Psychiatric Association and the World Medical Association, in the face of adequate information provided by the United Nations, its agency the World Health Organization, the American Psychiatric Association, and numerous other agencies and reports, needs urgent examination and decisive action.
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Moyer-Duncan, Cara. "Resistance documentaries in post-apartheid South Africa: Dear Mandela (Kell and Nizza, 2012) and Miners Shot Down (Desai, 2014)." Journal of African Cinemas 11, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 47–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jac_00004_1.
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During apartheid, a documentary film movement emerged, capturing ordinary people taking on the oppressive government and the exploitative capitalist industry. People were shown at work and in their communities organizing strikes, protesting against repression, and being subjected to violence. This grassroots film movement, which has been described as a cinema of resistance, served as a tool to educate viewers, document violence and inequality, and mobilize support against the apartheid regime. Two decades after the end of apartheid, a similar set of resistance films has begun to emerge – with the difference that these films are holding the democratically elected government accountable. These documentaries give voice to the disenfranchised masses for whom the multiracial democracy has not brought substantial change. The African National Congress-led government has sanctioned actions echoing those that occurred under apartheid, including forced removals and the massacre of protestors.Two films, Dear Mandela (Kell and Nizza, 2012) and Miners Shot Down (Desai, 2014), capture this and are indicative of a new wave of resistance documentaries.
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Torkunova, E. A., and K. G. Zharinov. "Implementation of standards of the european convention on human rights regarding forced removal of aliens in the European Union law." Moscow Journal of International Law, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 6–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2020-4-6-22.
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INTRODUCTION. The global migration crisis taking place in the world and especially within the European Union provokes debates regarding the necessity to change the current approaches to the regulation of migration issues. Thus, extensive work has been done in the recent years on the new future reform of the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice of the EU including the Common European Asylum System. Besides that, the Lisbon Treaty, which entered into force in 2009, provides that the European Union shall accede to the European Convention on Human Rights. Despite the failed attempt of accession in 2014 blocked by the Court of Justice of the EU, the European Union still must fulfill its obligation, which is bound to happen sooner or later. That is why the topic of the present article is of particular interest at the moment. However, it is important to clarify the understanding of certain terms used in the heading of the article. In particular, it should be noted that the term “aliens” in relation to the European Union legal order covers nationals of states that are not EU-members and do not apply the European Union law concerning migrants on other grounds (for example, due to the membership in the European Economic Area) and stateless persons as well. Further, the reader should take into account that the European Convention on Human Rights as an international treaty is not, strictly speaking, a source of EU law per se as the EU is not a party to the ECHR, at least so far. Therefore, the European Union is not directly obliged under international law to implement the ECHR. Nevertheless, the provisions of the Convention formed the basis for one of the most significant sources of the EU law – the so-called “general principles of the EU law”. Most of them were later codified in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, which expressly stipulates that the meaning and scope of the Charter rights which correspond to rights guaranteed by the ECHR shall be the same as those laid down by the ECHR. It means that today the EU already shall comply with the Convention standards regardless of its non-accession to the ECHR as a collective party. Due to objective limits of the text volume the present article concentrates on implementation of the key substantive Convention guarantees concerning forced removal. Consequently, it does not cover the procedural standards laid down by Article 13 of the ECHR. Moreover, the research does not touch upon the general standards of Articles 3 and 8 of the Convention applied not only in the context of removals of aliens but also in other situations (e.g., regarding the conditions of detention). The aim of the present article is to evaluate the implementation of standards of the European Convention on Human Rights regarding forced removal of aliens in the European Union law and to suggest measures to ensure compliance with the Convention guarantees in case of detecting any problematic issues.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The research refers to the provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights, the primary and secondary EU law, the case-law of the ECtHR and the CJEU, the recent works of Russian and foreign scholars and also the Council of Europe handbooks. The methodological basis of the research consists of general scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, classification, systematization, prediction) and special legal methods (comparative legal and formal-legal methods).RESEARCH RESULTS. Today the EU law thoroughly regulates such areas as granting international protection to third country nationals; determination of the member state responsible for examining an application for international protection lodged in one of the member states by an alien and his/her subsequent removal to this member state; removal of illegal immigrants to third countries and also the legal status of third country nationals who are family members of an EU citizen. The provisions of EU legal acts in this regard were formulated inter alia on the basis of the case-law of the ECtHR. Although the ECtHR has found violations of the Convention by the EU member states in a number of cases concerning the application of the EU law in the migration context (for example, within the framework of the Dublin system), all these violations were rather caused by exercising of discretionary powers by the member states than resulted from the content of the EU law itself. Moreover, the human rights-based approach used by the CJEU in the interpretation of certain potentially problematic legal acts (in particular, the Framework Decision on the European arrest warrant) contributed to the fact that the ECtHR has never come to a conclusion that the presumption of equivalent protection granted by the EU law (formulated in «Bosphorus Airways v. Ireland» in 2005) was rebutted in any cases regarding forced removal of aliens. Besides that, as of today in many aspects connected with migration the EU law provides broader protection that the Convention.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The standards of the European Convention on Human Rights regarding forced removal of aliens have been success-fully implemented in the European Union law despite certain originality of how the Convention guarantees are incorporated to the EU legal order in general. This is confirmed, among other things, by the fact that the ECtHR has never come to a conclusion that the presumption of equivalent protection granted by the EU law was rebutted in any cases regarding forced removal of aliens. However, the theoretical possibility of rebuttal of the said presumption in future cannot be excluded and the whole concept of such presumption has been occasionally criticized. The time will show whether the future EU legal acts (in particular, those adopted in the course of the ongoing reform of the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice in response to the escalation of the migration crisis) will fully comply with the European Convention on Human Rights.
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Gibbs, Timothy. "Inkatha's young militants: reconsidering political violence in South Africa." Africa 87, no. 2 (April 11, 2017): 362–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972016001005.
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AbstractSouth Africa's township revolts have generated much excellent research on the central role played by rebellious, urban youth. This article explores a parallel set of intergenerational conflicts that opened up in the marginal rural districts of the Natal Midlands, which were exacerbated by apartheid's forced removals of labour tenants from commercial farming districts to crowded ‘Native Reserves’ in the 1970s. At this time of deepening poverty, elders worried about the rising incidence of juvenile petty crime, particularly amongst the teenagers who increasingly took itinerant, seasonal labour on the commercial farms. Some of these young migrants, unable to find steady factory work at a time of mounting unemployment, also played a leading role in the illicit, sometimes criminal networks of South Africa's growing popular economy. Finally, I show how some of these youths were mobilized by Inkatha during the war against the African National Congress in Johannesburg – often to the revulsion of older men who abhorred their socially harmful, thuggish violence, which spiralled uncontrollably along migrant routes. Thus the political violence was often known as theudlame: a brutal savagery that destroys households, communities and society.
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Shulzhenko, Mykola H., and Anton S. Olkhovskyi. "Vibrational Stresses of Damaged Steam Turbine Blades After Renovation Repair." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 24, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/pmach2021.01.042.
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The last-stage blades of K-1000-60/3000 steam turbines operate in a humid steam environment, which causes erosion damage in the blades and reduction in their residual life. The relevance of this work is related to the need to continue the safe operation of such turbine blades. A number of variants of the finite-element models of individual blades and last-stage blades in the disk-blade systems of the above turbines are considered. Results of the numerical study of the influence of blade part removals in erosion damage zones after renovation repair on the vibration characteristics of individual blades and blades in the disk-blade system are presented. An analysis of the stress-strain state under the conditional load from the steam flow during the forced oscillations of individual blades and blades in the disk-blade system is carried out. The loads are given as evenly distributed and linearly variable on blade surfaces. The dependence of the maximum equivalent vibration stresses on excitation frequency is determined. It is assumed that the physical and mechanical properties of the blade material are preserved (as for the original version) after the renovation repair of blades and processing of their surfaces. There is a significantly greater reduction in the vibration stresses of blades in the disk-blade system than in the stresses of individual blades. Graphs of the dependence of the maximum stresses on excitation frequency both for undamaged individual blades and blades in the disk-blade system after their renovation repair are given. Various variants of blade part removals in areas of blade leading and trailing edges are considered. It is shown that with decreasing chords of blades after renovation repair, frequency regions of increased vibration may appear in lower blade parts. In the lower parts of individual blades and blades in the disk-blade system, the maximum stresses increase in comparison with their values in undamaged blades. With the change in the stress-strain state of rotor blades in comparison with the original version of undamaged blades, the possibility of extending their safe lifetime in case of multi-cycle fatigue is assessed. The safe lifetime of the considered blades with a chord of at least 150 mm after their renovation repair can be extended according to their stresses, if the cyclic symmetry of the disk-blade system is not violated, and the physical and mechanical properties of the material are preserved after the processing of damage removal zones on blade trailing edges.
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Marx, Lauren Camille. "THE PEOPLE OF RIEMVASMAAK AND THE SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT OF LAND REDISTRIBUTION: HISTORICAL ANALYSIS 1995–2013." Oral History Journal of South Africa 2, no. 1 (September 22, 2016): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2309-5792/1581.
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In terms of apartheid policies, the people of Riemvasmaak were forcefully removed in 1973/74 to Namibia and the Eastern Cape. Efforts to bring the people of Riemvasmaak back to their land gained momentum in 1993. Finally the decision to give the entire 74 000ha back to the people was taken in February 1994, and Riemvasmaak was registered as a Presidential Launch Project, one of the first land-restitution projects in post-apartheid South Africa. Most of the original residents returned to their land at the end of 1995 and in 2002 the people of Riemvasmaak received the title deeds to the plots on which they were living. While this is a noble project, the people of Riemvasmaak originally faced serious problems such as abject poverty, poor soil quality, no secondary schools, no tar roads, poor access between settlements, inadequate transport and limited access to water. However, in the last eighteen years, a great deal of impetus has been placed on agrarian transformation, rural development and land reform, which included improved economic and social infrastructure. This oral research study will therefore undertake to analyse the everyday lives of the people living in Riemvasmaak, the improvement in quality of life in the area as well as what regaining their land has meant for these people if seen against the backdrop of the history of forced removals in South Africa.
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Goodling, Erin. "Intersecting hazards, intersectional identities: A baseline Critical Environmental Justice analysis of US homelessness." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 3, no. 3 (December 18, 2019): 833–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848619892433.
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Lacking access to stable shelter, infrastructure, and services, houseless people are exposed to a range of environmental hazards. Yet, environmental justice scholars have only begun to consider how environmental justice issues impact unsheltered people. In dialogue with Critical Environmental Justice (EJ) Studies and geographies of homelessness research, and drawing on seven years of participant observation and a national phone survey of 47 houseless community representatives, this paper begins to chart a baseline Critical EJ analysis of homelessness. I argue that understanding the environmental justice experiences of houseless people requires attention not only to direct exposure to hazards, but also to criminalization. Police sweeps in downtown and residential areas push people into toxic spaces; when houseless communities express concerns, they risk further eviction. In this way, cities overwhelmingly respond to hazard exposure with displacement, creating a cycle of criminalization, dangerous living conditions, and serial forced removals. Moreover, examining such intersecting hazards and their impacts through a Black feminist lens of intersectionality reveals how systemic violence vis-à-vis environmental hazards is multiplied and magnified for houseless people along lines of race, gender, age, disability status, and so on. By bringing Critical EJ and geographies of homelessness into conversation, with particular attention to intersectional impacts, scholars and organizers can better attend to the complex suite of issues that differentially shape the lives of houseless people and inspire resistance.
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Wilson, D. R., I. C. Page, A. A. Cocci, and R. C. Landine. "Case history - two stage, low-rate anaerobic treatment facility for South American alcochemical/citric acid wastewater." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 4-5 (August 1, 1998): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0577.
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This paper describes the case history of a two-stage, low-rate anaerobic treatment system at a South American alcochemical and citric acid plant. Environmental concerns associated with land irrigation of a high-strength industrial wastewater forced the plant to implement wastewater treatment. This paper will also outline results from an on-site pilot study which was conducted to develop the design criteria for the full-scale system. The installed full-scale system will be described in detail, including the plant s physical layout, design parameters, system performance, biogas production and utilization, and some of its unique aspects. Among these is the use of a floating biofilter (bagasse) on the second stage to eliminate any nuisance odours from off gases. All biogas generated in the first stage is collected, with a significant portion drawn off and burned in a retrofitted 8000 kW boiler to generate process steam. The excess biogas is flared. Effluent from the treatment system is combined with other low-strength process plant streams and discharged to a river. During the first year of operation, performance has been very good, with chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and total suspended solids (TSS) removals averaging 74 percent, 93 percent, and 70 percent, respectively. The corresponding COD, BOD, and TSS results obtained in the pilot study were 74 percent, 96 percent, and 70 percent, respectively, and agree very well with those being obtained in full scale.
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Chaari, Riadh, Moez Abennadher, Jamel Louati, and Mohamed Haddar. "Mathematical methodology for optimization of the clamping forces accounting for workpiece vibratory behaviour." International Journal for Simulation and Multidisciplinary Design Optimization 5 (2014): A13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/smdo/2013005.
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This paper addresses the problem of determining the minimum clamping forces that ensure the dynamic fixturing stability. The clamping force optimization problem is formulated as a bi-level nonlinear programming problem and solved using a computational intelligence technique called particle swarm optimization (PSO). Indeed, we present an innovative simulation methodology that is able to study the effects of fixture-workpiece system dynamics and the continuously change due to material removal on fixturing stability and the minimum required clamping forces during machining. The dynamic behaviour of the fixtured workpiece subjected to time-and space-varying machining loads is simulated using a forced vibration model based on the regenerative vibrations of the cutter and workpiece excited by the dynamic cutting forces. Indeed, Material removal significantly affects the fixture-workpiece system dynamics and subsequently the minimum clamping forces required for achieving fixturing dynamic stability.
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Feinberg, H. M. "South Africa and Land Ownership: What's in a Deed?" History in Africa 22 (January 1995): 439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171925.
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The subject of African land ownership is and will continue to be a highly emotional issue of great importance in the new South Africa. Africans and Afrikaners alike have strong historical ties to the land. Thousands of Africans owned land outside the Reserves before 1948. These landowners included large numbers of Africans who purchased over 3,000 farms and lots between 1913 and 1936 in the Transvaal, Natal, and even the Orange Free State (plus uncounted African buyers in the Cape Province). Individuals, tribal groups, or people organized into partnerships owned land. In the 1990s Africans complain bitterly about land losses, especially after 1948 as a result of the apartheid policy of forced removals which aimed to eliminate the so-called “black spots” from white areas. In addition, some Africans point to the problem of land losses between 1913 and 1948, and others resent the severe restrictions resulting from the Natives Land Act, Act No. 27 of 1913, which prevented Africans from freely buying land in three of the four provinces of South Africa after 1913.On 8 November 1994 the South African Parliament passed the Restitution of Land Rights Act, a law which is intended to allow Africans to reclaim their lost land. Claims by former owners or their descendants will be buttressed by legal documents of one type or another. Some of these legal documents have an interesting and unintended use, however: historians can take advantage of them to build an understanding of African land ownership before and after apartheid began in 1948.
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Kollapen, N. "Accountability: The Debate in South Africa." Journal of African Law 37, no. 1 (1993): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300011074.
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The constitutional and political negotiations in South Africa have reached an advanced stage and elections for a government of national unity might take place within the next twelve months. For the millions of South Africans who have waited, fought, sacrificed and suffered the end appears to be in sight. While they will have every right to celebrate the results of their hard-fought battles to achieve a democratic and just society, they equally have a solemn duty to ensure that they proceed to build the future on a solid base, not only to guarantee the protection of democracy and justice but more importantly to ensure that no other South African is ever again the victim of the types of human rights abuses that have for the past decades become synonymous with the country. There will only be one opportunity to rebuild the nation. If it fails it will be a great disservice to South Africa's countrymen and women and to the generations that will follow. Even as a South African one has difficulty in fully comprehending the enormity of the social and human destruction caused in the name of apartheid. It has brutalized and dispossessed its people; robbed children of their youth and their innocence; widowed and orphaned thousands and destroyed the dreams and hopes of decent men and women. The 18 million people gaoled in terms of the pass laws and the 15.5 million people uprooted by forced removals bear testimony to the brutality and savagery with which apartheid was applied. The legacy of those policies will remain for many years to come.
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O'Sullivan, Maria. "‘Past’ Violations under International Human Rights Law: The Indigenous ‘Stolen Generation’ in Australia." Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 23, no. 2 (June 2005): 243–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016934410502300204.
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This article examines the debate relating to reparations for ‘past’ human rights violations, with particular focus on the case of the indigenous ‘Stolen Generation’ in Australia. The ‘Stolen Generation’ is a term used to describe the government-sanctioned practice of forced removals of part-Aboriginal children from their indigenous parents and placement into non-indigenous institutions and homes, which occurred in Australia from approximately 1910–1970. The ‘Stolen Generation’ violations present a unique and difficult legal question for international human rights law because they straddle the divide between ‘historic’ violations and contemporary acts, that is, they were committed by Australia after Australia signed key agreements such as the UN Charter, the Universal Declaration on Human Rights, the Declaration on the Rights of the Child and the Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, but prior to its ratification of international human rights treaties such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. This means that bringing a claim under international human rights law in relation to the violations raises a number of problems. The object of this article will be to explore whether Australia can be held responsible under international human rights law for the ‘Stolen Generation’ violations and possible avenues of redress. In this regard, the focus of the article will be on the possible claims victims could make to relevant treaty monitoring bodies and the types of obstacles they would face in doing so. These legal questions are also relevant to the wider debate that is taking place in relation to reparations, namely the extent to which a State can be held legally responsible to provide reparations for past violations.
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Jiang, Bo, Jian Yun Shen, and Xi Peng Xu. "Study on Force Characteristics for High Speed Sawing of Quartz Glass with Diamond Blade." Materials Science Forum 800-801 (July 2014): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.800-801.144.
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High speed sawing is an advanced machining technique for sawing of brittle materials with good component quality and high productivity. In the paper, sawing experiments were carried out to investigate the characteristics of sawing forces by altering many processing parameters in high speed sawing of quartz glass with a diamond blade. The sawing forces and force ratio were analyzed. The conclusions present that in the fixed material removal rate, the increasing of periphery speed can help to lower sawing forces and force ratio; sawing forces increase with material removal rate; in the high speed sawing, the effect of material removal rate on sawing forces is smaller than the one in the low speed.
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Ribeiro, Jefferson P., Juliene T. Oliveira, André G. Oliveira, Francisco W. Sousa, Eliezer F. Abdala Neto, Carla B. Vidal, Denis de Keukeleire, André B. dos Santos, and Ronaldo F. Nascimento. "Treatment of Sulfonated Azo Dye Reactive Red 198 by UV/H2O2." Journal of Chemistry 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/619815.
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UV/H2O2system was tested on the color removal of sulfonated azo dye Reactive Red 198 (RR), which is widely used in textile process. The effects of hydrogen peroxide concentration, temperature, pH, and the in-line addition of hydrogen peroxide on high color and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removals were investigated. The kinetic of dye decolorization was also determined. The results showed that 2% H2O2decreased the process efficiency, while 1% H2O2solution led to a better performance of the system. Despite the fact that the pH increase had small effect on color removal, it affects positively COD removals. The same behavior was found for temperature increase. A high temperature resulted in a slight decrease in color removal and a sharp decrease for COD removal. In addition the H2O2in-line provided a small improvement in both color and COD removals. UV/1% H2O2treatment was the most efficient, the good performance was linked to higher amount of hydroxyl radicals formed.
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Kim, Tae Gon, Kurt Wostyn, Jin Goo Park, Paul W. Mertens, and Ahmed A. Busnaina. "Pattern Collapse and Particle Removal Forces of Interest to Semiconductor Fabrication Process." Solid State Phenomena 145-146 (January 2009): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.145-146.47.
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The removal of particles from silicon wafers without pattern damage during fabrication process is extremely important for increasing the yield. Various physically assisted cleaning techniques such as megasonic cleaning, jet spray cleaning, and laser shock wave cleaning (LSC) have been introduced. However, most of tools show pattern damage [1]. One of the main challenges in next generation cleaning process is the particle removal without the pattern damage. As the feature size continues to decrease, the patterns are so fragile that it is hard to remove particles less than 50 nm without pattern damages. To accomplish the effective cleaning performance without the damage, the collapse force of pattern and removal force of particle should be known quantitatively. In this paper, pattern collapse forces were measured for different gate stack patterns by lateral force microscope (LFM) [2]. The particle removal mechanism of LSC was studied to find the relationship between measured collapse forces and particle removal force by LSC which has a known applied force. Finally, particle contaminated pattern wafers were cleaned by LSC with optimized process parameters to verify the relationship and to achieve the best particle removal performance without the pattern damage.
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Liu, Yang, and Wei Hu. "Force changes associated with different intrusion strategies for deep-bite correction by clear aligners." Angle Orthodontist 88, no. 6 (July 23, 2018): 771–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/121717-864.1.
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ABSTRACT Objectives: To investigate the relationships among different intrusion patterns of clear overlay aligners and the corresponding orthodontic forces and to provide guidance for clinical treatment. Materials and Methods: Five sets of removable thermoplastic-formed aligners with the same thickness, designed for different intrusion procedures (G0 aligners as a control group, with no activation; G1 aligners for intruding canines; G2 aligners for intruding incisors; G3 aligners for intruding canines and incisors with the same activations; G4 aligners for intruding canines and incisors with different activation), were manufactured, and the corresponding intrusion forces were measured with a multiaxis force/torque transducer measurement system in real time. Results: With the same activation (0.2-mm intrusion) and rectangular attachments placed on the premolars and first molars, the canines experienced the largest intrusive force when intruded alone using G1 aligners. The canines received a larger intrusive force than incisors in G3. The incisors received similar forces in G2 and G3. First premolars endured the largest extrusive forces when all anterior teeth were intruded with G3 aligners. Extrusion forces were exerted on canines and lateral incisors when using G4 aligners. Conclusions: Aligners with different intrusion patterns exert different forces on incisors, canines, and premolars, and the forces were closely related to the designed activation, shape and position of the attachment and relative movement of the adjacent teeth.
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GUO, Huiru, Yongbo WU, Masakazu FUJIMOTO, and Mitsuyoshi NOMURA. "C005 Relationship between Polishing Force Distribution and Material Removal in MCF Polishing Process." Proceedings of International Conference on Leading Edge Manufacturing in 21st century : LEM21 2013.7 (2013): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmelem.2013.7.323.
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Liu, Junwei, Kai Cheng, Hui Ding, and Shijin Chen. "An analytical model for force prediction in micromilling silicon carbide particle–reinforced aluminum matrix composites." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 234, no. 10 (June 7, 2020): 1273–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405420923418.
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In micromilling the silicon carbide particle–reinforced aluminum matrix composites, cutting forces can provide a better insight of the cutting mechanism. In this article, an analytical model for force prediction in micromilling composites is developed considering the size effect of the matrix. In modeling, for the matrix, the cutting area is divided into shearing area and plowing area and the removal forces are established considering chip formation and edge forces; for the particle, the removal forces are established based on Griffith fracture theory. The model is verified by micromilling experiments. The influences of the process parameters (milling width, milling depth, and feed per tooth) on the milling force were studied. It shows that the maximum milling force increased with the increase in the feed per tooth and the milling depth and increases first and then stabilizes with the increase in milling width; the average milling force increases with the increase in the three parameters. In addition, the contribution of the particle fracture force is analyzed, and it is found that the contribution of the particle fracture force is affected by the feed per tooth, which basically accounts for about 23% of the maximum milling force and accounts for 23%–30% of the average milling force.
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Kang, Kim, Kim, and Kwon. "In vitro Effects of Cyclic Dislodgement on Retentive Properties of Various Titanium-Based Dental Implant Overdentures Attachment System." Materials 12, no. 22 (November 16, 2019): 3770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12223770.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the change in the retentive forces of four different titanium-based implant attachment systems during the simulation of insert–removal cycles in an artificial oral environment. Five types of titanium-based dental implant attachment systems (Locator, Kerator, O-ring, EZ-Lock, and Magnetic) were studied (n = 10). The specimens underwent insert–removal cycles in artificial saliva, and the retentive force was measured following 0, 750, 1500, and 2250 cycles. Significant retention loss was observed in all attachment systems, except the magnetic attachments, upon completion of 2250 insertion and removal cycles, compared to the initial retentive force (p < 0.05). A comparison of the initial retentive forces revealed the highest value for Locator, followed by the Kerator, O-ring, EZ-Lock, and Magnetic attachments. Furthermore, Kerator demonstrated the highest retentive loss, followed by Locator, O-ring, EZ-Lock, and Magnetic attachments after 2250 cycles (p < 0.05). In addition, the Locator and Kerator systems revealed significant decrease in retentive forces at all measurement points (p < 0.05). The retention force according to the insert–removal cycles were significantly different according to the types of dental implant attachment systems.
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Perveen, Asma, Muhammad Pervej Jahan, Yoke San Wong, and Mustafizur Rahman. "Cutting Force Analysis of on-Machine Fabricated PCD Tool during Glass Micro-Grinding." Advanced Materials Research 264-265 (June 2011): 1085–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.1085.
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Brittle and hard materials are problematic to mechanically micro machine due to damage resulting from material removal by brittle fracture, cutting force-induced tool deflection or breakage and tool wear. As a result, the forces arising from the cutting process are important parameter for material removal. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of cutting conditions on cutting forces and the machined surface during the glass micro grinding using on-machine fabricated (Poly Crystalline Diamond) PCD tool. Experimental results showed that an increase in depth of cut and feed rate can result in increase of cutting forces and surface roughness as well. Among the forces in 3 axes, force along feed direction is found to be larger, which played a major role in material removal. Finally, it is observed that PCD tool exhibits promising behaviour to machine brittle material like BK-7 glass for producing micro molds and micro fluidic devices, since it has better wear resistance, experiences less cutting forces and generates smooth surfaces with Ra value of as low as 12.79 nm.
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Stamenkovic, Dragoslav, and Ivica Stancic. "Retention of removable partial denture with double crowns." Serbian Dental Journal 51, no. 1 (2004): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sgs0401030s.
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The aim of this paper is to explain the mechanisms of retention with double crowns, examine the possibility of improving the process of measuring the forces of separating double crowns and suggest the measures for optimizing the retention forces with telescopic partial dentures. After the manufacturing of a partial denture with double crowns, it can only be established whether if the retention force is strong enough or not, but its nominal value remains unknown. Optimally it should be between 5 and 10N per anchor. Too strong retention force of partial denture causes traumatic damages of periodontal tissues, when taking the denture off, while not enough strong retention force doesn't connect the partial denture to the supporting tissues tightly enough. The paper describes the mechanism of retention with telescope and conus crowns and the way of measuring the force of their separation. For the purpose of optimizing the retention force, the ways of reducing exceedingly strong and increasing insufficient force were described. The necessity of being acquainted with the nominal value of the retention force of telescopic denture and its bringing to within the borders of optimal force is stressed in the conclusion.
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Hu, J. X., Z. X. Xia, W. H. Zhang, Z. B. Fang, D. Q. Wang, and L. Y. Huang. "Boron Particle Ignition in Secondary Chamber of Ducted Rocket." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/160620.
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In the secondary chamber of ducted rocket, there exists a relative speed between boron particles and air stream. Hence, the ignition laws under static conditions cannot be simply applied to represent the actual ignition process of boron particles, and it is required to study the effect of forced convective on the ignition of boron particles. Preheating of boron particles in gas generator makes it possible to utilize the velocity difference between gas and particles in secondary chamber for removal of the liquid oxide layer with the aid of Stoke's forces. An ignition model of boron particles is formulated for the oxide layer removal by considering that it results from a boundary layer stripping mechanism. The shearing action exerted by the high-speed flow causes a boundary layer to be formed in the surface of the liquid oxide layer, and the stripping away of this layer accounts for the accelerated ignition of boron particles. Compared with the King model, as the ignition model of boron particles is formulated for the oxide layer removal by considering that it results from a boundary layer stripping mechanism, the oxide layer thickness thins at all times during the particle ignition and lower the ignition time.
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Campbell, Gregory R. "The Epidemiological Consequences Of Forced Removal:." Plains Anthropologist 34, no. 124 (May 1989): 152–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2052546.1989.11909522.
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Drǎgoi, F., A. Socalici, E. Ardelean, E. Popa, and T. Heput. "Researches on the influence of the slags formed in the installations on the hydrogen removal efficiency." Revista de Metalurgia 47, no. 6 (December 30, 2011): 477–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.1112.
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Yusko, Erik C., and Charles L. Asbury. "Force is a signal that cells cannot ignore." Molecular Biology of the Cell 25, no. 23 (November 15, 2014): 3717–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e13-12-0707.
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Cells sense biochemical, electrical, and mechanical cues in their environment that affect their differentiation and behavior. Unlike biochemical and electrical signals, mechanical signals can propagate without the diffusion of proteins or ions; instead, forces are transmitted through mechanically stiff structures, flowing, for example, through cytoskeletal elements such as microtubules or filamentous actin. The molecular details underlying how cells respond to force are only beginning to be understood. Here we review tools for probing force-sensitive proteins and highlight several examples in which forces are transmitted, routed, and sensed by proteins in cells. We suggest that local unfolding and tension-dependent removal of autoinhibitory domains are common features in force-sensitive proteins and that force-sensitive proteins may be commonplace wherever forces are transmitted between and within cells. Because mechanical forces are inherent in the cellular environment, force is a signal that cells must take advantage of to maintain homeostasis and carry out their functions.
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Xu, Xi Peng, X. W. Zhu, and Yuan Li. "An Experimental Study on High Speed Grinding of Granite with a Segmented Diamond Wheel." Key Engineering Materials 404 (January 2009): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.404.149.
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An experimental study was undertaken to investigate the grinding of granite at different grinding speeds over a wide range of material removal rates. A metal-bonded diamond blade was used as the grinding wheel with natural gray granite as the workpiece material. The tangential and normal force components were obtained through measuring the horizontal and vertical force components as well as the consumed power. The experiments were conducted with a constant wheel surface state to study the influence of grinding speed under different material removal rates. An additional test was also carried out to examine the grinding process while the wheel surface state progressively changed, in which case both forces and the morphologies of diamond grains were monitored at regular intervals. At a fixed material removal rate, both the tangential and normal forces reduced slightly with the grinding speed. But the specific energy increased greatly at higher grinding speeds especially at a shallower maximum grain depth of cut.
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Jo, Kim, Kang, Park, and Kim. "Effects of Surface Roughness and Force of Electrode on Resistance Spot Weldability of Aluminum 6061 Alloy." Applied Sciences 9, no. 19 (September 20, 2019): 3958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9193958.
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The effects of electrode surface roughness and force on the resistance spot weldability and sticking of the electrode during resistance spot welding (RSW) of aluminum 6061-T6 alloy were investigated. RSW was carried out using an as-received electrode and an abraded electrode polished with sandpaper, and the nugget size and properties such as tensile shear strength and hardness of the resulting welds were investigated at two different electrode forces. In addition, a continuous RSW process was performed on the alloy to observe the effect of the electrode surface roughness on electrode sticking. When RSW was performed using the abraded electrode, which had a rough surface, the contact resistance decreased because of the effective removal of the oxide film from the surface of the aluminum alloy; consequently, the heat generated by the resistance on the surface was reduced. In addition, the growth rate of the weld nuggets formed with the abraded electrode in the thickness direction was lower than that of the nuggets formed with the as-received electrode, and the sticking of the abraded electrode was comparatively less. Also, the influence of the electrode force on the sticking of the electrode was greater in the case of the as-received electrode.
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Liu, Y. B., Yong De Zhang, and Can Zhao. "Research on Dynamic Characteristics of High-Speed Machining Aluminum Alloy Blades." Advanced Materials Research 188 (March 2011): 268–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.188.268.
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High-speed machining aluminum alloy blades, often can generate chatter. The static modal experiment and dynamic cutting test method was used to get the influence factors. It studied the change of blade modal during the material removal process according the experiments since the thin blade and large influence to its stability of the removal of blank. Through the study it was found that there are two modes of blades within the scope of sensor’s detecting. Blade modal frequency appears to first increase then decrease during the material removal process with little vibration. The dynamic experiment analysis the factor of cutting force in five-axis milling process and messures five-axis machining cutting force in various parameters. It was observe that distribution of 3-dimension cutting forces in cutting path. It was found that the distribution rule of cutting force. Resultant cutting force was increased with cutting speed increased.
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Mutschler, Moritz, Florian Schweitzer, Sebastian Spintzyk, Jürgen Geis-Gerstorfer, and Fabian Huettig. "Retention Forces of Prosthetic Clasps over a Simulated Wearing Period of Six Years In-Vitro: Direct Metal Laser Melting Versus Dental Casting." Materials 13, no. 23 (November 25, 2020): 5339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13235339.
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This study determinates the persistence of retention force in Akers-clasps for removable partial dentures made from Co-Cr alloy. Therefore, standardized computer-aided designed (CAD) clasp #1 specimens were made by direct metal laser melting (DMLM, n = 10) and by lost-wax dental casting (DC) of computer-aided manufactured (CAM) replicas (n = 10, DC) from two comparable Co-Cr alloys. The retention force was tested after manufacturing for 9000 cycles of setting and removal from a molar tooth crown analog made from zirconia; simulating in-vitro a duration of six years in service. The first and last 360 cycles (T0 and T1, 3 months each) of all specimens were selected for comparison of retention forces between the materials. A constant decrease of 6% from the initial retention force (T0 = 4.86 N, SD = 0.077; T1 = 4.57 N, SD = 0.037) was detected at the DC specimens, and an increase of 4% in DMLM specimens (T0 = 5.69 N, SD = 0.078; T1 = 5.92 N, SD = 0.077); all differences were statistically significant (p < 0.0001). Even if these deviations are not of clinical relevance, further studies and applications should investigate the fatigue behavior of laser melted Co-Cr-alloys for dental application.